01-01-2020

WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING

Manoj Kumar Tiwari
School of Water Resources, IIT Kharagpur

WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING

Manoj Kumar Tiwari
School of Water Resources, IIT Kharagpur

Module 01: Introduction

Lecture 01 : Background and Course Introduction

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 Background on Water for Human

 Course Introduction
 Why learn water engineering?
 Course objectives and topics covered

// जलं जीवनम ् //

Image Source: https://www.ierek.com/news/index.php/2018/03/01/water-is-the-source-of-life/ Image Source: https://blog.mygov.in/जल-ह -जीवन-है-जल-के- बना-ज/

Water is fundamental to life, livelihood, and sustainable development

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Access to Water

The human right to water entitles

everyone without discrimination to
sufficient, safe, acceptable, physically
accessible and affordable water for
personal and domestic use.
UN General Assembly, 2010
Image Source:
https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/water/19-of-world-s-people-
without-access-to-clean-water-live-in-india-60011

Glory from the Past

All major civilizations have concentrated and flourished around water bodies
EGYPTIAN RIVER NILE
INDUS VALLEY RIVER INDUS
MESOPOTAMIA TIGRIS & EUPHRATES
HUANG YELLOW RIVER
ROMAN MEDITERRANEAN SEA

Image Sources:
https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/top-five-stops-on-a-nile-cruise ;
https://www.lcps.org/cms/lib/ VA01000195/Centricity/Domain/20739/ancient%20china.pdf;
https://www.e-sfera.hr/dodatni-digitalni-sadrzaji/c771ec3f-3550-40a6-ba0b-462b1c7d9051/;
https://www.Eartheclipse.com/geography/longest-rivers-india.html

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Today’s Reality

Source: United Nations (2017); https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/water-and-sanitation/

Problems and Challenges

 Water Availability and Quantity
 Water Quality
 Population
 Industrial Growth and Urbanization
 Climate Change
 Water Management and Governance
 ……many more
Image Source: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2017/01/19/raising-awareness-
around-critical-water-issues-using-humor-with-a-twist?CID=WAT_TT_Water_EN_EXT

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What Can We Do ?

 Judicious Supply and Uses

 Protection of Resources
 Effective and Efficient Management
 Be a Responsible Citizen
Acquire awareness and knowledge about
water sources, sectoral demands, availability,
supply systems and governance. Image Source: https://www.mrgscience.com/ess-topic-42-access-to-fresh-water.html

Course Introduction

In line to the current needs, this course aims to

make the learners aware with the current
knowledge and practices in the field of water
supply.

The discussions shall cover the basics as well as

advanced concepts on water abstraction,
purification (treatment), supply (distribution)
and utility services management.
Image Source: https://www.wsp.org/content/2016-cartoon-calendar

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Specific Objectives

 To understand the importance of water as a resource.

 To recognize the beneficial uses of treated water in human life and economy.

 To acknowledge the issues and challenges of modern water supply systems in cities.

 To gain knowledge of the available technologies for water treatment.

 To grasp the knowledge of complex water distribution systems.

 To be well equipped to handle issues related to public water supplies.

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Topics for Discussion

 Water availability and uses  Water quality

 Urban water services
 Issues and challenges of water
management
 Water demand
 Water collection systems
 Treatment philosophy
 Conventional water treatment
 Advanced water treatment
 Water distribution networks
 Water losses and control
 Automation in water supply
 Water economics and pricing

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Some Reference Materials

 Environmental Engineering (2015) by Peavy, Rowe and Tchobanoglous; Publisher -
McGraw-Hill

 Water Quality Engineering: Physical / Chemical Treatment Processes (2013), by Lawler

and Benjamin; Publisher - John Wiley & Sons

 Water Supply and Pollution Control (2008) by Warren Viessman Jr. and Mark J. Hammer;
Publisher: Pearson Education.

 Unit Operations and Processes in Environmental Engineering (1996) by Reynolds and

Richards Publisher - CL Engineering

 Manual on Water Supply and Treatment (1999); Publisher - CPHEEO (MoUD)

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WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING

Manoj Kumar Tiwari
School of Water Resources, IIT Kharagpur

Module 01: Introduction

Lecture 02: Water Sources and Availability

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 Water Cycle
 Global Water Availability and Distribution
 Water Availability in India
 Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Water in India
 Water Stress and Scarcity

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The Global Water Cycle

Source: http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/webpages/statistics.html
Source: https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/image_maps/36-dynamic-and-complex-the-global-water-cycle

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Water in the Nature

Ocean
0.001% in
Atmosphere

2% In Ice

Land Atmosphere 97% in Oceans

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The World’s Water Resources

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Annual Water Budgets of Continents

Source: Shiklomanov, I. A. “Worlds Fresh Water Resources” in Gleick, P. H. ed., Water in Crisis (New York, Oxford Univ. Press, 1993)

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Global Water Availability

 Amount of water for which all people, animals and plants compete is < 1%.

 Each person needs 20-50 liters of safe freshwater a day for drinking,
cooking and cleaning.

 As per WHO and UNICEF, 2.1 billion people (Nearly 3 in 10 people

worldwide), lack access to safe, readily available water at home, and 6 in
10, or 4.5 billion, lack safely managed sanitation.
Source: The Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) report, Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene:
2017 update and Sustainable Development Goal baselines

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Water Stressed and Water Scare Regions

 As per international norms:

 Per capita availability <1700 m3 per year: Water stressed country

 Per capita availability <1000 m3 per year: Water scarce country

Water scarcity can mean:

 Scarcity in availability due to physical shortage, or

 Scarcity in access due to the failure of institutions to ensure a regular supply, or

 Scarcity due to a lack of adequate infrastructure.

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Global Water Shortage

Physical Scarcity
Physical access to water is limited.

Economic Scarcity
Population does not have the
necessary monetary means to
utilize an adequate source of
water. (unequal distribution of
resources for many reasons,
including political and ethnic
conflict).

Image Source: https://thewaterproject.org/water-scarcity/water_scarcity_2

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Global Population (2019)

Number of people in each

50 km x 50 km grid
Image Source: https://worldwater.io/

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Global Per Person Average Water Availability (2019)

Average water availability per

person in each 50 km x 50 km grid

Image Source: https://worldwater.io/

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Global Per Person Average Water Availability (2030)

Average water availability per

person in each 50 km x 50 km grid

Image Source: https://worldwater.io/

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Global Per Person Water Availability During Driest Month (2019)

Water availability per person in

each 50 km x 50 km grid during
driest month
Image Source: https://worldwater.io/

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Source: https://www.wri.org/blog/2019/08/17-countries-home-one-quarter-world-population-face-extremely-high-water-stress

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Global Water Scarcity: Alarming Facts and Figures

 Over 2 billion people live in countries experiencing high water stress (UN, 2018).

 700 million people worldwide could be displaced by intense water scarcity by 2030
(Global Water Institute, 2013).

 About 4 billion people, representing nearly two-thirds of the world population,

experience severe water scarcity during at least one month of the year (Mekonnen and
Hoekstra, 2016).

 A third of the world’s biggest groundwater systems are already in distress (Richey et
al., 2015).

 Nearly half the global population are already living in potential water scarce areas
at least one month per year and this could increase to some 4.8–5.7 billion in 2050.
About 73% of the affected people live in Asia (69% by 2050) (Burek et al., 2016).
Source: https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/scarcity/

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Water Availability in India

 India has more than 17% of the world’s population, but has only around 4% of
world’s renewable water resources with nearly 2.4 % of world’s land area.

Image Source: http://nwa.mah.nic.in/sdmc/availability/india_water.htm

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Spatial and Temporal Distribution

Annual Mean Rainfall in India Temporal Distribution of Rainfall in India (2000-2014)

Image Source: https://www.adriindia.org/adri/india_water_facts

Image Source: Nationwide classification of forest types of India using remote
sensing and GIS, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 187(12).

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Catchment Avg. Water Resources Utilizable surface water

Sl. No. River Basin area (sq.km) Potential (BCM) resources (BCM) Major River
1 Indus (up to border) 321289 73.31 46
2 a) Ganga
b) Brahmaputra
861452
194413
525.02
537.24
250
24
Basins of India
c) Barak & Others 41723 48.36 Source: Central Water Commission (2010)
3 Godavari 312812 110.54 76.3
4 Krishna 268948 78.12 58
5 Cauvery 81155 21.36 19
6 Subarnarekha 29196 12.37 6.8
7 Brahamani & Baitarni 51822 28.48 18.3
8 Mahanadi 141589 66.88 50
9 Pennar 55213 6.32 6.9
10 Mahi 34842 11.02 3.1
11 Sabarmati 21674 3.81 1.9
12 Narmada 98796 45.64 34.5
13 Tapi 65145 14.88 14.5
14 West flowing rivers From Tapi to Tadri 55940 87.41 11.9
15 West flowing rivers from Tardi to Kanyakumari 56177 113.53 24.3
16 East flowing rivers between Mahanadi & Pennar 86643 22.52 13.1
17 East flowing rivers between Pennar and Kanyakumari 100139 16.46 16.5
18 West flowing rivers of Kutch and Saurastra 321851 15.1 15
19 Area of inland drainage of Rajasthan 36202 0 NA
20 Minor river basins draining in to Myanmar & Bangladesh 31 NA
Image Source: http://nwa.mah.nic.in/sdmc/availability/distribution.htm
Total 1869.35 690.1

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Principal Aquifer Systems of India

Image Source: http://nwa.mah.nic.in/sdmc/availability/groundwater.htm

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Groundwater Resources of India Images Source: http://nwa.mah.nic.in/sdmc/availability/groundwater.htm

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Groundwater Resources of Indian States/UTs

Sl. No. States / Total Annual Replenishable Ground Percentage with respect to Total Annual Source:
Union Territories Water Resource (In Billion Cubic Meter) Replenishable Ground Water Resource http://www.wwfenvis.nic.in/Databas
e/StatewiseGroun_4499.aspx
1 Andhra Pradesh 35.89 8.3
(undivided)
2 Arunachal Pradesh 4.51 1
3 Assam 28.52 6.6
4 Bihar 29.34 6.8
5 Chhattisgarh 12.42 2.9
6 Delhi 0.31 0.1
7 Goa 0.24 0.1
8 Gujarat 18.57 4.3
9 Haryana 10.78 2.5
10 Himachal Pradesh 0.56 0.1
11 Jammu & Kashmir 4.25 1
12 Jharkhand 6.31 1.5
13 Karnataka 17.03 3.9
14 Kerala 6.69 1.5
15 Madhya Pradesh 35.04 8.1
16 Maharashtra 33.95 7.8
17 Manipur 0.44 0.1
18 Meghalaya 1.78 0.4

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Groundwater Resources of Indian States/UTs

Source:
Sl. No. States / Total Annual Replenishable Ground Percentage with respect to Total Annual http://www.wwfenvis.nic.in/Databas
Union Territories Water Resource (In Billion Cubic Meter) Replenishable Ground Water Resource e/StatewiseGroun_4499.aspx
19 Mizoram 0.03 Negligible
20 Nagaland 0.62 0.1
21 Odisha 17.78 4.1
22 Punjab 22.53 5.2
23 Rajasthan 11.94 2.8
24 Sikkim - -
25 Tamil Nadu 21.53 5
26 Tripura 2.59 0.6
27 Uttar Pradesh 77.19 17.8
28 Uttarakhand 2.04 0.5
29 West Bengal 29.25 6.8
30 Andaman & Nicobar 0.31 0.1
31 Chandigarh 0.02 Negligible
32 Dadar& Nagar Haveli 0.06 Negligible
33 Daman & Diu 0.02 Negligible
34 Lakshadweep 0.01 Negligible
35 Puducherry 0.19 Negligible
Grand Total 432.72 100.0

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Water Availability and Water Stress in India

Images Source: http://nwa.mah.nic.in/sdmc/availability/sufficiency.htm

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WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING

Manoj Kumar Tiwari
School of Water Resources, IIT Kharagpur

Module 01: Introduction

Lecture 03: Water Uses

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 Uses of Water
 Classes/Sectors of Water Uses
 Global and National Scenario
 Water Use Trends
 Drivers Affecting Water Use Trends

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Uses of Water
Water is used to fulfil various human needs and environmental needs
Environmental Needs
 Water in undisturbed ecosystems
 Water for aquatic life
 Water for wildlife
 Hydrological need

Human Needs
 Domestic needs
 Agricultural needs
 Industrial needs
Source: http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Tw-Z/Uses-of-Water.html
 Transportation needs
 Recreation and tourism

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Major Sectors for Water Uses

Domestic: Water using for household purpose: Drinking, Cooking, Bathing, Cleaning and Washing etc.
Generally, either supplied through municipal water distribution system, or groundwater
withdrawn through a hand-pump or motor-driven tube well. Water is also drawn for other
community uses, including firefighting, public buildings, and area parks, pools, and gardens.

Industrial: Industries require water as raw material, or for heating, cooling, generating electricity etc.
Water demand varies based on the nature of industry. Water intensive industries include
power, tanneries, pulp and paper, textile, breweries and soft drinks, dairy, steel etc.

Agriculture: Water is used for artificial watering systems referred to as irrigation. Requirement depend
on crop type, soil type, climate and rainfall intensity and pattern.

Environmental: Water required for ecosystem and livestock maintenance.

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Global Water Uses in Competing Sectors

Source: Manual on Scientific Communication for Postgraduate Students and Young Researchers in Technical, Natural, and Life Sciences A
practical guide for the preparation of theses, papers, posters, and other scientific documents (2017). DOI - 10.5772/intechopen.69870

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Global Water Uses in Competing Sectors

Source: http://ubclfs-wmc.landfood.ubc.ca/webapp/VWM/course/global-water-challenges-1/rainfed-vs-irrigated-agriculture-3/

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Global Water Withdrawal for Dominant Uses

Source:
http://archive.sswm.info/category/implementation-
tools/water-use/hardware/ optimisation-water-use-
industry/reduce-water-consum

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Soctoral Water Uses in India

 Being an agrarian country, irrigation by far is the largest user of water in India.

 Domestic sector consumes nearly 7-8%, while industrial sector is reported to consume nearly 2-6% of
total water.

Data (numbers/percentage)
vary from source to source

Source:
https://eninconperspectives.com/burgeoning-
water-consumption-and-its-decreasing-
availability-in-india-a-demand-supply-mismatch/

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Urban and Rural Water Demand in India

Data (numbers/percentage)
vary from source to source
Source: https://eninconperspectives.com/burgeoning-water-consumption-and-its-decreasing-availability-in-india-a-demand-supply-mismatch/

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Changing Water Use Trends in India

Source: Water sector in India Emerging investment opportunities, Ernst and Young Report, 2011

Data (numbers/percentage) vary from source to source

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Changing Water Use Trends in India

 High overuse of water in agriculture sector due to the
low yield per drop of water in India, and free or (low)
fixed cost electricity offered by the governments to
farmers.

 The current urbanization pattern indicates the

substantial growth in demand from the energy and
industrial sectors.

 The demand from domestic sector is likely to increase

following the pattern of population growth.

Source: Central Water Commission (BP Directo- rate) - Report of the Standing Sub-Committee for Assessment of availability and requirement of
water for Diverse Uses in the Country August, 2000 (Taken from: Central Water Commission , Water Data Complete Book 2005)

Data (numbers/percentage) vary from source to source

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Drivers Affecting Water Use Trends

 Population Growth and Distribution
 Changing Life-styles
 Urbanization
 Industrial Growth
 Environmental Conditions
 Cropping Pattern and Irrigation Practices
Source: Impacts of Multiple Stresses on Water Demand and Supply Across the Southeastern
 Cost, Subsidy and Economics United States, Journal of the American Water Resources Association 44(6):1441 - 1457 (2008)

 Technology
 Water Resources Planning

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WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING

Manoj Kumar Tiwari
School of Water Resources, IIT Kharagpur

Module 01: Introduction

Lecture 04: Water Supply: Key Issues and Concerns

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 Major Challenges in Water Sector in India

 Key Issues in Water Quantity Management
 Key Issues in Water Quality Management
 Key Issues in Water Governance
 Other Major Issues

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Key Issues in Water Quantity Management

 Resource Protection: Surface Waters

Source: http://therequite.com/न दय -के-सूखने-के-कारण/ Source: https://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/260619/watch-time-lapse-video-shows-

chennais-puzhal-lake-drying-up-in-months.html
Drying of Rivers Drying of Lakes

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Key Issues in Water Quantity Management

 Resource Protection: Groundwater
 Excessive drilling of borewells and mechanised pumping leading many parts
of the country’s groundwater aquifers to go dry into ‘dark zones’.

Source:
http://indpaedia.com/ind/index.php/Groundwater:_India

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Key Issues in Water Quantity Management

 Managing water demand and supply gap

Source: https://eninconperspectives.com/burgeoning-water-consumption-
and-its-decreasing-availability-in-india-a-demand-supply-mismatch/

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Key Issues in Water Quantity Management

 Managing too much and too little water

Source: https://hindi.indiawaterportal.org/flood-water-and-drought-prevention

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Key Issues in Water Quantity Management

 Overconsumption in Agriculture

Source: https://www.developmentnews.in/80-water-consumption-india-agriculture-unregulated-inefficient-analysis/

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Key Issues in Water Quality Management

 Health Impacts on Poor Quality Water

 Water is intricately related to health and safety and sustainability

 Risk is associated with the contamination of source of water

 According to the United Nations, clean water alone can reduce water-
related deaths by 21 %

 Diarrhea is the leading cause of illness and death in children under 5

years, caused due to unhygienic water and living conditions

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Key Issues in Water Quality Management

 Surface water pollution

Sources: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-water-crisis/indias-worst-water-crisis-in-history-leaves-millions-thirsty-idUSKBN1JV01G;
http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2018/oct/07/pollution-level-high-in-hussain-sagar-tspcb-1882240.html

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Key Issues in Water Quality Management

 Groundwater pollution

Image Sources: http://indpaedia.com/ind/index.php/Groundwater:_India

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Key Issues in Water Quality Management

 Emerging Contaminants in Water

Sources: Gani and Kazmi (2016). Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste, Vol. 21, Issue 3

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Key Issues in Water Governance

 Too many players

Source: http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/essay/water-resources-in-india/44707

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Other Key Issues in Water Governance / Management

 Assessment of Sustainable Resource Availability
 Water Resources Planning and Sectoral Water Allocation
 Environmental Protection
 Technological Challenges for better and cost-effective tools and techniques
 Financial Sustainability of Water Services: Cost and Subsidy
 Overcoming Corruption and Political Influences
 Skill Deficiencies
 Data Inadequacy and Management
 Ensuring Stakeholder Engagements

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WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING

Manoj Kumar Tiwari
School of Water Resources, IIT Kharagpur

Module 01: Introduction

Lecture 05: Urban Water Services and Water Supply Systems

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 The Urban Water Cycle

 Need of Urban Water Services
 Components and Elements of Urban Water Services
 Stakeholders in Urban Water Management
 Integrated Urban Water Management
 Water Supply Systems

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Urban Water Cycle

 The urban water cycle varies among
cities, or even among parts of cities.

 There could be several intermediate

links.
 Treated wastewater can be reused
directly as reclaimed water
 Stormwater runoff can be
transformed from a waste product
into a resource
 Rainwater harvesting is a shortcut
from source to use
Sources: https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2014/03/19/the-urban-water-cycle-sustaining-our-modern-cities/

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Urban Water Services

A centralized (?) system to
manage the water related
services (water supply,
wastewater and stormwater
management) at an urban set-
up.

Sources: https://erams.com/UWIN/integrated-urban-water-systems-challenges-of-implementation/

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Urban Water Services

 Modern society thrives on complex water infrastructure and access
to safe drinking water is a marker of socio-economic status

 Urban water services have developed rapidly and unsystematically in

most urban habitats of the world

 Owing to the approaching global water crisis, the implementation

requires more control.

 Challenge is to meet the demands of citizens in a sustainable manner

providing good quality and adequate quantity water and at the
lowest possible cost.

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Societal Needs in Urban Water Systems

Source: Adapted from de Haan et al. 2011, as cited in Liveability and the Water Sensitive City, CRC Publications 2012

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Societal Needs in Urban Water Systems

Source: Adapted from de Haan et al. 2011, as cited in Liveability and the Water Sensitive City, CRC Publications 2012

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Components of Urban Water Services

Source: Grigg (1986) cited in Marioni D., Factors in Evaluation of

Decentralized Options in Development of Sustainable Asian Sewerage Source: Towards the Adoption of Integrated Urban Water Management Approach for Planning,
Reticulation and Sewage Treatment Systems Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, DO - 10.2175/193864710798207017

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Elements of Urban Water Services

 Water Supply Systems  Stormwater/Rainwater Management Systems
 Water Source  Stormwater collection
 Water Withdrawal  Stormwater transport
 Water Conveyance  Stormwater treatment, disposal or recycling
 Water Treatment  Rainwater harvesting and uses
 Water Supply

 Wastewater Management Systems  Water Governance

 Wastewater collection system
 Wastewater transportation  Flood and Draught Management
 Wastewater treatment
 Wastewater recycling/disposal  Ecosystem/Environmental Maintenance

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Stakeholders in Urban Water Management

Source: www.switchtraining.eu

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Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM)

Source: http://iuwm.urbanwatermanagementindia.org/

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Water Supply Systems

Source: https://www.wsd.gov.hk/en/core-businesses/water-quality/my-drinking-water-quality/index.html/

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Elements in a Water Supply Systems

 Demand/Quantity Estimation
 Maintenance and Management
 Source Selection
 Financial Aspects
 Intake Works
 Customer Care
 Conveyance
 Automation
 Treatment Works
 Stakeholders’ engagement
 Distribution System

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Sustainable Water Management

Source: Cheng ang Hu (2011). Climatic Change Improving China's water resources management for better adaptation to climate change. Climatic Change, DOI 10.1007/s10584-011-0042-8

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