CONVEYANCE

OF
WATER
CONVEYANCE OF
WATER
There are three stages of
transportation:
• From the source to the
treatment plant
• From treatment plant to
service reservoir
• From service reservoir
to consumer

In first stage water is

transported by gravity or by
pumping or by both.
METHODS OF
CONVEYANCE OF WATER
It is carried of by one of the following system:
a) Free flow system- water flows through section under
gravity
b) Pressure system- the flow of conduits is under
pressure
SECTIONS USED FOR FREE FLOW
OF WATER FROM SOURCE TO
TREATMENT PLANT
CANALS
 These are waterways
constructed to convey water
for irrigation and are either
lined or unlined depending
upon nature of ground and
available slope.
 These are not generally
preferred because of losses
due to percolation,
evaporation and misuse.
 Rectangular section is
preferred over trapezoidal
when rock cutting is
involved.
FLUMES
 These are channels
supported on or over the
ground surface
particularly when water
has to be taken across the
valley.
 These rectangular or semi-
circular sections are built
of concrete or metal.
 Velocities of 1.8 to 2.4 m/s
may be permitted in
flumes.
 GRADE AQUEDUCTS
 Covered water ways
used to carry water
from remote source
to treatment plant or
the origin of
distribution.
 Designed in such a
way that they flow
three quarter full at
required capacity of
supply.
GRADE TUNNELS
These are built to serve following services:
I. To shorten the length of water channel
II. To conserve the head of water
III. To reduce the cost of aqueducts traversing uneven
terrain
These are generally of horse shoe type and generally lined.
FREE FLOW SYSTEM
DEMERITS
• Transportation section required is very long
• Percolation and evaporation loss is more
• More chances of water pollution from surface
drainage
• Head loss due to friction is more
• Construction and maintenance cost is high
PRESSURE SYSTEMS :

PRESSURE AQUEDUCTS
 These are generally circular sections
built of reinforcement concrete.
 Conduits are constructed in situ in
balanced cutting and embankment.
 Advantage- they are not exposed to
pollution or sewage.
PRESSURE TUNNELS
 Tunnels are constructed when water has to
cross river or valleys. These are generally
circular in section and are lined up.

PIPE LINES
 Circular in section and follow the profile of
surface quite closely. Gravity pipe lines have
to be laid preferably below the hydraulic
gradient.
CHOICE OF PIPE
MATERIAL
The choice of material depends on:
 Internal load and external pressure to which the pipe is
subjected
 Type of water to be conveyed
 Maintenance cost
 Availability of funds
 Capacity of pipe
 Expected life, repair and replacement
TYPES OF PIPES
1. Cast iron pipes
2. Steel pipes
3. Reinforced cement concrete (R.C.C)
4. Prestressed concrete pipes
5. Asbestos cement pipes
6. Copper, brass and lead pipes
7. Wrought iron pipes
8. Hume pipes
9. Polythylene (low and high density) pipes
10. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes.
Cast iron pipes

• It is made from pig iron.

• They are normally made from (5 – 120) cm

diameter and length can be from (3600 –

6000) mm.

• It can expected to last 100 years.

• Widely used for city water – distribution

system because – high resistance to

corrosion, long life span, cheap, economical.

• They can be joined easily and can be cut

and bored easily.

CAST IRON PIPE
Cast iron pipes are mostly used in water supply schemes due to
their durability. Strength, resistance to corrosion, ease of laying.
Disadvantages
 Due to heavy weight larger diameter pipes (more than 1200
mm) are difficult to transport
 Coating is required inside and outside both to carry corrosive
water.
Cast iron pipes are of following type
 Vertically Cast or Pit Cast Pipes
 Centrifugally Cast iron pipes
 Centrifugally ductile Cast-iron Pipes
Galvanized iron pipes (G.I.)

• It is made from mild steel sheet.

• Galvanized = dip in zinc solution = save

from rusting.

• They are normally made from 12 mm – 15

cm diameter and are available in 6 m

length.

• Average age is 10 years.

• Can be joined easily, cutting and bending

them is relatively easy.

• light – weight, cheap.

• Acidic and alkaline water affect them badly.

STEEL PIPES
 Stronger than cast iron pipes
 Can withstand much high pressure but are lighter section and
hence easy to transport to site
 Joints in pipe may be done by welding or by riveting
 1.2m – 2.5m dia or even more
 They are galvanized with zinc to resist corrosion.
Advantages
 Cheap
 Light weight hence easy o transport
 Available in large lengths, so less number of joints
 Can resist high internal pressure
Disadvantages
 Steel can rust, so this reduces their life, max. 50 years.
 More time for repair is required
 REINFORCED CONCRETE
PIPES
 These are manufactured by two ways:
- pipes having steel mesh reinforcement , and by pouring
concrete by usual methods, tamping and curing.
- pipes having fabricated reinforcement and cast by centrifugal
methods and curing in tanks.
 In difficult areas pipes can be cast on site
 They can be used upto 1.8 m dia
 Concrete mix normally used is 1:2:2
 Resistant to corrosion, suitable to soft and acidic water
 These have a long life more than 75 years
 The surface maintenance cost is low
 Can not withstand high pressure unless reinforced
ADVANTAGES
 Low maintenance cost
 Not corroded from inside by normal drinking water
 Skilled labour is not required
 Due to their heavy weight they are not affected by force of
buoyancy when laid under water.
 They are not affected by atmospheric conditions.

DISADVANTAGES
 Difficult to repair and join
 Tendency to leak due to shrinkage cracks and porosity is
there
 Difficult to transport due to larger size
 They are affected by acid water, alkaline and salty waters.
PRE-STRESSED
CONCRETE PIPES
 Used for intermediate pressure range i.e., 0.3-
2.4MPa, because at this range metallic pipes are
expensive
 Sizes varies from 80-1800mm
Length is 2m for the size upto 400mm dia and 2.5m
for higher sizes
Types of PSC Pipes
PSC cylinder pipes
PSC non-cylinder pipes
ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPES
Manufactured from a mixture of Portland cement and
asbestos fiber combined under pressure into dense
homogenous mixture

ADVANTAGES
Light in weight (1/4th that of C.I. Pipes)
Smooth and resistant to corrosion
Size varies from 50mm-1200mm dia. and 4000mm
lengths
These are manufactured in five grades with a
withstanding pressure from 3.5 km/sq.cm
These pipes are not affected by acids, and salty water
These pipes are suitable for small size distribution.
Advantages
 Light in weight, so can be easily cut, jointed and
transported
 Are smooth and their carrying capacity do not reduce
with time
 Joints are formed easily, because pipes are flexible

Disadvantages
 Are costly and less durable
 Soft, brittle and do not have much strength
 Cannot be laid in exposed places
 Can be damaged during transportation due to poor
structural resistance.
HUME STEEL PIPES
 Manufactured from a thin mild steel shell
lined and out coated with cement
concrete(1:2:4) or cement mortar (1:3)
through a centrifugal process.
 Available in135cms diameter.
 Are heavy so difficult to handle
 Concrete coating easily get damaged
while fixing branch connection
 PLASTIC PIPES
Three types:
 Low density Polyethylene pipes
 High density Polyethylene Pipes
 Un plasticized P.V.C. Pipes

Polyethylene pipes are extruded from a compound

consisting of pure polyethylene in which carbon black
and a suitable non-antioxidant are evenly dispersed.
a) Low density Polythene pipes:

Outside Dia. Range in

Working mm
pressure in Low density High density
N/mm sq polyethylene polyethylene
0.25 40-140 63-500
0.40 32-140 40-500
00.60 20-110 32-500
1.00 12-63 20-500

The low density polyethylene pipes are generally

supplied in coils of nominal length of 25 to 200mm.
The high density pipes are to be supplied either as
coils measuring 25 times the mini-dia. of the pipes
or in straight length of 5 to 20mm
b) HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE PIPES : These are
tougher as compared to LDPE pipes. Pipes upto 1600mm
dia manufactured ( only 16 – 400mm dia pipes are
available in India). These pipes in large diameter for
conveyance of water effluents and in long runs from point
to point have been found very suitable and accepted by
govt engineering department.
c) UNPLASTICIZED PVC PIPES: these are widely used for
cold water services, internal and external water supply
systems, water mains, rain water and soil water pipes. It is
3 times rigid than polyethylene pipes, stronger and can
withstand much high pressure for given wall thickness.
These are generally available in following shades:
- white/cream
- light to dark grey
- black
APPLICATION OF PVC
PIPES:
 IN POTABLE WATER SUPPPY: for main lines and service
lines.
 IN INDUSTRIES: for pumping chemicals, corrosive water
and ventilating corrosive fumes.
 IN DRAIN WASTE AND VENT SYSTEM: for drainage,
ventilation, and waste disposals.
 IN AGRICULTURE: for laying irrigation pipes to sprinkler
layouts and tubewell systems.
 IN ELECTRICAL SYSTEM: for electrical conduits, smooth
surface inside facilitates pull- through of wires.
PIPE FITTINGS Pipe Fittings
• Fittings are fixed in the plumbing system to join

straight pipes or any section of tubes.

• The water-supply fittings like elbow, tee, socket,

reducer, etc., are fitted to change the direction of flow,

distribute the water supply from the main pipe to other

pipes of equal size or lower size, etc.

• Any part used in connection with water supply,

distribution, measurement, controlling, use and

disposal of water is known as a pipe fitting.

 Pipe Fittings

TYPE OF FITTINGS

1. Collar

2. Elbow

3. Gasket

4. Union

5. Reducer

6. Tee

7. Nipple

8. Trap
 Pipe Fittings

COLLAR

• While joining two pipes in the same length, collar is used. Collar is

fitted in the end of pipe.

 Pipe Fittings

ELBOW

• It is installed at the time of

joining two pipes.

• With the help of an elbow,

the direction of liquid is

changed.

• Normally a 45° or 90°

elbow is used.
ELBOW Pipe Fittings
• When the two sides of pipes differ in size, an elbow of reducing size is

used. This is called reducing type elbow or reducer type elbow.

• Elbows are categorized as follows

a) Long Radius (LR) Elbow - Here, the radius is 1.5 times the diameter of

pipe.

b) Short Radius (LR) Elbow - In this, the radius is 1.0 times the diameter

of pipe.

c) 90° Elbow - This is used when the change in direction required is 90°

(Fig. 5.5). 45° Elbow This is used when the change in direction required

is 45°
UNION Pipe Fittings
• When two ends of pipes are joined, the pipe fitting used is

called union.

• A union is made of three parts namely a nut, a male end

and a female end.

• The male and female ends are assembled with the support

of the nuts, and necessary pressure is made to connect the

joint.

• Since the pairing ends of the union are interchangeable,

the union can be changed easily in a short time

GASKET

• They are mechanical seals, generally ring-

shaped type and fitted for sealing flange joints.

• A flange joint is a plate or ring to form a rim at

the end of a pipe when fastened to the pipe.

• Gaskets are made as per by construction,

materials and features.

• Important gaskets used are nonmetallic, spiral-

wound and ring-joint type.

 Pipe Fittings

REDUCER

• It is used to connect pipes of different diameters.

• A reducer may be of various types like reducer tee, reducer elbow

and reducer socket

TEE Pipe Fittings

• It is an important fitting with a side outlet at 900 to the run of the pipe.

• Tees connect pipes of various diameters and help in changing the

direction of water or material in a pipe.

• Tees are made in various sizes like equal or unequal. The equal tee is

most commonly used

 Pipe Fittings
TEE
PIPE JOINTS
 Pipes are manufactured in small lengths of 3.5 to 5.5
meters. These pipes are then joined together after placing
in position to make one continuous length of pipe line.
 The design of joint depends on:
1. Type of pipe
2. Support condition
3. Internal water pressure etc.
REQUIREMENTS
 The requirements of a jointing material are:
1. Strength
2. Durability
3. Imperviousness
4. Elasticity
5. Availability
6. Workability
7. Adhesiveness
8. Economy
TYPES OF JOINTS
 Spigot and socket joint
 Flanged joint
 Expansion joint
 Flexible joint
 Collar joint
 Joint for A.C. pipe
 Screwed and socketed joint
 SPIGOT AND SOCKET
JOINT
 Common in cast iron pipes.
 The spigot or normal end of one
pipe is entered into the socket of
the preceding or other pipe.
 Hemp yarn or tattered gasket is
then wrapped around the spigot
leaving unfilled the required
depth of socket for depth.
 A knealed clay ring is then
placed around the barrel and the
face of the socket.
 after this, molten lead is poured
in to fill the remaining socket.
SPIGOT AND SOCKET JOINT DETAIL
 FLANGED JOINT
 These joints are rigid and easy to
disjoint.
 Used for temporary pipe lines, because
pipelines can be dismantled and again
assembled.
 Used at places where pipe joints are to
be usually opened out for carrying out
repair works.
 Pipe has flanges in both ends, casted,
welded or screwed with the pipe.
 A gasket of rubber or lead is introduced
between the two flanged of cast iron
pipes which are tightened with bolts and
nuts.
 Cannot be used near vibrations of
deflections of pipes etc.
FLANGED JOINT
 EXPANSION JOINT
 Used in pipes exposed to
considerable differences in
temperature allowing for free
contraction or expansion without
putting thermal stresses on the
pipe.
 When the pipe expands, the socket
moves forward and when it
contracts, the socket moves
backward in the space provided.
 The elastic rubber gasket keeps the
joint water tight.
EXPANSION JOINT
FLEXIBLE JOINT
 Used in pipes to be laid submerged under water, where the
river bed or trench is uneven with the possibility of settlement
and subsequent damage.
 If one of the pipes is given any defection, the ball shaped
portion will move inside the socket and the joint will remain
waterproof in all conditions.
 This is a special type of joint, the socket end is cast in a
spherical shape, and spigot end is plain but has bead at the
end.
 For assembling the joint, the spigot end is kept in spherical
end of other pipe, then a retainer ring is slipped which is
stretched over bead, then a rubber gasket is moved which
touches retainer high.
 Also known as universal or bell and socket or universal joint.
FLEXIBLE JOINT
JOINTS FOR ABESTOS
CEMENTAND CONCRETE PIPES…
COLLAR JOINT
 Mostly used for jointing concrete and asbestos cement
pipes having bigger diameter.
 A rubber gasket is placed between the steel rings in the
groove after bringing the ends of two pipes at same level.
 Then the collar is placed at the joint so that it should have
the same lap on both the pipes.

FOR CONCRETE PIPES

FOR A.C. PIPES
 The two plain ends if pipes butt against each other, the
two rubber rings are then slipped over and a coupling
pushed over the rubber rings, thus making a tight and
flexible joint which can be easily completed in a dry trench
or under water.
SCREWED AND
SOCKETED JOINT
 This simple joint is commonly used for jointing screwed
wrought iron or galvanized iron pipes.
 Two ends of the pipes are threaded on the outside and on
them a suitable jointing compound should be used before
screwing socket over it.