9

Technology and
Livelihood Education
Quarter 1, Wk.1 - Module 1
Technical Drafting
Drafting Architectural Layout and Details

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

Technology and Livelihood Education- Grade 9
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1, Wk.1 - Module 1: (DRAFTING ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT AND DETAILS (AL)
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro

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Development Team of the Module

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Management Team
Chairperson: Roy Angelo E. Gazo, PhD, CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent

Co-Chairpersons: Nimfa R. Lago,PhD, CESE

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Members Henry B. Abueva OIC-CID Chief

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 9
Technology and
Livelihood
Education
Quarter 1, Wk.1 - Module 1
Technical Drafting
Drafting Architectural Layout and Details
This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed by
educators from public and private schools, colleges, and or/universities. We
encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback,
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We value your feedback and recommendations.

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

MODULE 1:
DRAFTING ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT AND DETAILS

What This Module is About

Architectural layout and detail drawings are designed to develop the technical skills
and technical know-how of the students in architectural drafting works. Students will learn to
interpret and fully understand the standard procedure in layouting and detailing of architectural
working plans and drawings.

This module covers how to prepare students learn to draw a complete set of
architectural working drawings.

What I Need to Know

Upon completion of the module, the trainees/students should be able to:

 Plan and prepare for work
 Prepare and set-up tools and materials for drawing
 Draft Site development plan
 Draft floor plan
 Draft roof plans
 Draft ceiling plans
 Draft elevations and sections
 Submit complete drawings
 What I Know

You will be challenged to dig deeper into your prior knowledge and previous
experiences about Technical Drafting. This phase will guide you in assessing yourself
by answering the questions below before you further explore the basics of architectural
layout and details.

Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer in the space
provided before each number.
_____ 1.A drawing tool used to draw horizontal lines and serves as guide for
triangles.
a. protractor b. ruler c. triangles d. T-square
_____ 2. An instrument used for drawing vertical and oblique lines.
a. protractor b. ruler c. tape rule d. triangles
_____ 3. The best instrument used for dividing lines or distance into equal parts.
a. compass b. divider c. protractor d. ruler
_____ 4. A flat piece of plastic with standard symbols and used as guide for drawing
images on plans.
a. French curve b. templates c. triangles d. T-square
_____ 5. It is used in setting a line degree angle.
a. compass b. divider c. protractor d. ruler
_____ 6. An area of land for construction or the lot on which a building is
constructed.
a. corner lot b. open lot c. site d. through lot
_____ 7. Is a lot bounded on all sides by streets or pathways.
a. corner lot b. inside lot c. open lot d. through lot
_____ 8. Is a lot with at least two adjacent sides meeting on a corner of two sides.
a. corner lot b. inside lot c. open lot d. through lot
_____ 9. Is a lot surrounded on each side by other lots.
a. corner lot b. inside lot c. open lot d. through lot
_____10. Refers to the restrictions on size, location, and type of structures to be built
on a designated area.
a. building code b. set back c. site d. zoning
_____11. The top view of the site or lot where the proposed house will be built.
a. floor plan b. foundation plan c. location plan d. roof plan
_____12. Shows the design of the house, height dimension, material finish and
complete information and specification.
a. elevation b. perspective c. roof d. section
_____13. Shows the outline of the roof and the major object lines indicating ridges,
valleys, hips, and openings.
a. ceiling plan b. floor plan c. foundation plan d. roof plan
_____14. The structural excavation plan of footings and walls of the building.
a. ceiling plan b. floor plan c. foundation plan d. roof plan
_____15. A part of foundation directly supporting the column or post of a house.
a. beams b. footings c. lintels d. roofs
_____16. This room is generally located between the bedrooms.
a. bathroom b. dining area c. kitchen d. foyer
_____17. Is the center of the living area in most home.
a. bed room b. dining room c. kitchen room d. living room
_____18. They are overhang roof lines in the form of hidden lines in a floor plan.
a. canopy b. dormer c. eave line d. shed line
_____19. The drawing of flow of water in the house from the main source.
a. plumbingplan c. water system plan
b. sewage system plan d. water and sewage system plan
_____20. A plan that shows the flow of house lightings.
a. auxiliary layout c. electrical plan
b. lighting layout d. power layout
 Lesson
Prepare Architectural Job
1 Requirements

What I Need to Know

Upon completion of the module, the trainees/students should be able to:

 Classify technical drawing tools, materials, and equipment
 Understand the functions/uses of drawing tools, materials, and
equipment
 Describe the importance of the SOP in company
 Enumerate the information included of a title block in house plan

What’s New

Most architectural drafting works generally consist of freehand and mechanical

drawings. As such, the learner must know how to plan and prepare carefully all drafting
tools, materials, and equipment needed for the required work or job.
It is presumed that all students are already aware on the tools and materials
needed in drafting works considering their prior learning in the previous year level.
However, it is necessary to review their previous learning to prepare them for higher
drafting activity.
Situation:
Group the students into four and allow each group to assign its leader and
reporter. Each group must be provided with one (1) sheet manila paper and a piece of
pentel pen. Gather all the drafting tools and materials and display them on the table.

Activity:
1. Give 10 minutes to each group to list down on the manila paper all the
displayed tools and materials according to its classifications. Allow them to
 discuss its importance and uses in drafting and drawing activity considering
their prior learning in the previous modules.
2. Another 5 minutes is allotted to each group to report its respective outputs.
3. Each group is required to evaluate and give comments on the output of the
assigned reporter according to the following criteria:

a. Identification of tools according to each classification………40%

b. Presentation………………………………………………………30%
c. Delivery……………………………………………………………30%

What Is It

Architectural Drafting Tools, Materials and Equipment, Their Uses and Care

Most architectural drafting works generally consist of freehand and

mechanical drawings. In this module, you will learn how to prepare all drafting tools,
materials, and equipment needed for the job.

It is presumed that all students like you are already aware of the tools and materials
needed in drafting works considering your learning in the previous year level.
However, it is still necessary that you will review the past lesson to help you prepare
for higher drafting activity

DRAWING TOOLS FUNCTIONS/USES

T-SQUARE
 a drawing instrument used when making
horizontal lines
 used for guiding triangles when drawing
vertical lines

Three (3) types of T-square:

 Fixed Head
 Movable Head or Adjustable Head
 Detachable Head or Removable
Head
TRIANGLE
 three-sided ruler
 If in use, the base of the triangle must
rest on the blade of the T-square.
RULER
 to measure distance and/or to rule
straight lines.
DRAWING TOOLS FUNCTIONS/USES
TRIANGULAR SCALE
 generally used when reproducing a
drawing in an enlarged or reduced form
to some regular proportion.
 Its main function is to reproduce the
measurements of an object in full size,
reduced size, and enlarged size.
PROTRACTOR
 a semi-circular instrument divided into
180 equal parts each of which is called a
degree.
 used to determine gradations of the
degrees when measuring arcs, angles
and circles.
COMPASS
 used when drawing arcs and circles
 used in a similar way to a divider
 composed of one with the pen leg and
the needle point leg being held together
with a handle.
DIVIDER
 used when transferring measurements,
dividing lines and arcs into the desired
number of equal parts
 can easily transfer accurate
measurements by adjusting the divider
points.
TEMPLATE
 Much time can be saved in drawing
standard symbols and figures if
TEMPLATES are used.
 Made of thin plastic, these tools are
available in a large number of styles and
sizes.

FRENCH CURVE
 used in manual drafting and in fashion
design to draw smooth curves of varying
radii.
 The shapes are segments of the Euler
spiral or clothoid curve.
TECHNICAL PEN
 is a specialized instrument used by the
engineer, architect, or draftsperson to
make lines of constant width for
architectural engineering, or technical
drawings.
PENCIL
 The most important tools in drawing
 TYPES OF PENCILS
1. Hard Pencils
 are used where extreme accuracy is
required especially working on graphs,
diagrams and charts.
 used where extreme accuracy is
required especially working on graphs,
diagrams and charts.
 (Ex: 9H,8H, 7H, 6H, 5H, & 4H)

2 Medium Pencils
 are used for general purpose work in
drawing.
 used for general purpose work in
drawing.
 (Ex: 3H, 2H, H, F, HB, & B)

3. Soft Pencils
 are too soft to be used in mechanical
drafting. They are very useful for art
work of various kinds.
 too soft to be used in mechanical
drafting
 useful for art work of various kinds
 (Ex: 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, & 7B)

ERASING SHIELD
 made up of metal with irregular holes
 tool to protect the rest of the drawing
 clearing up smudges, unnecessary
pencil lines and other erasures.

DUSTING BRUSH
 no matter how careful you are, some
erasing crumbs and dirt particles will
collect on the drawing area these should
be removed by using a DUST BRUSH,
rather than your hands.
 Using your hands may cause smudges
and streaks.

DRAWING MATERIALS FUNCTIONS/USES

DRAWING PAPER
 Hard and soft surface drawing papers
are highly recommended to be the best.
 This type does not groove easily when
pressure is applied to the pencil.
 Oslo paper is commonly used
 Bond paper is also recommended.

TRACING PAPER
 Thin transparent paper for reproduction
in blueprint.
 MASKING TAPE

 Used to hold and fashen drawing paper

on the drawing board

SHARPENER

 Pencils should be sharpened whenever

they show sign of

PENCIL POINTER
 It is not necessary to resharpen your
drawing pencil every time it start to dull.
It can be repointed quickly with a
PENCIL POINTER.
 Use the pencil sharpener only when the
point becomes very blunt, or when it
breaks.
ERASER

 Used to clean the dirt off the drawing

DRAWING EQUIPMENTS FUNCTIONS/USES

DRAWING BOARD/TABLE
 a board made of soft wood but with
cleats of hard wood where the drawing
paper is fastened with a draftsman’s
tape.
DRAWING STOOL
 a basic tool in drafting use is to give
some height for the drafting table on the
user when drawing.
DRAFTING MACHINE
 a high technology machine for drawing
purposes.

What’s More

Directions:

Below are sample pictures of different drafting tools, materials and equipment
required in the preparation of architectural layout and details. Name the tool, materials
or equipment based on the specific tasks by writing it on the space provided for.
 Tasks/Uses Drafting Tool Equipment
Used when drawing
horizontal lines and support
triangles when drawing vertical
lines

Used to enlarged or reduced

measurement and distances to
a
regular proportion in the drawing
paper
A flat piece of plastic with
standard symbols used as guide
for drawing architectural images
on plans
Used in drawing arcs and
circles
Used when
removing/cleaning excess
construction lines and
smudges in a drawing
Used when drawing vertical
and oblique lines

Situation:
Randomly select fifteen (15) students from the class for a required activity
relative to tools, materials and equipment identification. Group them into three (3)
groups and allow them to choose their respective group leader. Put a long table
that could conveniently accommodate several sets of drawings tools and materials
in drafting.
 Activity:
1. In line formation, let the three groups to fall in line at least 2 meters
distance from the table where sets of tools and materials are
displayed.
2. Give 10 minutes for each group to perform the activity by requiring
each member of the three group to come forward as fast as he can
and immediately pick any tools from the table.
3. Demonstrate a non-verbal description that best explains the use of
such tools or materials. (See to it that all members are given the
opportunity to do the same as what had been done by the first
member).
4. The students who were not included in the activity shall evaluate the
performance of each group.

Note: The group that will be declared champion shall be given 25 points
credit per member. While the second and third placers shall be given 20 and 15
points respectively.

What Is It
Company Rules and SOP

Every company has a set of company rules that would determine how the
company would be administered.
The company rules govern how a company must operate internally. These rules
cover things such as the appointment, removal and powers of directors, rules for
meetings and shareholder rights. Before the new Companies Act 2009, the rules were
called the Memorandum and Articles of Association.
A company may adopt its own tailored rules at the time of its incorporation or
simply adopt the model rules already contained in the new Companies Act.

When you register your company, you will have the option to upload your own set of
company rules, or choosing to adopt the model rules.

SOP or Standard Operating Procedure and procedures are two titles for same
sort of documents, some call them SOP and other procedure.
Policies are kind of umbrella documents that outline the core objectives of the
company, e.g. Allergen Policy; telling what is the stand of company on allergen then
they should have SOP/procedure explaining how these allergens will be controlled

What is an SOP or Standard Operating Procedure?

A Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) provides a flight crew with a step-by-

step guide to effectively and safely carry out operations. A particular SOP must not
only achieve the task on hand but also be understood by a crew of various
backgrounds and experience within the organization. SOP's can also be developed as
time goes by to incorporate improvements based on experience, accidents, near
misses or innovations from other manufacturers or operators to suit the needs of a
particular organization.
SOP's should not be designed too detailed and exhaustive that the pilot does not
provide any form of cognition to the process and not be too relaxed where the crews
have too options to decide between.
Of note, a Checklist is generally carried out as a part of an overall procedure; for
example, it would be a company’s SOP to conduct the Landing checklist after the
Landing gear is confirmed down and locked on finals during the approach.

Health and Safety

Standard operating procedures maintain the health and safety of all workers.
Especially in manufacturing settings where heavy equipment is involved, SOPs can
help ensure that employees operate equipment to prevent injuries. SOPs can mandate
regular cleaning and maintenance schedules. These activities are important for safe
operation of machinery, but are easily forgotten when employees are switching shifts
and no written records exist. SOPs also show how to run equipment safely during
regular use. A document from Iowa State University suggests using diagrams along
with words to make instructions crystal clear.

Consistency of Results

In laboratory settings, the Environmental Protection Agency suggests that

following rules set by regulatory bodies isn't always enough. Workers sometimes make
slight changes to standard procedure based on the more specific requirements of a
particular experiment. When these changes aren't documented, experimental results
may differ between teams of technicians using slightly different methods. Writing
standard operating procedures specific to your company's line of business ensures
that everyone's working the same way, limiting the cost of additional trials to explain
inconsistent results.

Regulatory and Legal Compliance

Writing a standard operating procedure with a regulatory body's requirements

in mind ensures that practices at your organization line up with industry expectations.
Documented procedures help to streamline internal and external audits as well. For
example, if your company maintains ISO certification, you can assist outside auditors
by providing written copies of your ISO-compliant procedures. They can then advise
you where exactly in the process workers are falling short. SOPs also protect you from
lawsuits -- for example, if an employee is injured at work after failing to follow
documented best practices. SOPs in office settings can also ensure legal compliance.
For example, an SOP for negotiating business deals overseas can stop executives
from stepping into illegal bribery territory.

Increased Efficiency and Productivity

People need consistency to be their most productive. When there's no doubt

about what format a document should take, whether equipment should be cleaned
and where supplies should be stored, people can simply do their jobs without stopping
to ask questions. Standardizing everything is impossible and counterproductive, as
employees need some flexibility to problem solve. However, writing SOPs for regular,
rote procedures can increase efficiency at work. For example, an SOP for file naming
can reduce the time required to find documents and promote teamwork across
departments.
How SOP’s are developed?

There is generally a framework which provides a logical structure to build an

SOP, however to allow for flexible operations it can be a fluid arrangement. The four
P's provides the framework from which management and operators can communicate
the most effective manner in which to conduct operations.

The Four P's Model

Philosophy

There must be an overarching view from the company’s management on how

they want to operate. This philosophy will be influenced not only by the attitudes of the
high-level managers but the companies’ culture.
A philosophy may not necessarily be recorded in a document but it can be seen in the
written policies and procedures and seen in the day-to-day practices of the
organization.

Policies

A policy is derived from philosophy focusing on a particular aspect of your

operations, such as maintenance or ground handling. A single policy or a group of
policies are then used to create procedures, which allows for safe and efficient
operations.

Procedures

Procedures specify a set of sub tasks which need to be completed in any complex
task or task where it is crucial that a particular aspect is completed or a switch is
selected at a specific time.
A Procedure generally satifies the following requirements:

 What is the task

 When is the task to be conducted.
 By whom is it to be conducted by.
 How is the task completed.
 The sequence for the task.
 What form of feedback is required ( written, verbal, physical action).

Practices

The last 'P' is the actual practice or technique of the operator in response to a
procedure. Because the framework can be quite rigid and the actual operating
environment can cause the pilot or air traffic controller to deviate from procedure, this
is important because when management are creating the philosophies, policies and
procedures they need to keep in mind how the actual process will be used, misused
or adjusted to suit particular operators. In the perfect world, of course, this would not
happen, but in reality, there is a lot of evidence to suggest that this is fact the case.
Humans by nature are innovative, so in any procedure they will use the technique,
which they believe best suits them and the situation. This is not necessarily a bad thing
as long as the techniques are monitored and even incorporated if there is merit in their
use.
 The one method management has in determining 'practice' is standardization
of the procedures; this minimizes confusion between operators because the training
and feedback from it prevents different interpretations and deviations from SOP's

What’s More
Activity 1.3

Direction:
Multiple choice: Write the letter of the correct answer in a separate sheet of
paper.

1. Provides a flight crew with a step-by-step guide to effectively and safely carry out
operations.
a. Policies b. Regulations c.SOP d. Procedures
2. It is one of the types of four P Models who influences not only by the attitudes of the high-
level managers but the companies’ culture.
a. Policies b. Procedures c. Philosophy d. Practice
3. One of the types of P Models, which derives from philosophy focusing on a particular
aspect of your operations, such as maintenance or ground handling.
a. Policies b. Procedures c. Philosophy d. Practice
4. Its’ specify a set of sub tasks which need to be completed in any complex task or
task where it is crucial that a particular aspect is completed or a switch is selected
at a specific time.
a. Policies b. Procedures c. Philosophy d. Practice
5. The last in P Model in which the response to the procedure.
a. Policies b. Procedures c. Philosophy d. Practice
6. Part of the companies SOP that ensure the employees safety in operating
equipment and prevent injuries.
a. Regulatory and Legal Compliance c. Consistency of Results
b. Health and Safety d. Increased Efficiency and Productivity
7. It ensures the practices of the organization line up with industry expectations.
a. Regulatory and Legal Compliance c. Consistency of Results
b. Health and Safety d. Increased Efficiency and Productivity
8. Specifies company's line of business ensures that everyone is working the same
way, limiting the cost of additional trials to explain inconsistent results.
a. Regulatory and Legal Compliance c. Consistency of Results
b. Health and Safety d. Increased Efficiency and Productivity

What Is It
Drawing is a universal language. Drafting is a technical drawing used by the
designers to graphically present ideas and present objects necessary for a designed
environment. A set of drafted illustrations is called Construction Documents (CD).
There are common rules and standards to ensure that all designers are able to
understand what is in drawing.
 These design drawings are use as graphic language to communicate each and
every piece of information necessary to convey an idea and ultimately create a design.

Architectural Drafting

Architectural Drafting is basically pictorial image of buildings, interiors,

details, or other items that need to be built. These are different from other types of
drawings as they are drawn to scale, include accurate measurements and detailed
information, and other information necessary to build a structure. This document is a
graphic representation to communicate how to do the construction, remodeling, or
illustration of the design project.

The Role of Drawings

The three terms most often used to offer to the graphic portion of the documents
for a building project are:
 Plans
 Drawings
 Blueprints
These terms are synonymous and can be used interchangeably. They are the
graphic representation or illustration of the project, and comprise the lines, symbols,
and abbreviations printed on the paper that represent the owner’s wishes, as
interpreted by the architect.

Design Development

Most drawings develop over several generations of view and modification as a

result of owner input, coordination with other design disciplines, building code
compliance, and general fine-tuning. This process is referred to as design
development and occurs before the release of the final version of drawings, called the
workings. Working drawings are the completed design- a code-compliant
representation of the project, ready for bidding and ultimately, construction. They will
be focus of this chapter and are the prerequisite for preparing a detailed unit price
estimate.
The completed drawings become a “set,” which incorporates all adjustments,
changes and refinements made by the architect or the engineer as the final step in
design development. Working drawings should comply with all applicable building
codes, including any local ordinates having jurisdiction. Drawings should include all
the information you will need to prepare a detailed estimated and eventually build the
project. The set of working drawings consist of various disciplines of design, including
the architectural or core drawings design, structural engineering to ensure that the
structure will support the imposed loads, and mechanical and electrical engineering to
make the space habitable and functional.
Other drawings in the set include designs that are less concerned with the
structure itself than with support services, such as utilities, that will be provided to the
structure. These civil or site drawings include grading and drainage plans, which
indicate how surface precipitation will be channeled away from the structure;
landscaping and irrigation design; paving and curbing layout. Ordinary site
improvements, such as fencing, patios, walks, flagpoles, and the like, are shown on a
kind of “catch all” site improvements drawing.
Organization of the Working Drawings

There is a distinctive organizational structure to the working drawings, which

is almost universally accepted, and is as follows.

 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS: core drawings

showing the layout of the building and its use of
space. They convey the aesthetic value of the
structure and show the dimensions and placement of
all key features. The first architectural set, the level
of details increase. These drawings are prefixed by
the letter “A” and sequentially numbered.

 MECHANICAL DRAWINGS: illustrate the physical

system of a structure, such as plumbing, fire
suppression/protection, and HVAC (heating,
ventilating, and air condition) system. These
drawings may be prefixed by the letter “M” for
mechanical, or “H” for heating. Plumbing drawings
use the letter “P,” and fire suppression drawings use
“FP” (fire protection), “SP” (sprinkler system). Or “F”
(fire). The drawings are all sequentially numbered
and shown mainly in plan view.

 ELECTRICAL DRAWINGS: illustrated the electrical

requirements of the project, including power
distribution, lightening, and low-voltage specialty
wiring, such as for fire alarms, telephone/data, and
technology wiring. They often show the provision for
the power wiring of equipment illustrated on other
types of drawings. They are prefixed by the letter “E”
and are sequentially numbered.

 SPECIALTY DRAWINGS: illustrate the unique

requirements of various spaces’ special uses (such
as kitchens, libraries, retail spaces, and home
theatre systems). They define the coordination
among other building systems, most commonly
the mechanical and electrical systems. The
drawings are sequentially numbered, and named
according to the type of drawings.
  SITE DRAWINGS: illustrate the structure’s
relationship to the property, including
various engineering improvements to the
site, such as the sanitary system, utilities,
paving walks, curbing, and so forth. They
are sequentially numbered, but have a less
formal naming convention, open to the
interpretation of the design engineer.

ELEMENTS OF WORKING DRAWING:

The Cover Sheet

The cover sheet, although

very basic in nature, is one of the
most important pages in a set of
drawings. It lists information, such as
the name of the project; the location;
and the names of the architects,
engineers, owner, and other
consultant, involved in the design.
The cover sheet also lists the
drawings that comprise the set in the
order they will appears. The cover
sheet may also list information
specially required by the building
code having jurisdiction over the
design of the project, including the
total square foot area of the structure, the building code us group the structure will fall
under, and the type of construction.
Another important element on the cover sheet is a list of abbreviations or
graphic symbols, used in the drawing set. There is often a section that contains
“general notes,” such as “all dimensions shall be verified in the field,” or “All dimensions
are to face of masonry.” These notes help set the standards for background
information that you will encounter throughout the drawings.

Title Block
The title block is located in the lower right-hand corner of the drawing and
should include the following information:
 The prefixed number of the sheet
 The name of the drawing
 The date of the drawing
  The initials of draftsperson
 Any revisions to the final set of
drawings
The date and scope of the revisions should be
noted within the title block. If there is not
enough space available, the revision should
be noted close to it. The title block should
specify whether the entire drawing is one
scale, or whether the scale varies per detail,
as in the case of a sheet of details. Set of
drawings for commercial projects require a
stamp of the architect or engineer responsible
for the design.

Revision

Often, after the set of working drawings has been completed,

recommendations are made for correction or clarification of a particular detail, plan, or
elevation. While major changes may require redrafting an entire sheet, smaller
changes are shown as a revision of the original; all changes must be clearly
recognizable detail within a scalloped line that resembles a cloud. Tied to the revisions
marker is a triangle that encloses the number of the revision. Revision are noted in the
title block, or close to it, by date and number. This procedure provides a mechanism
for identifying the latest version of drawings.

Graphic Formats Used in Drawings

There are accepted standards or methods that architects and engineers use to
present graphic information. Different views ensure that all required information is
available on the drawings.
 Plan views
 Elevations
 Sections
 Details
 Schedules
 Diagrams
Each method illustrates the various aspects of a project from a different
viewpoint. The information is most effectively presented when multiple views are
used together. Showing the same item in different views helps confirm and add to
the information that can be seen in a single view.

Plan View

The most common graphic view, the plan view, is

presented as if looking down on the space. Plan
views form the basis of the project, and often
provided the most complete view. The most common
plan view is the architectural floor plan, which shows
doors, windows, walls and partitions.
Variations of plan views include structural, fire
suppression, plumbing, HVAC, and electrical plans. Each shows the work of the
respective trades in plan view as they fit into the architectural floor plan. Other types
of plan views include reflected ceiling plans and partial plan views, which illustrate a
particular area and enlarge it for clarity. Partial views are most often used in areas of
high congestion o detail. Demolition plans show proposed changes to the existing
floor plan. Roof plans show the roof layout as would be seen from overhead.
Plan views provide dimension, which help you to calculate areas. Dimensions
should be accurate, clear and complete, showing both the exterior and interior
measurements of the space. Plan views are also a starting point from which the
architect directs the reader to other drawings for more information.

Elevations

Elevations provide a
pictorial view of the walls of the
structure, similar to photograph
of a wall taken perpendicular
to both the vertical and
horizontal planes. Exterior
elevations may be titled based
on their location with respect to
the headings of a compass
Interior elevations
provide views of the wall of the
inside of a room. They
illustrate architectural features, such as casework, standing and running trims,
fixtures, doors, and windows. Exteriors elevations provide a clear depiction of doors
and windows, often using numbers or letters in circles to show types that correspond
to information provided in the door and window schedule. In addition, elevations
show the surface materials of walls, and any changes within the plane of the
elevation or façade. While the floor plan shows measurements in a horizontal plane,
elevations provide measurements in a vertical plane with respect horizontal plane.
These dimensions provide a vertical measure of floor-to-floor heights, windowsill or
head heights or a variety of dimension from a fixed horizontal surface. You can use
these measurements to calculate quantities of materials needed.

Building Sections

The building section,

commonly referred to as the
section, is a vertical slice or cut
through of a particular part of the
building. It offers a view through a
part of the structure not found on
other drawings. Several different
sections may be incorporated into
the drawings. Sections taken from
a plan view are called cross-
sections; those taken from an
elevation are referred to as
longitudinal sections, or simply
wall sections. Wall sections provide an exposed view of the building components and
their arrangement within the wall itself. By referring to sections, in conjunction with
floor plan and elevations, you can see the composition of the building components.

Details

For greater
clarification and
understanding, certain
areas of a floor plan,
elevation, or a particular
part of the drawing may
need to be enlarged. This
enlargement provides
information that is critical to
a part of the building item
that may otherwise not be
available in another view.
Enlargements are
drawn to a larger scale and are referred to as details. Details can be found either on
the sheet included in the various disciplines they reference. The detail is shown in
larger scale to provide additional space for dimension and notes. Details are not limited
to architectural drawings, but can be used in structural and site plans and, to a lesser
extent, in mechanical or electrical plans.

Schedules

Schedules list information

pertaining to a similar group of
items, such as doors, windows,
room finishes, columns, trusses,
and light or plumbing fixtures. The
most common schedules are door,
window, and room finish
schedules. However, information
on any repetitive type of item can
be assembled into a table and
incorporated in a set of drawings.
Schedules are not limited to
architectural drawings, but can be
found in any disciplines included
within the set. A typical door
schedule lists each door by number, or mark, and provides information on size and
type, thickness, frame material, composition, and hardware. In addition, the door
schedule will provide specific instructions or requirements for an individual door, such
as fire ratings, undercutting, weather stripping, or vision panels. In the remarks portion
of the schedule, the architect lists any non-standards requirements or special notes to
the installer.

Diagrams
 A diagram illustrates how the various components of a system are configured,
and is often provided for purposes of coordination. Diagrams are commonly used for
mechanical and electrical drawings, because of the complex nature of the work.
Common examples include diagrams for fire alarm risers, waste and vent piping
risers, and fire protection.

Drawing Conventions

The most common graphic features are lines, in-fill techniques, and shading,
which can often contain subtle, but very important information relative to the detail
shown. While most of these conventions are widely accepted and practiced, there
will always be minor deviations based on local practices. This must be apparent in
the use of abbreviations and symbols. In many case, any unfamiliar symbols and
abbreviations will usually become clear by studying the drawing.

Lines

Drawings must convey a great deal of information in a relatively small space,

where there is no room for a lot of wording. Consequently, different types of lines are
used to communicate information.
 MAIN OBJECT LINE: a thick, heavy, unbroken line that defines the outline of
the structure or object. Used for the main outlines of walls, floors, elevations,
details, or sections.

 DIMENSION LINE: a light, fine with arrowheads or “tic” marks at each end,
used to show the measurements of the main object lines. The arrowheads fall
between extension lines that extend from the main object lines to show the
limits of the item drawn. The number that appears within the break in the
dimension line is the required measurement
between extension lines.

 EXTENSION LINE: a light line that extends from the

edge or end of the main object line, touching the arrowheads. Used together
with dimension lines to help you determine the limits of a particular feature.

 HIDDEN OR INVISIBLE LINE: a light dashes line of equal segments that

indicates the outlines of an object hidden from
view, under or behind some part of the structure,
such as a foundation shown in elevation that
would be below grade.
  CENTER LINE: s light line of alternating long and short segments that indicates
the center of a particular object. Frequently labeled with the letter C
superimposed over the letter L.

Material Indication Symbols and Shading

In-filling can indicate whether the feature is solid, as in the case of cast-in-place
concrete, or hollow, as with concrete masonry block. In-fills are called material
indication symbols. Because of the different views used on drawings, various materials
must be recognizable at each view, from plan to section to elevation. As with the
abbreviations, material indications symbols are subject to change based on specific
materials used in various parts of the country.

Shading

Architects and engineers can convey

information in a subtler manner by changing
the intensity of a particular feature. This effect,
called shading, increases or decreases the
focus on the item, merely by its intensity. Items
in the foreground or focus are often drawn
darker or thicker. Objects in the background
are lighter in color and drawn less sharply.
Shading is often used to differentiate between
proposed and existing work on renovation
project.

Graphic Symbols
Graphic Symbols are another means of providing a standardized way to
recognized information and depict repetitive information on drawings. Sections Marker
indicates where a section is cut through an object, and can be directional or non-
directional. Elevation symbols direct the
reader to the drawing that contains a noted
elevation. They indicate differences in vertical
height, such as the distance between floors,
and provide a reference point to use in
calculating the height of the components in
walls or partitions.
Frequently, the design professional
draws a feature, and, to save space on the
page uses a break in a continuous line. This
symbol conveys that he feature is not drawn
to scale. Geometric shapes with letters,
number, or dimensions within the shape
define certain features or main objects. This graphic symbol is frequently used to name
windows, doors, rooms, partition types, and ceiling heights. The important information
is within the shape, not the shape itself. The shape used will often be based on the
preference of the individual design professional or the local accepted practice.

Trade-Specific Symbols

Like graphic symbols, trade-specific symbols depict items that are common to
the various trades. Because of the highly diagrammatic nature of the mechanical and
electrical drawings, there is an abundance of unique, trade-specific symbols used on
these drawings. Engineers typically provide legends that define the symbols used.
Some, such as for a water closet or toilet, are highly recognizable because they mirror
the feature in real life.

Abbreviations

Abbreviations are
used to save design
professionals time, as well
as space on drawings.
There is a wide and varied
selection of the
abbreviations used in daily
practice. It is not necessary
to memorize each
abbreviation. Standard
practice is to list the
abbreviations on the cover
sheet of the set of drawings.
This compilation of
abbreviation saves time by
locating the meaning the
meaning of each
abbreviation in a central
location.
Scale

Since there are various physical limitations to

drawing a building’s actual size on a piece of paper,
the drawings retain their relationship to the actual
size of the building using a ratio or scale, between
full size and what is seen on the drawings. There are
two types of scales: the architects scale and the
engineers scale.

Architects Scale

The architects scale is used for

building drawings, as well as the
engineering disciplines. The actual
architect’s scale may be flat, like a ruler,
or three sided. The three-sided architects
scale has ten separate scales: 1/8”and
¼”, 1” and ½”, ¾” and 3/8” and 3/32” and
1-1/2” and 3”. The remaining side is in
inches, similar to ruler.

Engineers Scale

The engineers scale is similar to the architects scale and is typically (though
not exactly) used to prepare civil drawings. The difference is the size of the increments
on the sides of the scale. The engineers scale ha six scales: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and
60.
The engineers scale is used to measure distance on the site plans, when it is
greater than would be encountered in the site
plans of the building. Occasionally, architects
and engineers include a detail strictly for visual
clarification. These detail are labeled “NTS”,
meaning “not to scale”. This let the reader
know that the details are not for determining
quantities and measurements, but for
illustrating a feature that would otherwise be
unclear. Diagrams are also typically not drawn
to scale.

Civil Drawings
 Commercial and custom
residential projects typically include a site
plane, which illustrates the relationship of
the proposed structure to the buildings
lot, as well as the various site
improvements needed to accommodate
the new building. The grouping of the
different types of site drawings, such as
utility and drainage, grading, site
improvement, and landscaping plans, are
known under the general classification of
civil drawings. Civil drawings encompass
all work that pertains to projects other
than the structure itself. They have some
unique conventions and nomenclature that merit a separate review. The most obvious
difference between civil drawings and architectural drawings is the use of the
engineers scale. It is important to note the scale in order to avoid errors in measuring
during the take off. To avoid confusion, it is best to use the title block to clarify the type
of drawing and scale. The following sections review the most common terms and
symbols associated with the various civil drawings.

Site Plan

The main purpose of the site

plan is to locate the structure within the
confines of the building lot. Even the
most basic site plans clearly establish
the buildings dimensions, usually by
the foundations size and the distance
to property lines. The latter called the
setback dimensions are shown in feet
and hundredths of a foot, versus feet
and inches on architectural drawings.
As a starting point for the
design, a site survey is performed by a
registered land surveyor, who also
records special conditions. These may
include existing natural features, such as trees or water, as well as man made
improvements, such as walks, paving, fences, or other structure. The new site plan
shows how the existing features will be maintained, modified, or removed to
accommodate the new design.
Another chief purpose of the site plan is to show the unique surface conditions,
or topography, of the lot. Changes in the elevation of the lot, such as slopes, hills,
valleys, and other variations in the surface, are shown on a site plan by means of a
contour, which is a line connecting points of equal elevation. An elevation is a distance
above or below a known point of reference, called a datum. The datum could be sea
level, or an arbitrary plane of reference established for the particular building. For
projects in which the topography must be shown separately for clarity, a grading plan
is used.
 Some site plans include a small map, called a locus, showing the general
location of the property in respect to local highways, roads, and adjacent pieces of
property

Drainage and Utility Plans

Larger projects will have several

site plans showing different scopes of
related or similar work, such as drainage
and utility plans. Utility drawings show
locations of water, gas, sanitary sewer,
and electric utilities that will service the
building. Drainage plans detail how
surface water will be collected,
channeled, and dispersed on or off site. Both plans illustrate, in plain view, the size,
length, and type of pipes and special connections or terminations of the various piping.
Because the effluent in certain types of pipe moves by gravity, the elevation of each
end of the pipe must be different.
Certain site plans require clarification in the form of a detail, similar to the
architectural detail. Classic examples are sections through paving, pre-cast structures,
pipe trenches, and curbing. Details are not limited to scaled drafting, but occasionally
appear in the form of perspective drawings, which are not drawn to scale and are used
as a means of clarification only.

Landscaping Plans

Landscaping plans show the location of

various species of plantings, as well as lawns
and garden areas. The plantings are noted
with an abbreviation, typically three letters,
along with the quantity of the particular
species. This designation corresponds to a
planting schedule, which is a complete listing
of plantings by common name, Latin or
species name, and quantity and size. Notes
describing planting procedures or handling
specifications accompany the schedule.
Irrigation drawings may be included, which
illustrate how the landscaping elements
should be watered.

Paving/Curbing Layout Drawings

 To accurately show the layout of
parking lots and driveways, a paving/ curbing
layout drawing is needed. This plan shows the
various types of bituminous, concrete, and
brick paving and curbing, and the limits of
each—helpful for calculating areas and
measurements. Again, it is important to review
the legend symbols in order to clearly
delineate where one material ends and
another begins. Details showing sections
through the surface are used to differentiate
between thickness and the substrate below.

Site Improvement Drawings

When the project warrants, separate

drawings may be needed to clarify various site
improvements, such as walks, retaining walls,
patio paving, fences, steps, benches, play
areas, and flagpoles. Site improvement
drawings are often used as a “catch-all” to
show the miscellaneous items that do not fall
neatly into one of the above classifications of
work.

Existing Conditions Site Drawings

For projects with existing drainage, utilities, and structures, an existing

conditions plan is provided, which is invaluable for understanding and calculating the
difference between actual conditions and proposed work. The existing conditions are
shown in the background “grayed out” or lightly shaded, and the new work is shown
darker in the foreground. Other methods include showing existing conditions as dotted
or broken lines and proposed conditions as solid, darker lines. Sometimes test boring
logs are provided, which document engineering tests to determine the load-bearing
and general quality of the subsurface at the site.

It is essential to become familiar with the drawings prior to the site inspection
and quantity takeoff. A thorough review of the drawings will reveal discrepancies or
omissions and will help determine whether to proceed with the next step in bidding the
job. It should also be noted that the various views should be used together. Information
located on one drawing can often be corroborated on another. This checks and
balances process is fundamental in estimating.
 What’s More

MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. It is also considered as the universal language.
a. Drafting b. Sketching c. Drawing d. Designing
2. Illustrated the electrical requirements of the project, including power distribution,
lightening, and low-voltage specialty wiring, such as for fire alarms, telephone/data,
and technology wiring.
a. Electrical Drawing b. Mechanical Drawing
c. Civil Drawing d. Electrical Planning
3. __________is the basically pictorial image of buildings, interiors, details, or other
items that need to be built.
a. Architectural Drafting b. Technical Sketch
c. Technical Drafting d. Architectural Designing
4. A scaling that is used to measure distance on the site plans, when it is greater
than would be encountered in the site plans of the building.
a. Weighing Scale b. Architectural Scale
c. Civil Scale d. Engineering Scale
5. A plan shows the location of various species of plantings, as well as lawns and
garden areas.
a. Site Plan b. Floor Plan
c. Landscaping Plan d. Drainage Plan
6. A light, fine with arrowheads marks at each end, used to show the measurements
of the main object lines.
a. Object Line b. Center Line
c. Hidden Line d. Extension Line
7. Are used to save design professionals time, as well as space on drawings.
a. Graphic Symbols b. Abbreviation
c. Scale d. Diagrams
8. Illustrates the structure’s relationship to the property, including various engineering
improvements to the site, such as the sanitary system, utilities, paving walks,
curbing, and so forth.
a. Specialty drawing b. Civil drawing
c. Site Drawing d Architectural drawing
9. It is a set of drafted illustrations is called_________?
a. Construction Documents b. Sketches
c. Drafts d. Drawings
10. Are commonly used for mechanical and electrical drawings, because of the
complex nature of the work.
a. Graphic Symbols b. Abbreviations
c. Illustration d. Diagram
 What I Have Learned
A-Direction:
Multiple Choice: Write the letter of the correct answer on a separate sheet of
paper.

______ 1. Which among these tools is used for drawing horizontal Lines?
a. triangle b. protractor c. ruler d. t-square
______ 2. If drawing inclined lines, what tools is best used?
a. protractor b. divider c. triangle d. ruler
______ 3. What grade of pencil is used for mechanical drawing?
a. B b. F c. H d. HB
______ 4. What should you do before starting to draw?
a. prepare tools b. clean the drawing table
c. sharpen the pencil d. fasten the drawing paper
______ 5. Which of the following is used for drawing circles and arcs?
a. protractor b. French curves c. compass d. divider
______ 6. Which is used for inking straight lines?
a. ruling pen b. guill pen c. speedball pen d. fountain pen
______ 7. If you want to get the accurate measurement which of the following
should be used?
a. compass b. triangles c. protractor d. ruler
______ 8. Which of the following is considered a smooth, flat surface where you
fasten the drawing pages?
a. drawing table b. dining table c. study table d. center table
______ 9. Which part of the compass is where you place your thumb and forefinger
for turning?
a. nib b. legs c. head d. handle
______ 10. A Tool used to draw irregular curve lines is.
a. triangle b. divider c. compass d.French curve

B-Direction.
Identify what is referred to in each number and write your answer on
A separate sheet of paper.
______1. One of the most important pages in a set of drawings.
______2. Provides a pictorial view of the walls of the structure, similar to photograph
of a wall taken perpendicular to both the vertical and horizontal planes.
______3. The main purpose of this is to locate the structure within the confines of the
building lot.
______4. Illustrates how the various components of a system are configured, and is
often provided for purposes of coordination.
______5. Used to save design professionals time, as well as space on drawings.

C-Direction:
Give the term of the following architectural abbreviations:
1. ELEV __________ 6. FLR. __________
2. FFL. __________ 7. GL. __________
3. DN __________ 8. NTS __________
4. O.C. __________ 9. FL __________
5. CHB __________ 10. @ __________
 What I Can Do
Directions:
Given a drawing paper (as provided by the teacher), draw simple proposed
Location Plan and Site Development Plan. Observe boarder line and title block
following architectural drafting standards.
Use the given scoring rubrics below for your assessment.

Product Scoring Rubrics

Name: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Year & Section: ______________________ Teacher: ________________________

Directions: Below is a tool for evaluating your finished drawing of location plan and
site development plan. Assess yourself using the criteria and rating scale listed
below for grading purposes
 Key to Answers

What’s More
Activity 1.1
1. Triangle
2. Template
3. Eraser
4. Triangular Scale
5. T-square
6. Compass

Activity 1.3
1. A 5. D
2. C 6. B
3. A 7. A
4. B 8. C

Activiy 1.4
1. A 6. D
2. A 7. C
3. A 8. C
4. D 9. A
5. C 10.D
What I Have Learned

Activity 1
A
1. D 6. A
2. C 7. C
3. C 8. A
4. B 9. C
5. C 10. D

B.
1. Cover sheet
2. Elevations
3. Site Plan
4. Diagram
5. Abbreviations

C.
1. Elevation 6. Floor
2. Finish Floor Line 7. Ground Line
3. Down 8. Not to Scale
4. On Center 9. Floor Line
5. Concrete Hollow blocks 10. At
References

Books and Articles and Printed Materials:

1. TESDA Training Regulations and Competency-Based Curriculum in
Drafting Architectural Lay-out and Details
2. Architectural Drafting and Design Handbook, Sunny Ojeda & Josephine
Obispo, Marikina Polytechnic College

 Included all third party materials or sources in developing the material

 Follows the Chicago Manual of Style 17th edition

For inquiries and feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

DepEd: Division of Iligan CIty

Office Address: General Aguinaldo, St., Iligan City
Telefax: (063) 221-6069
E-mail Address: iligan.city@deped.gov.ph