1.

FABRICATION - A lie told when someone submits a statement as truth, without

knowing for certain whether or not it is actually true.
2. BOLD-FACED LIE – a lie which is told when it is obvious to all concerned that it is a
lie.
3. LYING BY OMISSION – one lies by omitting an important fact, deliberately leaving
another person with a misconception.
4. LIE-TO-CHILDREN – a lie told to make an adult subject acceptable to children.
5. NOBLE LIE – it is often told to maintain law, order & safety.
6. EMERGENCY LIE – it is a strategic lie when the truth may not be told because it
may harm a third party.
7. PERJURY – the act of lying or making verifiably false statements on a material
matter under oath or affirmation in a court of law, or in any various sworn
statements in writing.
8. BLUFFING – pretending to have a capability or intention which does not actually
possess. It is an act of deception which is rarely seen as immoral, because it takes
place in the context of a game where this kind of deception is consented to in
advance by the players.
9. JOCOSE LIE – are those which are meant in jest, and are usually understood as such
by all present parties. Teasing & sarcasm are examples.
10. CONTEXTUAL LIES – one can state part of the truth out of context, knowing
that without complete information, it gives false impression.
11. PROMOTION LIES – advertisements often contain statements which are
incredible.
NOTE: IF YOUR ANSWER IS INCORRECT, 1 WEEK

12. PANIC LIARS – one who lies in order to avoid the consequences of a
confession, they are afraid of embarrassment and it is a serious blow to their ego.
They believe that confession will just make the matter worst.
13. OCCUPATIONAL LIARS – are practical liars and lies when it has a higher “pay-
off” than telling the truth.
14. TOURNAMENT LIARS – are those who love to lie and are excited by the
challenge of not being detected.
15. PSYCHOPATIC LIAR – the most difficult type, these persons have no
conscience and shows no regret for dishonesty and no manifestation of guilt.
NOTE: IF YOUR ANSWER IS INCORRECT, YOU MUST SING.

16. ETHNOLOGICAL LIARS – are those who taught not to be a squealer

17. squealer - this means to cry or to shrill voice used by underworld gang in
order for their member not to reveal any secret of their organization).
18. PATHOLOGICAL LIAR – are those persons who cannot distinguish right from
wrong due to their sick mind.
19. BLACK LIARS – are persons who always pretend what he is and what he
thinks of himself.
20. Give 5 External Observable Signs & Symptoms of Lies
21. ESSAY – What is the Role of the Autonomic Nervous System in the Polygraph
Examination
22. Angelo Mosso - Developed the SPHYGMAMOMANOMETER and the SCIENTIFIC
CRADLE, which he used in studying fear on the heart.
23. Leonard Keeler - Continued research and development of the polygraph. In
1949, he invented the Keeler Polygraph with components that simultaneously
recorded changes in blood pressure, pulse and respiration, as well as the newly
developed galvanic skin reflex.
24. Otto Veraguth - First to use the term “PSYCHOGALVANIC REFLEX”.
25. Polygraphy - It is the scientific method of detecting deception with the use of
a polygraph instrument. This is the new name of LIE DETECTION.
26. Harold Burtt - Found out that changes in systolic blood pressure were of
greater value in determining deception than changes in respiration.

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 27. Polygraph - It is a scientific diagnostic instrument used to record
physiological changes in the blood pressure, pulse rate, respiration and skin
resistance of an examinee under controlled condition.
28. Vittorio Benussi - Successfully detected deception with a pneumograph, an
instrument that graphically measures an examinee’s inhalation and exhalation.
29. Truth Verifier – the other name of Polygraph
NOTE: IF YOUR ANSWER IS INCORRECT, YOU MUST SING.

30. Cesare Lombroso - He employed the first scientific instrument to detect

deception. This instrument known as HYDORSPHYGMOGRAPH, measured changes
in pulse and blood pressure when suspects were questioned about their
involvement in or knowledge of a specific response.
31. ENUMERATION. Give 3 Objectives of a polygraph examination.
32. Lie - Deceit; deception; fabrication; falsehood; and untruth.
33. Detection - The act of detecting, discovery, perceiving, finding, or uncovering
something obscure.
34. Ordeal - A medieval form of judicial trial in which the accused was subjected
to physical tests, as carrying or walking over burning objects or immersing the
hand in scalding water, the result being considered a divine judgment of guilt or
innocence.

35. Red Hot Iron Ordeal - Practiced on the hill tribe of Rajhmal in the North
Bengal. Accused placed his tongue to a red hot iron nine times (9) unless burned
sooner. If burned, he is put to death. Not only that (licking the iron), he is also
made to carry the metal into his hands. It is doubtful whether the ordeal is meant
to determine the physiological changes occurring in description for if this so, many
false observations must have been made.
NOTE: IF YOUR ANSWER IS INCORRECT, YOU MUST SING.

36. Ordeal by Balance - Practiced in the Institute of Vishnu, India. Scale of

balanced is used. In one end of the scale, the accused is placed in the other end, a
counter balance. The person will step out of the scale listened to a judge deliver an
extortion is the balance and her back in. If he were found to be lighter than before
then he should be acquitted.
37. Boiling Water Ordeal - Used in modern Africa. The method is that the subject
will plunged their right arms into the boiling pot to the elbow and step into the
other side of the fire. All are told to undergo the test without a murmur. And when
all are finished, they are told to return at the same tine the next afternoon. The one
who by that time had lost some or showed blisters would prove the thief (Point out
who is the one who steal among his tribe mates).
38. Ordeal by Rice Chewing - Practiced by Indians it is formed with a kind of rice
called sathee, prepared with various incantations. The person on trial eats, with his
face and then spits upon an eyeful leaf. If the saliva is mixed with blood or the
corner of his mouth swell or he trembles, he is declared then a liar.
39. Trial by Combat - A fight between the accuser and the accused, whoever lost
the battle will be the adjudged guilty. Originated from India and one of the
examples of this: a rich man or accuser could hire somebody or bigger one to fight
the accused. After the fight the loser is adjudged guilty of crime.
40. Trial by Torture - The accused was put into a severe physical test.
NOTE: IF YOUR ANSWER IS INCORRECT, 1 WEEK

41. Trial of the Eucharist - This trial is reserved for the clergy, and administered
with pomp and ceremony. If the accused was guilty, the Angel Gabriel will descend
from heaven and prevent the accused from swallowing the food given to him.
42. Ordeal of the Bier - The corpse was brought on a bier of boughs after which
the natives would ask the corpse if it has been bewitched. If the victim died by
witchcraft, the bier was supposed to know more and if the sorcerer show killed him
was present, the corpse will touch him.
NOTE: IF YOUR ANSWER IS INCORRECT, YOU MUST SING.

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 43. Ordeal of the Boiling Water - The accused was forced to dip his hands into
the boiling water or oil and ask to pick up stone in it. If he remains unhurt then he
is innocent. Practiced in Asian Countries.
44. Ordeal of the Tiger - Accuser and accused were placed together in the same
and a tiger set loose upon them. If both were spared, further elimination followed.
With such means of redress, there were probably not very many plaintiffs. Practical
in Siam.
45. Donkey’s Tail Ordeal - Psychological theory, the donkey placed in one room
alone and observed it, and if the donkey cried is a judged of guilty of crimes,
because deep in side and conscience he is guilty.
46. The “Hereditary Sieve” Method - It is mentioned by Hans Gross his famous
books in Criminal Investigation in which beans were thrown into a sieve (bigao) as
the name of each suspect was called. If the beans jump out of the sieve, the owner
of the name is innocent. If the beans remain in the sieve, the person named is the
thief.
NOTE: IF YOUR ANSWER IS INCORRECT, 1 WEEK

47. Hugo Munsterburg - Proposed that lie test based on lie detector should be
admissible as evidence in court.
48. Jacques D’Arsonval - French Scientist Declared that electricity is generated
by the body and named External Friction as source of generation. He assorted
those sweat glands which the body at times store the electricity and at other times
discharged them.
49. PAUL WILHELM AND DONALD BURNS (1951) - Michigan City, Indiana, USA,
(Independent Lie Detector Specialists) Invented an Electronic Psychometric using
Electrodermal Response as a basis for lie detection. Both have proven that results
of lie detection test (during) using their instrumental 95% accurate.
50. BENIGN LIE OR WHITE LIE - Used to maintain the harmony, of friendship,
harmony of the home or office.
51. RED LIE - Communist propaganda; Against the Government
52. MALICIOUS LIE - Chronic Lie; To mislead justice
NOTE: IF YOUR ANSWER IS INCORRECT, YOU MUST SING.

53. Pathological Lie – this lie is used by persons who cannot distinguish right
from wrong.
54. Hans Gross – Father of Criminalistics
NOTE: IF YOUR ANSWER IS INCORRECT, 1 WEEK

55. Hypnotism – this method was introduced by Austrian Physician Franz Anton
Mesmer in which the subject is advised to stare and gazed at the flashing object
and to cooperate with whatever he will say.
56. Dr. Carl Gustav Jung – The Word Association Test was developed by?
57. Word Association Test – this method is done by giving the subject a long list
of carefully selected stimulus words or objects with the instruction to respond with
every word that may come to his mind.
58. Dr. Edward Mandel House – the administration of truth serum method was
introduced by?
59. Byosine Hydrobromide – a drug used in the administration of truth serum
60. Sodium Amytal/Sodium Pentothal – drug used in narco analysis
61. Intoxication – this was practiced by means of drinking alcoholic beverages as
stimuli to obtain truth on the part of the subject.
62. Allen Bell – he developed the PSE
NOTE: IF YOUR ANSWER IS INCORRECT, 1 WEEK

63. Psychological Stress Evaluator – What does PSE means?

64. Information, Interrogation, Instrumentation – 3 I’s of investigation
65. Polyscore - A software program used to analyze computerized polygraph
chart and displays the degree of truthfulness or deception of a certain subject

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 NOTE: IF YOUR ANSWER IS INCORRECT, YOU MUST SING.

66. Keeler - Father of Modern Polygraph.

67. John Reid - Who introduced a questioning technique in a polygraph
examination which includes control questions with relevant/irrelevant question
technique?
68. Cardiosphygmograph - Component of the polygraph instrument which
records the blood pressure & heartbeat of a subject,
69. Specific Responses - These are the deviation on the normal responses of a
subject set under polygraph examination.
70. Max Wastl - Founder of the Lafayette Instrument Company, a leading
polygraph machine distributor.
71. PSE - It is a method of detecting deception through the detection and
measurement of the inaudible part of our voice
72. James Mckenzie - Who introduced the ink polygraph which is specifically used
for medical purposes?
73. Pneumograph - An instrument that measure the inhalation & exhalation or
the breathing pattern of a certain person.
74. Daniel Defoe - He was a British novelist who suggested the taking of pulse to
determine truth from lies.
75. Christian Hans Stoelting – He founded this company which became the
leading product supplier of the components of the polygraph.
76. Angelo Mosso – Used as instrument called plethysmograph
77. Francis Franke – He invented plethysmograph
NOTE: IF YOUR ANSWER IS INCORRECT, 1 WEEK

78. Luigi Galvani – He invented the GSR/galvanometer

79. Galvanic Skin Reflex – GSR means?
80. Keeler – He founded the world’s first polygraph school
NOTE: IF YOUR ANSWER IS INCORRECT, YOU MUST SING.

81. Chicago, Illinois – Where was the Keeler Polygraph Institute located?
82. Computer Assisted Polygraph System – This was produced by John Kircher &
David Raskin integrating the first algorithm for measuring physiological data.
83. ENUMERATION – What are the 4 major components of the polygraph
instrument
NOTE: IF YOUR ANSWER IS INCORRECT, 1 WEEK

84. CONGRATULATIONS!!! +5
85. CONGRATULATIONS!!! +1
86. CONGRATULATIONS!!! +2
87. CONGRATULATIONS!!! +3
88. CONGRATULATIONS!!! +4
89. NOTE: IF YOUR ANSWER IS INCORRECT, 1 WEEK

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 GEMINI CRIMINOLOGY ONLINE REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER
P E N E T E E A P
Dr. MANUEL V JAUDIAN, LLB. PhD
ETEEAP DIRECTOR
NOTES COMPILED AND EDITED BY: PROF. HERMOGENES MALAGAMBA

POLYGRAPHY
DEFINITION OF TERMS:

• Admission-is a self-incriminating statement falling short of acknowledgement of guilt.

• Black lie- is a kind of lie used by a person to deceive others.
• Blood Pressure Cuff Assembly- part of the cardio component attached on the right
arm of the subject.
• Cardiospygmograph- a device which consist of blood pressure cuff and rubber pump
and is fastened around the subject’s right arm. It records the changes in pulse rate and
blood pressure.
Chart or Polygrams- refers to the composite record of the pneumograph, galvanograph,
and cardiosphygmograph tracing recorded from one series of questions.
• Circumstantial evidence- is a series of events upon which the guilt or innocence of a
person is inferred.
• Confession- is the voluntary statement made by a person and given to proper
authorities herein he acknowledged himself to be guilty of an offense and discloses
circumstances of his felonious act of the share and participation which he had in it.
• Control Questions- these are answerable by NO and it is designed to produce a
response from an innocent subject.
• Deception- is an act of deceiving or misleading usually accomplished by lying.
• Detection-is an act of discovering the existence, presence or fact of something hidden
or obscure.
• Dicrotic Notch- is a short horizontal line on cardio tracing located at the middle of
diastolic stern.
• Emotion- is an acute disturbance of an individual as a whole, psychological in origin
involving behavior conscious experience and visceral functions.
• Evidence Connecting Questions- these are intended to stimulate the subject and focus
his attention on the probability of incriminating proof that would tend to establish his
guilt.
• Examiner or Polygraph expert-is one who is conducting polygraph examination.
• Finger Electrode Plate- a part of the galvanograph assembly attached on the left fingers
of the subject.
• Fear- is an emotional response to specific danger that appears to be beyond the
person’s defensive power.
• Keymograph- is a motorized component of the polygraph machine that pull or drive
the chart paper under the recording pen at the rate of 6 to 12 inches per minute.

1
•Lying- is the, with conveying or uttering of the falsehood or misleading
impression the intention of affecting wrongfully the acts, opinion or
affection to another.
•Lie detector Machine-is a device or instrument that helps determine
whether the person is telling a lie or the truth.
•Normal Response- a tracing on the chart wherein the subject answered
the irrelevant questions.
•Normal Tracing- a tracing of the subject which produced when no
irrelevant question was asked.
• Galvanograph- a component part of a polygraph machine that is used to record the
subjects skin resistance to a small amount of electricity. It is made up of electrodes
attached to the finger of the left hand, or to the index and ring finger of the left hand
or to the palmar or dorsal surface of the left hand.
• General Question Test-consists of a series of irrelevant and relevant questions ask in a
planned manner.
• Heredity- is the transmission of mental and physical traits from parents to offspring.
• Irrelevant Questions-are those query that do not relate to the matter under
investigation and deals with a known fact which the subject cannot lie.
• Peak of Tension Test- this is answerable only by NO and this test is only made possible
when there is no widespread publicity about a crime where intimate details as to the
method of commission of certain facts of the case is only known by the suspect, the
victim and the investigator.
• Keymograph- is a motorized component of the polygraph machine that pull or drive
the chart paper under the recording pen at the rate of 6 to 12 inches per minute.
• Lying- is the conveying or uttering of the falsehood or misleading impression, with the
intention of affecting wrongfully the acts, opinion or affection to another.
• Lie detector Machine-is a device or instrument that helps determine whether the
person is telling a lie or the truth.
• Normal Response- a tracing on the chart wherein the subject answered the irrelevant
questions.
• Normal Tracing- a tracing of the subject which produced when no irrelevant question
was asked.
• Pneumograph-is a device which records the changes of respiration and breathing of
the subject, consisting of a ten (10) inches convoluted tubes fastened together around
the subject’s abdomen and chest.
• Polygraphy- is the scientific method of detecting deception with the use of a
polygraph machine.
• Reaction- refers to any activity aroused in an organism by a stimulus. It is an action or
mental attitude induced by an external influence.
• Relevant Questions-are direct query having precise and specific relation with the
felony. It is designed to produce emotional response in the subject’s trying to craft
deceptive statements. It is answerable by NO.
• Response- refers to any inhibition or activity of previous motion of an organism or of
effector organ or part of the organism resulting from stimulation or suggestion.

2
• Specific Response-is any variation or deviation from the normal tracing of the subject.
• Spygmomanometer-is the part of the cardio component which indicates the air
pressure in the system in millimeter of mercury.
• Stimulus-refers to the motion or force reaching the organism and excite the receptors.
It is a force that produces the organism or any of its part to activity.
• Strong Relevant Question-refers to a verbal motivation of primary importance
projected in a form of a question which overcomes the psychological excitement level
and causes three major component tracing change from the subject’s psychological
norm.
• Subject or the examinee is a person undergoing a polygraph examination or test.
• Weak Relevant Questions- are secondary queries which are concerned with the less
important elements of the offense and deals mostly on guilty knowledge and partial
involvement.

EARLY METHODS OF DETECTING DECEPTION

• Balance ordeal
• Boiling water ordeal
• Donkeys tail ordeal
• Red Hot Iron Ordeal
• Red Water Ordeal
• Rice Chewing Ordeal

SCIENTIFIC METHODS OF DETECTING DECEPTION

• Polygraph Examination
• Word Association Test
• Use of Hypnotism
• Use of Alcoholic Beverages
• Administration of Truth Serum or Narco-analysis Test

SIGN AND SYMPTOMS OF EMOTIONAL TENSION

• Color change
• Sweating
• Inability to look straight in the investigator’s eyes
• Change in heart rate and pulse beat
• Holding of breath
• Dryness of mouth and throat
• Peculiar and unusual expression
• Unusual behavior

KINDS OF LIE

• White lie
• Black lie

3
 • Red lie
• Malicious lie

KINDS OF LIAR
• Pathological
• Professional

MAJOR COMPONENT PARTS OF A POLYGRAPH MACHINE

Cardio-sphygmograph Component
• Blood pressure cuff which is to the upper right arm of the subject, slightly above the
brachial artery.
• Sphygmomanometer which is utilized to indicate the amount of air pressure inflated to
the system.
• Pump bulb assembly which inflates air into the system, also known as an air pump it has
a hose connecting the blood pressure cuff through which the blood pressure changes
and passed into the recording pen.
• Resonance control unit which is used for reducing or increasing the amount of air
pressure to reach the brass bellows (tambour) and thus reduce or increase the
amplitude of pen excursions.
• Centering control which is used to provide adjustment of the tracing so that the
composite records pattern would be on the guideline.
• Vent which provides the means by which air in the system can be released.
• Recording pen (5 inches long) which is used to record blood pressure pulse rate changes
on the chart paper by means of a five (5) inch recording pen.

Pioneers that contributed to the development & use of the Cardiospyghmograph in lie
detection:

• Cesare Lombroso – An Italian scientist who in 1885 used hydrospygmograph procedure

and was credited to be the pioneer who envisioned the idea of using scientific
procedures to lie detection. He is considered as the first person to use an instrument for
the purpose of detecting deception.
• Angelo Mosso – A pioneer who developed in 1895 a type of sphygmanometer and
utilized a scientific cradle and focus on the significance of fear as an indication of
deception.
• Dr. William Moulton Marston (1893-1947) was born in Cliftondale, Massachusetts
where he received three degrees, an A.B. in 1915, an LL.B. in 1918 and a PH.D. in 1921.
He was a physician, the developer the theory we use today for the DISC system and
other important devices, and the creator of the comic book character Wonder Woman.
• Marston was also the creator of the systolic blood pressure test, which lead to the
creation of the polygraph (lie detector). Because of his discovery, Marston was
convinced that women were more honest and reliable than men and could work faster
and more accurately.

4
 • ●John A. Larson- developed an instrument that continually and simultaneously
measures blood pressure, pulse and respiration. He designed the first two recording
channel polygraph in the history. The first mechanical form of detecting deceptions
because it does not only have a recording pen for cardio,pneumo, & galvano but also it
has the muscular movement pen for the arms and thighs.
•

Galvanograph Component:
• Finger electrodes assembly which has a finger electrode plate and retainer bond
attached to the left index and ring finger of the subject. And a connecting plug designed
to fasten the system to the polygraph machine.
• Recording pen unit which is usually 7 inches in length.
• Amplifier unit which is made to support the galvanometer in converting electrical to
mechanical current.

Personalities involved in the development & use of galvanograph:

• Sticker-(1897) worked on the galvanograph component & studied the influence and
relation of the sweat glands to skin resistance.
• Veraguth- (1907)formulated the term psycho-galvanic skin reflex. He claimed that
electrical phenomena are due to the activity of the sweat glands.
• Richard O. Arthur- developed an improvised polygraph machine with two galvanic skin
resistance.

Pneumograph component

• Rubber convoluted tube which is ten (10) inches in length corrugated rubber attached
to the chest and abdominal area of the subject. One end of the tube is sealed and the
other end is connected to the instrument by a rather thick walled rubber tube
considerably larger in diameter than the pneumograph tube itself, it expands and
contracts as the subject breathes.
• The beaded chain another component of the pneumograph assembly is used to fix in
place the rubber convoluted tube.
• Pneumograph recording unit is made up of brass bellows, a frame, crankshaft,
countershaft, adjustable fulcrum, baring with adjusting screw, pen cradle and pen
centering control. Volume changes of the chest caused by breathing is transmitted to
the chest assembly to the recording unit.

Contributors to the development of Pneumograph:

• Vittorio Benussi-(1914) noted the changes in inhalation and exhalation ratio occuring
during deception. He recorded the respiratory curves of the pneumograph.

5
 • Harold Burtt- a scientist who, in 1918 determined that the respiratory changes were
signs of deception and concluded that systolic pressure changes are valuable in
determining deception.

Keymograph Component

• A motor which drive or pull the paper or chart under the recording pen at the rate of 6
to 12 inches per minute.
• The chart must travel at uniform speed to facilitate valid interpretations. Chart rolls are
approximately 100 ft. Holes spaced ½ inch apart. The paper is imprinted with horizontal
lines at ¼ inch interval twenty (20) divisions and vertical lines at 1/10 inch interval with
heavy lines at ½ inch divisions across the paper which represents 5 seconds of time.
Pulse rate per minute may be computed by multiplying the number of beats counted in
one division by 12.

The Parts of KEYMOGRAPH:

Chart is a rolled graph paper composed of 12 divisions in sixty (60) seconds run designed to
measure the rate of various body functions.
• Rubber roller which pull the paper out of the machine.
• Paper rail guide serves to secure or ensure the chart paper’s forward movement
without shaking.

Personalities involved in the development of KEYMOGRAPH:

Leonard Keeler (1926) An American criminologist who invented the kymograph machine. In
1949, the “KEELER’s Polygraph” incorporated the galvanograph with measurement, blood
pressure & respiration component & keymograph component.He also devised a metal
recording bellow, rolled chart paper and the method of question formulation used in polygraph
examination.

Other contributors:

polygraph machine as the “Ink Polygraph”.

• Cleve Backster – created the numerical scoring on the polygraph chart and standardized
quantitative polygraph technique.
• E. Calton – credited for devising the “word association test”
• John E. Reid - developed improvement with the conventional polygraph by
incorporating muscular resistance his device was known as the Reid Polygraph. He was
also credited for the development of the SAT and Control Question test.

PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF DECEPTION

• Emotion refers to an acute disturbance in origin involving behavior conscious experience

and instinctive functioning. It is generally accepted that the human mind greatly

6
 influences all bodily functions. The principle and theory behind detecting deception
relies of the dogma that involuntary and automatic bodily changes accompany
deception. Such alterations are not derived from consciousness of guilt but viewed as a
result of fear of exposure and being detected.
The origin of such physiological changes is the hypothalamus, the area of the brain
which acts as the control center for the integration of emotional expressions. This ends
out the automatic response to physical and psychological stimulation. When a warning
of danger is perceived, this control center dispatch message through the nervous system
to prepare the whole organism for fight or fight defense mechanism. An evident and
manifested result would be an increase in pulse rate and blood pressure.
• External responses are easy to learn. Any person may control his postural and facial
reaction. A lying subject can master the art of telling story which although is untrue, but
sticks together.

VARIOUS SYMPTOMS OF GUILT RESPONSE OBSERVABLE IN LYING SUBJECTS

Symptoms of deception under internal guilt response:

• Quickening of heart palpitation;
• Gripping of the intestine;
• Dryness of the mouth;
• Sinking feeling in the fit of the stomach;
• Uncontrollable impulse to swallow saliva.

Symptoms of deception under external guilt response:

• Postural reaction
– Subjects hands and feet exhibiting state of uneasiness;
– In ability of the subjects eye to look straight to the investigator or examiner;
– Peculiar monotone of voice;
– Fidgeting with the fingers, tapping or drumming on the table or chair;
– Excessive movement of the Adam’s apple in male subjects.
• Facial Expression
– Dilation of the eyes, protrusion of the eyeballs and elevation of the upper eyelid.
– Blushing, paling and profuse sweating on the forehead
– Twitching at the corner of the lips.
– Excessive winking and movement of the vein at the temple.

OBJECTIVES OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION (2011)

1. Determine if the subject is telling the truth by verifying statements and or comparing
conflicting statements.
2. Acquire additional investigative leads to the facts of an offense.
3. Locate tools or fruits of crime or whereabouts of wanted persons’
4. Identify other persons involved.

7
5. Gain valuable information from unwilling subject.

LIMITATIONS AND RELIABILITY OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATIONS (2011)

1. It is an invaluable aid but not a substitute for an investigation.

2. It is not a lie detector but it is a scientific diagnostic instrument.
3. It does not determine facts; it records responses in which the subject knows to be true.
4. It is as accurate as the examiner is competent.
5. The test should not be administered unless enough facts of the case have been established to
permit the examiner to prepare a complete set of suitable questions.
6. A test must not be administered without the voluntary consent of the subject.
7. No indication or presumption of guilt will be entertained or a written report submitted
because the subject refuses to undergo the test.
8. A test should not be administered until all accusations have been explained and understood
by the subject.
9. No attempt should be made on the use of polygraph machine intesting physical or mental
capacity of the subject.
10. The reliability of polygraph examination depends on the examiner.

PHASES INVOLVED IN THE CONDUCT OF POLYGRAPH TEST

• Initial Interview
• Pre-test Interview
• Actual Test
• Post Test Interview

INITIAL INTERVIEW - How conducted?

• This is usually conducted by the investigator handling the case or a polygraph examiner
who was given brief but significant details of the case & it is designed to obtain
pertinent in
formation necessary for the conduct of the test.
• Test questions are prepared by the polygraph examiner based from the facts and
information.

The investigator on case should brief the examiner of the facts pertaining to:

1. Background information specifically previous police records and verified facts which the
subject denies;
2. Exact amount of money or specific articles stolen;
3. Exact type, make of firearm, weapon or tool used in the
commission of the crime;
4. Exact place, date & time when the crime occurred;
5. Un-usual aspects of the offense or any odd, strange or
obscene acts committed at the crime scene;

8
6. Known facts pertaining to the suspects actions and
movements immediately preceding or after the incident;
7. Facts indicating a connection between victims, suspects
and witnesses;
8. Unpublicized facts of the offense known only by the
victim, the offender and the investigator;
9. Results of the laboratory tests conducted like DNA,
blood type, firearm identification and the like.

Pre-test Interview

This is administered by the polygraph examiner designed to condition or prepare the

subject for the actual polygraph test. Its duration usually lasts for 20 to 30 minutes. At this
stage, the rights of the subject are explained, his consent are obtained as well as personal data
and the determination whether the subject is mentally, physically and psychologically prepared
to undergo the test.

Prior to the polygraph examination the following considerations are taken into account:

1. The subject must refrain from smoking at least two (2) hours prior to the test;
2. The patient should avoid taking medication for at least two (2) days prior to the
examination;
3. The subject should not be hungry;
4. The subject must refrain from consuming alcoholic beverages for at least twelve (12)
hours prior to the actual test;
5. The subject should not be suffering from physical or
emotional abuse;
6. The subject should calm down and relaxed;
7. If the female subject is pregnant or having menstruation,
the test will not be undertaken;
8. The subject should not wear tight apparels or clothing as
this may cause inference in the test results;
9. The subject should have at least five (5) hours of sleep
prior to the examination.

Before the actual polygraph examination is administered on the subject, the examiner must
undertake the following necessary preparations:

1. The appraisal of the subject’s constitutional rights;

2. Obtain the subjects consent to undergo a polygraph examination;
3. Take notes of the subjects personal data;
4. Advise subjects’ involvement about the case;
5. Evaluate subject’s psychological preparedness;
6. Determine subject’s suitability to undergo the test.

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Actual Test
This is the stage wherein the component parts of the polygraph machine are actually installed
on the body of the subject.

The Ideal Examination Room

1. The room must be spacious for two persons with a polygraph desk, subject’s chair with arm
rest and an examiner’s stool;
2. The room must be devoid of pictures, paintings, ornaments and other decors;
3. The room must be well ventilated & lighted;
4. The room must be private and 90 percent soundproof free from outside noise & distracting
influence;
5. Installed with a one way mirror and remote sound system or video device and amplifier for
monitoring and recording the test proceedings to authorized observers;
6. The polygraph machine should be tested and widely used by most Asian countries, latest
version, well maintained and in a well running condition.

Post Test Interview

A method of interrogation is administered by the examiner to obtain admission or

confession. An interview is conducted when the subject indicates innocent response while
interrogation is undertaken if symptoms of deception are indicated by the results of the actual
polygraph test. The subject, when innocent is cordially released & thanks extended by the
examiner for his/her consideration & cooperation.

The interrogatory technique is applied to secure admission or confession using the ff.
procedures:

1.Inform the subject that he cannot be cleared from his chart;

2. Convince the subject that the responses were result of his emotion & not by means of any
mechanical manipulations;

3. Use sympathetic and persuasive attitude as well as perseverance in eliciting confession or

admission;
4. Point out recorded reactions with brief explanations of their importance as objective,
tangible & concrete evidence to be used against the subject;
5. Listen attentively to any implications; pursue a line of mild interrogation as to the reasons
why the criminal act was committed;
6. Rationalize the subject’s act by offering a way to excuse his conduct or minimize the
significance or
swing the blame to someone or to some situation.
7. If confession is coming allow the subject to relate it in his own version;
8. Carefully listen to specific details & write it down at first instance;
9. Never make any promise as to immunity, reward or leniency;

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10. Inform the investigator on case;
11. If no confession was given, cordially release the subject;

POLYGRAPH TECHNIQUES AND TEST QUESTIONS

• Test Question techniques
• Rules to be observed in formulating test questions;
• Types of questions

A. Irrelevant questions are those pertaining to basic data and information regarding the
background of the subject not related to the case but are ask to establish the normal response
of the subject. Eg. Name, address, age etc.. Such questions is only answerable by “Yes”.
B. Relevant questions are those queries related to the issue which may be classified as
strong relevant or weak relevant which indicate deception on the part of the subject.
Weak relevant may be divided into three, namely: (a) knowledge questions which is
given for the purpose of determining information known to the subject; (b) Evidence
connecting questions which is designed to link the subject and the crime; (c) Sacrifice
questions which is used to determine truthfulness on the part of the subject. It is
answerable by “No”.
Relevant questions are further classified with respect to their stimulation effect as strong or
primary relevant or secondary or weak questions.
Strong relevant or crucial questions is designed to test for direct involvement which is
specifically designed to produce an emotional response in guilty subjects it having an
intense specific relationship to the crime.
Secondary questions on the other and are formulated and given to bring about guilty
knowledge or partial involvement.
Secondary or weak relevant questions is further classified as either:
1) Sacrifice relevant questions that which reveals subject’s norms & stimulus excitement
level and gives a clue which pertains to the attitude of the subject’s acceptance; such as
“Do you wish to truthfully answer all the questions?
2) Knowledge questions designed to test whether the subject possesses information
regarding the location of the evidence,
identity of the suspect or other similar secondary elements of the case under investigation.
3) Evidence connecting questions is formulated to arouse the guilty subject & focus his
attention on the likelihood of incriminating proof that would tend to establish his guilt.
C) Control questions which refers to queries which may either be relevant or irrelevant
designed to establish & obtain response from an innocent subject. It is sometimes
referred to as a probable lie. It provides a basis for evaluating the subjects perceptual
set.

It is classified into primary control questions which is based on a lie & a secondary control
question which is based upon other aspects of wrongdoing.

TEST PROCEDURES

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1.All test or polygraph examination must be conducted only after having a pre-test
interview with the subject to condition him for the test;
2. The polygraph examination should consist of asking the subject a list of not more than
twelve (12) prepared questions in a planned sequence.
3. There should be at least three (3) charts taken with each chart which should not exceed
for four (4) minutes with a rest interval of fro five (5) to ten (10)minutes between charts.

TYPES OF TESTS

The number of test required when the subject indicates deception is at least five (5) test
which may be any of the foregoing:

●General Question Test- answerable by “Yes” or “No”, questions in which the subject
knows it to be true.
• Peak of Tension Test – refers to the series of questions in which only one has a bearing
on the matter under investigation. This is conducted where there is a widespread
knowledge pertaining to a crime but the intimate details are known only by the
offender. It is answerable by “No” only.

• Card Test- It is conducted immediately after the completion of the first test while the
pressure cuff is still deflated. The subject is ask to choose one from seven numbered
cards, take it and return the same without telling the examiner or otherwise identifying
the chosen number. The card is then shuffled by the examiner and instruct the subject to
answer “No” concerning the cards when shown. This is to single out which among the
answers given by the subject is a lie. This is undertaken to stimulate lying subjects into
specific responsiveness to the subsequent relevant questions and to afford the lying
subject an opportunity to try to distort the polygraph examination tracings which would
result in exposing his deception with respect to the matter under investigation.
• Silent Answer Test -is a confirmatory test because the subject is afraid of the unfamiliar
and the unknown. It is an examination in which the subject is instructed by the examiner
to avoid audible response to the questions being asked.
• Guilt Complex Test – in cases where the subject is overly responsive, this test is given
which consists of a test pertaining to a purely fictitious incident of a similar nature to the
one under query. It is designed to compare the responsiveness on it with those that
appeared on the actual test record wherein questions are those which pertains to that
which is under investigation. This test is designed for diagnostic purpose to aid in the
post examination interrogation of a lying subject.
●Mixed Question Test- This is consists of an arrangement of first and third test questions,
administered for the purpose of discounting possible factor of accidental responses and
to compare the degree of reaction between control and relevant questions. The
objective of such changes in question choice of words is to direct the subject’s attention
to certain particular items or situations and in so doing arouse his concern that his
earlier test records may have disclosed some deception respecting one or more of the
previous questions.This question:
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 1) would indicate or refer to a subject who is considered a moderate responder to both
control and relevant questions;
2) Would refer to an erratic responder &
3)Would refer to an unresponsive subject.

Advantages in using Mixed Test Questions are as follows:

a) The mixed question test would permit additional pin-pointer pairings of the relevant &
control question responses;
b) The mixed question test would allow the examiner to check responsibility of spot
responses since some subjects would respond at certain times during the test without
regard to questions being asked.
c) Mixed Questions – is administered during the fourth exam which would guard against
subjects who may have anticipated the asking of certain questions and may give
anticipatory response.
d) A subject may have given a response at the end of the of the test due to discomfort, by
changing on the fourth test, the mixed question such occurrence would be excluded.

ZONE COMPARISON TEST

ZONE- a twenty to thirty five seconds block of polygraph chart time initiated by a question
having a unique psychological focusing appeal to a predictable group of examinees. The
color coding according to Bacster are the following:
a) Green zone- for the Control questions
b) Red zone- for the Relevant questions &
c) Black zone- for the Symtomatic questions

Five (5) Variations of the Zone Comparison Test

1) The Matte Quadri-track Zone Comparison Technique- is a polygraph technique used

exclusively for single-issue tests. It was developed by Matte after two years of research
and experimentation with fictitious crime test used in conjunction with actual test in
real-life situations. This test also employ Backster’s basic test structure and quantification
system with some refinements and addition of another spot consisting of a
control/relevant question pair to deal with examinees “fear of error” and the guilty
examinees “hope of error”.
2) The Backster Tri-Zone Comparison Technique- forms the basis of the Quadri-Track Zone
comparison technique, therefore the definition of terms articulated there and the
methodology used in the administration of the technique is applicable. Backster permits
the use of inside track “fear of error” control question and the “hope of error”. When the
Backster zone comparison technique does not incorporate the fear/hope of error
questions the only difference remaining in the test structure between number one and
number two techniques is the position of symptomatic questions which are opposite.

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3) The department of Defense Polygraph Institute (DoDPI) Bi-Spot Zone Comparison
Technique
The First zone contains the relevant questions concerning, Primary, Secondary and S-K-Y
(Suspicion Knowledge You questions.The second zone, is used when there is only one
question or issue that must be addressed in the examination.
4) Integrated Zone comparison Technique-developed in 1987 by Nathan J. Gordon,
William M. Waid and Philip M. Cocheti. This technique has the most significant departure
from the original zone comparison technique developed by Cleve Bacster.
5) The Utah Zone Comparison Technique- the structure of this technique is basically the
same for single issue test as it is for multiple issue tests. However instead of using
relevant question that embraces several facts of a crime or matter under investigation,
the single issue test uses relevant question that addressed a single issue only.

Re-examination – after all the five tests have been administered and the polygraph
examiner was not able to make a definite diagnosis, an arrangement should be made for
a re-examination of the subject at a later date. His situation occurs 10% of cases under
investigation where the polygraph examination has been used. During this discussion
where examiner finalizes the arrangement for re-examination, it would e helpful to
observe the subjects comments and general behavior ordinarily different from those of
a subject who is determined to be lying. Experience would show that persons who are
truthful would comply and adhere to the pre-scheduled re-examination even if not
under the custody of the police; on the other hand untruthful subjects are prone to
break the the promise or arrangement to come back for a re-examination.

PROCEDURE FOR THE SUBJECT’S REEXAMINATION

1. The subject is required to sit on the chair as soon as he/she enters the examination
room;
2. Attachment of the component parts of the polygraph machine on the subject’s body
follows;
3. Any comments or suggestions from the subject should be given attention immediately
after attachment of all the parts of the polygraph machine on the subject’s body;
4. When no comment or admission has been made by the subject, proceed with the card
test and this time when the subject answers “NO”, the test is ended without asking the
remaining cards; This will give a greater positive ness pertaining to the efficiency of the
polygraph technique.
5. When the subject make a fuss or distortions on the tracing when his chosen card was
mentioned, the examiner should ask one other unselected card question and then
repeat the one pertaining to the chosen card.

On the other hand, controlling internal responses is hard to accomplish seemingly next
to impossible. No person has been known to suppress completely the internal activity of the
body such as the rapid heart palpitations, the rush of blood on the face and the gripping of
the intestines.

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 The conscious mental effort of a normal person with intent to deceive stimulates the
emotion of fear which leads to physiological changes capable of being transmitted and
recorded into different components of the polygraph machine and accurately interpreted and
diagnosed with certainty by a competent polygraph examiner.

KINDS OF RESPONSE
1. Normal Responses are responses of the subject that has no bearing on the matter
under investigation.
2. Specific Responses are responses which contain deviations or signs of deception which
has direct bearing on the matter under investigation.

General Rules to be followed in formulating Test Questions:

1. Questions must be short as possible.
2. Questions must be direct and simple.
3. Questions should not be in the form of an accusation.
4. All queries must be answerable by “yes” or “no”.
5. The terms to be used should be clear & understood by the subject.
6. All questions must refer to must refer to one offense only.
7. All questions must refer to one element of a felony.
8. Questions must not involve legal terminologies.
9. All questions should not contain inferences to one’s knowledge, religion, race, ideology or
belief.

CHART MARKING AND INTERPRETATION

The Descriptive Types of Breathing:

a) Normal
b) Rapid
c) Slow
d) Shallow
e) Deep
f) Serrated inhalation or exhalation or both
g) Deviations caused by coughing or mechanics of answering

FOUR (4) CLASSIFICATIONS OR SEGMENTS OF A POLYGRAPH CHART/TRACINGS:

1. The Average Tracing Segment- a segment within a tracing that shows no physiological
evidence of a change in the emotional level within the stress area on the polygraph
chart. (Backster 1970, Matte 1980). This is also known as Tomic level (Weinstein 1995,
DoDPI 1996).

2. The Reaction Tracing Segment- a segment within a tracing that shows physiological
evidence that tha sympathetic subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system has

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 become more active, indicating a psychological change from the subjects average
emotional level. (Backster 1970, Matte 1980). This is also known as Phasic or Tomic
Response (Weinstein 1995, DoDPI 1996).

3. The Relief Tracing Segment-is a segment within a tracing that shows physiological
evidence that tha parasympathetic subdivision of the autonomic nervous system has
become more active following the stress area on the polygraph chart, indicating a
psychological return to the subject’s exhibited average emotional level (Backster 1970,
Matte 1980).This condition is also known as Homeostatic Change (Weinstein 1995,
DoDPI 1996).

4. The Distortion Tracing Segment- refers to a segment within a tracing that departs from
the average emotional level but lacks physiological evidence of either sympathetic or
parasympathetic activation within the stress area on the polygraph chart, indicating
absence of psychological origin.
(Backster 1970, Matte 1980). This condition is also referred to as Artifact (Weinstein
1995,
DoDPI 1996).

PNEUMOGRAPH TRACINGS INDICATIVE OF DECEPTION

a) Change in amplitude or volume;
b) Change in rhythm or regularity; Ex. Shallow
c) Change in the inhalation and/or exhalation ratio;
d) Change of baseline;
e) Loss of baseline;
f) Hyperventilation; (deep breathing)
g) Suppression;
h) Respiratory block.
GALVANOGRAPH TRACINGS INDICATIVE OF DECEPTION
The galvanograph tracing is located at the center portion of the chart when properly balanced
takes the form of a slightly wavering line across the middle portion of the chart with a minor
response to spoken stimuli. The ff are the tracings:
a) Vertical rise at point of deception;
b) Double saddle response;
c) Plunging galvo tracing;
d) Long degree and/or duration of response following point of deception.

CARDIOSPHYGMOGRAPH TRACINGS INDICATIVE OF DECEPTION

The tracing is usually found at the bottom of the chart & it records the activity of the heart
which is made up of three physiological phenomena: a systolic rate; a diastolic stroke & a
dicrotic notch. The normal pulse rate of an average individual is 72 to 80 beats per minute. The
tracings are the following:
a) Increase or decrease in amplitude;

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 b) Increase or decrease in pulse rate;
c) Increase or decrease in blood pressure;
d) Change in the position or disappearance of dicrotic notch;
e) Extra systoles –which is the premature contraction of an auricle or ventricle
while the fundamental rhythm of the heart is maintained.
INTERPRETATION & ANALYSIS OF CHARTS TAKEN IN THE PEAK OF TENSION TEST
1. Any increase or decrease to point of deception than a level tracing;
2. An increase to point of deception and then decrease;
3. A decrease to point of deception and then an increase;
4. Level tracing to point of deception and then an increase or decrease;
5. Irregular to point of deception and then a smooth tracing;
6. Smooth to point of deception and then an erratic tracing;
7. Any alteration that may take place at point of deception.

SOME FACTORS OTHER THAN SPECIFIC RESPONSE WHICH ARE CONSIDERED AS POSSIBLE
DECEPTION
1. Degree of reaction;
2.Distribution of reactions;
3. Duration of reaction;
4. Latent period of time;
5. Rate of change of the curve;
6. Trend of gross curve.

LEGAL STATUS OF POLYGRAPHY

• Point of cross-examination during court appearance

• Qualifications of an examiner
Legal qualifications
a) Undergo continouos training
b) Undergo continouos training in the proper use of polygraph machine
c) Must attend seminars; enhancements, and trainings to gain updated knowledge in
polygraph examinations

Moral qualifications:

a) Must uphold & defend the constitutional rights of the subject

b) Must not allow any subject to undergo the test while suffering from temporary or
permanent illness;

• Barriers and limitations of polygraph

• Minimum Requirements for a valid Polygraph Examination

– The Polygraph Examiner

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 – The Subject or Examinee
– The Polygraph Technique
– The Polygraph Instrument

END…..

GOOD LUCK & GOD BLESS!

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