MAJOR

SOCIAL SCIENCE
THEORIES
 Structural-functionalism and Marxism
- major social science theories in sociological analysis
-concerned with the broad aspects of society such as institutions
and large social groups that influence the social world.
-It looks at the big picture of society and suggests how social
problems are affected at the institutional level.
 Talcott Parsons

Sense of Collective Value Consensus Social Order

Conscience -shared set of -a society governed
values which by the rule of law,
-sense of agree where individuals
beliefs and norms encourages
harmony in a are free from the
-society with strong society threat of violence
social bonds among and have their basic
-which encourages needs met.
members social order
 STRUCTURAL-
FUNCTIONALISM
2 SOCIAL ELEMENTS
functional – contribute to social
stability
dysfunctional – disrupt social stability

2 FUNCTIONS
manifest functions -are
consequences that are intended and
commonly recognized.
latent functions -are consequences
that are unintended and often
hidden.
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 FAMILY MEDIA
HEALTH
CARE

INSTITUTION
S EDUCATION/
POLITICS SCHOOL

RELIGION/
ECONOMICS
CHURCH

THESE INSTITUTIONS ARE INTERCONNECTED PARTS THAT WORK

TOGETHER IN HARMONY TO MAINTAIN A STATE OF BALANCE &
SOCIAL EQUILIBRIUM FOR THE WHOLE 5
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MARXISM
- Karl Marx (1818–1883)
• proposed that all social orders
experience phases of financial turn of
events
• As societies evolve from agricultural
to industrial concern over meeting
survival needs is replaced by concern
over making a profit
Industrialization prompts the improvement of
2 classes of individuals

(1)the bourgeoisie or proprietors of the

methods for creation
(2) The proletariat or laborers who triumph
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MARXISM
- Karl Marx (1818–1883)
-the bourgeoisie utilize their capacity to
control the establishments of society for
their potential benefit.
- Religion fills in as a "sedative of the
majority" in that it calms the pain and
enduring related with the average workers
way of life and spotlights the laborers'
consideration on other worldliness, God, and
existence in the wake of death instead of on
such common worries as day-to-day
environments. Basically, religion redirects
the laborers with the goal that they focus on
being compensated in paradise for carrying
on with an ethical life instead of on
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scrutinizing their misuse.
 SOCIALISM
The means of production
are owned or controlled by
the state for the benefit of
all, an arrangement that is
compatible with democracy
and a peaceful transition
from capitalism.
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MARXISM
-Justifies and predicts
the emergence of a
stateless and classless
society without private
property.
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 Profit from goods should be
equally divided among the
laborers since they are the
ones who work to produce
such good.

- Karl Marx

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 -Max Weber (1864-1920)
-there were also inequalities of social
structure and political power that caused
struggle.
-various groups were treated differently
based on race, educational, and gender.

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 - Social inequality
- Exploitation
- Alienation
- Means of Production
- Ruling Class

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 SYMBOLIC
INTERACTIONISM
- George Simmel (1858-1918), Charles Cooley
(1864-1929), George Herbert Mead (1863-
1931), and Erving Goffman (1922-1982).

- theory that centered to human

communication both verbal and non-verbal
and to images, symbols significance through
language and the manner of individual
understanding.

• emphasizes that human behavior is

influenced by definitions and meanings
that are created and maintained through
symbolic interaction with others.
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 • suggests that our identity or sense of self is
shaped by social interaction. We develop our
self-concept by observing how others interact
with us a label us. By observing how others
view us, we see a reflection ourselves that
Cooley calls the “looking glass self.”

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 Social Science Theorists/ Proponents
Definition
Theory Basic Concepts and Principles

1. Structural- It is a sociological *Auguste Comte 1. Systems have a property of

Functionalism theory that attempts *Herbert Spencer order and interdependent
to explain why *Talcott Parsons parts.
society functions the *Robert Merton 2. Systems tend towards self-
way it does by *Gabriel Almond and maintaining order.
focusing on Bingham Powell 3. The system may be static or
relationships involved in an ordered process
between various *Kingsley Davis and of change.
social institutions that Wilbert E. Moore 4. The nature of one part of
make up society. the system has an impact on
the form that other parts take.
5. Systems maintain boundaries
within their environments.
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Social Science
Theory Definition
Proponents
2. Marxism It is a social, political, and *Karl Marx
economic philosophy
which examines the effect
of capitalism on labor,
productivity, and economic
development.
It projects that the struggle
between the capitalists and
workers defines economic
relations in a capitalist
economy and will lead to
revolutionary communism.
(J. Chappelow, 2019)
Theorists/
Basic Concepts and Principles
1. It is an opposition to an inequality
*Friedrich Engels and on the exploitation of the
majority (by means of the system of
wage labor).
2. The freedom of the workers must be
the task of the workers themselves.
3. The world recognizes the common
interests of the workers in the human
community.
4. Existence of social classes in the
society will bring conflicts between these
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classes.
Social Science
Theorists/
Theory Definition
Proponents Basic Concepts and Principles

3. Symbolic It focuses on the *Irving Goffman 1. Humans have capacity for thought.
Interactionis interpretation that is given *George
m to behavior through Simmel 2. Thought is shaped by social
interaction, and on the *George interaction.
way such interpretation Herbert Mead
helps to construct the *Charles 3. Through interaction, people learn
social world, the identities Cooley symbols and meanings that allow them
of people, and, ultimately *Herbert to think that they use for their actions.
how they behave. Blumer
4. People can create own meanings,
interpret a situation, and modify
their action or interaction.

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 Activity #___ Poster Making
Objective: Analyze social inequalities in terms of class
conflict
Directions:
1. Use your creativity by drawing a poster reflecting social
inequalities in our society because of class conflict.
2. Write short analysis of your work in a separate sheet.
3. Use coupon bond and any available coloring materials
in this activity.

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Thank you