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Topic- FLOOD
Submitted by- Debasmita kar – 1820106009
Ssiskshita patra- 1820106031
Submitted to –Department of planning

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 INTRODUCTION

MEANING, DEFINITION & TYPES The word "flood" comes

from the Old English flood, a word common to Germanic
languages.
Deluge myths are mythical stories of a great flood sent by a
deity or deities to destroy civilization as an act of divine
retribution, and they are featured in the mythology of many
cultures. The European Union (EU) Floods Directive defines a
flood as a covering by water of land not normally covered by
water.
Thus, flood is a state of high water level along a river channel
or on the coast that leads to inundation of land, which is not
usually submerged. Floods may happen gradually and also
may take hours or even happen suddenly without any warning
due to breach in the embankment, spill over, heavy rains BEST
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floodplains and in local depressions O R G A N I C S C O M PA N Y
 CAUSES OF FLOODS
There are several causes of floods and differ from
region to region. The causes may vary from a rural
area to an urban area. Some of the major causes are:

Heavy siltation of the

river bed reduces the
Heavy rainfall
water carrying capacity
of the rivers/stream.

Blockage in the drains Landslides blocking the

lead to flooding of the flow of the stream.
area

Construction of dams
and reservoirs. 

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 Structural measures
The following structural measures are generally adopted for
flood protection:
1. Embankments, flood walls, sea  walls
2. Dams and reservoirs
3. Natural detention basins
4. Channel improvement
5. Drainage improvement
6. Diversion of flood waters.
• Of these measures, embankments are the most commonly undertaken in order to provide quick protection with
locally available material and labour. The major embankment projects taken up after independence are on the rivers
Kosi and Gandak (Bihar), Brahmaputra (Assam), Godavari and Krishna (Andhra Pradesh), Mahanadi, Brahmani,
Baitarni and Subarnarekha (Orissa) and Tapi (Gujarat). These embankments play an important role in providing
reasonable protection to vulnerable areas. Realizing the great potential of the reservoirs in impounding floods and
regulating the flows downstream for flood moderation, flood control has been sought to be achieved as one of the
objectives in multipurpose dams. Reservoirs with a specifically allocated flood cushion have been constructed on the
Damodar system in Jharkhand and the Hirakud and Rengali dam in Orissa. However, many other large storage
dams, e.g. Bhakra dam, without any earmarked flood storage, have also helped in flood moderation.
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Levees: A levee is an embankment constructed by
engineers out of organic materials such as earth and
stone in order to prevent the flooding from a free flowing
body of water in a specific location such as a residential
community.
Dams: The primary purpose of this structure unlike a
levee is to retain water, not to manage flood water. A
dam can produce hydroelectricity as well as regulate
water levels by opening and closing the retaining doors.
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Flood walls: Flood walls are constructed out of
materials such as concrete or steel in order to
control the flow of flood waters and prevent the
flooding of specific areas. The construction of
floodwalls and embankments has been the
traditional means of protecting lowlying
communities and infrastructure against
flooding.
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 Mitigation
Mitigation activities are intended to significantly reduce or
even eliminate the risk of flooding before it occurs. 

Preparedness
Preparedness activities are intended to achieve a sense of
readiness for the flooding emergency. 

The floodplain is the area next to a river bed which is The response phase Response
of emergency flood management
involves providing immediate assistance such as emergency
more or less frequently covered with water in times of relief and search and rescue.
high water discharges from adjacent rivers.
Wetland is one type of floodplain.
By retaining water, floodplains can buffer the effects of
heavy rainfall and in this way protect economic Recovery
activities and communities further downstream from Typical recovery actions bridge the gap between emergency
flood damage. and normalcy. These actions can include providing
temporary housing, reconstruction, event counseling and
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 FLOOD FORECASTING

Started by central water commission year 1958 river

yamuna forecasting station delhi railway bridge.
CWC maintain a national network – 175 forecasting
stations in 9 major river basins covering 71 sub basins 18
states.
Out of 175 stations, 147 stations Water level forecasting
stations 28 stations are inflow forecasting stations.
About 6 thousand forecasts are issued during monsoon
season Accuracy of forecasts is about 96%

Methodology of Forecasting:
Hydrological (water level) data observation on hourly basis
during whole monsoon season.  Rainfall observation twice
a day/ 3 hourly/ hourly.  Data communication from the site
to divisional headquarters through wireless, telemetry,
telephone etc. for scrutiny and processing for forecast
formulation.
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 Forecasting Schedule

Major rivers (Travel time >24 hours)

Forecasts based on 0800 hrs/ 0900 hrs water level data and
issued once in a day at 1000 hrs with advance warning time
from 24 hrs to 36 hrs .

Medium rivers (Travel time 12-24

hours)
Forecasts based on 0600 hrs and 1800 hrs water level data
and issued twice in a day at 0700 hrs and 1900 hrs with
advance warning time from 12 hrs to 24 hrs

Flashy rivers (Travel time < 12 hours)

Forecasts based on any hr water level data and issued
multiple times (more than twice) in a day with advance
warning time less than 12 hrs

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Dissemination of
Forecast
1. To user agencies
2. To Radio, Television and
News Agencies
3. Through telephone/ fax/
e-mail/ special
messenger/ web site/
sms etc.

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 flood management initiatives of government of India

National Flood Management Programme Rashtriya Barh Ayog (National Flood

Commission) 1976
» Launched in 1954, different methods of flood » it was set up by government of India to evolve a
protection structural as well as non-structural have coordinated, integrated and scientific approach to the
been adopted in different states depending upon the flood control problems in the country and to draw out a
nature of the problem and local conditions. national plan fixing priorities for implementation in the
future.
» Structural measures include storage reservoirs, flood
embankments, drainage channels, anti-erosion works, » Major recommendation made by RBA includes flood
channel improvement works, detention basins etc. and plain zoning and management to regulate man made
non-structural measures include flood forecasting, activities.
flood plain zoning, flood proofing, disaster
preparedness etc.
» Since then more than 35,000 km of embankments has
been constructed and more than 39,000 km of
drainage channels improved which could absorb and
regulate peak floods when necessary. BEST FOR You
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 flood management initiatives of government of India
Regional task forces 1996
» It was set up to review the impact of the
recommendations of the RBA and to suggest short
term and long term measures
» Their measures included among other administrative
measures, construction of large flood moderation
projects, particularly in the North- East and following
up the enactment of Flood Plain Zoning Act so as to
tackle encroachment by people in the flood plains.
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National water policy 2012
» The objective of the National Water Policy is to take
cognizance of the existing situation, to propose a
framework for creation of a system of laws and
institutions and for a plan of action with a unified
national perspective.
» It had suggested that reservoir operation procedures
should be evolved and implemented in a manner so as
to have flood cushion and to reduce trapping of
sediment during flood season.
» It has suggested incorporatecoping strategies for
possible climate changes, such as increasing water
storage capacity in dams.
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INTERVENTIONS AND REASSUMPTIONS

Because of the potential of a flood to
destroy life and property, men and
women have, for centuries, developed
ways to prepare for and fight this
natural disaster.
These reservoirs then release the water
One common way to manage at a slower rate than would occur under
floodwaters is to construct dams to stop flood conditions; hence, reservoirs give
excess water from inundating dry areas the soil time to absorb the excess water.

However, as long as people choose to live in low-

lying, flood-prone areas, scientists and engineers Another way is to divert floodwaters away from
can only do so much to protect them from the populated areas to planned areas of flood
risks of floods caused by both natural conditions storage.
and human activities.

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 India flood prone area map
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 flood management

Control Room (Emergency Operations Contingency Action Plan

Centre)
» A national Contingency Action Plan (CAP) for dealing
» An Emergency Operations Centre (Control Room) with contingencies arising in the wake of natural
exists in the nodal Ministry of Home Affairs, which disasters has been formulated by the Government of
functions round the clock, to assist the Central Relief India and is periodically updated. It facilitates the
Commissioner in the discharge of his duties. The launching of relief operations without delay. The CAP
activities of the Control Room include collection and identifies the initiatives required to be taken by various
transmission of information concerning natural central ministries/departments in the wake of natural
calamity and relief, keeping close contact with calamities, sets down the procedure and determines
governments of the affected states, interaction with the focal points in the administrative machinery.
other central ministries/departments/organizations in
connection with relief, maintaining records containing
all relevant information relating to action points and
contact points in central ministries etc., and keeping
up-to-date details of all concerned officers at the
central and state levels.

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 flood management and mitigation

National Crisis Management Committee Crisis Management Group (CMG)

(NCMC)
» The Central Relief Commissioner in the Ministry of
» The Cabinet Secretary, who is the highest executive Home Affairs is the Chairman of the CMG, comprising
officer, heads the NCMC. Secretaries of all the senior officers (called nodal officers) from various
ministries/departments concerned, as well as concerned Ministries. The CMG’s functions are to
organizations, are members of the Committee. The review every year contingency plans formulated by
NCMC gives direction to the Crisis Management Group various ministries/departments/organizations in their
as deemed necessary. The Secretary, Ministry of Home respective sectors and measures required for dealing
Affairs, is responsible for ensuring that all with a natural disaster, coordinate the activities of the
developments are brought promptly to the notice of central ministries and state governments in relation to
the NCMC. The NCMC can give directions to any disaster preparedness and relief and to obtain
ministry/department/organization for specific action information from the nodal officers on measures
needed for meeting the crisis situation. relating to above. In the event of a natural disaster, the
CMG meets frequently to review relief operations and
extend all possible assistance required by the affected
states to overcome the situation effectively. The
Resident Commissioner of the affected state is also
associated with such meetings.
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Conclusion:

It is feasible to provide a certain degree of protection against floods in terms of

reduced frequency and flood damages by having storage dams across major rivers
which are able to absorb the peak flood and to regulate the flows downstream into
river.Apart from storage dams the country also has to focus its strategy to have
efficient management of flood plains, flood plains, flood proofing including disaster
preparedness and response planning including flood forecasting and warning and
other non structural measures such as disaster relief, flood insurance etc to mitigate
the miseries caused by floods.

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Thank you

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