Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
National Capital Region
DIVISION OF CITY SCHOOLS – MANILA
Manila Education Center Arroceros Forest Park
Antonio J. Villegas St. Ermita, Manila

ENGLISH 9

Bring it on!

Quarter 1 Week 7 Module 7

Most Essential Learning Competency:

Arrive at meaning of words through formation2
HOW TO USE THIS MODULE
Before you start answering the module, I want you to set aside
other tasks that will distract you while enjoying the lessons. Read the
simple instructions below to successfully enjoy the objectives of this kit.
Have fun!

1. Follow carefully all the contents and instructions indicated in every

page of this module.
2. Write on your notebook or any writing pad the concepts about the
lessons. Writing enhances learning, which is important to develop
and keep in mind.
3. Perform all the provided activities in the module.
4. Let your facilitator/guardian assess your answers.
5. Analyze conceptually the posttest and apply what you have learned.
6. Enjoy studying!

PP

PARTS OF THE MODULE

• Expectations - These are what you will be able to know after
completing the lessons in the module.
• Pre-test - This will measure your prior knowledge and the concepts to
be mastered throughout the lesson.
• Looking Back - This section will measure what learnings and skills
that you understand from the previous lesson.
• Brief Introduction- This section will give you an overview of the
lesson.
• Activities - These are activities designed to develop critical thinking
and other competencies. This can be done with or without a partner
depending on the nature of the activity.
• Remember - This section summarizes the concepts and applications
of the lessons.
• Checking your Understanding - It will verify how you learned from
the lesson.
• Post-test - This will measure how much you have learned from the
entire module
Lesson 1 – Word Formation Part 2

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to –

1. get meaning of English loan words, calques, nonce, and coinages
using a dictionary;
2. differentiate words that are formed from calques, nonce, coinage
and English loan words;
3. discover how meanings can be derived from words formed; and
4. use English loan words, calques, nonce, and coinages words in
sentences.

Put a √ check beside the word you are familiar with and an X mark if not.
_______ 1. Muggle _______ 6. Jabberwocky
_______ 2. Boondocks _______ 7. E-bike
_______ 3. Gigil _______ 8. Kaput
_______ 4. Nada _______ 9. Yoyo
_______ 5. Paprika _______10. Kindergarten

Are you surprised there are Tagalog words in the list? They are all accepted
words in the Oxford English Dictionary.

Can you still remember how words are formed from the previous lesson? What
are the first four ways of forming words? Write them below and give one
example for each.

How Words are Formed Examples

1.

2.

3.

4.

From the pre-test, which word do you think you know where it came from?
 In this second part of word formation, you are going to learn other ways of
how words came about, how they are discovered, and where they came from.

COINAGE is the word formation process in which a new word is created

either deliberately or accidentally without using the other word formation processes
and often from seemingly nothing. The following examples are from the March
2019 New List of Words from Oxford English Dictionary.

Dorgi – a dog cross-bed from a dachshund and a corgi

Dragon fruit – the edible fruit of a pithaya cactus with leathery red, pink or
yellow skin with green bracts
e-bike – an electric bike
(https://public.oed.com/updates/new-words-list-march-2019)

NONCE words are new words formed through any number of word formation
processes with the resulting word meeting a lexical need that is not expected to
recur. In short, an invented word intended for one occasion only. A few of these
words has become accepted as a legitimate word in the English dictionary.

Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious- an invented word which first appeared

in the 1964 film, “Mary Poppins” which means extraordinarily wonderful
Muggle – From “Harry Potter”, it is a person who is not born with magical
abilities
Jabberwocky – from a nonsense poem by Lewis Carol, which means
meaningless speech or writing

LOANWORDS are words from one language borrowed directly into another
language and became accepted English words. Here are some of the examples:

Kindergarten – German for children’s garden which now means a school for
small children
Nada – Spanish for nothing
Boondocks – from the Tagalog word “bundok” which means mountain.
American soldiers in WW II adapted it to mean remote area in the mountains.

(https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary)

CALQUING is a process of forming words by literally translating a foreign

word into English. A few examples below are:

Long time no see – Chinese – hǎo jiǔ bu jiàn

pineapple – Dutch – pijnappel
scapegoat – Hebrew – ez ozel

(Kosur, https://www.brighthubeducation.com)
Activity 1. Guess whether the word is coined or nonce. Write your answer
beside the word in each number.
____________ 1. Factoid _____________ 5. Google
____________ 2. Chortle _____________ 6. Hydroxychloroquine
____________ 3. thingamajig _____________ 7. Betweenity
____________ 4. Blooper _____________ 8. Aspirin

How would you know the difference?__________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

Activity 2. Guess if the word is a loanword or calque. Write your answer on the
space provided before the number.

______________ 1. Gigil ______________ 6. Adam’s apple

______________ 2. Broadcast ______________ 7. Yoyo
______________ 3. Paprika ______________ 8. haiku
______________ 4. Flea market ______________ 9. Wisdom tooth
______________ 5. Kaput ______________ 10. Antibody

What’s the difference between loanword and calque? ____________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Complete the following table by consulting the dictionary or encyclopedia. Some

sections are already filled out.

Formation
Words Meaning Origin
Process

Google

Thingamajig

Aspirin

Horace Walpole
betweenity

loanword
Yoyo

Antibody

France
Flea market
 Destroyed, vanished
kaput

Don’t be overwhelmed with all the words we have taken up. You just have to
remember that as long as you understood the meaning of the words and you can
use them appropriately in sentences, then you are good. Also –
1. Coined words are mostly a result of medical, engineering or technological
advancement. It may also come from imaginative minds. They become
popular through significant events, marketing strategies or repeated use of
influential groups of people.
2. Nonce words are definitely created by creative minds, mostly from literature
and pop culture such as films and music, some for humorous effect. If
repeated enough times, they are assimilated in the vocabulary of people.
Most of the time it rarely happens because they are inventively nonsensense.
3. Loanwords takes time to become commonly used. They come from other
languages other than English where there is no equivalent.
4. Calques are literal English translation of foreign words that becomes
common. These words are very hard to identify as a word formation process
because they are in English. You can only find out if the word or expression
is a calque when you check the dictionary or encyclopedia.

Here is your chance to use in sentences the words we have taken up.
Finish the sentences with words taken from previous exercises. You get two points
each for correct usage. You may use another sheet of paper if you have longer
sentences.

1. Hand me that thingamajig we use for _____________________________________.

2. Google it if _______________________________________________________________.
3. All the hard work went kaput because ____________________________________.
4. Should we add some paprika to __________________________________________?
5. Let’s go to the flea market on Sunday to __________________________________.
6. Take some aspirin so ____________________________________________________.
7. Hydroxychloroquine proved to be _________________________________________.
8. He pinched her cheeks with gigil _________________________________________.
9. Using the e-bike proved to be _____________________________________________.
10. An Adam’s apple is _______________________________________________________.
Lesson 2 – Folk Etymology

At the end of the lesson you should be able to –

1. determine the meaning of folk etymology;
2. trace the meaning of words using the dictionary or encyclopedia;
3. get meaning of unfamiliar words by tracing its historical background;
4. write a short poem using different word formation.

TRUE or FALSE? Write your answer on the space provided.

_________ 1. The word FEMALE actually came from the French word FEMELLE not
from the clipped words feminine and male.
_________ 2. Folk etymology means that the origin of a word comes from a language
of a few then adapted by many and became common word for lack of
translation.
_________ 3. ISLAND and ISLE are the same in meaning today but actually
completely unrelated.
_________ 4. A crayfish is a fish that looks like a shrimp.
_________ 5. AMUCK came from the Malay word “amok” which means frenzied or
out of control. This is a clear example of folk etymology.

Do you still remember the last lesson we had on forming words? Guess
what word is illustrated by the following images that were taken up last time and
indicate how the word is formed. Example: sprikitik = nonce

1. ____________ 2. _____________
(Nygard,Unsplashed.com) (Andrade, Unsplashed.com)
3. ______________ 4. ______________ 5.
_______________
(image:freepnglogos.com) (image:pngfuel.com)

Folk etymology involves a change in the form or pronunciation of a word or

phrase resulting from a mistaken assumption about its composition or meaning.
Also called popular etymology.

If a word is pronounced so that native speakers cannot detect its English

pieces, speakers shift the pronunciation of the word to the nearest English word,
whether the result makes semantic sense or not.

In this module, you will simply be familiarized with some of the common
English words with history in them. Here are some of them:

1. Avocado – It comes from the Nahuatl (Aztec) word, ahuatl, which means
“tree testicle” but difficult for Spaniards to pronounce. It changed to aguate
then finally to avocado.
2. Belfry – it originated from German bercfrit, which means to protect safety,
later adapted by French berfroi which means movable siege tower. When
these towers were equipped with alarm bells, the English called them belfry.
Now they are most common to churches with bell towers.
3. Ketchup- Malays’ fish-based sauce is called kicap when it was adapted by
the Dutch in the 17th century – catchup - and stayed fateful to the
ingredients. In 1730, the American, Jonathan Swift published a poem with
the same sauce but with different spelling-catsup. A century later, a
tomato-based sauce was developed but still called by the same name. Heinz
in 1876 changed the spelling from catsup to ketchup to standout and it
stayed true to this day.

There are more words formed from folk etymology. To find out, you can visit
these sites for more folk etymology information:
1. https://www.alphadictionary.com/articles/folk_etymology.html
2. https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/folk-etymology/what-is-
folk-etymology
3. https://www.dailywritingtips.com/what-exactly-is-folk-etymology/

To be more familiar with some of the words with folk etymology, let us
try to answer the 3-Way-Match Quiz. Draw a line between the illustration,
the anagram and the meaning. Write the correct word under the anagram.
 Word/Anagram Image Meaning/Etymology
1 1.It was angnail in Middle
English made up of and “painful”
+ nail. However, later in the
period ang was no longer used
so we simply added an H to the
CASHY FRI beginning of this word so that it
now comprises two perfectly
current English words. Hence
a. the Cockney pronunciation of
_______________ this word, 'angnail, simply
returns to the original.
2 2.This word started its career as
pumpion, borrowed from French
LAG IN HANG b. pompon. The only recognizable
part of this word was pump but
they didn’t want to add the suffix
-ion to that word, so speakers
replaced it with a suffix -kin, as
in lambkin, munchkin, and
mannikin.
(Davona, clipartkey.com)
3 3.It is an altered form of the
Middle English word crevis,
which derived from the Anglo-
French word creveis, which had
ROO HAY
the stress on the second
syllable. This syllable was heard
and repeated as -fish frequently
____________ enough to alter the word toward
C. (image:depositphotos.com) the more English-sounding
name.
4 4.French speakers in England
(Anglo-Normans) back in the
14th century used the word
PINK UMP d. apentiz to refer to a lean-to built
against a house. This word
apparently is an odd derivation
of appendre "to append” or add.
“A” was lost and the remaining
_____________ pentiz was too strange for
Englishmen, so the ending was
(image: depositphotos.com replaced by house. The
meaning changed subsequently.
5 5.This word started out as
e. huzzah, which changed
SHEEP N OUT mysteriously into hurrah, then
changed by folk etymology to
hooray, pronounced the same
_____________ as ray, both good, easily
(image:depositphotos.com) recognizable English words.
The words given below comes from folk etymology. Find out their meanings then
use them in your own sentences. Each sentence is worth 5 points.
1. Belfry
__________________________________________________________________________________

2. Ketchup
__________________________________________________________________________________

3. Avocado
__________________________________________________________________________________

4. Mushroom
_________________________________________________________________________________

5. Warlock
_________________________________________________________________________________

Most words that have gone through folk etymology had been foreign words,
and in a lot of instances it took many years and even centuries to use those words.

For this phenomenon to be successful, the assumed etymology must be

shared by a large number of speakers after its initial development by some
individual.

No one has a monopoly of developing and discovering words that we use and
as time pass, words that we use now will have a different form, spelling,
pronunciation, and meaning in the future and in many other parts of the world.
How do we keep up with the trend? We never stop reading and using those words in our
everyday life.

TRUE or FALSE? Write your answer in the blank before the number of the
sentence.
__________ 1. All English words came from other countries.
__________ 2. Most common origin language of English is German and/or French.
__________ 3. English are enriched by language from other countries.
__________ 4. The English word boondocks had no folk etymology.
__________ 5. Other countries couldn’t have folk etymology from English words.
REFLECTIVE LEARNING SHEET

Name: __________________________________ Grade and Sec.____________________

REFLECTIVE LEARNING SHEET

Directions: Write a reflective learning on word formation by

answering the questions inside the box. You may express your
answers in a more critical and creative presentation of your great
learning. Have fun and enjoy!

This lesson What learnings have I What other example

guides me to reflect found from this can I contribute
on… lesson? to explore
and think more?

What learnings can What good What is my

I share with my character have I conclusion on the
family and peers? developed from this lesson?
lesson?
Andrade, Miguel. “Best 20+ Pineapple Pictures: Download Free Images on Unsplash.” Best
20+ Pineapple Pictures | Download Free Images on Unsplash. Unsplashed. Accessed
July 19, 2020. https://unsplash.com/s/photos/pineapple.

“Aspirin Acid Bottle, Bottle Of Aspirin Free Png.” PNGFuel. pngfuel.com. Accessed July 19,
2020. https://www.pngfuel.com/free-png/wmipn.

Beard, Robert. “FOLK ETYMOLOGY.” alphaDictionary Glossary of Folk Etymology: Funny

Word Histories. Accessed July 19, 2020.
https://www.alphadictionary.com/articles/folk_etymology.html.

Cz, Davona. “Hooray Our Website Is Back Clearsketch - Hooray Png , Free Transparent
Clipart - ClipartKey.” clipartkey.com. Accessed July 19, 2020.
https://www.clipartkey.com/view/Toihwm_hooray-our-website-is-back-clearsketch-
hooray-png/.

Depositphotos, Inc. “ᐈ Crayfish Stock Pictures, Royalty Free Crawfish Clip Art Illustrations:
Download on Depositphotos®.” Depositphotos. depositphotos.com. Accessed July 19,
2020. https://depositphotos.com/vector-images/crayfish.html.

Depositphotos, Inc. “ᐈ Hangnail Stock Pictures, Royalty Free Round Nails Images:
Download on Depositphotos®.” Depositphotos. Accessed July 19, 2020.
https://depositphotos.com/stock-photos/hangnail.html?qview=7796422.

———. “Similar Vectors to 13130052 HAlloween Pumpkin.” Depositphotos.

depositphotos.com. Accessed July 19, 2020. https://depositphotos.com/similar-
vectors/13130052.html.

“Dictionary by Merriam-Webster: America's Most-Trusted Online Dictionary.” Merriam-

Webster. Merriam-Webster. Accessed July 19, 2020. https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/.

Halacious. “Aspirin Pictures: Download Free Images on Unsplash.” Pictures | Download

Free Images on Unsplash. Unsplash.com. Accessed July 19, 2020.
https://unsplash.com/s/photos/aspirin.

Jafara. “Luxury Modern Penthouse Interior with Panoramic Windows, 3d Render.” Luxury
Modern Penthouse Interior Panoramic Windows Stock Illustration 1595790271.
shutterstock.com, 2020. https://www.shutterstock.com/image-illustration/luxury-
modern-penthouse-interior-panoramic-windows-1595790271.

Kosur, Heather Marie. “Forming New Words: Coinages, Nonce Words, English Loanwords
and Calques.” BrightHub Education, December 23, 2009.
https://www.brighthubeducation.com/esl-lesson-plans/60060-formation-types-
coinages-nonce-loanwords-and-calques/.
Maddox, Maeve. “What Exactly Is ‘Folk Etymology?".” Daily Writing Tips.
dailywritingtips.com. Accessed July 19, 2020. https://www.dailywritingtips.com/what-
exactly-is-folk-etymology/.

“'Muskrat,' 'Helpmate,' and 6 More Folk Etymologies.” Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster,

Inc. Accessed July 19, 2020. https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/folk-
etymology/what-is-folk-etymology.

Nordquist, Richard. “What Are Nonce Words?” ThoughtCo. Dotdash, February 12, 2020.
https://www.thoughtco.com/nonce-word-term-1691432.

Nygard, Anne. “Paprika Pictures: Download Free Images on Unsplash.” Pictures | Download
Free Images on Unsplash. Unsplash.com. Accessed July 19,
2020. https://unsplash.com/s/photos/paprika.

Soniak, Matt. “What's the Difference Between Ketchup and Catsup?” Mental Floss.
mentalfloss.com, January 5, 2012. https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/29649/whats-
difference-between-ketchup-and-catsup.

Spreadthesign. “Yo-Yo.” Yoyo Stock Vector (Royalty Free) 273937748. Shutterstock.com.

Accessed July 19, 2020. https://www.shutterstock.com/image-vector/yoyo-273937748.

Acknowledgements

Writers: Adeline C. Tejada, MT II

Editors: Daisy S. Orines, HT VI
Reviewers: Vicente M. Victorio, Jr.-EPS
Management Team: Maria Magdalena M. Lim-Schools Division
Superintendent-Manila, Aida H. Rondilla-Chief Education Supervisor
Lucky S. Carpio-EPS and Lady Hannah C Gillo, Librarian II-LRMS
Pre-Test Looking Back to Activity 2
(presumption) Your Lesson 1. Loanword
1. ✓ (answers vary) 2. Calque
2. X 3. Loanword
3. ✓ 4. Calque
4. X Activity 1 5. Loanword
5. ✓ 1. Coined 6. Calque
6. ✓ 2. Nonce 7. Loanword
7. ✓ 3. Nonce 8. Loanword
8. X 4. Nonce 9. Calque
9. ✓ 5. Coined 10.Calque
10.✓ 6. Coined
7. Nonce
8. coined
Checking Your Post Test
Understanding (Answers vary)
(See next page)
Pre-Test Looking Back to Activity 1
1. TRUE Your Lesson
2. FALSE
1. Crayfish, e, 8
3. TRUE
4. FALSE 1.Paprika-loanword 2. Hang nail, d, 6
2. Pineapple – calque 3. Hooray, b, 10
5. TRUE
3. yoyo - loanword 4. Pumpkin, 6, 7
4. google – coined 5. Penthouse, a, 9
5. aspirin - coined
Checking Your Post Test
Understanding
(Answers vary) 1. FALSE
2. TRUE
3. TRUE
4. FALSE
5. FALSE