Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Joints
Types of pipe materials
• Metallic Pipes :
– Unlined metallic pipes –
• Cast Iron(C.I)
• Galvanized Iron(G.I)
• Mild Steel(M.S)
• Ductile steel (D.I)
– Metallic pipes lined with cement mortar or epoxy lining
• Non metallic pipes
– Reinforced Concrete, Pre-stressed Concrete, Bar
Wrapped Steel Cylinder Concrete, Asbestos Cement
– Plastic pipes: PVC, Polyethylene, Glass Reinforced
Plastic, UPVC etc.
Cast Iron pipes Galvanized Iron pipes
Prestressed pipes
PVC pipes
Polyethylene pipes HDPE
Stoneware pipes
CAST IRON (C.I) PIPES
• Widely used for city water supplies
• Sufficiently corrosion resistant
• Available in lengths of about 3.7 and 5.5m and
diameters of 50 – 900mm
• Manufacturing methods:
– Sand moulding
• Casting in Horizontal position – “McWane” pipes
• Casting in vertical position – “Pit cast pipes”
– Centrifugal process
• Sand spun pipes – made in sand moulds
• Delavaud pipes – made in metallic moulds
Advantages and Disadvantages of C.I
pipes
• Advantages
– Cost – moderate
– Economical
– Strong and durable
– Corrosive resistant if coated
– Easy to join
– Resists impact without damage
• Disadvantages
– Interior of pipe becomes rough with age – discharge
carrying capacity is reduced
– Large dia pipes are heavy and hence uneconomical
– Likely to break during transportation or jointing
GALVANIZED IRON PIPES
• GI pipes with circumferential corrugations are
much more stronger than ordinary one.
• Hence they are used where large dia pipes of
smaller thickness is required.
• Widely used for internal connections in
buildings.
• GI pipes are not cast but made by riveting or
welding steel plates
• Advantages
– Cheap
– Light – easy to handle and transport
– Easy to join
– Less Frictional losses
• Disadvantages
– Life is short – 7 to 10 yrs
– Easily affected by acidic and alkalic waters –
incrustations form easily inside the pipe
CEMENT CONCRETE PIPES
• Plain cement concrete pipes – small sizes ( dia 0.6m)
• Reinforced cement concrete pipes – large sizes (dia 1.8
m upto 4.5m)
• Manufacturing Methods (based on location)
– Cast in-situ
– Precast
• Manufacturing process of RCC pipes
– Ordinary methods of concrete pouring and tamping
– Centrifugal type
– Cylinder type
• Mix used – 1:2:2 with max. aggregate size as 6mm
• Diameter : 0.1m to 1.2m
• Thickness : 2.5cm to 6.5cm
• For head greater than 30m, Prestressed pipes are
used.
– Laid with a welded steel cylinder to ensure water
tightness.
– High tensile wire is wound around it to cause
prestressing of the core.
– Concrete is laid by centrifugally.
– Available in dia ranging from 80 mm to 1800 mm.
• Advantages
– Inside of pipe is smooth hence friction losses are low.
– Durable.
– Low maintenance cost.
– Life is at least 75 years.
– Resist external compressive loads and do not collapse
under nominal vacuums and traffic loads.
– Easy to construct at site or at factories with local
ingredients
– No need of expansion joints when laid above the
ground.
– If laid under water, empty pipes do not float because
of their heavy weights
• Disadvantages
– Heavy and difficult to handle.
– Likely to crack during transportation.
– Repair work is difficult.
– Likely to corrode by ground water due to the
presence of acids, alkalis or sulphur compounds.
– Cannot withstand very high pressures.
– Difficult to join
– Tend to leak due to shrinkage cracks and porosity
VITRIFIED CLAY PIPES
• Used for carrying sewage and drainage at partial
depths.
• Not used as pressure pipes for carrying waters
since clay is very weak in tension and formation
of watertight joints becomes difficult.
• Free from corrosion
• Provide a smooth hydraulically efficient surface.
• Available in lengths of about 0.6m.
ASBESTOS PIPES
• Asbestos, silica and cement are converted under
pressure to a dense homogeneous material – Asbestos
cement possessing high strength.
• Asbestos fiber serves as reinforcement
• Diameters: 10 to 90 cm
• Length : 4m
• Made in 4 different grades to withstand pressure of
350 kN/m2 to 1400 kN/m2 as per IS 1592 -1989.
• Used as distribution mains in India.
• Can withstand pressure from 50 to 250m head of water
depending on the type and class of manufacture.
• Advantages
– Light and easy to transport
– Easily assembled without skilled labour
– Highly corrosion resistant
– Highly flexible and allows 12° deflection in laying them
around curves.
– Expansion joints are not required
– Used as small size distribution pipes
• Disadvantages
– Costly
– Not much strength, brittle and soft.
– Liable to get damaged by excavation tools or during
transportation or transits.
– Rubber joint seals may deteriorate if exposed to gasoline or
petroleum products.
– Cannot be used for high pressure.
POLYETHYLENE PIPES
• Rigid PVC and High Density PolyEthylene pipes(HDPE) –
water distribution systems
• Dia ranges from 15 to 150 mm and sometimes upto 350
mm.
• Advantages
– HDPE pipes are rigid and tough.
– These pipes can be joined with detachable joints and can be
detached at the time of shifting the pipeline.
– Easily bent in installation
– Eliminates the use of specials like bends, elbows etc.,
– Easy to carry and install.
– Lighter in weight and can be carried to heights
– Has excellent free flowing properties
– Non-adherent surfaces so that it rejects the foreign materials
– Anti-corrosive
– Friction and pressure loss is less
JOINTS IN PIPES
• Categories of joints depending upon their capacity of
movement
– Rigid joints - No movement
• Flanged
– Requires perfect alignment
– Close fittings are frequently used
– Gaskets – compressed fiber board or natural or synthetic rubber
• Welded and turned
– Produce continuous line of pipes
• Bored joints
– Semi rigid joints
• Spigot and socket with caulked lead joint
– Flexible joints
• Comprises mechanical and rubber ring joints or tyton joints
• Allows some degree of deflection – able to stand vibration and
movement
Types of joints in cast iron pipes
• Socket and spigot joint
• Flanged joint
• Mechanical joint
• Flexible joint
• Expansion joint
Socket and Spigot Joint
• Also known as bell and
spigot joint.
• Enlarged end – bell or
socket
• Normal end – spigot
• Quantity of lead needed
per joint – 3.5 to 4 kg for
15cm dia pipe, to about 45
to 50 kg for 1.2m dia pipe.
• Somewhat flexible joint
• Allows the pipes to be laid
on flat curves without any
specials.
Flanged joint
• Rigid and strong
• Cannot used where
deflections or vibrations
are expected.
• Expensive and mostly
used for indoor works –
pumping stations, filter
plants.
Mechanical joint or dresser coupling
• Used to join the plain
ends of CI pipes
• Strong and rigid
• Can withstand
vibrations - useful for
pipes to be carried over
bridges or below
bridges in hangers.
Flexible joint
• Used where large scale
flexibilities are required.
– Ex: River with uneven
beds, on curves.
• Socket – spherical
• Spigot – plain end
having bead.
Expansion joint
• Provided at suitable
intervals in the pipeline –
to counteract the thermal
stresses produced
• Socket end is cast flanged
• Spigot end is plain
• On expansion, socket end
moves forward, the gap
(equal to L. α. T) just
closed.
• On contraction, the socket
end moves backward
creating gap.
Joints in Galvanized steel pipes
• Generally, steel pipes of different lengths are
connected by riveted or welded joints.
• Expansion joints are not required in steel
pipes which are buried under the ground,
because they are not subjected to large
temperature stresses
• Pipes which are exposed to atmosphere may
require expansion joints to minimise
temperature stresses.
Typical expansion joint for steel pipes
Joint in Hume steel pipes
Joint in Asbestos Cement pipes –
Simplex joint