ILAH REANNE S.

ENRIQUEZ SEC-I DISASTER NURSING

The Philippine Disaster and Risk Profile  Hazard identification—probability of
 Due to geographical location occurrence of potentially damaging
 10 risk index points phenomena
 Tropical cyclones: 9.5 risk index points  Vulnerability Analysis—degree of loss
 Typhoon belt approximately 19-20. 7-9 resulting from the occurrence of the
landfalls phenomena
Definition & Classification of Disaster  Risk assessment—systematic approach
Emergency to identifying hazards that are most
 Sudden incident or event has occurred and likely to have an impact on healthcare
normally used local responses that will facility and surrounding community
suffice to care for situation without calling in C. Capacity to Respond—the combination of
outside help all strengths, attributes and resources
Stakeholders available within the organization and
 the people, groups, organizations and community to manage and reduce disaster
institutions affected by, have an interest in risks and strengthen resilience
or are somehow involved in the issue being D. Core Prepared Activities—Disaster
addressed Preparedness planning involves:
Disaster a. Identifying organization resources
 event that leads to a response beyond b. Determine roles and responsibilities
which the affected community can deal with c. Developing policies and procedures
locally d. Planning preparedness activities
Types: aimed at ensuring timely response
1. Man-made—caused by man, either e. Disaster preparation and effective
intentionally or by accident, which that can emergency response
directly or indirectly cause severe threats,
either directly or indirectly, to public health SENDAI Framework
and/or well-being. The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
2015-2030 outlines seven clear targets and four
2. Natural—natural hazards are extreme, priorities for action to prevent new and reduce
sudden events caused by environmental existing disaster risks:
factors such as storms, floods, droughts, (i) Understanding disaster risk;
fires, and heatwaves. Natural disasters are (ii) Strengthening disaster risk governance
now occurring with increasing severity, to manage disaster risk
scope and impact. (iii) Investing in disaster reduction for
resilience and;
Declaration of Disaster (iv) Enhancing disaster preparedness for
 Formal statement by a jurisdiction that a effective response, and to "Build Back
disaster or emergency exceeds the Better" in recovery, rehabilitation and
response and/or recovery capabilities reconstruction.
 A declaration is commonly addressed after
a disaster, a declaration may be made if a UNIT 2: CONCEPT AND TYPES OF DISASTER
disaster is found imminent Types of Natural Disaster: Types and
Consequences of Natural and Environmental
Health Effects of Disaster disaster/hazard
1. Geophysical—the distribution of
- Injuries Food shortage
Mental health geophysical hazards (earthquakes,
- Chronic disease
emergencies problems—PTSD, volcanoes, mass movements)
- Hygiene impact and Anxiety, depression a. The relevance of hazard magnitude
the spread of disease Damage to health and frequency/recurrence for risk
such as Leptospirosis, care—healthcare management
diarrhea, cholera, delivery is b. Involves preparation for these
typhoid fever inaccessible events and monitoring of geological
activity
c. Ensuring the structural stability of
buildings and educational efforts on
Disaster Continuum
what to do when faced with an
 Prevention earthquake, eruption
 Mitigation d. Being aware of the locational risks
 Preparedness that may increase chances of
 Response experience of disaster
 Recovery
2. Meteorological hazards—occur as a result
DISASTER PLANNING of processes in the atmosphere.
A. Types: a. Extreme temperatures, heat waves,
1. Family Evacuation Plan cold spells, hurricanes, tornadoes,
2. Community Evacuation Plan droughts, and severe storms
B. Disaster Planning
ILAH REANNE S. ENRIQUEZ SEC-I
3. Hydrological—extreme events associated
with the occurrence, movement and
distribution of water, such as floods and
droughts.
a. flood hazards are the result of
excess water from one or multiple
sources (e.g. coastal, fluvial, or
surface/sub surface water), while
drought hazards arise from a deficit
of river flow or precipitation over a
prolonged period.
4. Climatological—caused by climate change’
drastic fluctuations of climate states and
variabilities
5. Biological—disease/disability or death on a
large scale due to microorganism like
bacteria or virus or toxins
a. Caused by epidemics, accidental
release of virulent microorganism or
bioterrorism with the use of
biological agents such as anthrax,
small pox.
Risk Assessment
 Overall process or method where you:
o Identify hazard
o Risk analysis, risk evaluation
o Risk control
 Forms an integral part of an occupational
health and safety management plan
o Awareness of hazards/risks
o Control program
o Determine existing control measures
o Prevent injuries or illnesses
o Prioritize hazards and control
measures
o Meet legal requirements where
applicable
 Goal of Risk Assessment
o What can happen and under what
circumstances
o what are the possible
consequences?
Biological Agents of Concern
 Where can it be done?
Classification of Biological Agents of Concern
o Before new processes or activities
are introduced
o When hazards are identifies
o Before changes are introduced to
existing processes or activities
DISASTER NURSING
A single drop on the skin or inhaled into the
lungs can cause the brain center controlling
respiration to shut down and muscles,
including the heart and diaphragm, to
become paralyzed
Ex. Sarin, soman, tabun and VX
b. Blood agents—Blood agents, such
as hydrogen cyanide or cyanogen chloride,
are designed to be delivered to the targeted
area in the form of a vapor. Inhibit the ability
of cells to use of transfer oxygen, causing
the body to suffocate. The best defense
against blood agents is an effective gas
mask.
Ex: CO2 and Cyanogen
c. Lung Irritants/Choke—gas dispersed
chemicals damage the nose, throat, and
lungs causing victims to choke. The toxic
agent triggers the immune system, causing
fluids to build up in the lungs, which can
cause death through asphyxiation or oxygen
deficiency if the lungs are badly damaged.
Ex: Chlorine,
phosgene, diphosgene, chloropicrin,
d. Vesicants—oily substance that are inhaled r
absorbed on contact, affecting the eyes,
respiratory tract, and skin, causing large
blisters resembling severe burns. Delivered
in liquid or vapor form, such weapons burn
the skin, eyes, windpipe, and lungs.
Ex: Mustard gas
3. Bioterrorism
 can be easily disseminated or
transmitted from person to person;
 result in high mortality rates and
have the potential for major public
health impact;
 might cause public panic and social
disruption; and
 require special action for public
health preparedness.

Man-Made Disaster
1. Terrorism—use of unlawful violence or
threat to inculcate fear, intended to coerce
or to intimidate governments
2. Chemical terrorism—hazardous substances
that usually would make you sick
immediately
a. Mustard gas, cyanide, and sarin
Cause: choking, blister, blood, nerve,
riot-control agents and herbicides
Delivery of Chemical agents:
a. Nerve agents—most lethal and important
chemical weapons contain nerve agents,
which affect the transmission of impulses
through the nervous system.
ILAH REANNE S. ENRIQUEZ SEC-I
Unit 3: Trends and Patterns of Disaster
Phases of Disaster
1. Pre-Disaster
 Refers to the period before the occurrence of a
disaster,
 Disaster Risk Management (DRM) activities
implemented during this period include
Prevention, Mitigation, and Preparedness
activities to eliminate or lessen the adverse
impacts of hazards and related disasters
 Aims to reduce the potential for human,
material, or environment losses caused by
hazards and to ensure that these losses are
minimized when the disaster actually strikes
 Pre-disaster recovery planning builds resilient
communities better able to withstand, respond
to and recover from disasters, ensuring faster
rebuilding, greater community cohesion and
more effective city operation in the rebuilding
phase that follows a disaster event.
2. Warning
 Early warning signifies prior to the arrival of a
hazard or threat—while there is still time to
reduce potential harm or loss, or prevent a
disaster.
 A warning is the message (using signs, words,
sounds or images) that announces an
imminent danger
3. Social and Physical Impact
 Involves large-scale disasters that bring
massive destruction and irrevocable changes
and losses in the physical and ecosystem,
social, and economic domains
 Physical impacts involve the ability to live and
work in the future under the regime of a
changed climate.
o As extreme events affect areas,
resources, and economic activities,
impacts on lives and livehoods.
 Social impacts involve increased mental health
issues, alcohol misuse, domestic violence,
chronic disease, and short-term
unemployment.
4. Emergency
 Requires immediate action to prevent harm to
people, property, or the environment
 Emergencies can arise from a variety of
causes, such as natural disasters, accidents,
or medical emergencies
 EOC is the official structure that brings
together decision-makers from many ministries
and government agencies as well as
representatives of the private sector
o To facilitate the coordination of
response efforts in all regions affected
by the disaster through an efficient
complication and analysis of damages
and needs, institutions inside the EOC
can effectively identify how best to
cooperate as a way to deliver
DISASTER NURSING
humanitarian assistance and to carry
out additional response and
rehabilitation processes.
5. Isolation
 Natural disasters on populations already
experiencing significant health, income, and
social disadvantage, are both more intense
and longer lasting than for the general
population
 The intersection of social isolation and
poverty for some groups often results in
significant risks during the immediate crisis
of a disaster and ongoing challenges for
recovery
 Implications:
o Social isolation—or the intersection
of social and geographic
disadvantage—appears to be a
complex contributor to vulnerability
in disaster preparation and
response.
o Disaster risk needs to be assessed
as part of social work support for
vulnerable people
6. Rescue
 Comprises responsive operations that usually
involve the saving of life, or the urgent
treatment of injuries after accident or a
dangerous situation
7. Remedy
 Involves providing direct assistance through
measures to alleviate suffering and often by
providing financial assistance to people who
are impacted. Remedy or relief can also
include counselling and other support
services
8. Recovery
 Process of improving individual, family, and
community resiliency after a disaster
 Restoration of structures, systems, and
services (critical)
Organizational Planning
 It is a preventative plan designed to reduce
the painful effects of a disaster
Preparedness/Personal Preparedness
Below are some basis steps to make sure the
community is safe:
1. Meet with the community, then respective
families or household members
2. Discuss how to prepare and respond to
emergencies that are most likely to happen
in the area.
3. Identify responsibilities for each member of
the stakeholders and plan to work together
as a team
ILAH REANNE S. ENRIQUEZ SEC-I
Training and Exercises
 It strengthens emergency preparedness
capabilities.
 Trainings provide practitioners the requisite
knowledge and skills to respond effectively to
an emergency, and exercises test how they
manage the response to a hypothetical
incident.
Response
 At its heart, disaster response is about saving
lives. Every second counts when lives are on
the line.
 By responding quickly with the essentials of
food, water, shelter and emergency aid, the toll
of human suffering is reduced
Collaboration
 Enhances crisis management capabilities
by enabling faster and more effective
decision-making
 In a crisis, time is of the essence, and
collaborative teams can anticipate and
respond to crises proactively. By sharing
knowledge and resources, organizations
can improve their crisis response and
recovery
Response activity
 Disaster response activities include:
 Damage assessment and temporary
repairs of public facilities
 Debris removal
 Emergency protective measure
 Preparedness plans
 Emergency exercises/training
 Response phase, where activities such as
search and rescue, rapid damage and
needs assessments, and the provision of
first aid are conducted; followed by the
opening and management of temporary
shelters for those left homeless as well as
the provision of humanitarian assistance to
those affected
Recovery/Recovery Programs
 Recovery programs during the rehabilitation
phase where basic services and lifelines are
restored, even on a temporary basis,
including the road network and other
essential facilities including bridges,
airports, ports, and helicopter landing sites;
Mitigation
 While disaster management cannot prevent
disasters, it can prevent them from
becoming compounded as a result of
neglecting causal factors and manageable
risks.
 Mitigation specifically refers to actions taken
that can lessen the severity of a disaster’s
impact.
 Investing in measures that limit hazards can
greatly reduce the burden of disasters.
DISASTER NURSING
Philippine Laws
A. Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Act of 2010 (RA 10121)
An act strengthening the Philippine disaster risk
reduction and management system, providing for
the national disaster risk reduction and
management framework and institutionalizing the
national disaster risk reduction and management
plan, appropriating funds therefor and for other
purposes.
B. Risk Reduction and Preparedness Equipment
Protection ACT (RA 10344)
An act penalizing the unauthorized taking, stealing,
keeping, or tampering of government risk reduction
and preparedness equipment, accessories, and
similar facilities
C. Emergency Relief and Protection Act (RA
10821)
An act mandating the provision of emergency relief
and protection for children before, during, and after
disasters and other emergency situations
D. Philippine Environmental Laws
1. Philippine Clean Air Act (RA 8749)
It provides for a comprehensive air pollution control
policy and for other purposes.
An act calls for the regulation of all motor vehicles
and engines, whether imported new or locally
assembled, wherein they shall not be registered
unless compliance with the emission standards is
met, as evidenced by a Certificate of Conformity
(COC) issued by the Department of Environment
and Natural Resources
2. Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003 (RA 9211)
An omnibus law regulating smoking in public
places, tobacco advertising, promotion and
sponsoring, and sales restrictions, among other
requirements.
The Inter-Agency Tobacco-Committee issued
implementing rules and regulations of the Tobacco
Regulation Act of 2003
3. Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear
Wastes Control Act of 1990 (RA 6969)
Philippine law that aims to protect human and
environmental health from the risks of toxic
chemicals and wastes
The law regulates, restricts or prohibit the
importation, manufacture, processing, sale,
distribution, use and disposal of chemical
substances and mixtures that pose or injury
Bans the entry and transit of hazardous and
nuclear wastes into the country. The law provides
penalties for violations and encourages research on
toxic substances.
ILAH REANNE S. ENRIQUEZ SEC-I DISASTER NURSING
4. Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of
2000 (RA 9003)

An act providing for an ecological solid waste

management program, creating the necessary
institutional mechanisms and incentives, declaring
certain acts prohibited and providing penalties,
appropriating funds therefor, and for other purposes