COLLEGE OF CRIMINALJUSTICE EDUCATION

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

The barangay Tinigbas , Libertad Antique with the coordination to the municipality of
Libertad ( LGU’S ) and Police Department (PNP)have their full force in maintaining the
peace and order during pandemic through implementing and enforcing the outlined set by
the government and inter – agency taskforce to mitigate the spread of Covid-19. Since
there is no vaccine discovered yet at the time of pandemic outbreak , the barangay strictly
observe the safety health Protocols or public Health order , implementation of curfew
hours , the prohibition of mass gatherings and conducting check point in their boarders ,
these are the few of those laws and Ordinances which barangay officials of Tinigbas used
these an alternative method to ensure the security measure or protection of their
community ( Residents) not only against Covid-19 but also for the prevention of crime
during pandemic .
The novel coronavirus 2019 or the COVID-19 has greatly affected the Philippines, as
with the rest of the world. It showed the country’s lack of preparedness to face a national
health crisis. From the lapses in health services to the effects of economic fall-out, the
low-income sector is among those who are most affected (Adle, 2020). While the
national and local government units (LGUs) are key players to efficiently curb the spread
of local transmission of COVID-19 infections, the Filipino community also has a
significant role especially when it comes to information dissemination (Cordero, 2020).
The Philippines started to experience first-hand the horrors of the coronavirus when the
first positive case was reported on January 30 of this year (Paris, 2020). However, it was
only on March 15 when the Philippines was placed under its first lockdown due to the
increasing number of COVID-19 cases (Dancel, 2020). Domestic access to the 17
districts of Metro Manila placed under lockdown was also restricted whether through air,
land, or sea (Santos, 2020).
 COLLEGE OF CRIMINALJUSTICE EDUCATION

Statement of the Problem

1.What is the peace and order situation in barangay Tinigbas during Covid -19
pandemic?
2.How do respondents assess the peace and order situation in barangay Tinigbas
during the Covid19 pandemic?
3.What is the degree of assessment on the peace and order situation in barangay
Tinigbas during the covid19 pandemic?

Theoretical Framework
Presents the Theoretical Research Framework of the current study.
Based on PMT, when individuals encounter a threatening event, they are primarily
motivated to engage in protective behavior (Janmaimool, 2017). According to previous
research, individuals believe that performing preventive behavior can reduce the threat
that comes with a lack of action (Hung et al., 2014). During a global crisis, providing
reliable and accurate information is essential. In 2009, the public believed that the H1N1
virus was more lethal than H5N1 human avian flu and SARS because various forms of
new infectious diseases were merged together (Lau et al., 2009). Early knowledge of the
outbreak can help to illustrate the public’s risk behavior and how they perceived it
(Balkhy et al., 2010). Moreover, Johnson and Hariharan (2017) highlighted that
providing health education and creating awareness during an outbreak is an effective
measure to help prevent the spread of the disease. Thus, we hypothesized the following:

H1
Understanding of COVID-19 had a significant direct effect on perceived
vulnerability.
 COLLEGE OF CRIMINALJUSTICE EDUCATION
H2
Understanding of COVID-19 had a significant direct effect on perceived severity.

Health understanding and perceived behavioral control have been frequently

identified as predictors of individuals' tendency to follow the prescribed
prescription, and subsequently conform to treatment procedures (Davis et al.,
2006). Bandura (1977) stated that the essential predictor of various medical
behaviors, including medication adherence, is perceived behavioral control.
However, Cameron et al. (2010) point out that taking medication as prescribed is
the patient's responsibility. It is not an unusual occurrence if, due to inadequate
knowledge, a patient fails to understand how to properly administer medication,
either misuse, or non-adherence (Cameron et al., 2010). Moreover, this pivotal
dispute of misconception and ignorance of directions for prescribed
pharmaceutical products, particularly for people with poor health literacy
(Cameron et al., 2010), is associated with avoidance of preventive care and worse
outcomes in many chronic medical conditions (Berkman et al., 2011). Thus, we
hypothesized the following:

H3
Understanding of COVID-19 had a significant direct effect on the perceived
behavioral control of an individual.

Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior, a person’s behavioral intent is profoundly

affected by the behavioral norms of his social community (Ajzen, 2011). A critical stage
in this approach is a thorough exposition of the problem that was accomplished by
intensive engagement with the various
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Research Paradigm

The diagram below represents the research paradigm of the study, Independent variable in the
assessment on peace and order while the dependent is the extent of resident, assessment on
the peace and order.

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

DEGREE OF RESPONDENTS
ASSESSMENT ON PEACE
ASSESSMENT ON THE PEACE
AND ORDER
AND ORDER
 COLLEGE OF CRIMINALJUSTICE EDUCATION

Scope and Limitation

The study was conducted to determine the peace and order situation in Brgy. Tinigbas,
Libertad antique during covid-19 pandemic.
The Researcher will be focusing on the assessment on peace and order situation during
covid-19 pandemic in Brgy. Tinigbas, Libertad, antique. The respondents of the study
will be the residents of Tinigbas, Libertad antique which will be consisting of one
hundreds (100) in all This will be done through the given survey questionnaires from
selected participants which will be the basis of data collection.
Significance of the Study
-It is to measure the effectiveness of Barangay Tinigbas assessment on the peace and
order situation during Covid -19 pandemic.
-Residents of Barangay Tinigbas Assessment: To improve self-discipline to survive in
this pandemic.

-Municipal of Libertad: Maintain the peace of order during pandemic may reflect as a
good image to it.
-Future Researcher: It may give better learning that would them functional individual in
the Society.

Respondents of the Study

Barangay Official and residents of Barangay Tinigbas, Libertad, Antique with a total
target of 30 respondents.
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Definition of Terms

For better clarification and understanding of the terms related to the study, the
following terms are defined conceptually and operationally.

COVID-19 – also known as coronavirus pandemic, is an ongoing pandemic of

coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2). It was first identified in December 2019
in Wuhan, China.

Barangay officials of Tinigbas – headed by Barangay Captain and all Barangay

officials of the Barangay Tinigbas.

LGU-Libertad – The local Government Unit of Municipality of Libertad Headed

by the Municipal Mayor and all municipal Officials of Libertad.

Residents - the act or fact dwelling in a place for some time.

Pandemic - an outbreak of a pandemic disease
Infodemic - an excessive amount of information about a problem that is typically
unreliable, spreads rapidly, and makes a solution more difficult to achieve.
 COLLEGE OF CRIMINALJUSTICE EDUCATION

CHAPTER 2
Review of Related Literature

2.1 Barangay Police duties before and during Pandemic

A peaceful and secure environment is critical to every society since it affects all aspects
of economic and social development and is a necessary sin-qua non to realizing human
rights (Kimanuka, 2019). Ensuring the peace and order  within the community, the
Barangay Tanod, formally  known  as  Barangay  Peacekeeping  Security  Officer  or
Barangay  Police,  plays  an essential part ithe progress and development of the barangay,
as it is one of the mechanisms of the Barangay Peace and Order Committee (BPOC)
(Municipality of Palompon, 2019). As stated in the Guidelines on professionalizing the
Barangay Tanod (2003) provided by Department of the  Interior  and Local  Government
(DILG), the  Barangay Police's  duties and  responsibilities include:  Assisting barangay
officials  in the avoidance  of crime and  the promotion  of public safety  through
conducting  patrol/"  Ronda,"  monitoring  the  presence  of  suspicious  persons,
criminals and other lawless elements through conducting surveillance on crime breeding
areas, and reporting it to the concerned barangay officials or through Hotline "117";
cooperating with the  police/local  authorities  in  the  drive  against  all  forms  of  crimes
and  assisting  "lupongtagapamayapa" in the  execution of  warrants and other judicial
processes;  and other means of maintaining peace and order within the barangay. 
Gonzales et al. (2006) stated that during public health emergencies, law enforcement is
responsible for present threats –whether human made (e.g., war or terrorist attacks) or
naturally occurring  (e.g.,  natural  disasters  or  pandemics).  They  noted  that  policing
strategies  vary depending on the threat's cause and severity. Gonzales et al. also included
that once an outbreak of  disease  becomes a  serious  threat  to the  public.  The  law
enforcement's  role  may include enforcing public health orders (e.g., quarantines or
travel restrictions), securing the perimeter of contaminated areas, securing health care
facilities, crowd-control, and monitoring the suspected biological  scenes,  terrorism,  and
protecting  national  stockpiles  of  vaccines  and  medical necessities. With that being
said, locally, Barangay is the first contact point of any citizen, taxpayers or not, to the
government (Tiquia, 2020). By the time the Philippines' COVID-19 cases increased,
President Duterte strictly implemented the wearing of  face masks and  observance of
physical distancing.  According  to  Recuenco  (2020),  Police  Lt.  Gen. Guillermo
 COLLEGE OF CRIMINALJUSTICE EDUCATION
Lorenzo  Eleazar, commander of the JTF COVID Shield, said that the police supervisor
should team up with the barangay security officers or barangay tanod in enforcing the
minimum health safety protocols and explaining the community level implementation of
quarantine rules to control the spread of COVID-19.  Since  the controlling  variable  to
COVID-19  is population  density,  the barangay should be in charge of identifying,
contact-tracing and investigating the affected families (Tiquia, 2020). Eleazaralso  stated
that the barangays play a  vital role in the fight against COVID-19 because once the
quarantine restrictions were eased in almost all parts of the country, residents became
complacent  on  the  health  safety  protocols.  Physical  distancing  was  neglected  by
converging again for drinking sessions and gossiping (Recuenco, 2020).

2.2Challenges during Pandemic

In  an  address  to  the  country,  President  Duterte  said  the  national government  needs
the cooperation  of  the LGUs  amid  the current  crisis inquiring  them  to follow
government-set measures to anticipate public disorder and confusion. As the cases among
the policing force pose a challenge in an increase of infected cops, along with the meeting
with the officials of the Inter-Agency  Task  Force for the  Management of  Emerging
Infectious Diseases (IATF),  President Duterte also calls for concerted  endeavors against
Coronavirus (Presidential  Communications 
Operations Office, 2020). The expanding number of the Cebu City Police Office's police
force, who have tested positive forCoronavirus (COVID-19) and those experiencing
isolation, poses a challenge within  the enhanced community quarantine's authorization.
Cebu City Police Office has 1,040 staff. A total number of 28 have tested positive for the
virus, counting at slightest two who died. Currently, 196 police officers in Cebu City are
undergoing isolation (Gonzales, 2020). 
The problem is, it will cause the policing force to decrease in human resources due to the
14 days self-quarantine. 
Senator Sherwin Gatchalian stressed the need to empower barangay officials to respond 
to all types of disasters, especially situations similar to COVID-19, since they are more
familiar with the localities (Torregoza, 2020). Torregoza stated in her article that
 COLLEGE OF CRIMINALJUSTICE EDUCATION
Gatchalian needed the barangay police to be enabled and informed, making sure that they
know what to do and not just given hazard pay or the usual salary. Other than monitoring
the community and ensuring that health protocols are being followed, the Philippine
National Police (PNP) plans to deploy at least two  police  officers  in every barangay
across the country to  eliminate criminal elements  and 
insurgence in the presence of the police (Recuenco, 2020). Recuenco also stated in his
article that to  maintain peace  and order, PNP  Chief Gen. Camilo Cascolan  said that the
policemen would reinforce the barangay security officers, also  known as  barangay
tanods,  ensuring that every  barangay will  be  shielded from  the  influence of  the
communist  rebels.  However, the 
program did not go as planned, stated in the article, due to a lack of police personnel that
will guarantee peace and order in more than 42 000 barangays across the country, some
of which are areas where communist rebels inhabit.  The  bravery  possessed  by  the
front liners  is  not  just  for  fighting the  virus  but  also sacrificing the moment to be
with their families in these trying times. Aside from the importance of equipping the
barangay police in this Pandemic, Senator Sherwin Gatchalian also stated the importance
of protecting their families exposed when exposed (Torregoza, 2020).  
As the Philippines experiences a new set of quarantine conventions for the first half of 
August 2020, 60 medical affiliations have inquired for a time-out and looked for the
national government  to return  the Philippine  capital, Metro  Manila a stricter  enhanced
community quarantine.  For  two  main  reasons.  First,  the country's  National  Capital
region's  health  care system has reached its critical level and is overwhelmed due to the
unforeseen rapid increase of cases. Secondly, the healthcare force is experiencing
depression and fatigue; aside from the fact .

that the healthcare facilities are full, one also the reason is to choose who will live and die
(Biana&  Joaquin,  2020).  To  assistmoderate  the  spread  of  the coronavirus  2019
(COVID-19)  in communities, the Quezon City government has released guidelines for
barangays on how to set up and work their.
COLLEGE OF CRIMINALJUSTICE EDUCATION

CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
 COLLEGE OF CRIMINALJUSTICE EDUCATION
This chapter includes the research design, respondents of the study, sampling procedure,
validity of the research instrument, data gathering instrument, data gathering procedure
and statistical treatment.

Research Design
Study aims at determining the effects of Covid-19 Pandemic to the residents of barangay
Tinigbas in the municipality of Libertad, Antique and utilized a quantitative method. This
study used a descriptive type of research design. This is a method in which the researcher
observed a large mass of the target population and make required conclusions about the
variables. This research used a survey questionnaire with both open ended and closed
ended questions. (Bernales, R., 2013)

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of the study were One hundred (100) residents of Brgy. Tinigbas in the
Municipality of Libertad, Antique.

Sampling Technique
The sampling method that the researcher used is the purposive sampling. In purposive
sampling selected based on characteristics of a population and the objective of the study.
Purposive sampling is also known as judgmental, selective, or subjective sampling. It is a
sampling method in which elements are chosen from among the whole population based
on the purpose of the study.

Research Instrument
Part I the demographic profile of the respondents. Part 2, Negative Effects of the
Covid-19 pandemic in the residents of barangay Tinigbas in the municipality of Libertad,
Antique and Part 3. Degree of negative effects of the Covid-19 pandemic to the barangay
Tinigbas, in the municipality of Libertad, Antique.
 COLLEGE OF CRIMINALJUSTICE EDUCATION

Data Gathering Procedure

In accomplishing the research instrument, the researcher sought a letter of
approval from the dean of the College of Criminal Justice Education. The researcher will
give a letter to Punong Barangay for requesting permission to conduct the said study and
a letter of consent to the respondents. And then the researcher explained to the
respondents that they should be objective with their responses. The questionnaires are
personally distributed for easy retrieval. The tabulation of data was followed. The
obtained data are subjected to appropriate statistics such as frequency and percentage
counts and weighted mean.

Statistical Treatment
The following statistical tools will be applied in this study:
Problem number 1 and 2 will use simple percentage and frequency distribution.

The formula:
P= f/n x 100%
Where:
P = percentage
F = frequency of respondents
N = no. of respondents
Problem number 3 and 4, weighted mean will be used:

The formula:
x ̅= (∑▒WX)/(∑▒n)
 COLLEGE OF CRIMINALJUSTICE EDUCATION
Where: X = weighted mean
W = weight of response
X = no. of respondents
∑ = summation

Scale Range Verbal Interpretation

3 2.4 - 3.0 Very High Degree
2 1.7 – 2.3 High Degree
1 1.0 - 1.6 Low Degree

REFERENCES
 COLLEGE OF CRIMINALJUSTICE EDUCATION
Alase, A. (2017). The interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA): A guide to a
good qualitative research approach. International Journal of Education and Literacy
Studies, 5(2), 9. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.5n.2p.9 3.

Amnesty International. (2020, April 2). Philippines: President Duterte gives "shoot to
kill" order amid pandemic response.
https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/04/philippines-president-duterte-shoot-to-
kill-order-pandemic/

Andersen, K.G., Rambaut, A., Lipkin, W.I. et al. (2020, March 17). The proximal origin
of SARS-CoV-2. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9

Biana, H. T., & Joaquin, J. J. (2020, September 3). COVID-19: The need to heed distress
calls of healthcare workers. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdaa145 .

Borlaza, G.T, Hernandez C.G. (2021). Philippines.

https://www.britannica.com/place/Philippines 7. Caliwan, C. (2020, July 21). COVID-
19 cases among PNP personnel now 1,564. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1109550

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, June 27). What Law
Enforcement Personnel Need to Know about Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-
19). https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/guidance-law-
enforcement.html

Cruz, M. (2020, May 17). Incentives for barangay execs, virus frontline warriors sought.
https://manilastandard.net/news/national/323930/incentives-for-barangay-execs-virus-
frontline-warriors-sought.html
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Dela Cruz, E. (2020, August 3). Philippines to reimpose stricter coronavirus lockdown
in capital as cases spike. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-
philippines/philippines-to-reimpose-stricter-coronavirus-lockdown-in-capital-as-cases-
spike-idUSKBN24Y0KJ 11. Dudely, J. (2020, March 6). COVID-19: An 8-step
response plan for police leaders. https://www.police1.com/police-products/infection-
control/articles/COVID-19-an-8-step-response-plan-for-police-leaders-
2UveMCyCHSSyreqY/.
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Appendix B
QUESTIONNAIRES

Part I. What is the peace and order situation in barangay Tinigbas during Covid -19
pandemic?

Direction: Please answer the items included here honestly and to the best of your
knowledge and information.
Agree Disagree
Indicators

1. Unsolved crimes

2.Immediate response to crimes

3. Less Crime incident

4. Harmonious relationship among community

5.Active participation of the community in crime

prevention
6. Active campaign against crimes

7.Safe and peaceful community

8.Very timely in the implementation of ordinance

 COLLEGE OF CRIMINALJUSTICE EDUCATION

Part II :How do respondents assess the peace and order situation in barangay
Tinigbas during the Covid19 pandemic?
Direction: Please answer the items included here honestly and to the best of your
knowledge and information.
Low High Very High
Indicators Assessment Assessment Assessment

1. Unsolved crimes

2.Immediate response to crimes

3. Less Crime incident

4. Harmonious relationship among community

5.Active participation of the community in

crime prevention
6. Active campaign against crimes

7.Safe and peaceful community

8.Very timely in the implementation of

ordinance
 COLLEGE OF CRIMINALJUSTICE EDUCATION

Part III. What is the degree of assessment on the peace and order situation in
barangay Tinigbas during the covid19 pandemic?
Direction: Please answer the items included here honestly and to the best of your
knowledge and information.
Low High Very High
Indicators Assessment Assessment Assessment

1. Unsolved crimes

2.Immediate response to crimes

3. Less Crime incident

4. Harmonious relationship among community

5.Active participation of the community in

crime prevention
6. Active campaign against crimes

7.Safe and peaceful community

8.Very timely in the implementation of

ordinance
COLLEGE OF CRIMINALJUSTICE EDUCATION

A Thesis
Presented to
the Faculty of the College of Criminal Justice Education
Northwestern Visayan Colleges
Kalibo, Aklan

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements in the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Criminology

JHON ARIES P. RELATIVO

December 2021
COLLEGE OF CRIMINALJUSTICE EDUCATION