CHAPTER I

MATHEMATICS IN OUR WORLD

In the 21st century, problems of science and technology have been the main focus for
scientists and mathematicians. They are using the concepts of mathematics in different fields of
specializations as a necessary tool to obtain the significant results of their experiments and programs
such as forecasts the behaviour of one variable given the other known variables, develop vaccines for
any unprecedented bacterial and viral infections and diseases, locate the epicentre of any
earthquakes and estimates the possible damages, create programs and algorithms, and other
undertakings that made mathematics as inevitable.

With these tangible evidences, would you consider mathematics as a science or as an art?
What is the nature of the world without mathematics? Is mathematics considered the queen of
science given that Number Theory is the queen of mathematics, and sciences and other discipline use
numbers as a tool to express their ideas and concepts? With your interest, active participation and
attendance during the teaching and learning process these questions will be addressed.
Though problems of science have been the chief interest for mathematicians there are still
other motivations for mathematical works. One of these is the search for beauty. Certainly, there
many theorems, axioms and algorithms that have no bearing on science but that appeal to many
mathematicians as beautiful such as the Fibonacci sequence, Pascal’s triangle and other numerical
patterns and their applications to our daily lives, nature, and in the world in general.

Learning outcomes:
At the end of this chapter, the students are expected to:
1. Specify mathematical patterns in nature and regularities in the world;
2. Recognize mathematics as a science and as an art;
3. Make and test conjectures based on their own exploration especially when the material
presented is carefully chosen;
4. Appreciate the beauty of mathematics and its application in our daily lives.

Mathematics in Nature
The existence of mathematics in our environment is undeniable. The shapes and heights of
the buildings, the speed of the moving vehicles, the formations of mountains and terrains, the growth
of the plants and pistil formations, and the human daily activities such as the way we buy in the
market, asking weights and prices of any commodities, and even in dancing; they all involve numbers,
and needless to say, mathematics.
Mathematics as a Science
Basically, mathematics is a science of numbers and magnitudes. Everything that involves
quantity and its equivalent and those activities and experiments that show direction are
mathematics. Generally, mathematics is a science because it follows the scientific procedure from
problem to conclusion.

Mathematics as an Art
Math is an art because it can deduce any data or set of informations into forms without losing
any informative details through graphs, diagrams, statements and figures.

Illustration 1: Graphs
Classroom population 50

 Male 20
 Female 30

Pie graph

Classroom Population

Female, 30,
60%

Male, 20, 40% Other, 30, 60%

Male
Female
Illustration 2 : VEDIC MATH
23 x 32 = ?
Direction:
 Draw 2 horizontal lines and not in the far distance below draw
another 3 horizontal lines for the multiplicand 23.

 Also draw 3 vertical lines across the horizontal lines and another 2
vertical lines not far distance to the right for multiplier 32.

 Then count all the dots or vertices for every group.

 Group 1 the unit digit or the lower right (in case of 10 or more retain
the unit digit and add the ten digit to the next group) in this case
only 6.

 Group 2 is the sum of the diagonal group counts ” say” 4 + 9 = 13,

since 13 exceeds 10 retained 3 and carry over 1 to the next group.

 Group3 the hundreds or possibly the thousands digits, in this case 6

+ 1 = 7.

1+6=7

6 4

9
9 + 4 = 13
3 Carry 1

Therefore,
23 x 32 = 736
ILLUSTRATION 3. THE PASCAL’S TRIANGLE

Diagram Binomial equivalent

1 (𝑥 + 𝑦)0

1 1 (𝑥 + 𝑦)1

1 2 1 (𝑥 + 𝑦)2

1 3 3 1 (𝑥 + 𝑦)3

1 4 6 4 1 (𝑥 + 𝑦)4

1 5 10 10 5 1 (𝑥 + 𝑦)5
1 6 15 20 15 6 1 (𝑥 + 𝑦)6

…………………………………………….. …………………. .
……………………………………………………………………….. .
……………………………………………………………………………….. . (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑛

Example: Simplify (𝑥 + 𝑦)5

(𝗑 + 𝑦)5 = x5 + 5x4y + 10x3y2 + 10x2y3 + 5xy4 + y5

Explanation:
The digits coloured red above serve as the numerical coefficients
of our answer. Note that our answer might be in the forms of
(𝗑 + 𝑦)5 = 1x5 + 5x4y + 10x3y2 + 10x2y3 + 5xy4 + 1y5

ILLUSTRATION 4: STATEMENTS
Dr. OLRUGSTAVE, a mathematician and a psychiatrist, promotes a new
approach of diagnosing patients. Every patient who comes to visit his clinic will just
select 3 numbers that correspond to every letter of his name.
0 = O, 1 = L, 2 = R, 3 = U, 4 = G, 5 = S, 6 = T, 7 = A, 8 = V, 9 = E.

One day, Nikka and Algasher visit the clinic for consultation regarding
the BSMATH course they are going to take looking if it fits their field of interest.
Without much ado Dr. Olrugstave told them to choose 3 numbers from 0 to 9 to
determine how interested they are in mathematics.
 Nikka chose 143 while Algasher select 761. To determine their interest
towards Mathematics these are the following steps.

Step 1. Be sure that the 3 numbers are not repeated.

Step 2. Scrutinize if the unit digit of their chosen number is greater than the
hundred digits to avoid negative difference. Otherwise, retain the
number.
Step 3. Subtract the number from the reverse of the chosen number or the
Chosen number will be subtracted by the reverse of it.
Step 4. Add the difference from step 3 and its reverse.
Step 5. The corresponding sum will be substituted directly by their
corresponding equivalent letter of the doctor’s name for the female
patient.
Step 6. The sum reveals the result or her interest in mathematics.
Step 7. For male patients multiply 40 to the sum of step 5 ( 40 is the interna-
tional mortality age average for men being the head of the family).
Step 8. Substitute the product per digit by their corresponding equivalent
letter of the doctor’s name.
Step 9. The product divulge his interest in mathematics.

Example 1: Nikka ------------- 143

341 – 143 = 198

198 + 891 = 1089

by substitution
1 = L, 0 = O, 8 = V, 9 = E

Thus, LOVE

Example 2: Algasher --------- 761

761 – 167 = 594

594 + 495 = 1089
1089 x 40 = 43560

By substitution
4 = G, 3 = U, 5 = S, 6 = T, 0 = O

Thus, GUSTO

As per result the doctor’s diagnosed that both Nikka and Algasher were both
interested in mathematics with an adjectival rating of LOVE and GUSTO respectively.
FIBONNACI SEQUENCE

Fibonnaci sequence is an array of numbers 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144 and so on
and so forth. These numbers were found by adding the two preceding numbers i.e,

 the 1 is found by adding 0 and 1

 the 3 is found by adding 1 and 2
 the 8 is found by adding 3 and 5
 the 55 is found by adding 21 and 34
 the 144 is found by adding 55 and 89
Mathematically, it is represented by this rule
F n = f n-1 + f n-2
Where f n-1 and f n-2 are the two preceding numbers. Actually, the sequence was known in India
hundred years ago but it was an Italian mathematician, Leonardo Pisano Bogollo, who published it
and called it Fibonacci sequence. For better understanding and appreciation on how this sequence
thrives in the environment. You may watch the short movie by Cristobal Vila and Prof. John Adam at
www.youtube.com entitled Nature by Numbers.

The beauty of Numbers

What are numbers? Someone says, one, two, three, four, five or thousands, millions, billions,
trillions. Nowadays, the most sophisticated computers could accommodate only 36-digit number or
undecillion but there are still numbers beyond this. Thus, numbers are abstract ideas because
without losing our generality (WOLOG) numbers are unbounded and unsaturated.
Hierarchy of Numbers
NUMBERS

Complex Numbers
(a + bi)

Real Numbers Imaginary Numbers

( i, 2i, √−4, √−16, etc)

Rational Irrational
(π, √2, √3, ….)

Integers Non-Integers

Positive Zero Negative Fractions Decimals

Natural Numbers
Definition of Terms

 Numbers - are abstract ideas. We count things using numbers. There are many ways in
which we can classify numbers.

 Complex Numbers – Any number that can be written in the form of a + bi where a and b are
real numbers, a is called the real part while bi is the imaginary part.

 Real Numbers – The union of all rational and irrational numbers.

 Imaginary Numbers – A non-real number that is usually a multiple of i which is the square
root of -1.

 Rational Numbers – Any number that can be expressed as a fraction a/b where a and b are
both integers but b could never be zero.

 Irrational Numbers – Any number that cannot be represented as a fraction.

 Integers – Consists of the whole numbers including its negative and Zero.

 Zero – Neither positive nor negative.

 Natural Numbers – Sometimes called counting Numbers. An integer greater than zero.

Numbers’ Name based on the number of zeros

The digit zero plays a gigantic role as we count very large number. It helps to track these
multiples of 10 because the larger the number is, the more zeros are needed.

Name Number of zeros Scientific Notations

Ten 1 1 x 101
Hundred 2 1 x 102
Thousand 3 1 x 103
Ten Thousand 4 1 x 104
Hundred Thousand 5 1 x 105
Million 6 1 x 106
Billion 9 1 x 109
Trillion 12 1 x 1012
Quadrillion 15 1 x 1015
Quintillion 18 1 x 1018
Sextillion 21 1 x 1021
Septillion 24 1 x 1024
Octillion 27 1 x 1027
Nonillion 30 1 x 1030
Decillion 33 1 x 1033
Undecillion 36 1 x 1036
Duodecillion 39 1 x 1039
Tredecillion 42 1 x 1042
Quattuordecillion 45 1 x 1045
Quindecillion 48 1 x 1048
Sexdecillion 51 1 x 1051
Septen-decillion 54 1 x 1054
Octodecillion 57 1 x 1057
Novemdecillion 60 1 x 1060
Vigintillion 63 1 x 1063
Centillion 303 1 x 10303
Googol 100 1 x 10100
Googolplex 1 x 10googol

Remarks: Scientific Notation is a way of expressing numbers that are too big or too small to be
conveniently written in decimal. It is commonly used by scientists, mathematicians and engineers
in particular because it can simplify certain arithmetic operations.

DIVISIBILITY TESTS
Divisibility test is the process of determining if one number can be divided by another
number without actually completing the process of division. Some of the numbers were not given
emphasis because they are composite numbers and their divisibility usually follows the divisibility
of their factors. The table below shows the divisibility of some of the numbers.

Number Procedures Illustrations

A number is divisible by 2 if it ends
2 976 is divisible by 2 since 2 can divides 6.
with 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8.
10629 is divisible by 3 since
3 If the sum of its digits is divisible by 3. 1+0+6+2+9 = 18 and 3 can divides 18.
All numbers whose last two digits is 3924 is divisible by 4 since 4 can divides
4 24.
divisible by 4.
All numbers ends with 0 and 5 is 9,834,055 is divisible by 5 since its last
5 divisible b 5. digit is 5.
789,312 is divisible by 6 since it ends
Since 2 x 3 =6 ,then it must satisfy the
6 with 2 and 7+8+9+3+1+2 = 30 and 3
divisibility tests of both 2 and 3. can divides 30.
Truncate the number by dropping the 7 divides 14,406 since,
tens and ones digits. Double the 2(144) + 06 = 288 + 6 = 294
remaining number and add to the two- 2(2) + 94 = 4 + 94 = 98,
7
digit number that had been dropped. Clearly, 7 divides 98.
The rule is applied more than once for
large number.
8 All numbers whose last three digits is 736,808 is divisible by 8 since 8 can
 divisible by 8
Since 3x3=9 it implies that it will follow
9 the divisibility tests of 3.
10 If the last digit of its numeral is 0.
If the sum of its digits in the odd places
(starting from the right) less the sum of
11
its digits in the even places is divisible
by 11.
Multiply the unit digit by 4 and add the
product to the number represented by
the remaining digits. If the sum is
13 divisible by 13, then the given number
is divisible by 13. The operation may be
repeated until the is small enough so
that divisibility by 13 is obvious
Multiply the unit digit by 5 and subtract
17 the product from the number
represented by the remaining digits.
Double the unit digit and add the
19 product to the number represented by
the remaining digits.
Triple the unit and subtract the product
31 from the number represented by the
remaining digits.
divides 808.
14.256 is divisible by 3 since
1+4+2+5+6=18 and 9 can divides 18.
356, 450 is divisible by 10 since the unit
digit is 0.
11 can divides 6,083,957 since,
(7+9+8+6) – (5+3+0) = 30 – 8 = 22
and 11 can divides 22.
13 divides 16,991 because
4(1) + 1699 = 1703
4(3) + 170 = 182
4(2) + 18 = 26 which is divisible by 13.
17 divides 323 because
32 - 5(3) = 32 – 15 = 17 and 17 can
divides itself.
19 divides 2,128 since
2(8) + 212 = 16 + 212= 228
2(8) + 22 = 16 + 22 = 38
2(8) + 3 = 16 + 3 = 19 and 19 can
divides itself.
31 divides 451,453 because
45145 – 3(3) = 45145 – 9 = 45136
4513 – 3(6) = 4513 – 18 = 4495
449 – 3(5) = 449 – 15 = 434
43 – 3(4) = 43 – 12 = 31 and 31 can
divide itself.

MULTIPLICITY OF THE NUMBER

Multiplicity is the process of determining the product of two numbers without actually
completing the process of multiplication. In the other words, it is the shortcut methods of the
multiplication process. This technique is very useful to the students and to those who will take
examination where calculators are not allowed.

Situations Procedures Illustrations

A. Numbers ends with 5
1. Oddness of both
the tens digit.
95 x 75 = ?
 Multiply the ones digit 5 x 5 = 25
i.e, 5 x 5. This serves as
the tens and ones
digits of the product.
  Multiply the tens digit.
 Add the product and 9 x 7 = 63
the smaller number
among the two tens 63 + 7 = 70
digit.
 Determine the
difference of the tens 9–7=2
digit. Be sure that the
result is positive.
 Divide the difference
by 2. 2÷2=1
 Add the quotient to the
product. 70 + 1 = 71
 Combine the recent
sum and the product of
5 x 5 = 25. Thus, the Thus,
product. 95 x 75 = 7125
2. Evenness of both 105 x 65 = ?
tens digit.  Multiply the ones digit 5 x 5 = 25
i.e, 5 x 5. This serves as
the tens and ones
digits of the product.
 Multiply the tens digit. 10 x 6 = 60
 Add the product and
the smaller number of 60 + 6 = 66
the two tens digit.
 Determine the
difference of the tens 10 – 6 = 4
digit. Be sure that the
result is positive.
 Divide the differenceby
2. 4÷2=2
 Add the quotient to the
product. 66 + 2 = 68
 Combine the recent
sum and the product of
5 x 5 = 25. Thus, the Thus,
product. 105 x 65 = 6825

3. Evenness and 115 x 85 = ?

Oddness of tens  Multiply the ones digit 5 x 5 = 25
digit. i.e, 5 x 5 and add 50.
This serves as the tens 25 + 50 = 75
and ones digits of the
product.
 Multiply the tens digit. 11 x 8 = 88
 Add the product and
the smaller number 88 + 8 = 96
among the two tens
 digit.
 Determine the
difference of the tens 11 – 8 = 3
digit. Be sure that the
result is positive.
 Divide the differenceby
2.
 Add the quotient (the 3 ÷ 2 = 1.5
integer part) to the
product. 96 + 1 = 97
 Combine the numeral
75. Thus, the product.

Thus,
115 x 85 = 9775
B. Numbers with unlike
unit digits.
1. Product of two 98 x 97 = ?
numbers nearest  Take the difference of 100 – 98 = 2
to one hundred. 100 and the
multiplicand.
 Take the difference of 100 – 97 = 3
100 and the multiplier.
 Multiply the two
differences. This 2 x 3 = 6 (could be written as
serves as the unit and 06)
ten digits of the aimed
product.
 Subtract the
multiplicand by the 98 – 3 = 95
difference between
100 and multiplier.
 Subtract the
multiplier by the 97 – 2 = 95
difference between
100 and multiplicand.
 Be sure that the two
previous differences Both 95
are equal.
 Combine the equal
differences with the
product of the
computed tens and Thus,
unit digit. 98 x 97 = 9506

2. Product of the 189 x 193 = ?

numbers nearest  Take the difference of 200 – 189 = 11
to two hundred. 200 and the
multiplicand.
  Take the difference of 200 – 193 = 7
200 and the multiplier.
 Multiply the two
differences. This 11 x 7 = 77
serves as the unit and
ten digits of the wished
product.
 Subtract the
multiplicand by the 189 – 7 = 182
difference between
200 and multiplier.
 Subtract the
multiplier by the 193 – 11 = 182
difference between
200 and multiplicand.
 Be sure that the two
previous differences Both 182
are equal.
 Double the equalled
difference.
 Combine the equal 2 x 182 = 364
difference with the
product of the Thus,
computed tens and 189 x 193 = 36477
unit digit.

C. Other techniques in
Multiplication
1. Using perfect 35 x 37 = ?
square.  Take the square of the 35 x 35 =1225
smaller number.
 Determine the positive 37 - 35 =2
difference between the
multiplier and the
multiplicand.
 Multiply the difference 2 x 35 = 70
by the smaller number.
 Add the product and 70 + 1225 = 1295
the square of the
smaller number.
 The sum is the product
we wish for. Thus,
35 x 37 = 1295

2. Using Cross 43 x 21 = ?
Multiplication  Multiply both unit
digits. The product 3 x 1 = 3
serves as the unit digit.
In case the product is
 more than 10 carry
over the tens digit.
 Take the product of the
unit digit of the 3x2=6
multiplicand against
the tens digit of the
multiplier.
 Similarly, take the 4x1=4
product of tens digit of
the multiplicand
against the unit digit of
the multiplier.
 Add the two products. 6 + 4 = 10 (carry over 1) = 0
This serves as your
tens digit. Add the
carried digit from the
product of unit digits if
there is any. Again,
carry over if the sum is
more than 10 to the
hundreds digit.
 Distribute your
multiplicand to theunit 4x1=4
digit of themultiplier. 3x1=3
 Add the product
respectively. 4 + 3 =7
 Add the carried
number from the tens 7+1=8
digit if there is any.
 Then combine the
truncated digits and Thus,
thus the product of the 43 x 21 = 803
numerals.

Mathematical Symbols and Notations

Mathematicians are fond of using mathematical jargons to express its ideas and concepts.
These notations plays a gigantic role as we go along with our course. The following are the
mathematical symbols that you might be encountered in the succeeding topics.

Symbols Unicode Names Representations

∀ For all or for any Proof jargon
∃ There exists Proof jargon
∋ Contain as number or such
that
⇒ Implies to
⇔ Bi-conditional
∴ Therefore
∣ Divides
∤ Does not divide
∑ Capital letter Sigma
∈ Element of a set
µ Small Mu
π pi
⍴ Small letter Rho
σ Small letter Sigma
∨ Logical OR
𝖠 Logical AND
∼ Tilde Operator
Proof jargon
Implication
If and only if or iff
Concluding statement
a ∣ b , a can divides b
a ∤ b, a cannot divides b
Summation notation
Proof jargon
Population Mean
Ratio (Circumference &
diameter of a circle)
Rank Correlation
Standard Deviation
Disjunction
Conjunction
Negation
EXERCISES

Test I. Answer the following questions intelligently;

1. In your own opinion what will happen to the world without mathematics?
2. What are the relevance of mathematics in your chosen field of concentration?
3. Would you consider mathematics as a queen of science?
4. Provide the 15 numbers from the left of the Fibonacci sequence.
5. Expound why mathematical jargons are important to the scientists, mathematicians
and engineers?

Test II. MATCHING TYPE: Match Column 1 with Column 2. Write your answer in capital letter
on the blank provided before the number. Erasure is highly prohibited.

COLUMN 1 COLUMN 2

1. An art A. Neither positive nor negative

B. Irrational Numbers
2. Zero C. Disjunction
D. Real Numbers
3. Fibonacci sequence E. Principles of Math’l Induction
F. 1 x 10n
4. ∀ G. Imaginary Number
H. For all
5. An abstract ideas I. Numbers
J. Vedic Math
6. Natural Numbers K. Conjunction
L. There exists
7. ∃ M. Mathematics
N. Pascal’s Triangle
8. Use for counting things O. Such that
P. A science
9. Scientific Notation Q. Complex Numbers
R. Integers
10. PMI S. Positive Integers
T. Leonardo Pisano Bogollo

Test III. Perform The Following:

1. Use Vedic mathematics principle to obtain the product;

a) 54 x 36 c) 29 x 42
b) 27 x 23 d) 31 x 50

2. Simplify using Pascal’s Triangle;

a) (2x + 1)5 c) (a + b)7

 b) (5 – y)4 d) (3m - 4n)6

3. Use shortcut method to determine the product of the following;

a) 125 x 85 e) 96 x 94
b) 75 x 55 f) 84 x 91
c) 95 x 135 g) 187 x 199
d) 115 x 115 h) 64 x 38

4. Use Scientific Notation to find the product of the following;

a) Centillion x googol
b) Septillion x Octodecillion
c) (1 x 1018 ) x (1 x 10100)
d) (1 x 1027) x (1 x 1057)

5. Determine the divisibility of the following statements;

a) Is 3 divides 839, 223?

b) Is 6 divides 839, 223?
c) Is 9 divides 9,645, 174?
d) Is 11 divides 19,472,530?
e) Is 13 divides 1,570,855?
f) Is 17 divides 541,008?
g) Is 19 divides 10,809,556?
h) Is 31 divides 833,556,024?

6. Find the summation of the following;

a. ∑10
𝑖=1 𝑖
2

b. ∑14
𝑖=5 𝑖
4

c. ∑12
𝑖=1(2𝑖 + 5)

d. ∑7𝑖=1 35𝑖

e.∑6𝑖=1(2𝑖 + 5)2

7. Verify the diagnoses of the following doctors using the specified chosen numbers of
the patients; (fictitious names just for illustration purposes)

a) Dr. SPORTSRAVEN an American Mathematician and Psychologist.

1) Gemma --------------------- 357
2) Danilo ------------------------ 835