EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

QUALITATIVE VS QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Lecturer: Mr. Satria Adi Pradana, M. Pd

Made By: Group 1

1. Dwi Ayu Nabila : 2011040443

2. Siti Putri Utami : 2011040217

3. Siti Sopiah : 2011040174

ENGLISH EDUCATION MAJOR 5 G CLASS

TARBIYAH AND TEACHER TRAINING FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF RADEN INTAN LAMPUNG

2022/202
 PREFACE

Thank God, we pray to the presence of Allah SWT for all His graces and gifts, so that I
can complete this paper. Shalawat and greetings may be poured out to the Prophet Muhammad
SAW who has brought humans from the shadow realm to the bright realm.
We created this paper to fulfill the assignment for the course “Educational Research
Methodology”, with the material entitled “Qualitative and Quantitative”. For this reason, we
would like to thank Mr. Satria Adi Pradana, M.Pd as a lecturer in the course "Educational
Research Methodology".
We realize that this paper still has shortcomings and mistakes. Therefore, the author
expects criticism and suggestions to build for the perfection of this paper. Hopefully this paper
can be useful for the audience. Amen.

Bandar Lampung, 12 September 2022

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 CONTENTS

PREFACE ............................................................................................................................................

CONTENTS .........................................................................................................................................

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................

1. Background ................................................................................................................................3
2. Formulation Of The Problem ....................................................................................................3
3. Objective of The Problem ..........................................................................................................3

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION ..............................................................................................................4

A. Qualitative Research ...............................................................................................................4

a) Definition of Qualitative Research ................................................................................4
b) The following is the objective of a qualitative research ................................................5
c) Characteristics of qualitative research ...........................................................................5
d) The following explains when qualitative methods are used ..........................................6
e) Qualitative research process………………………………………………………..
B. Quantative Research ...............................................................................................................8
f) Definition of Qualitative Research ................................................................................8
g) The Advantages Of quantitative Research ....................................................................9
h) Characteristics of qualitative research ...........................................................................9

CHAPTER III CLOSING ..................................................................................................................10

1. Conclusion .................................................................................................................................10
2. HHH ..........................................................................................................................................10

BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................................11

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background

There are so many forms and ways of writing scientific papers that we encounter. The broad form can be
different, but the soul and reasoning are the same. On that basis, the most important thing is not knowing the
implementation techniques, but understanding the underlying rationale. The choice of form and writing is a matter
of individual and institutional tastes and preferences by taking into account various other factors, such as what
problem is being studied, who is the reader of this paper and in order to what scientific activities will be delivered.
Based on the thoughts above, in order to uniform the writing procedure, it is necessary to issue guidelines for the
preparation of research proposals and Thesis.

This is done so that readers have a common perception of terms or terminology related to thesis writing.
A scientific research can use a quantitative or qualitative approach. The quantitative approach uses statistical and
mathematical test equipment which is often referred to as quantitative descriptive analysis, while the qualitative
approach is based more on logical reasoning (logical reasoning) understanding the interpretation of the research
object.

B. Formulation Of The Problem

1. What is the meaning of quantitative and qualitative research

2. How to use quantitative and qualitative research methods?
3. What are the characteristics of quantitative and qualitative research methods?
4. What are the differences between quantitative and qualitative research?
5. What are the similarities between quantitative and qualitative research

C. Objective Of The Problem

1. We know what is meant by qualitative research and quantitative research.

2. Know how to apply qualitative and quantitative research.
3. Know the characteristics of qualitative and quantitative research.
4. Know the difference between qualitative and quantitative research.
5. Know the difference between qualitative and quantitative research.

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 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSSION

A. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

a) Definition of Qualitative Research

Qualitative research approach uses the logic of hypothetical verification more. Which begins
with deductive thinking to derive hypotheses, then conducts field tests. Therefore qualitative
research empowers on indexs and empirical measurements. Most qualitative research is aimed at
the establishment of substantive theory based on the concepts arising from empirical data. This
research feel "don't know what it don't know", so the research design developed is always open
to various changes needed and flexible to conditions in the field of observations.

There are some terms used as other names of naturalistic or natural quantitative research,
"The Chicago School", phenomenological, case study, interpretive (Bogdan Moleong, and
interpretive, ecological, and 1990: 2). Referring to the term, it can be concluded that qualitative
research is a research procedure that produces descriptive data in the form of written or spoken
words from people and observable behavior (Bogdan and Taylor in Moleong, 1990: 3).

Meanwhile, according to Kirk and Miller define that qualitative research is a particular
tradition in social science that fundamentally depends on observing humans in their own area and
relating to these people in their language and in their events (Moleong, 1990: 3). Acquisition of
qualitative research data in the form of words or actions, which are often used to generate
theories arising from hypotheses such as in quantitative research. Therefore, qualitative research
is "generating theory" not "hyphothesis testing", so that the resulting theory is in the form of a
substantive theory. Therefore, content analysis in qualitative research is more important than
symbols or attributes as in quantitative research.

This research requires more analytical sharpness, objectivity, systematic, and systemic so that
accuracy of interpretation is obtained, because the essence of a phenomenon or symptom for
adherents of qualitative research is totality or gestalt. Analysis used in qualitative research is
descripive-analytic, meaning the interpretation of content is done and collected systemically /
whole and systematically.

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b) The following is the objective of a qualitative research :
1. To complete a lot of lost information, so the summary of data can be disclosed.
2. To reduce the trend to reduce the empirical data with the objective of proving the
truth of the hypotheses.
3. Overcoming the previous very complex tendency of variable limitation.
4. Correcting the existence of correct indexs, such as quantitative research using
empireic enumirical measurements (calculations).

c) Characteristics of qualitative research :

1. Natural environment as a direct data source. Qualitative research conducting
research on the context of a whole as is (natural) without changes and
interventions by the researcher.
2. Humans are the main instrument of data collection with the help of others.
3. Data analysis performed inductively. Which does not start from theory but from
empire facts. That is done by fielding, learning, analyzing, interpreting, and
drawing conclusions.
4. Analytical descriptive research. Where the data obtained in the form of pictures,
words, and behavior that is not in the form of statistical numbers, but is provided
in qualitative form that is more than just numbers or frequency.
5. Research pressure on process. Because the process is more important than the
result. The questions what, why and how are described narratively know the
exposure of a phenomenon.
6. Research limitations based on focus. Which requires to be established on the basis
of focus, included in the formulation of the study's background and problems.
Which includes the break of the problem and the research limitations. Which
objectives to storage the information obtained.
7. Planning is flexible and open. That is adjusted with the actual conditions in the
field.
8. The research results are a joint agreement that has been negotiable with the
sources of the data subjects. Which can be understanding because (1) the
formation of reality is collected source of data (2) the order of the reality that

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 happened (3) confirmation of the hypotheses was confirmed with the person who
related to the research.
9. Formation of theory based on the basic. That emphasizes belief in what is seen, so
it is neutral. Theory of theory growth from the bottom to the up, then system in a
related unit.
10. Research approach using qualitative methods. Which objects (1) it is easier to
make adjustments with multiple dimensional reality, (2) easier to represent
directly the nature of the relationship between the researcher and the research
subject, (3) have the self-adjustment sensitivity and power with multiple-poll
influences faced.

d) The following explains when qualitative methods are used :

1. If the research problem is not clear, this kind of condition is suitable to be studied
with qualitative methods, because qualitative researchers will go directly to the
object, explore with grant tour questions, so that the problem will be found
clearly.
2. To understand the meaning behind the data that looks. Social phenomena often
cannot be understood based on what people say and do. Every person's words and
actions have a certain meaning. The data to find the meaning of each of these
actions is only suitable to be studied with qualitative methods, with in-depth
interview techniques, and participatory observations, and documentation.
3. To understand social interactions. Complex social interactions can only be
unraveled if researchers conduct research using qualitative methods by
participating in, in-depth interviews of these social interactions. In this way, clear
patterns of relationships can be found.
4. Understanding people's feelings. People's feelings are difficult to understand if
they are not researched using qualitative methods, with data collection techniques,
in-depth interviews, and observation to participate in feeling what the person
feels.
5. To develop theories. Qualitative methods are most suitable for developing
theories that are built on data obtained through the field.

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 6. To ensure the accuracy of the data. It is often difficult to ascertain the truth of
social data. With qualitative methods, through triangulation or combined data
collection techniques (because certain data collection techniques have not been
able to find what is intended, then replace other techniques), then data certainty
will be more guaranteed. In addition, with a qualitative method, the credibility of
the data obtained is tested, and the research ends after the data is saturated, so that
data certainty will be obtained.
7. Researching the history of development. The history of the development of the
life of a character or community can be traced through qualitative methods. By
using in-depth interview documentation data with perpetrators or people who are
considered to know, the history of a person's life development.

e) Qualitative research process :

1. The first stage is called the orientation or description stage, with a grand
tourquestion. At this stage the researcher describes what is seen, heard, felt, and
asked. They only know at a glance the information they get.
2. The second stage is called the reduction/focus stage. At this stage the researcher
reduces all the information that has been obtained in the first stage to focus on
certain problems.
3. The third stage is the selection stage. At this stage the researcher describes the
focus that has been set in more detail. It is like a tree, if the focus is only on the
branch aspect,
4. Then at the selection stage, the researcher has broken down the branches, leaves,
and fruit. After the researcher conducts an in-depth analysis of the data and
information obtained, the researcher can find a theme by constructing the data
obtained into a new knowledge building, hypothesis, or science.
5. In the fifth stage, the researcher returns to the conclusions that have been made.
Whether the conclusions that have been made are credible or not. If the
conclusions are believed to have high credibility, then the data collection is
declared complete.

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B. QUANTATIVE RESEARCH

a) Definition of Quantative Research

Quantitative research is a process of finding knowledge that uses data in the form of numbers as
a means of finding information about what we want to know. In general, quantitative research
can also be carried out as descriptive research or descriptive research. Quantitative research can
be in the form of relationship or correlation research, quasi-experimental research, and
experimental research.

1. Creswell. Quantitative research is an attempt to problem problems, to become the basis for
researchers taking data. How to determine variables that are measured by numbers and analyze
according to applicable procedures. The purpose of quantitative research is to help draw
conclusions or generalize theories.

2. Punch. Quantitative research is research based on empirical experience to collect data in the
form of numbers. This data can be calculated numerically. Quantitative research is defined as
research based on assumptions. To determine the variables used in the analysis as a valid
research method.

3. Berryman. According to Berryman, quantitative research involves theory, design, hypotheses,

and subject possibilities. This research is supported by data collection and analysis before the
conclusion.

(b). The advantages of quantitative methods.

1. The results of the analysis can be obtained accurately when used according to the rules.

2. Can be used to measure the interaction of the relationship between two or more variables.

3. Can simplify the reality of complex and complicated problems in a model.

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(c). Characteristic of Quantitative Reasearch

In the quantitative data processing technique, there are 3 stages, namely editing (rechecking the
collected data), coding (simplifying data in the form of numeric codes or symbols) and tabulation
(organizing data through tables).

In general, quantitative data analysis is a research method with objects in the form of numeric
data. Generally, the processed data is big data, so sometimes statistical calculations are needed to
simplify calculations.

 Objective
This means that theories about the universe must explain what it is and cannot be
influenced by anything; its nature must be value-free (assuming the judgment of others).
 Phenomenal
Not a phenomenon, but comes from the Greek which means "that which is seen". This
means that research studies only talk about something that can be observed, that can be
felt, and can be seen because of the data.
 Reductionist
This means that the data found through research must be reduced to clear facts, so that
they can be used as decision-making materials.
 Naturalist
This means that something under study must be similar to the object of the universe that
moves mechanically and remains based on certain laws. Just something that can be
repeated many times at any time and by anyone still has the same result.

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 CHAPTER III
CLOSING

1. Conclusion
Quantitative studies rely on numerical or measurable data. In contrast, qualitative
studies rely on personal accounts or documents that illustrate in detail how people
think or respond within society. Quantitative data is numbers-based, countable, or
measurable. Qualitative data is interpretation-based, descriptive, and relating to
language. Quantitative data tells us how many, how much, or how often in
calculations. Qualitative data can help us to understand why, how, or what
happened behind certain behaviors.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Metodologi Penelitian Pendidikan, Z-Arifin Jurnal Al-Hikmah 2020

Teori dan praktik penilitan kuantitatif dan kualitatif PTK dan RND . Prof. Dr. Endang Widi
winarni, M.Pd

Metodologi Penelitian pendidikan. Drs.S. Margono Hal (105-107)

https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/qualitative-quantitative-research

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