Prepared the presentation: Sabidullin Serzhan,

Aralova Nargiz

Devices for health monitoring and

control of physiological parameters
We will analyze each device separately, what they are needed for and how they are arranged
Types of devices
Let's start with a fitness tracker. A fitness tracker is a device that allows you to track a person's
activity and various physiological parameters. There are several types of similar devices. The first
type is small trackers, which in some cases look like a small keychain with a number of sensors
built into it. These devices allow you to track the number of steps, calories burned and distance
traveled. The cost of the cheapest devices varies from 500 to 1000 rubles. Such trackers can be
embedded in clothes or shoes, because this is a fairly compact device that can be easily
integrated.
The second type is a fitness bracelet. This is already the form factor of the bracelet, where some
additional sensors and functions can be added, which makes the device more interesting.
The third type is perhaps the most advanced of wearable gadgets – smart watches, which have
quite a lot of functionality built into them.
Fitness trackers measure the number of steps, based on which they calculate the
distance traveled and calories burned. The fitness bracelet can have a
photoplethysmography sensor and an ECG sensor. As for the bracelet itself, it is a
kind of capsule in which all the electronics are hidden, and here they differ slightly
in form factor. The capsule can be connected to the straps on the latch – thus, the
strap is disconnected, and we see the capsule itself, which has a built-in charging.
At the same time, charging via USB can be inserted into a regular charging from a
smartphone, into an adapter that is plugged into an outlet. The strap can detach
from the capsule, which looks like a separate device. In the bracelet we are
considering, there is a slightly different charging, namely: three contacts and a
special latch that is inserted directly into the charging, so that the bracelet can be
charged. The disadvantage of this method is that this connector is not universal,
and if you lose it or something happens to it, then you will not be able to charge
the bracelet with improvised means. The mode when the bracelet is inserted into
any USB connector is, of course, more convenient, because You can not take any
wires with you and insert them directly into a laptop or into a smartphone charger,
which you probably always have with you.

Screen
It is usually either
touch-sensitive or with a touch
button at the bottom. The
screen can be black and white
or color. Now there is a trend
in new bracelets when
manufacturers make color
screens, which as such does
not add functionality to the
bracelet, but works effectively
as a marketing move.
Functionals
Single-channel ECG measurements
This function works as follows: there
are contacts on the back surface
(necessarily metal elements that allow
electricity to be conducted), while one
element is located on the side. We hang
our bracelet on the left hand, and these
contacts are adjacent to the arm, and
with the second hand we close the
circuit, which allows us to measure the
ECG.
Photoplethysmography sensor
This is an LED that lights up
either green or red. If it lights up
red, then you need to moderate
blood oxygenation (oxygen
saturation of the blood), and
there is a sensor that receives
the reflected light wave and
records the heartbeat.
Battery

Also inside the bracelet there is a battery - a very small handkerchief and, in fact, a photoplethysmography
sensor, so the filling of the bracelet is nothing interesting. This is a rather banal device.

Sleep tracking

Almost all fitness trackers track our sleep - how we sleep, how often we toss and turn, sleep phases (deep or
fast sleep). As a rule, all fitness trackers have this function. Some fitness trackers track your heart rate, i.e. how
fast our heart beats. This can be useful during workouts or during sleep. I would also like to say that some of the
most advanced trackers can measure the ECG, but for this you need an appropriate sensor.
Let's consider what is inside the fitness tracker, what it
consists of
The simplest fitness trackers have a processor - a kind of chip that processes
information, a screen (again, the cheapest fitness trackers may not even have
it), an accelerometer/gyroscope – two sensors that allow you to track the
number of steps and the quality of sleep. An accelerometer is a sensor that
measures acceleration in space. Thus, when the fitness tracker moves, the
accelerometer can track with what acceleration it moves, and thus count steps.
A gyroscope is a sensor that determines the tilt of our tracker relative to space.
Accordingly, these two sensors together with the software can give quite a lot of
information about our mobility and about our sleep. There is also a battery
everywhere.
In more advanced devices there is a module of FPG (photoplethysmography), which allows you
to determine the heart rate, how often our heart beats. This sensor consists of a red or green
LED that flickers at a certain frequency – usually from 60 to 125 Hz. It flickers and shines
through the vessels, and there is also a sensor that receives information from the lumen,
recording the heart rate. More advanced versions can also record the pulse wave.
In some bracelets, as noted earlier, there is an ECG module, or heart rate measurement by
measuring the electrical activity that comes from the heart. In other words, if
photoplethysmography involves measurement by the method of vascular lumen, then the ECG
module is the measurement of electrical signals. We all know that in hospitals, when they hang
a lot of sensors on us, a multi–channel cardiogram is carried out, which is more informative,
and this is a fairly simple, single–channel ECG, but it also gives a lot of information about health
- at least that it's time to see a doctor and make an extended clinical-level cardiogram.
Some bracelets have a GPS module, which allows you to do sports without a smartphone. We
can leave our smartphone at home and go out for a run, and the clock itself will show our route
and determine the speed, based not on the number of steps (this speed will be inaccurate), but
the exact speed – our movement in space.

If we talk about sports with which you can use fitness trackers (fitness bracelets), then this is
walking, running, swimming, cycling. In general, there are other sports – for example, skiing,
cycling – with which many trackers also work. When we start doing this or that sport, for
example, we get on a bike and go, the bracelet itself determines the type of activity and turns on
the desired mode. Accordingly, we turn on the "bike" training mode automatically (usually
automatically, but sometimes it needs to be done manually), and the heart rate and distance
traveled are measured in a constant mode, after which we receive a detailed report on our bike
ride.
Also among the important functions is moisture protection. In order to be able to swim and not
take off the bracelet during water procedures, it is important that the bracelet is waterproof.
There are different standards here – IP67, IP68 are standards that allow you to interact with
moisture in one way or another. IP67 is a weaker standard that allows you to simply splash on
the bracelet, but you can't swim in it. At IP68, in fact, it is also impossible to swim, but still the
bracelet is at least more prepared. There are even more protected standards that allow you to
dive even to a depth of 5-10 meters.
The second feature is the battery. The battery directly depends on how many days the bracelet
will live. As a rule, this is from 3 days to a month. A month is, of course, the maximum, if heart
rate and ECG sensors are used infrequently, because they eat up energy very quickly, but in such
a normal mode (sleep, calories, walking), some trackers and bracelets can live up to a month.
The next one is NFC. This is a mode of contactless data transmission at a short distance. We
mainly use it for electronic payments.
The next important parameter is blood oxygenation (oxygen saturation of the blood). This, again, is a very important clinical
parameter that can give us additional information about the body. As a rule, the blood oxygenation sensor is combined with the
FPG module, and for this only a red LED light is needed, i.e. those sensors and photoplethysmography modules that have a
green light and, as a rule, cannot measure blood oxygenation well. If you have a red sensor, then most likely your bracelet
measures not only heart rate, but also blood oxygenation, which, again, is very important: let's say we can look at how we slept
during sleep, and whether our oxygenation (blood saturation) fell to threshold low values. This is very important, and if this is
really the case, then you need to contact a somnologist and take some action.

Another function is GPS. It is also quite an interesting function for athletes and all those who are engaged in the open air.

Additional functions may include the following: displaying calls and SMS on the bracelet screen. When you get a call, the
bracelet will vibrate and show the caller's name and phone number, as a result of which you can read SMS. Some bracelets
also have a "smart" alarm clock that analyzes the quality and phases of sleep, after which it wakes us up in the interval that we
have set. It can shift up to half an hour or up to an hour in one direction or another our awakening, based on whether we are
now in the phase of deep sleep or in the phase of rem sleep. Again, this is a controversial function, because if you need to get
up at six in the morning, and a "smart" alarm clock wakes up at five-thirty in the morning, then, as a rule, it is not very
convenient.
Mobile app
Another aspect is a convenient mobile application. In fact, the bracelet itself is nothing, and only if there is a
good link between hardware and software, then we get a good product. In this case, we need to have a
convenient mobile application: it should be Russified, work smoothly and be convenient. For example, many
Chinese bracelets sin by the fact that the bracelet itself is not bad, the price for it is low, but the Chinese
mobile application negates all its advantages. Let's say the same new bracelet from Xiaomi – Mi Band 4,
which was recently released, is an excellent bracelet, doubly excellent in its price category, but its
inconvenient mobile application, not Russified and unadapted, calls into question the purchase of the device.
This is a general overview of fitness bracelets, their
characteristics and attractiveness for users depending
on the functions.
1. what's inside the fitness bracelet?
2. device types, tell us about the
second type of device
3. what sports do you know?
4. how many functionals exist and
what are they called?
5. what do we do with fitness
trackers so that it determines our
activity on its own
6. Tell about The role of ICT in key
sectors of the development of
societyICT in Health
7. what are the types of computers
and what are they
8. What’s cloud computing?
9. Embedded computing (21st
Century)
10. what year did desktop computers
and the internet come out?