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Cagayan State University

CARIG CAMPUS

UNIT V. Relations and Functions

A. Relating Data, Plots and Equations
B. Function notation
C. Domain, Codomain, and Range
D. Operations on functions
E. Graphs of functions
1. Vertical Line Test
2. Range from graph
3. Intercepts
4. Symmetry
5. Odd and Even functions
6. Basic types of functions
7. Inverse Functions

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

1. Determine whether a relation represents a function.

2. Find the domain, codomain, and range of a function defined by an equation.
3. Find the inverse of an invertible polynomial function.

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 Republic of the Philippines 2
Cagayan State University
CARIG CAMPUS

PRESENTATION OF CONTENT
Relations and Functions

A. Relating Data, Plots and Equations

Example problems

Question 1:
Graph following function using a table of values
y = 3x - 1
Solution:
First, create a table of values for the equation. Use x to solve for y. You may use different values, but
your graph will be the same no matter what values you use.

Table of values of x
y = 3x - 1
@ x = -2
y = 3(-2) - 1
y = -6 - 1
y = -7

@ x = -1
y = 3(-1) - 1
y = -3 - 1
y = -4

@x=0
y = 3(0) - 1
y=0-1
y = -1

@x=1
y = 3(1) - 1
y=3-1
y=2

@x=2
y = 3(2) - 1
y=6-1
y=5

Now, we have a complete table of values

A completed table of x and y values

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Cagayan State University
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We can now plot the ordered pairs onto a grid based on the last table above.
(2, 5)

(1, 2)

(0, -1)

(-1, -4)

(-2, -7)

Data plotting

Then, connect the points using a straight line.

y = 3x - 1

Data linking in a straight line

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 Republic of the Philippines 4
Cagayan State University
CARIG CAMPUS

B. Function Notation

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C. Domain, Codomain and Range

Domain
The domain of a function or relation is the set of all input values.

Codomain
The codomain of a function or relation is the set of all possible output values.

Range
The range of a function or relation is the set of all actual output values.

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 Republic of the Philippines 6
Cagayan State University
CARIG CAMPUS

Example:

D. Operations on Functions

Functions with overlapping domains can be added, subtracted, multiplied and

divided. If f(x) and g(x) are two functions, then for all x in the domain of both functions the sum,
difference, product and quotient are defined as follows.

(f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)

(f − g)(x) = f(x) − g(x)

(f ·g)(x) = f(x) × g(x)

𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
(𝑔) (x) = 𝑔(𝑥), g(x) ≠ 0

(f ○g)(x) = f [g(x)]

Example:

Let f(x) = 2x + 1 and g(x) = x2 − 4

𝑓
Find (f + g) (x), (f − g)(x), (f·g)(x) and (𝑔) (x).

(f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)

= (2x+1) + (x2−4) 
= x2+2x−3

(f − g)(x) = f(x) − g(x) 

= (2x + 1) − (x2 − 4)                        
= −x2+2x+5

(f·g)(x) = f(x) × g(x)

= (2x+1) (x2−4)                 
=2x3+x2−8x−4

𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) 2𝑥+1
(𝑔) (x) = , = 𝑥^2−4 , x ≠ ±2
𝑔(𝑥)

Another way to combine two functions to create a new function is called the composition of
functions. In the composition of functions we substitute an entire function into another function.

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Cagayan State University
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The notation of the function f with g is (f∘g)(x)=f(g(x)) and is read f of g of x . It means that wherever
there is an x in the function f , it is replaced with the function g(x) . The domain of f∘g is the set of all x in
the domain of g such that g(x) is in the domain of f .

Example 1:

Let f(x) = x2 and g(x) = x – 3

Find f(g(x))

f(g(x)) = f(x−3)                    
= (x−3)2                    
= x2−6x+9

Example 2:

Let f(x) = 2x − 1 and g(x) = x + 2

Find f(g(x))

f(g(x)) = f(x + 2)                    

= 2(x + 2) −1                    
= 2x+3

Note: Order DOES matter when finding the composition of functions.

Example 3:

Let f(x) = 3x + 1 and g(x) = 2x − 3

Find f(g(x)) and g(f(x))

f(g(x)) = f(2x − 3)                    

= 3(2x − 3) + 1                    
= 6x−8

g(f(x)) = f(3x + 1)                    

= 2(3x + 1) − 3                    
= 6x−1

Since 6x − 8 ≠ 2x − 1,  f(g(x)) ≠ g(f(x)) .

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Cagayan State University
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E. Graph of functions

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1. Vertical Line Test

The vertical line test can be used to determine whether a graph represents a function. A vertical line
includes all points with a particular x value. The y value of a point where a vertical line intersects a graph
represents an output for that input x value. If we can draw any vertical line that intersects a graph more than
once, then the graph does not define a function because that x value has more than one output. A function
has only one output value for each input value.

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 Republic of the Philippines 11
Cagayan State University
CARIG CAMPUS

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The Horizontal Line Test

Once we have determined that a graph defines a function, an easy way to determine if it is a one-to-one
function is to use the horizontal line test. Draw horizontal lines through the graph. A horizontal line
includes all points with a particular y value. The x value of a point where a vertical line intersects a function
represents the input for that output y value. If we can draw any horizontal line that intersects a graph more
than once, then the graph does not represent a function because that y value has more than one input.

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2. Range from graph

3. Intercepts
4. Symmetry
5. Odd and Even functions

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6. Basic types of functions

One to One Function

A function f: A → B is One to One if for each element of A there is a distinct element of B. It is also known
as Injective. Consider if a1 ∈ A and a2 ∈ B, f is defined as f: A → B such that f (a1) = f (a2)

Many to One Function

It is a function which maps two or more elements of A to the same element of set B. Two or more elements
of A have the same image in B.

Onto Function
If there exists a function for which every element of set B there is (are) pre-image(s) in set A, it is Onto
Function. Onto is also referred as Surjective Function.

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Cagayan State University
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One – One and Onto Function

A function, f is One – One and Onto or Bijective if the function f is both One to One and Onto function. In
other words, the function f associates each element of A with a distinct element of B and every element of B
has a pre-image in A.

7. Inverse Functions

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 Republic of the Philippines 18
Cagayan State University
CARIG CAMPUS

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Cagayan State University
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SEATWORK #2

Deadline: October 15, 2020 – Thursday , 9AM

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