PAPER OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

DESCRIPTIVE QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Supporting lecturer: Prof. Idham Kholid, M.Ag

Arranged by:
Group 9

Arini Diah Ulyana 2111040016

Desi Fitriyani 2111040144
KGS Arman Alfarizi 2111040174

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

THE FACULTY OF TARBIYAH AND TEACHER TRAINING
RADEN INTAN STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY LAMPUNG
2022/2023
 PREFACE

Praise and gratitude, let us pray to the presence of Allah SWT, who has given an
abundance of grace in the form of physical and spiritual health so that we can still enjoy the
beauty of the nature of His creation. Sholawat and greetings are still bestowed on His Majesty,
Habibillah Muhammad SAW, who has shown us the straight path in the form of perfect
religious teachings in beautiful language.
The author can finally feel grateful for having completed a scientific work entitled
"DESCRIPTIVE QUALITATIVE RESEARCH" as an assignment for the Research
Methodology. In making this scientific work, with the limited knowledge that the author has
and through several sources of information. The activity of compiling this scientific paper
provides the author with additional knowledge that can be useful in the life of the nation and
state. The author would like to thank all sources and all authors of books or articles related to
this scientific work, and the authors expect constructive criticism and suggestions so that the
writer will continue to develop, especially in the field of writing papers and scientific work.

Bandar Lampung, November 22nd, 2023

Author
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 TABLE OF CONTENT

PREFACE ………………………………………………………………………….………… i
TABLE OF CONTENT ………………….……………..………………………….……….. ii
I. INTRODUCTION ……………..………..…………………………….……….. 1
A. Background …………………..……..…………………………….………… 1
B. Problem ……………………………...…………………………….………… 1
C. Purpose ……………………………...…………………...………………….. 1
II. DISCUSSION …………………………...………………………………………. 2
A. Understanding Qualitative Research ……...…..……...…………………… 2
B. Characteristics of Descriptive Research …………………………………… 2
C. Data Collection Procedures in Qualitative Research ……………………... 4
D. Advantages and Weaknesses of Qualitative Research …………………..... 8
E. Conclusion ………………………………………………………………...… 8
III. RESOURCE …….………………………………………………………........... 10

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 I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background of study
Descriptive research (descriptive reasearch), which is also commonly
called taxonomic research (taksonomic research), as previously mentioned, is
intended for exploration and clarification of a phenomenon or social reality, by
describing a number of variables related to the problem and unit being studied. This
type of research does not question the network of relationships between existing
variables and is not intended to attract generations to explain the antecedent
variables that cause a phenomenon or social reality. Therefore, in descriptive
research, do not use and do not test hypotheses (as is done in explanatory research);
This means that it is not intended to build and develop a theoretical vocabulary. In
data processing and analysis, descriptive statistical processing is usually used
(Descriptive statistics).

B. Formulation of the problem

1. What is the definition of descriptive research?
2. What are the characteristics of descriptive research?
3. How is the procedure for collecting data in qualitative descriptive research?
4. What are the advantages and weaknesses of qualitative research?

C. Learning Objective
1. To know the definition of descriptive research.
2. To know the characteristics of descriptive research.
3. To know the procedure for collecting data in qualitative descriptive research.
4. To know the advantages and weaknesses of qualitative research.

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 II. DISCUSSION

A. Understanding Qualitative Research

According to Bogdan and Taylor, qualitative research is a procedure that
produces descriptive data in the form of written or spoken words from people with
behavior that can be observed and this approach is directed at the setting and the
individual in a holistic (whole) manner.
Meanwhile, Kirk and Miller define qualitative research as a particular tradition
in the social sciences that fundamentally relies on human observations both in its area
and in its terminology.
According to Willams, qualitative research is collecting data in a scientific
setting, using natural methods, and carried out by people or researchers who are
naturally interested. Meanwhile, Denzim and Lincon also argue that qualitative
research is research that uses natural settings, with the aim of interpreting phenomena
that occur and is carried out by involving various existing methods. According to Jane
Richie, qualitative research is an effort to present the social world, and its perspective
on the world, in terms of concepts, behavior, perceptions and problems about the people
being studied.
From the definitions above, it can be concluded that descriptive research is
research that aims to understand phenomena about what is experienced by research
subjects, for example behavior, perception, motivation, action and others, holistically
and with descriptions in the form of words and language, in a context. specifically
natural ones and by utilizing various natural methods.

B. Characteristics of Descriptive Research

The characteristics of descriptive research are:
1. Natural environment as a direct data source. Qualitative research conducts
research in the context of a (natural) need without changes or intervention by
the researcher.
2. Humans are the main tool (instrument) for data collection. Qualitative requires
researchers or with the help of other people as the main tool for data collection.
This is intended to make it easier to make adjustments to the realities in the
field.

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3. Data analysis was carried out inductively. Qualitative research does not start
from theoretical deductions, but starts from empirical facts. Research goes into
the field, studies, analyzes, interprets and draws conclusions from phenomena
in the field.
4. The research is analytical descriptive. The data obtained (in the form of words,
images, behavior) is not expressed in the form of numbers or statistical figures,
but remains in qualitative form which has a richer meaning than just numbers
or frequencies. The researcher immediately carried out data analysis by
providing a description of the situation being studied in the form of a narrative
description.
5. The research emphasis is on the process. Qualitative research is more concerned
with process aspects than results. The questions of what (what was done), why
(it was done) and how (how to do it) narrative description weave the explanation
of a phenomenon.
6. Research limitations based on focus. Qualitative research requires the
determination of limits on the basis of focus. Focus thinking is included in the
formulation of the study background and problems. Focus also means
determining the breadth of the problem and research limits.
7. Planning is flexible and open. Planning (design) in qualitative research is not
strict or rigid, so it is difficult to change. Research plans are prepared in a
flexible and open manner, adapted to the actual conditions in the study field.
8. The results of the research are a joint agreement. Presentation as a result of
interpretation in qualitative research is intended to be an agreement negotiated
with the subjects who are used as data sources.
9. Theory formation comes from the basics. Qualitative research relies on trust in
what is seen, so it is neutral. Inductive analysis gives meaning instead of
gathering data to prove a hypothesis that has been formulated.
10. The research approach uses qualitative methods. This method is used because it
is easier to adjust to reality which has multiple dimensions and it is easier to
directly present the nature of the relationship between the researcher and the
research subject.
11. Research that is comprehensive (holistic). Qualitative research views that the
whole as a whole is more important than individual parts. Therefore, various
research problems are not seen as mutually exclusive.

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 12. Meaning as the primary concern of research. Qualitative research focuses its
attention on the ways in which people give meaning to their lives.[2]

According to Moleong, the characteristics of qualitative methods are:

1. Natural setting (research carried out in a natural situation in a need).
2. Humans as tools (humans/researchers are the main data collection tool).
3. Inductive data analysis (referring to field findings).
4. Theory from the basics/grounded theory (towards the direction of constructing
a theory based on data).
5. Descriptive (data collected in the form of words, images and not numbers).
6. Focus more on process than results.
7. There are special criteria for data validity (there are other versions of validity,
reliability and objectivity).
8. There are limits determined by the focus (the need for research limits based on
the focus that arises as a problem in the research).
9. Temporary design (research design continues to develop according to field
realities).
10. Research results are negotiated and mutually agreed upon (research results are
negotiated and mutually agreed upon between the researcher and the data
source).

C. Data Collection Procedures in Qualitative Research

Data collection techniques are the most important step in research, because the
main aim of research is to obtain data. Without knowing data collection techniques,
researchers will not get data that meets the specified data standards.
Data collection can be done in various settings, sources and methods. When
viewed from the setting, data can be collected in natural settings (natural setting), in
the laboratory with experimental methods, at school with strong education and
education, at home with various respondents, at a seminar, discussion, on the street and
others. When viewed from the data source, data collection can use primary and
secondary sources. Primary sources are data sources that directly provide data to data
collectors, and secondary data sources are data sources that do not directly provide data
to data collectors, for example through other people or through documents. Further,

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when viewed in terms of methods or techniques of data collection, it can be done with
observation, interview, questionnaire, documentation and a combination of them.
a. Observation
Observation is the systematic observation and recording of elements that
appear in a phenomenon in the research object. In research, observation is
needed to understand the process of the interview and the results of the interview
can be understood in context. The observations made were observations of the
subject, the subject's behavior during the interview, the subject's interactions
with the researcher, things that were considered relevant so that they could
provide additional data on the results of the interview.
The purpose of observation is to describe the setting being studied, the
activities taking place, the people involved in the activity, and the meaning of
the event as seen from the perspective of those seen in the observed event.
Observation results are important data for several reasons, including:
1. Researchers will gain a better understanding of the context in the matter
being studied.
2. Observation allows researchers to be open-minded, oriented towards
discovery rather than evidence and retains the option to approach
problems inductively.
3. Observation allows researchers to see things that the research subjects
themselves are not aware of.
4. Observation allows researchers to obtain data about things that for
various reasons are not disclosed by research subjects openly in
interviews.
5. Observation allows researchers to reflect and be introspective about the
research carried out. Observation impressions and messages will
become part of the data which in turn can be used to understand the
phenomenon being studied.
Observation is divided into two, namelyparticipant observation, observations
made by researchers who participate as members and in the social life of the
research topic. Observationnon-participant is an observation that makes the
researcher a spectator or witness to the symptoms or events that are the topic of
research. In this type of observation, the researcher sees or listens to a certain
social situation without active participation in it. [6]

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 Suharsimi Arikunto also believes that observations can be carried out in
two ways, namely:
1. Observationnon-systematic, observations made by observers without
using observation instruments.
2. Observationsystematic, observations carried out by observers using
guidelines as an observation instrument.[7]

b. Interview
Interviews are a means of proving information or information obtained
previously. The interview technique in qualitative research is in-depth
interviews. In-depth interviews are the process of obtaining information for
research purposes by means of face-to-face questions and answers between the
interviewer and the informant with or without using an interview guide.
Interviews must be focused on content that is in accordance with the expected
objectives.
1. Types of Interviews
The researcher must decide on the size of the structure and
interviews. Qualitative research generally uses unstructured or semi-
structured interviews. There are three forms of interviews, namely:
First,Unstructured, non-standardized, informal, or focused
interviews start with general questions in a broad area of research. This
interview is usually followed by a keyword, agenda or list of topics that will
be covered in the interview.
Second, semi-structured interview. This interview starts with the
issues covered in the interview guide. An interview guide is not a schedule
like in quantitative research. The sequence of questions is not the same for
each participant depending on the interview process and each individual's
answers.
Third, structured or standardized interviews. Qualitative researchers
rarely use this type of interview. Several limitations in this type of interview
mean that the data obtained is not rich.

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2. Length and Timing of Interview
Field and Morse suggest that the interview should be completed
within one hour. Actually, the interview time depends on the participant.
The researcher must make a time contract with the participant, so that they
can plan their activities that day without being disturbed by the interview,
generally participants want just one hour of their time. Those who are
elderly, physically debilitated, or sick may need to rest after twenty or thirty
minutes.

3. Types of Questions and Related Matters

According to Devers and Frankel, several factors influence the
degree of structure or type of instrumentation used in qualitative research.
The first factor is the research objective. If the research is more exploratory
or testing in nature to discover and or refine theories and concepts, what is
appropriate to consider is a very open-ended protocol (open ended). The
second factor is the extent of previous knowledge that already exists about
a subject, for example a concept that already exists and is widely used in
the world, the extent to which it is applied in Indonesia. Third, available
resources, especially subject time and the number and complexity of cases.

4. Interview Procedure
The interview procedures include:
1. Identify the participants based on the previously selected sampling
procedure.
2. Determine the type of interview to be conducted and what useful
information will be relevant in answering the research question.
3. Determine the place to conduct the interview, if possible the room
is quiet and comfortable enough for the interview.
4. During the interview, match the questions, complete them on time
(if possible), respect the participants and always be polite.

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 5. Documents
Documents are records of past events. Documents can be in the
form of writing, drawings, or someone's monumental works. Documents in
written form, for example daily notes, life histories, biographies,
regulations, policies. Document study is a complement to the use of
observation and interview methods in qualitative research.[9]

D. Advantages and Weaknesses of Qualitative Research

The advantages of qualitative research are:
1. Descriptions and interpretations from informants can be researched in depth.
2. Having a theoretical basis that is appropriate to the facts.
3. Research is more subjective.
4. It is very effective to use in seeking responses and views because you meet
face to face.
5. There is a special understanding in analyzing.

The weaknesses of qualitative research are:

1. Researchers are largely responsible for the information submitted by
informants.
2. Circular in nature.
3. The distinction between facts and policy is less clear.
4. The study size was small.
5. It is not effective if you want to research as a whole or on a large scale.

E. Conclusion
Descriptive research is research that aims to understand phenomena about what is
experienced by research subjects, for example behavior, perception, motivation, action
and others, holistically and with descriptions in the form of words and language, in a
special natural context and by utilizing various methods. natural.
The advantages of qualitative research are:
1. Descriptions and interpretations from informants can be researched in depth.
2. Having a theoretical basis that is appropriate to the facts.
3. Research is more subjective.

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 4. It is very effective to use in seeking responses and views because you meet face
to face.
5. There is a special understanding in analyzing.

The weaknesses of qualitative research are:

1. Researchers are largely responsible for the information submitted by
informants.
2. Circular in nature.
3. The distinction between facts and policy is less clear.
4. The study size was small.
5. It is not effective if you want to research as a whole or on a large scale.

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 III. RESOURCE

Ahmad Nizar Rangkuti,Educational Research Methods, Bandung: Citapustaka Media,

2014.
Emzir,Qualitative Research Methodology Data Analysis, Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada,
2012.
https://www.academia.edu/6795452/Kelebihan_dan_kekurangan_Metode_PenelitianKu
alitatif_dan_Kuantitatif
Lexy J. Moleong, Qualitative Research Methods,Bandung: Rosdakarya Youth, 2013.
S. Margono,Educational Research Methods ,Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2004.
Sugiyono,Educational Research Methods, Bandung: Alfabeta, 2015.
Suharsimi Arikunto,Research Procedures A Practical Approach, Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2010.
Lexy J. Moleong, Qualitative Research Methods(Bandung: Rosdakarya Youth, 2013), p. 5- 6.
S. Margono,Educational Research Methods (Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2004), p. 38-42.
Ahmad Nizar Rangkuti,Educational Research Methods, (Bandung: Citapustaka Media, 2014), p.
108-109.
Sugiyono,Educational Research Methods, (Bandung: Alfabeta, 2015), p. 308.
Ahmad Nizar Rangkuti,On. Cit.,hlm. 121.
Emzir,Qualitative Research Methodology Data Analysis, (Jakarta: Rajawali Press, 2012), p. 39-
40.
Suharsimi Arikunto,Research Procedures A Practical Approach, (Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2010),
p.200.
Ahmad Nizar Rangkuti,On. Cit.,hlm. 129.
Sugiyono,Op.Cit.,hlm. 329.
https://www.academia.edu/6795452/Kelebihan_dan_kekurangan_Metode_Penelitian_Kualitati
dan_Kuantitatif accessed on 12 September 2016 at 20.30 WIB.

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