GAMES

INTRODUCTION:

HEALTH EDUCATION VS. HEALTH PROMOTION

Health Promotion:

According to the World Health Organization (2019), citing the work of Promotion Glossary (1998),
“Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to
improve their health.”
When we speak about health it is about the physical, mental, and social well-being of a
person and it is not just merely an absence of a disease. People have varies
interpretations of health it could be different from the perspective of the patient,
healthcare provider, and the likes. As a nurse we should be able to view the entire nature
of health, the physical, mental, socio-cultural, intellectual, and environmental health of
the clients, and to determine the different meanings of how patient think of so that we
can be able to provide a good health promotion to them.
Ottawa Charter is the 1st International Conference on health Promotion, the purpose of
this is to achieve the “Health For All” by the year 2000 and beyond.
This conference was held on the day 21st of November which discusses about having an
action towards health around the world moreover, it focused particularly in the needs of
industrialized countries which known as the developed countries, nevertheless they also
consider the comparable issues in all other areas.
Health promotion is the convergence of educational, political, environmental, regulatory
and mental mechanisms that promotes the conditions and activities of a living that helps
them achieve the optimal health of individuals, groups, and communities.
There is this saying that “prevention is better than cure”.
Based on the Ottawa Charter, there are three basic Strategies in health promotion these
are the advocate, enable and mediate.
Basic Strategies in Health Promotion:
1. Advocate- to promote health advocacy.
2. Enable- to have health equity.
3. Mediate- to collaborate with different professions.

Health Education:

It is the convergence of deliberate learning experiences based on ideas, theories, models

and practices which is supported by an effective and liable evidence that sustain
information, characteristics, and skills to acquire and manage healthy lifestyle.
According to World Health Organization (1998), health education is not about educating
and communicating of information to the people however it also foster to take an action
to have motivation, skills and self-efficacy in improving their health to have the maximal
or optimal absorption of health.
In the past, there was a wide variety of activities, such as social mobilization and
advocacy, which referred to as health education. And these practices are now referred to
as Health Promotion, to have more specific and definition definition of health promotion
we will now define what is health promotion.

SELF-EFFICACY THEORY BY BANDURA:

WHO IS ALBERT BANDURA?

Albert Bandura was born on December 4, 1925 at the small town in Canada, he was a famous
psychologist who is best known for his social learning theory, the concept of self-efficacy, and his
famous Bobo doll experiments (Cherry 2020).

Among B.F. Skinner, Sigmund Freud, and Jean Piaget, he was ranked as the fourth most influential
psychologist during the 20th Century based on the One 2002 survey.

EDUCATION:

He lived in a small town in Canada therefore he started his schooling in a small school where there is
only limited access to educational resources, it is stated that “The students had to take charge of their
own.”

Moving on to his college years, he was enrolled at the University of British Columbia as a biological
science major and guess what he accidentally chose Psychologist as his profession.

To make the long story short, during early morning he was wasting his time in the library and
suddenly he found a course catalog and noticed a course in psychology that thought that it would
serve as an excellent filler, and he said “it sparked my interest and I found my career.”

By that, after 3 years of studying he graduated at the University of British Columbia in 1949, and
Albert bandura went to a graduate school at the University of Iowa.

Fast forward, Albert Bandura completed his MA degree in 1951.

And also received his Ph.D. in clinical psychology in 1952.

After knowing his brief educational background we will now be heading to one of his famous
contribution which is the Self-Efficacy Theory.

If you wanna know more about this make sure to listen look and listen and learn (ILAGAY ANG MEME
DITO SA TULFO)…. That is right so make sure to listen look and listen and learn as we go along to our
discussion this afternoon.
Before we start I am going to ask you a first question, what makes you confident?....

Alright thank you so much for all the responses, now we will continue our discussion

SELF-EFFICACY-

What is Self-Efficacy?

The higher the self-efficacy, the greater the belief of achieving the task conversely, the lower the self-
efficacy the lesser they will believe to perform the task.

According to Albert Bandura, he defined self-efficacy as “determinants of how people think, behave,
and feel.” Just like in defining health it is just not an absence of a disease but it also pertains of the
physical, emotional and social-wellbeing of a person.

Moreover, Albert Bandura said that self-efficacy is also a component of the self-system of a person or
an individual that consists of a person’s attitudes, skills, and cognitive abilities.

This self-system has a significant impact on how we view the world and how we react to various
circumstances. Which is why self-efficacy is very crucial in part of the self-system.

Self-efficacy started during early childhood where they are trying to explore new things, try to figure
out the environment they live in and as they get older (Adulthood) they experience a lot of stages in
life because they acquire experiences, new skills, new self-discoveries and better understanding.
(LAGAY KA NG IMAGE NG CHILHOOD TO MIDDLE TO ADULT)

In order to maintain a high level of self-efficacy, Bandura (1994) presented four factors to further
classify and develop one’s belief and these are mastery experience, vicarious experience. Social
persuasion, and physiological feedbacks.
MASTERY EXPERIENCE: (PERFORMANCE OUTCOMES)

According to Grarrido, (2020), "Mastery experiences are the most influential source of efficacy
information because they provide the most authentic evidence of whether one can muster whatever
it takes to succeed. Success builds a robust belief in one's personal efficacy. Failures undermine it,
especially if failures occur before a sense of efficacy is firmly established" (Bandura, 1997).

According to Forsythe, LL.M., M.Phil. (2019), citing the work of Albert Bandura, mastery experiences
are attained when a person accomplished a new challenging task. It is said that in order for a person
to improve is to keep practicing.

That is why they said that “practice makes perfect”

Mastery experience helps people to develop and work on their entire being, because they
were able to spot their strengths and weaknesses. It is like the building block of life.
Moreover, mastery experience includes overcoming barriers that often requires perseverance
(persistence in doing something despite difficulty in achieving success) in order to surpass the
situation.
Ibig sabihin ng mastery experience ay mayroon na tayong background experience sa bagay na
ito like for example tayo we as a future nurse nag-aaral tayo para mamaster natin yung ating
profession and to achieve that is we need to have an experience and that experience is what
we are doing during in our RLE or returned demonstration. According to Ms Tojino, we need
to be competent first to be confident therefore we can only achieve that by mastering our
experiences.
According to Bano et al. (2020), citing the work of peacefulsoul (2020), through experience it have
made up the lives of the people and was proved to be as a factor to help a person and excel
very well.
In addition, the study of Li (2020) citing the work of Froman (1989), the example for mastery
experience is taking care of an infant. It is said that having an experience in taking care of a
toddler or an infant can boost their maternal abilities for sustainable future motherhood.
Babysitting in an early stage of teenage years is useful for self-efficacy; this will be label as
mastery experience dahil nagawa na natin siya before magagawa natin ulit natin to and this
time we can able to detect our weaknesses and make improvement of it so that it can be
useful in situations in the future.
Another example of mastery experience is,
As evident in the study of Maliski et al. (2004), Health teaching for men who will undergo
surgical operation for prostate cancer. People who are taught in preparation for the
operation surgery will most likely have a high self-efficacy due to their prior experience.
To further explain the example given by the authors, as people undergoes different
circumstances they learn something from it and take it as an experience to improve their
skills and perception, by the means of it, they try to spot their strengths and weaknesses and
work on them overtime to improve it, these are classified as mastery experience.

VICARIOUS EXPERIENCE: (SOCIAL ROLE MODELS)

Bandura (1977) posits that "Seeing people similar to oneself succeed by sustained effort raises
observers' beliefs that they too possess the capabilities to master comparable activities to succeed"
(Garrido 2020).

Vicarious experience is what the individual learn from their role models that possess a healthy levels
of self-efficacy. This could be their family, professors, coaches, counselors, or other important people
that gives a huge impact to them (Forsythe, LL.M., M.Phil. 2019).

(LAGYAN NG MIRROR SELF SIMILAR…)

You can develop self-efficacy by vicariously watching other people to perform a task.

Like for example, if you see a person that is similar to you and perform the task successfully, then your
self-efficacy will increase on the counter part, if you observe someone similar to you perform the task
unsuccessful, this can have an effect to you self-efficacy resulting to decrease your motivation to do
the task.

Take for example patient who was diagnosed with cancer she or he feel unmotivated and unwilling to
live life because of their condition, in the application of Albert bandura’s self-efficacy theory in
vicarious experience, having a health promotion about like for example, according to The National
Council on Aging (2020), they proposed “Evidence-Based Program: Cancer: Thriving & Surviving (In-
Person)” the goal of this is to provide support for cancer survivors through a group-based self-
management program which helps the clients to address fear of recurrence, fatigue, pain, nutrition
and the likes.

This program is an example of health promotion for cancer survivors it is a kind of workshop that
helps the clients to be motivated and to be back on track. If you see a person similar to your situation
that he or she survived then you are also motivated to try your best to live life to the fullest if they can
survive it then everyone can try their best to survive.

SOCIAL PERSUASION:

“Self-efficacy is influence by encouragement and discouragement pertaining to an individual’s

performance or ability to perform “(Redmond, 2010).
You can increase you self-efficacy if other gives you an encouragement and motivation that you can
successfully obtain the task on the other hand, if you receive negative or disparaging feedbacks about
your capability you will feel be discourage and feel unmotivated to do the task.

Social persuasion is a type of a verbal persuasion that encourages a person to be confident it helps to
elevate the self-efficacy of an individual.

Like for example in the clinical setting if the patient feels like he or she is alone and unmotivated as a
nurse it is our obligation to be there with our client and to comfort them and give an encouraging
words that somehow can lessen the burden they feel.

PHYSIOLOGICAL FEEDBACK-

Bandura (1977) states, "it is not the sheer intensity of emotional and physical reactions that is
important but rather how they are perceived and interpreted. People who have a high sense of
efficacy are likely to view their state of affective arousal as an energizing facilitator of performance,
whereas those who are beset by self- doubts regard their arousal as a debilitator."

In Bandura’s Physiological feedback, it states the importance of health not just physical but mental
and emotional. It is said here that if the health of a person is low it is more likely to be less confident
because they are experiencing or facing with anxiety or depression. However, if a person is happy and
in a good condition they are more to be confident to do a task.

A person is affected by one’s self-efficacy is influenced by their emotions and physical

condition such as pressure, uneasiness, stress, and fear that can lead to a self-fulfilling
prediction of discouragement or failure to perform the dreaded task.
As determined by Bandura (2008), chronic levels and low mood may have a detrimental
impact on self-efficacy and corresponding task accomplishment, people who consistently
have low mood are most likely to surrender early on a given task and shows a disinclination
in the beginning to accept the task.
People who are experiencing symptoms such that suffering from anxiety, depression, and the
likes who also have goals, it has been found that they hold more negative beliefs about their
capabilities to successfully attain their aim and recognized that they have less control about
the target outcomes as claimed by Dickson, Moberly, and Kinderman (2011).

PROCEED –PRECEDE MODEL

Background of PRECEDE/PROCEED MODEL

The Precede-Proceed Model was established by Lawrence Green and Marshall Kreuter. which is
now “widely accepted as the ‘gold standard' for designing, implementing and evaluating micro and
macro level preventive interventions, the goal of which is to systematically reduce the occurrence of
conditions that compromise well-being” (Myers 2003).

According to Green and Krueter (1991), in the year 1968 to 1974, the Precede model was
created, on the other hand, in the late 1980s proceed was included in the model.

The word Precede has an acronym for Predisposing, Reinforcing, Enabling Constructs in
Educational/Ecological Diagnosis and Evaluation that indicates the preparation for the intervention
process while

the Proceed has an acronym for Policy, Regulatory, Organizational Constructs in Educational and
Environmental Development that offers implementation procedures.

What is PRECEDE/PROCEED?

PRECEDE/PROCEED is a community-oriented, participatory model for creating successful community

health promotion interventions.

This model is used in planning for health promotion models.

PRECEDE has five phases:

• Phase 1: Social assessment- You ask the community what it wants and needs to improve its quality
of life.

It is about defining the ultimate desired outcome which tackles the necessities and desires of the
people or the community. To determine the needs and wants of the people the researchers
would conduct either of the following: online surveys, interviews face-to-face surveys, phone
surveys, paper surveys, and the like.

• Phase 2: Epidemiological assessment- You identify the health or other issues that most clearly
influence the outcome the community seeks.

It is about determining the problems that are causing an issue. Ano ba yung mga problema na
maaaring makaapekto sa paggawa ng isang plan it should be indicated to avoid problems along the
process. In these two phases, you create the objectives for your intervention.
• Phase 3: Behavioral and environmental assessment- You identify the behaviors and lifestyles and/or
environmental factors that must be changed to affect the health or other issues identified in Phase 2,
and determine which of them are most likely to be changeable.

So in this phase it helps to determine the behavioral, lifestyle, and environmental factors that will
help the researchers in preventing a problem.

• Phase 4: Educational and ecological assessment- You identify the predisposing (, enabling, and
reinforcing factors that act as supports for or barriers to changing the behaviors and environmental
factors you identified in Phase 3.

Predisposing Factors: Antecedents to behavior that provide the rationale or motivation for the
behavior. These are the factors that increase the risk for presenting the problem like for example age,
gender, culture, beliefs, family history, genes, values, attitudes, knowledge, self-efficacy and many
more.

Reinforcing Factors: Factors following a behavior that provide continuing reward or incentive for the
persistence or repetition of the behavior.

Enabling Factors: antecedents to behavioral or environmental change that allow a motivation or

environmental policy to be realized.

(Health Behavior and Health Education | Part Five, Chapter Eighteen: Glossary, n.d.)
In these two phases, you plan the intervention.

• Phase 5: Administrative and policy assessment- You identify (and adjust where necessary) the
internal administrative issues and internal and external policy issues that can affect the successful
conduct of the intervention.

In this phase it talks about policies against the interventions to avoid future problems it also includes
health services and health education such as collaborating with other professions depending on the
plan that will be implemented, funds, or any financial assistance to support the project for it to work.

Those administrative and policy concerns include generating the funding and other resources for the
intervention.

Moving on to the next stage which falls under the Proceed model we have here 4 phases.
• Phase 6: Implementation- You carry out the intervention.

This is the process where the plan will be put into action from translated model to the physical
environment.

• Phase 7: Process evaluation- You evaluate the process of the intervention and determine whether
the intervention is proceeding according to plan, and adjust accordingly.

This will determine the strengths and weaknesses of the implemented plan and if there are things
that need to be improved or things that need to be removed.

• Phase 8: Impact evaluation- You evaluate whether the intervention is having the intended impact on
the behavioral and environmental factors it’s aimed at, and adjust accordingly.

It is the process of how the plan impacts the target people and sees if it is specific, measurable,
attainable, realistic, and time-bound.

• Phase 9: Outcome evaluation- You evaluate whether the intervention’s effects are in turn producing
the outcome(s) the community identified in Phase 1, and adjust accordingly.

It decides whether the program is efficiently and effectively working to achieve the desired
outcomes. This is the final method that emphasizes if the goal is has been attained or not, and
whether it is for a short-term plan or a long-term plan.

Assumptions behind PRECEDE/PROCEED:

• Since behavior change is by and large voluntary, health promotion (and, by extension, the
promotion of other community benefits) is more likely to be effective if it’s participatory.

• Health and other issues must be looked at in the context of the community.

• Health and other issues are essentially quality-oflife issues.

• Health is itself a constellation of factors that add up to a healthy life for individuals and
communities.

Why use PRECEDE/PROCEED?

• A logic model provides a procedural structure for constructing an intervention.

• A logic model provides a framework for critical analysis.

• PRECEDE/PROCEED is participatory, thus assuring community involvement.

• Community involvement leads to community buy-in.

• PRECEDE/PROCEED incorporates a multi-level evaluation, which means you have the chance to
constantly monitor and adjust your evaluation.

• The model allows leeway to adapt the content and methods of the intervention to your particular
needs and circumstances.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:

https://www.who.int/health-topics/health-promotion#tab=tab_1

https://apps.who.int/adolescent/second-decade/section/section_9/level9_15.php

https://study.com/learn/lesson/bandura-self-efficacy-theory-of-motivation.html

https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-self-efficacy-2795954

https://expertprogrammanagement.com/2018/10/self-efficacy-theory-of-motivation/

https://www.simplypsychology.org/self-efficacy.html#:~:text=Bandura%20%281977%29%20posits
%20that%20%22Seeing%20people%20similar%20to,involve%20observing%20other%20people
%20successfully%20completing%20a%20task.

https://www.learning-mind.com/bandura-self-efficacy-theory-failure-success/#:~:text=Bandura
%E2%80%99s%20theory%20proposed%20four%20sources%20of%20self-efficacy%3A%201.,learn%20a
%20new%20skill%20is%20to%20keep%20practicing

https://www.simplypsychology.org/self-efficacy.html#:~:text=Bandura%20%281977%29%20posits
%20that%20%22Seeing%20people%20similar%20to,involve%20observing%20other%20people
%20successfully%20completing%20a%20task.

https://www.ncoa.org/article/evidence-based-program-cancer-thriving-surviving-in-person

http://communityhealth.ku.edu/

https://www.med.upenn.edu/hbhe4/part5-ch18-glossary.shtml