Formula Sheet & Statistical Tables

Research Methods in Medicine

Formula Sheet

Observed Value - True Mean

Z - score 
True Standard Deviation

Sample mean - True Mean

Z  score 
Standard Error

Sample mean - True Mean

T  score  where df  n  1
Standard Error

Ratio 
Larger SD 
2

Smaller SD 2
Equal SD Unequal SD Paired
df df = n1 + n2 – 2 df not taught df = n – 1 (pairs)
SE (n1  1)  SD12  (n2  1)  SD22 SDd
SD12 SD22 SE 
SD p2  SE  
n1  n2  2 n1 n2 n

SD p2 SD p2
SE  
n1 n2
t-Statistic x1  x2 x1  x2 xd
t  stat  t  stat  t  stat 
SE SE SE
95% CI
x  x  T
1 2
*
 SE x  x  T
1 2
*
 SE xd  T *  SE

Where:
 n1 and n2 are the sample size

 x1 & x2 are the sample means. xd is the mean of the differences.

 SD1 and SD2 are the sample standard deviation
 SDp is the pooled standard deviation. SDd is the standard deviation of the differences.
 SE is the standard error
 T* is the t multiplier

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 Relative Risk Odds Ratio

a /(a  b) a (c  d ) ad
Statistic RR   OR 
c /(c  d ) c (a  b) bc

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Standard Error SE     SE    
a ab c cd a b c d
lnRR  lnOR 
Z-statistic Z Z
SE SE

95% Confidence Interval 

exp lnRR  Z *  SE  
exp lnOR  Z *  SE 

Row Total  Column Total

Expected Cell Frequency 
Grand Total

2  
Observed - Expected2
Expected

r (n  2)
Correlation coefficient: t
(1  r 2 )

 coefficien t
Linear regression: t
SE

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Statistical tables from Essential Medical Statistics

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END OF FORMULA SHEETS & TABLES

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