NAME: SALAUM, APPLE S.

DATE:FEBRUARY 16, 2022

SCHED/SECTION: MWF 1:30-6:30PM / CES32S4 CE 016 Hydraulics (Lab)

LABORATORY ACTIVITY NO. 3

Water Hammer in Pipe

Learning Outcome:
At the end of the activity, the students should be able to:
1. Observe the effect of water hammer in pipe.
2. Familiarize the procedure in determining properties of flow with the effect of water hammer.
3. Apply the principle of water hammer in solving engineering problems.

I. Discussion of Theory:

When fluid is flowing in a pipe is suddenly brought to rest by closing the valve, there is an
abrupt rise in pressure because the momentum of fluid is destroyed. Pressure wave is transmitted
along the pipe. The pressure and the accompanying pulsation in pressure create a noise known as
knocking. The sudden rise in pressure has the effect of hammering action on the walls of the pipe.
The phenomenon is known as water hammer or hammer blow.

The magnitude of the rise in pressure depends upon the speed at which the valve is closed,
the length of the pipe and the elasticity of the pipe material and the fluid. The equations may be
developed for the rise in pressure depending upon the assumption made in regard to these variables.

Consider the case of a gradual closure of valve in a rigid pipe carrying an incompressible fluid.
Suppose the initial velocity of the liquid is V (m/sec) which is brought to zero in time t seconds.
Deceleration of water = Change in Velocity / time
a=V/t
The mass of moving column of water
M = γ(A)(L) / g
According to Newton’s second law of motion, the force is equal to the product of mass and
acceleration.
F = γ(A)(L)(a) / g
The force F acts on the valve. The intensity of rise in pressure is given by
P = Force / Area
P = γ(L)(V) / gt
Where:
A – is the area of the pipe
L – is the length of the pipe
γ – the unit weight of the liquid
t – acceleration of the gravity
V – initial velocity of liquid
p – intensity of pressure exerted near the valve

The pressure head due to increase in pressure is

hv = p / w = L(V) / gt
II. Apparatus:
Water Hammer Apparatus
 Leveling hose
Piezometer or Pressure gauges
Stopwatch
Meter Stick

III. Procedure:
Watch the Youtube video for the procedure in this experiment:
URL: https://youtu.be/xoLmVFAFjn4
https://youtu.be/etWg6w8azkc
https://youtu.be/ujNGaQKap98

IV. Questions
1. What is water hammer and what causes it?
2. Identify the effect of water hammer in a pipe system.
3. Identify possible ways to eliminate water hammer.
4. Illustrate the step-by-step procedure of this experiment.

V. Problem Solving
1. The celerity of pressure wave in a pipe 600 m long and 1.20 m in diameter 975 m/s. Water is
flowing at an initial rate of 0.85 m3/s.
a. What is the water hammer pressure at the valve for instantaneous closure?
b. Determine the water hammer pressure at the valve if it is closed in 4 seconds?
c. Determine the water hammer pressure at the valve when the discharge drops almost
instantly from 0.85 m3/s to 0.28 m3/s.

2. A 600-mm diameter non-rigid pipe conveys water from a reservoir with a velocity of 2.50 m/s.
The flow is suddenly stopped by the closure of valve situated 400 m from the reservoir.
Assume that the pressure increases at a uniform rate and that there is no damping of the
pressure wave. The pipe has a thickness of 20 mm and a modulus of elasticity of 1.40 x 1011
Pa. The bulk modulus of elasticity of water 2.20 x 109 Pa.
a. What is the celerity of the pressure wave?
b. What is the time for the pressure wave to travel round trip along the pipe?
c. Calculate the water hammer pressure developed in the pipe due to instantaneous valve
closure.
 ACADEMIC INTEGRITY PLEDGE

I swear on my honor that I did not use any appropriate aid, nor give such to others, in getting
my assigned questionnaire for this course activity. I fully understand that cheating and/or
plagiarism is a major offense, as stated in Section 15 of the TIP Student Manual and TIP
Memorandum No. P-04, s. 2017-2018. I will wholeheartedly accept the consequences and
sanctions that will be imposed on me appropriately once I have committed such acts.

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SIGNATURE OVER PRINTED NAME