Pipes and Fittings
Cast Iron Soil Pipe
• Most Popular and generally specified material
for drainage installation. Extensively used in 60s
and 70s.
• Durable, conveniently installed (<25storey)
• Commercial Length: 600 cm
• Diameters: 50-150 mm
• Affected to some extent by corrosion by acid
formed by Carbon Dioxide, Sulphur Oxide, and
Methane Gases that create rust.
2 Types
• SV type
o Generally used for building installations
• XV type
o Extra duty for underground installations
4 Varieties
• Standard Pipe
• Single Hub Pipe
• Double Hub Pipe
• Hubless Pipe
Acid Resistant Cast Iron Pipe
• Made of an alloy of cast iron and silicon
• Installed in chemical laboratories, industries
and other installations where acid wastes are
being discharged
• Brittle and cracks easily, thus horizontal runs
have to be supported at every 1.50 m interval
to prevent sagging.
Asbestos Pipe
• Made of an asbestos fibers and Portland
cement
• Used as soil waste, ventilation pipe and
downspouts
• Suited for concrete embedment because of
similar properties
Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe
• Cheapest of all types of pipes
• Light in weight, slight flexible, and can take
slight soil movement without danger of
cracking or pulling out of its joints.
• Suited for house sewer and septic tank
installations.
• May be softened/damaged by excessive hot
water or chemical flow.
Vitrified Clay Pipe
• One of the oldest materials used for sewer
lines.
• Highly resistant to most acids
• Made of clay so it is brittle and cracks easily
when laid on unstable ground
• Made in short lengths of 750 mm
Lead Pipe
• The oldest pipe used for plumbing systems
• Highly resistant to acid
• Poisonous and injurious, thus not
recommended to convey water for human
consumption
Galvanized Steel Pipe
• Made of mild steel and expected to last 15 to
25 years
• Subject to deposits of salt and lime which can
cause FHL
• Comes in several commercial sizes
Galvanized Wrought Iron Pipe
• Better than steel pipe for plumbing installations
• More resistant to acid waste
Copper Pipe • Resistance to external and internal contact with
foreign matters
• Durable and extremely corrosive resistant
• Resistance to acid waste and other chemical
• Easy to install
elements that will pass into it.
• Smooth interior surface
• Cost of materials and labor
Classification of Copper Pipes
Types of Fittings
o M type – thinnest; available only in rigid
• Coupling/Socket
form; for small water supply lines and
radiant heating installations
o L type – lighter; available in both rigid and
flexible form; recommended for residential
water supply line and radiant heating
installations • Extension Piece/Nipple
o K type – heaviest; recommended for
underground installations
Brass Pipes

• Most expensive • Reducer

• Made of alloy or zinc 15% and copper 85%
• Resistant to acids and has a smooth interior
surface
Plastic or Synthetic Pipe
• Reducing Elbow
• Developed in Germany in 1935
• Most are produced from synthetic resins
• Superior type of pipe because it weighs less, is
easy to cut, is flexible, has a smooth interior
surface, and is cheaper than steel.
• Male Adaptor
2 Types of Pipes

• Rigid Type (Pipes)

o Polyvinyl Chloride PVC
o Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride cPVC
o Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride uPVC • Female Adaptor
o Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ABS
o Polypropylene PP
o Styrene Rubber Plastic SR
• Flexible type (Tubing)
o Polyethylene PE: coil from 30m long • 45 Degrees Street Elbow
o Polybutylene PB: coil from 30 to 50 m long
Consideration in Choosing Materials

• Quality and Durability

• 90 Degrees Street Elbow Other Water Service Fittings & Devices

• Corporation Stop

• Union

• Curb Stop

• Tee
• Curb Stop Box

• Reducing Tee
• Meter Stop

• Cap
• Water Meter

• Cross
• Sanitary Fittings

• Plug

• Double Hub
• Sanitary Tee • Crowfoot

• Tapped Tee

• Inverted WYE
• WYE

• Sanitary Cross • Branch Double 87.5 Degrees Tee

• Tapped Cross • Nipple

• Cross WYE
• Plug

• 1/8 Bend Offset

• Clean-out • Tailpiece
o Connects the outlet of fixture to a trap
• Tapped tee
o Tapped to receive a threaded pipe or
fittings
Working Drawings: Piping Symbols for Plumbing

• Drain or waste above ground

• Bushing

• Drain or waste below ground

• Vent

• Storm Drain
Fitting Usage

• Elbows • Cold Water

o 45Degrees/90Degrees is for gas, water,
steam
o 22 ½ Degrees/60Degrees is for special • Soft Cold Water
angles
o CI drainage fitting elbows: 5 5/8”, 22
1/2Degrees/60Degrees, 11 1/3” 90Degrees • Hot Water
• Caps
o Closing the end of a pipe or fitting male • Sprinkler Main
threaded plain and flat band/beaded caps
• Flange
o For closing flanged fittings/flange pipelines • Sprinkler Branch and Head
o Closet flanges
o Screw/bolts -brass
• WYE • Gas
o Hose connection with two-gated outlets
• Offset
o Combination of elbows or bends • Compressed Air
• Double Offset
o Two offsets in succession
• Ferrule • Vacuum
o A metallic sleeve for the purpose of
cleaning or examining the interior of the
• Sewer-cast iron
pipe
• Return Bend
o Made up of two 90Degrees bends with
inside threads and out threads;
180Degrees bend
• Sewer-clay tile T–
Outlet
Up
T–
• Sewer-plastic Outlet
Down
Cross
Plumbing Abbreviations

Items Abbreviations Reducer

Cast Iron CI –
Centerline CL Concentri
Cleanout CO c
Reducer
Cold Water CW – Offset
Copper COP. Connecto
Dishwasher DW r
Floor Drain FD Y or WYE
Galvanized Iron GAL. I
Hose Bib HB
Hot Water HW
Laundry Tray LT Valve –
Lavatory LAV. Gate
Medicine Cabinet MC Valve –
Plastic PLAS. Globe
Plumbing PLBG. Union
Water Closet WC
Water Heater WH Bushing
Water Softener WS
Increasin
g
Fitting Type of Connection
or Screwed Bell and Soldered or
Valve Spigot cemented
Elbow w/
General Method
Side Inlet
– Outlet
• Caulking (lead and oakum)
Down • Threading
Elbow w/ • Welding/Soldering
Side Inlet
– Outlet
• Rubber Ring Method (Rubber Gaskets)
Up • Hubless Connections (steel plates and clamps
Reducing and neoprene rubber)
Elbow
• Adhesives
• Flanged connections (screws and bolts)
Sanitary
T
Tightness

• Perform Pressure Test on joints and

T connections of pipes & fittings to ensure
gastight & watertight connections.
Types of Joints

• Caulked Joints

• Cement Mortar Joints

• Solder & Sweat Joints
• Caulking
o Align Pipes
o Packing Oakum
▪ Wrap an oakum or hemp
around the spigot neck
▪ Drive the oakum into the
bottom of the hub using a
yarning iron
▪ Compress firmly (make 20-25
mm clearance from top of
bell)
▪ Ladle Lead -sealjoint with
lead (3mm above bell)
▪ Packing with Caulking Iron
• Wiped Joints
o Prohibited in new building sewers
o For joints in copper tubing
o Solders and fluxes with lead content which
exceeds 0.002 are prohibited in piping
systems used to convey potable water
Soldering of Joints
o Clean pipe with emery cloth (or fine sand
paper)
o Apply (non-corrosive) flux or soldering
paste
o Heat the fitting with a propane torch
o Apply (non-corrosive) flux or soldering
paste
o Wrap soldered joint with wet rags
o Joints in lead pipe or fittings; between lead
pipe or fittings & brass or copper pipe,
ferrules, solder nipples or traps
o Joints between lead pipe & cast iron, steel
or wrought iron pipe shall be made by
means of caulking ferrule or soldering
nipple

• Threaded Joints
o For iron pipe size (IPS), pipe and fittings
shall be standard taper pipe threads
o Threads on plastic pipe shall be factory cut
or molded
o Lubricate clean-out plugs & caps with • Asbestos Cement Sewer Pipe Joints
water-soluble, non-hardening material o Shall be a sleeve coupling of the same
o Tape is acceptable for use on threads composition as the pipe or of other
approved materials, and sealed with
 neoprene rubber rings or joined by an o Joints shall be made by use of brass
approved type of compression coupling adaptor fittings
o Joints shall be properly sweated or
soldered
• Slip Joints
o Used in fixture traps (exposed for
maintenance) and drains
• Expansion Joints
o Used in soil & waste stack joints shall be
free & accessible
• Flared Joints
• Unions
o For soft copper water tubing shall be
o May be used in drainage work when
expanded with a proper flaring tool
accessibly located in the trap seal or
• Burned Lead Joints
between a fixture & its trap
o Shall be lapped and the assembly shall be
• Plastic Pipe Connection to Other Materials
fused together to form a uniform weld at
o Use only approved types of fittings &
least as thick as the lead sheets being
adapters designed for the specific
joined.
transition intended
• Copper Water Tube
o Joints shall be made using approved brass Flanged Fixture Connections
fitting soldered, or by brass compression
• Fixtures connections between drainage pipes &
type fitting
water closets, floor outlet service sinks,
• Solvent Cement Plastic Pipe
pedestal urinals, and earthenware trap
o Shall comply with appropriate IAMPO
standards shall be by means of approved brass,
installation standard
hard lead, ABS, PVC, or iron flanges caulked,
Method:
soldered, solvent cemented or screwed to the
▪ Measure the face-to-face
drainage pipe
distance of the fittings
• Closet beds or stubs must be cut off square
▪ Cut with sharp
• Wall-mounted water closet fixtures shall be
knife/hacksaw/handsaw
securely bolted to an approved carrier fitting;
▪ Clean pipe end with methyl
gasket material shall be graphite-impregnated
ethyl keton (MEK) or Acetone
asbestos, felt, or similar approved types
▪ Apply solvent cement to the
shoulder fitting and butt-end For Drainage Systems
of pipe
• Any fitting or connection which has an
▪ Insert pipe into the fitting
enlargement, chamber or recess with a ledge
▪ When bending plastic pipe,
shoulder or reduction or pipe area, that offers
pack pipe with sand then
any obstructions to flow through the drain
head using flame torch or
• An enlargement of 76 mm to 102 mm closet
hot water, gradually applying
bend or stub shall be considered an obstruction
pressure
Water Testing
Special Joints
• Testing of water supply piping is conducted by
• Copper Tubing to screw pipe joints
closing all outlets and filling the system with
 water from the main to locate leaks and other
potential problems
Air Pressure Testing

• Used in detecting leaks by filling the piping

system with compressed air (use of soap suds in
locating escaping air)