GEOPHYSICS UI

A matrix is rectangular array of numbers.

Matrix Notation and
The numbers in the array are called the entries in the matrix. Terminology
A general 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix might be written as

𝑎11 𝑎12 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛

𝑎21 𝑎22 ⋯ 𝑎2𝑛 Row and column vectors (matrices) are commonly
𝐴= ⋮ ⋮ ⋯ ⋮ 𝑚 written as
𝑎𝑚1 𝑎𝑚2 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚𝑛
𝑏1
𝑏
𝑛 a = 𝑎1 𝑎2 ⋯ 𝑎𝑛 and b = 2
⋮
𝑏𝑚
or in a more compact form as

𝑎𝑖𝑗 or 𝑎𝑖𝑗 The entry in row 𝑖 and column 𝑗 of a matrix A is also

𝑚×𝑛
commonly denoted by the symbol 𝐴 𝑖𝑗 , thus
If 𝑚 = 𝑛, the matrix is called square matrix of order 𝒏
and 𝑎11 , 𝑎22 , … , 𝑎𝑛𝑛 are the main diagonal of 𝐴. 𝐴 𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗

LINEAR ALGEBRA 2
 Operations on Matrix
Two matrices are defined to be equal if they have If 𝐴 is an 𝑚 × 𝑟 matrix and 𝐵 is an 𝑟 × 𝑛, then the
the same size and their corresponding entries are product 𝐴𝐵 is the 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix.
equal.
𝐴 𝐵 𝐴𝐵
If matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] and matrix 𝐵 = [𝑏𝑖𝑗 ] have the 𝑚×𝑟 𝑟×𝑛 𝑚×𝑛
same size, then

𝐴±𝐵 𝑖𝑗 = 𝐴 𝑖𝑗 ± 𝐵 𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 ± 𝑏𝑖𝑗

𝐴𝐵 = 𝑎𝑖1 𝑏1𝑗 + 𝑎𝑖2 𝑏2𝑗 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑏𝑟𝑗

If 𝐴 is any matrix and 𝑐 is any scalar, 𝑖𝑗

𝑐𝐴 =𝑐 𝐴 = 𝑐𝑎𝑖𝑗 The row-column rule for matrix multiplication.

𝑖𝑗 𝑖𝑗

LINEAR ALGEBRA 3
A matrix can be partitioned into smaller matrices by
Partitioned Matrices
inserting horizontal and vertical rules between selected
rows and columns.

Submatrix We can use partitioning to find particular rows or

columns of a matrix product without computing
the entire product

Row vector

Column vector

LINEAR ALGEBRA 4
Matrix Form of a Linear System
Consider a system of 𝑚 linear equations in 𝑛
unknowns: 𝑎11 𝑥1 𝑎12 𝑥2 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛 𝑥𝑛 𝑏1
𝑎21 𝑥1 𝑎22 𝑥2 ⋯ 𝑎2𝑛 𝑥𝑛 𝑏2
⋮ ⋮ ⋯ ⋮ =
𝑎11 𝑥1 + 𝑎12 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑎1𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏1 ⋮
𝑎𝑚1 𝑥1 𝑎𝑚2 𝑥2 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝑥𝑛 𝑏𝑚
𝑎21 𝑥1 + 𝑎22 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑎2𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏2
𝑎11 𝑎12 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛 𝑥1 𝑏1
⋮ 𝑎21 𝑎22 ⋯ 𝑎2𝑛 𝑥2 𝑏2
⋮ ⋮ ⋯ ⋮ ⋮ =
𝑎𝑚1 𝑥1 + 𝑎𝑚2 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏𝑚 ⋮
𝑎𝑚1 𝑎𝑚2 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝑥𝑛 𝑏𝑚
The augmented matrix for the system is obtained by
adjoining b to 𝐴 as the last column; thus the augmented 𝐴
x b
matrix is
𝐴x = b
𝑎11 𝑎12 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛 𝑏1
𝑎21 𝑎22 ⋯ 𝑎2𝑛 𝑏2
𝐴b = ⋮ The matrix 𝐴 in this equation is called
⋮
𝑎𝑚1 𝑎𝑚2 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝑏𝑚 the coefficient matrix of the system

LINEAR ALGEBRA 5
POP QUIZ
Transpose and trace of a matrix are two operations with no analogs in
the real numbers' arithmetic. What are they? Could you give examples?

LINEAR ALGEBRA 6
Identity Matrix A square matrix with 1’s on the main diagonal and
zeros elsewhere is called an identity matrix, denoted
by the letter 𝐼

𝐴𝐼𝑛 = 𝐴 and 𝐼𝑚 𝐴 = 𝐴

If 𝑅 is the reduced row echelon form of an 𝑛 × 𝑛

matrix 𝐴, then either 𝑅 has a row of zeros or 𝑅 is the
identity matrix 𝐼𝑛 .

LINEAR ALGEBRA 7
Inverse of a Matrix
If 𝐴 is a square matrix, and if a matrix 𝐵 of the same size can be found such that
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐼

then 𝐴 is said to be invertible (or nonsingular) and 𝐵 is called an inverse of 𝐴. It is said that 𝐴 and 𝐵 are
inverses of one another. If no such matrix 𝐵 can be found, then 𝐴 is said to be singular.

Numerical arithmetic 𝑎 ∙ 𝑎−1 = 𝑎−1 ∙ 𝑎 = 1 reciprocal reciprocal

𝐴 𝑎 −1
Matrix arithmetic 𝐴𝐴−1 = 𝐴−1 𝐴 = 𝐼 inverse inverse

𝐴−1

LINEAR ALGEBRA 8
Properties of Inverse
An invertible matrix has exactly one inverse If 𝐴 is a square matrix,

𝑎 𝑏 1 𝑑 −𝑏
𝐴= 𝐴−1 = 𝐴0 = 𝐼 and 𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴 ⋯ 𝐴
𝑐 𝑑 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 −𝑐 𝑎
𝑛
If matrix 𝐴 is invertible, then
Determinant of matrix A
𝐴−𝑛 = 𝐴−1 𝑛
= 𝐴−1 𝐴−1 ⋯ 𝐴−1
Matriks 𝐴 is invertible if and only if det A ≠ 0
𝑛

If A and 𝐵 are invertible matrices with the same size, Laws of nonnegative exponents;
then A𝐵 is invertible and
𝐴𝐵 −1
= 𝐵 −1 𝐴−1 𝐴𝑟 𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑟+𝑠 and 𝐴𝑟 𝑠
= 𝐴𝑟𝑠

LINEAR ALGEBRA 9
 The Square of a Matrix Sum
Real arithmetic 𝑎+𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑎 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 Commutative law

Matrix arithmetic 𝐴+𝐵 2

= 𝐴2 + 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐴 + 𝐵 2 No commutative law

Matrix Polynomials
If
𝑝 𝑥 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑚 𝑥 𝑚 Polynomial

and A is a square matrix, then

𝑝 𝐴 = 𝑎0 𝐼 + 𝑎1 𝐴 + 𝑎2 𝐴2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑚 𝐴𝑚 Matrix polynomial in 𝐴

Where 𝐼 is identity matrix

LINEAR ALGEBRA 10
EXAMPLE 2. For
−1 2
𝑝 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3, and 𝐴 =
1. Let 0 3
1 2 3 −2
𝐴= , 𝐴−1 = 𝑝 𝐴 = 𝐴2 − 2𝐴 − 3𝐼
1 3 −1 1
Then −1 2 −1 2 −1 2 1 0
= −2 −3
3 −2 3 −2 3 −2 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 1
𝐴−3 = 𝐴−1 3 =
−1 1 −1 1 −1 1 1 4 −2 4 3 0
= − −
41 −30 0 9 0 6 0 3
=
−15 11
0 0
=
0 0
1 2 1 2 1 2 11 30
𝐴3 = =
1 3 1 3 1 3 15 41 𝑝 𝐴 =0
1 41 −30
𝐴3 −1 =
11 41 − 30 15 −15 11
41 −30
𝐴3 −1
= = 𝐴−1 3
−15 11

LINEAR ALGEBRA 11
We’ve missed out something!
There is another matrix we haven’t discussed here, zero matrix. What
makes a matrix to be a zero matrix? What are the properties of zero
matrices?

LINEAR ALGEBRA 12
 REFERENCES
+ Anton, H., Rorres, C., 2014, Elementary Linear Algebra Application
Version, Wiley, USA.

LINEAR ALGEBRA 13