Chem 49 (2nd) PDF

Chapter 49
General properties of transition metals

49.1 What is a transition metal?
49.2 Coloured ions of transition metals
49.3 Variable oxidation states of transition metals
49.4 Catalytic properties of transition metals and their
compounds
49.5 The importance of transition metals and their
compounds
Learning goal
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
49.1
• identify positions of the transition metals in the Periodic Table
49.2
• recognize that most aqueous ions of transition metals are coloured
3+ 3+ 2+
• describe the colours of some transition metal ions such as Fe (aq), Cr (aq), Cu (aq)
49.3
• describe that transition metals can exist in more than one oxidation states in their compounds,
2+ 3+ 2+ –
e.g. Fe and Fe ; Mn , MnO2 and MnO4
49.4
• describe that transition metals and their compounds can be used as catalysts
49.5
• describe the importance of transition metals
Chapter 49 General properties of transition
metals
Potteries are commonly used in making vases, plates and cups. Most potteries are covered by a thin
coating of glassy substance known as glaze for strengthening, decorating and waterproofing.
Glaze often consists of compounds of transition metals which provide different colours. The final
colour of a glazed pottery depends on the oxidation states of transition metals and the composition of
glaze. For example, iron has more than one oxidation state and when mixed with different compounds,
it can provide red, brown, blue, yellow or green colour.
Think about
1. We can find transition metals in the central region of the Periodic Table in Periods 4, 5, 6, and 7, in between Groups II and III.
2. +2 and +3
3. Many transition metal ions are coloured in aqueous solution.
Most transition metals show a wide range of oxidation states in their compounds.
Transition metals and their compounds show catalytic properties.
Think about...
Where can we find transition metals in the Periodic Table?
What are the common oxidation states of iron?
What are some general properties of transition metals?
After studying this chapter, you should be able to answer the above questions.
oxidation state 氧化態 glaze 釉

transition metal 過渡性金屬 pottery 陶瓷
49 General properties of transition metals

PowerPoint
Positions of transition metals in the Periodic Table
If we look at the Periodic Table, we can find that there is a block between
Group II and Group III of the Periodic Table. From Period 4 to Period 7,
this block is filled up by 10 transition elements (or transition metals)
in each period. See Figure 49.1.
Group
IlI IV V VI VII 0
3
PERIODS
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
4 Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga
Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium
39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
5 Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium
57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
6 La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg
Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury
89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112
7 Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn
Actinium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium
transition metal
Figure 49.1 Transition metals occupy the central region of the Periodic Table.
Key point
The transition metals occupy the central region of the Periodic
Table in Periods 4, 5, 6 and 7, in between Groups II and III.
transition element/transition metal 過渡元素/過渡性金屬

3 49
XII Patterns in the chemical world
Let us look at Period 4 again. The 10 elements (from scandium to

zinc) that lie between calcium and gallium are all metals. They form the
first series of transition metals (or called the first transition series).
See Figure 49.2.
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc
Figure 49.2 The first series of transition metals. Their atomic numbers go from 21 to 30.
Some characteristic properties of transition

metals
Learning tip Electrons in both the outermost shell and the next inner shell of most
For main group metals,
transition metal atoms contribute to the ‘sea of electrons’. Thus, the
only electrons in the
outermost shell of the metallic bonds in transition metals are very strong. This affects their
atoms contribute to physical properties much. Table 49.1 shows some physical properties of
the ‘sea of electrons’.
the first series of transition metals.
AS2004(A)1(c)
Electronic
Atomic Melting Density
Element Symbol arrangement –3
number point (°C) (g cm )
of atom
Scandium Sc 21 2,8,9,2 1541 3.0
Titanium Ti 22 2,8,10,2 1668 4.5
AL2012(I)2(b)(i) Vanadium V 23 2,8,11,2 1910 6.0
Chromium Cr 24 2,8,13,1 1907 7.2
Manganese Mn 25 2,8,13,2 1246 7.3
Iron Fe 26 2,8,14,2 1538 7.9
Cobalt Co 27 2,8,15,2 1495 8.9
Nickel Ni 28 2,8,16,2 1458 8.9
Copper Cu 29 2,8,18,1 1085 8.9
Zinc Zn 30 2,8,18,2 420 7.1

Table 49.1 Some physical properties of the first series of transition metals.
49 4
Note 1
The outer electrons of transition
metals are loosely bound by the Generally speaking, transition metals have the following characteristic
atomic nucleus. Hence, the
structures of transition metals
physical properties:
usually contain many delocalized • High melting point — usually much higher than main group metals,
electrons. This results in their high
electrical and thermal conductivities. e.g. the melting points of Na and Mg are 98°C and 650°C respectively
Think about (Zinc is a transition metal but it has a melting point (420°C)
(a): titanium has a very high melting
comparable to that of main group metals.)
point and tensile strength. It is
malleable. • High density — much higher than main group metals, e.g. the
(b): nickel has a high melting point –3 –3
and high thermal conductivity. It densities of Na and Mg are 0.97 g cm and 1.7 g cm respectively
is very ductile. • High electrical and thermal conductivities N1
(c): copper has very high electrical
conductivity and is very ductile. • Malleable and ductile
(d): vanadium is malleable and very
hard. • High tensile strength — they can hold heavy loads without breaking
Think about Some common uses of transition metals are related to the above
What characteristic
physical properties. See Figures 49.3.
properties make the
transition metals
suitable for the uses
in Figure 49.3?
(a) (b)
Figure 49.3 Some uses of the
first series of transition metals.
(a) Titanium is used to make
aircrafts.
(b) Nickel is used to make
heating wires in ovens.
(c) Copper is used to make
electric cables.
(d) Vanadium is used to make
blade material in tools. (c) (d)
Note 2
For Sc, Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni and As seen from Table 49.1, the outermost shells of the transition metal
Zn, the outermost shell electronic
2
configuration is 4s while that of
atoms have either one or two electrons. Because of this similar outer
1
Cr and Cu is 4s . The transition electron arrangement, transition metals across the period have similar
elements do not have identical N2
chemical properties.
chemical properties. These chemical properties are also very different
from those of the main group metals.
In this chapter, we will discuss the following chemical properties of

transition metals:
AL2012(I)1(a)(iii)
DSE2013(IA)26 • Formation of coloured ions
DSE2014(IB)11(a)
• Exhibition of variable oxidation states in their compounds
• Exhibition of catalytic properties
blade 刀刃
5 49
A49.1
(a) Electrons in both the outermost
shell and the next inner shell
Class practice 49.1
of most transition metal atoms
contribute to the ‘sea of (a) Explain why transition metals usually have higher melting points than
electrons’. Thus, the metallic metals in Group I and Group II.
bonds in transition metals are
generally stronger. Much more
(b) Explain why transition metals across the same period have similar
energy is needed to break the chemical properties.
metallic bonds during melting.
(b) They have similar outer electron
arrangement.

PowerPoint
Learning tip The majority of transition metal ions are coloured in aqueous solution.
2+ 2+
Many main group Some of them are simple ions (e.g. Fe (aq) and Cu (aq)) while others are
– 2–
metal ions are polyatomic ions (e.g. MnO4 (aq) and Cr2O7 (aq)). Nevertheless, there are
colourless in aqueous 3+
solution. For example,
some exceptions. For example, ions of scandium (Sc (aq)) and zinc
2+
+ 2+
Na (aq), Mg (aq), (Zn (aq)) in aqueous solution are colourless.
3+
Al (aq), etc.
Table 49.2 lists the colours of some transition metal ions in aqueous
solution. N3
AL2000(I)4(a)(i) DSE2014(IB)11(b)(i)
XTRA
E Everyday chemistry Element Name of ion Formula of ion Colour of ion
S
Stained glass Titanium Titanium(III) Ti

3+
Purple
Transition metal compounds
2+
(often oxides of copper, iron, Vanadium(II) V Violet
chromium and cobalt) are Vanadium 3+
used to give bright colours to Vanadium(III) V Green
stained glass. 3+
Chromium(III) *Cr Green
2–
Chromium Chromium(VI) *CrO4 Yellow
2–
Chromium(VI) *Cr2O7 Orange
2+
Manganese(II) *Mn Very pale pink
3+
Manganese(III) Mn Red
Manganese 2–
Manganese(VI) MnO4 Green
–
Note 3 Manganese(VII) *MnO4 Purple
The colours of some transition 2+
2+
metal ions such as Mn and
Iron(II) *Fe Pale green
2+
Fe in aqueous solution are
Iron 3+
very pale when the
Iron(III) *Fe Yellow
concentrations of the ions are 2+
Cobalt Cobalt(II) *Co Pink
around 0.1 to 1.0 M.
2+
Nickel Nickel(II) *Ni Green
2+
Copper Copper(II) *Cu Blue
Table 49.2 The names, formulae and colours of some transition metal ions in aqueous
solution.
(Note: those with an asterisk, *, are ions that you have learnt in Chapter 7.)
polyatomic ion 多原子離子
49 6 simple ion 簡單離子
Figure 49.4 shows the colours of some transition metal ions in

aqueous solution.
3+ 2– 2– 2+ 2– –
Cr CrO4 Cr2O7 Mn MnO4 MnO4
2+ 3+ 2+ 2+ 2+
Fe Fe Co Ni Cu
Figure 49.4 Colours of some transition metal ions in aqueous solution.
Key point
The majority of transition metal ions in aqueous solution are
coloured.
XTRA
E Everyday chemistry
S
Manufactured pigments
You may have used pigments in
Visual Arts lessons. Most of these
pigments do not exist in nature. cobalt yellow
They are manufactured by chemists. red iron oxide
Many of the manufactured pigments
contain transition metal ions. You
zinc white
can guess the transition metal ions
present in some of these pigments
by looking at their colours.
chromium oxide
green
The transition metal contained
in a manufactured pigment is cobalt blue
usually indicated by the name of
that pigment.
manganese
violet
pigment 色素
7 49
Class practice 49.2

A49.2 What are the colours of the following aqueous solutions?
(a) Blue
(a) Copper(II) sulphate
(b) Yellow
(c) Pink (b) Iron(III) chloride
(d) Green (c) Cobalt(II) nitrate
(e) Orange
(d) Nickel(II) chloride
(f) Yellow
(e) Scandium dichromate
(f) Potassium chromate
49.3 Variable oxidation states of

PowerPoint transition metals
Main group elements usually form only one type of simple ion in their
+
compounds (Table 49.3). For example, lithium forms lithium ion (Li )
2+
only and beryllium forms beryllium ion (Be ) only. Nitrogen has different
– –
oxidation states in nitrite ion (NO2 ) and nitrate ion (NO3 ). These ions are
3–
polyatomic ions. Nitride ion (N ) is the only one type of simple ion for
nitrogen.
Element Li Be B C N O F Ne
Simple ion + 2+ 3– 2– –
Li Be – – N O F –
formed
Table 49.3 Simple ions formed by main group elements in Period 2.
Conversely, many transition metals form two or more simple cations

2+ 3+
with different charges. For example, iron forms Fe and Fe while copper
+ 2+
forms Cu and Cu .
AS2002(A)6(a)(i)
A variable number of electrons can be removed from the outermost

shell and the next inner shell of the transition metal atoms. Hence, they
exhibit variable oxidation states in their compounds. For example, the N4
Note 4 oxidation states of manganese in KMnO4, K2MnO4, MnO2, Mn2O3 and

The energy levels of 3d and 4s
MnSO4 are +7, +6, +4, +3 and +2 respectively.
are quite close. Enthalpies of
different ions (of the same
transition metals) are nearly the
same. Hence, transition metals
usually form different ions of
similar stability.
49 8
Table 49.4 shows the possible oxidation states of the first series of
transition metals in their compounds.
AL2012(I)2(b)(ii)
Learning tip Transition metals

The number of
oxidation states of Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
transition metals
increases from Sc +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
Oxidation states (O.N.)

to Mn, after which
it decreases. +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2
+3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3
+4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4
+5 +5 +5 +5 +5
+6 +6 +6
+7
Key: the more common oxidation state(s) of the element
Table 49.4 Possible oxidation states of the first series of transition metals in their
compounds.
Although transition metals can exist in various oxidation states, some

of the oxidation states are found to be more common than others for each
element. For example, the oxidation states +2 and +3 are more common for
iron. The oxidation states +2, +4, +7 are more common for manganese.
Key point
Transition metals can exist in more than one oxidation state in
their compounds.
Common oxidation states of iron and manganese

in their compounds
Metal ions in high oxidation states tend to act as oxidizing agents in a
redox reaction. Metal ions in low oxidation states tend to act as reducing
agents.
oxidizing agent 氧化劑 reducing agent 還原劑

redox reaction 氧化還原反應
9 49
Iron AL2001(I)9
DSE2012(IA)30
Note 5 Iron has two common oxidation states: +2 and +3 in iron(II) and iron(III) N5
The feasibility of redox reactions
involving iron(II) ions and different
ions respectively. Iron(III) ions are generally more stable than iron(II)
oxidizing/reducing agents depends ions. However, they can interconvert to each other. Iron(II) ions can be
on the corresponding standard
reduction potentials. Students oxidized to iron(III) ions in the presence of an oxidizing agent. Conversely,
should not assume that iron(II) ions iron(III) ions can be reduced to iron(II) ions in the presence of a reducing
can react with all common oxidizing/
reducing agents. agent.
oxidized
2+ 3+
Fe Fe
reduced
Iron(II) ion is a reducing agent. It can reduce chlorine (an oxidizing

agent) to chloride ion. It is itself oxidized to iron(III) ion at the same time.
Half equations:
2+ 3+ –
(oxidation) Fe (aq) Fe (aq) + e
green yellow
– –
(reduction) Cl2(aq) + 2e 2Cl (aq)
greenish yellow colourless
Overall equation:
2+ 3+ –
2Fe (aq) + Cl2(aq) 2Fe (aq) + 2Cl (aq)
+2 0 +3 –1
Colour change in test

+
tube reaction:
solution containing aqueous chlorine

2+
Fe (aq) solution
On the other hand, iron(III) ion is an oxidizing agent. It can oxidize

copper metal (a reducing agent) to copper(II) ion. It is itself reduced to
iron(II) ion at the same time.
Half equations:
3+ – 2+
(reduction) Fe (aq) + e Fe (aq)
yellow green
2+ –
(oxidation) Cu(s) Cu (aq) + 2e
reddish brown blue
metal
49 10 interconvert 互相轉換
Overall equation:
3+ 2+ 2+
2Fe (aq) + Cu(s) 2Fe (aq) + Cu (aq)
+3 0 +2 +2
copper strip

tube reaction:
solution containing
3+
Fe (aq)
Manganese
Manganese has a very wide range of oxidation states (from +2 to +7) in
2+
its compounds. The most common ones are +2, +4 and +7 in Mn , MnO2,
–
and MnO4 respectively. In general, the most stable ion for manganese is
2+
Mn .
ASL1999Q4(c)
–
Learning tip The purple permanganate ion (MnO4 ) is a commonly used oxidizing
The observable colour agent. In acidic solutions, it is usually reduced by a reducing agent (e.g.
change is from 2+
aqueous sulphur dioxide) to manganese(II) ion (Mn ).
purple to colourless.
This is because the
concentration of
Half equations:
2+
Mn (aq) is usually too – + – 2+
(reduction) MnO4 (aq) + 8H (aq) + 5e Mn (aq) + 4H2O()
low to show its pink
purple very pale pink
colour.
2– + –
(oxidation) SO2(g) + 2H2O() SO4 (aq) + 4H (aq) + 2e
colourless
Overall equation:
– 2+ 2– +
2MnO4 (aq) + 5SO2(g) + 2H2O() 2Mn (aq) + 5SO4 (aq) + 4H (aq)
+7 +4 +2 +6

+
tube reaction:
acidic solution aqueous sulphur

containing dioxide
–
MnO4 (aq)
11 49
ASL1999Q4(c)
–
In alkaline solutions, permanganate ion (MnO4 ) is usually reduced
to manganese(IV) oxide (MnO2), which appears as brown precipitate. N6
Half equations:
– – –
Note 6 (reduction) MnO4 (aq) + 2H2O() + 3e MnO2(s) + 4OH (aq)
Manganese(IV) oxide is also an
purple brown
oxidizing agent. It is widely used
precipitate
in zinc-carbon cells to remove
hydrogen gas. When mixed with 2– + –
concentrated hydrochloric acid,
(oxidation) SO2(g) + 2H2O() SO4 (aq) + 4H (aq) + 2e
it oxidizes chloride to chlorine. colourless
Overall equation:
– 2– +
2MnO4 (aq) + 3SO2(g) + 2H2O() 2MnO2(s) + 3SO4 (aq) + 4H (aq)
+7 +4 +4 +6

+
tube reaction:
alkaline solution aqueous sulphur manganese(IV)

containing dioxide oxide
–
MnO4 (aq)
A49.3 Class practice 49.3

1. (a) +2
(b) +3
(c) (i) Fe
3+ 1. Iron has various oxidation states. The lowest oxidation state of iron
2+
(ii) 2Fe (aq) + Br2(aq) appears in iron(II) chloride.
3+ –
2Fe (aq) + 2Br (aq) (a) What is the oxidation number of iron in iron(II) chloride?
2. The oxidation number of
manganese is +4 in MnO2. It (b) What is the most stable oxidation state for iron?
can be reduced to +2 or +3 (c) When aqueous bromine was added to iron(II) chloride solution, the
(MnO2 acts as an oxidizing
solution changed from pale green to pale yellow.
agent) or increased to +5, +6
or +7 (MnO2 acts as a reducing (i) State the chemical species formed that gave the pale yellow
agent). colour of the solution.
AL2012(I)2(b)(iii)
(ii) Write an ionic equation for the reaction involved.
DSE2014(IB)11(b)(ii)
2. Explain why MnO2 can act as either an oxidizing agent or a reducing
agent.
49 12
49.4 Catalytic properties of transition

PowerPoint metals and their compounds AL2005(I)3(c)(i),(ii)
A catalyst is a substance that alters the rate of a chemical reaction without

being used up in the process. Transition metals and their compounds show
catalytic properties. They are often used as catalysts in many industrial
and chemical processes.
During catalysis, the transition metal or its compound usually forms

an intermediate compound with one or more of the reactants. This
intermediate compound then participates in the formation of products.
The transition metal or its compound is regenerated at the end of the
catalysis.
Reaction between iodide ions and

peroxodisulphate ions using iron(II) or iron(III)
ions as catalyst
–
Let us consider the reaction between iodide ions (I ) and peroxodisulphate
2–
ions (S2O8 ).
– 2– 2–
2I (aq) + S2O8 (aq) I2(aq) + 2SO4 (aq)
colourless colourless brown colourless

+
tube reaction:
solution containing solution containing

– 2–
I (aq) S2O8 (aq)
The above reaction is very slow at room temperature and pressure

–
Note 7 because it involves collisions of two types of negatively charged ions (i.e. I N7
The activation energy for the 2–
reaction between oppositely
and S2O8 ). However, the addition of iron(II) ions or iron(III) ions as a
charged ions is much lower catalyst to the reaction mixture will speed up the reaction.
than that between ions of the
same charge.
catalyst 催化劑 peroxodisulphate ion 過氧二硫酸根離子 regenerate 再生

intermediate compound 中間化合物
13 49
In case of the addition of iron(III) ions, the reaction proceeds in two

stages.
Think about –
1. Iodide ions (I ) reduce iron(III) ions (Fe ) to give iron(II) ions (Fe ) as
3+ 2+
Iodide ions reduce

the intermediate. Iodide ions are oxidized to iodine (I2) as one of the
iron(III) ions much
faster than reduce products:
peroxodisulphate 3+ – 2+
2Fe (aq) + 2I (aq) 2Fe (aq) + I2(aq) .......... (1)
ions. Why?
+3 –1 +2 0
Think about 2+
2. The intermediate, iron(II) ions (Fe ) reduce peroxodisulphate ions
Iodide ions are negatively
2– 2–
charged ions while iron(III) ions (S2O8 ) to give sulphate ions (SO4 ). Iron(II) ions are oxidized to
are positively charged ions. The 3+
iron(III) ions (Fe ). Thus, iron(III) ions are regenerated:
ions of opposite charges attract
2+ 2– 3+ 2–
each other, so they collide more 2Fe (aq) + S2O8 (aq) 2Fe (aq) + 2SO4 (aq) .......... (2)
frequently. On the other hand, the
+2 +7 +3 +6
collision between iodide ions and
peroxodisulphate ions, which are
both negatively charged ions, are
Summation of the equations for the two stages gives the overall
less frequent. equation for the reaction:
3+ – 2+
2Fe (aq) + 2I (aq) 2Fe (aq) + I2(aq) ........................ (1)
2+ 2– 3+ 2–
+) 2Fe (aq) + S2O8 (aq) 2Fe (aq) + 2SO4 (aq) .......... (2)
– 2– 2–
2I (aq) + S2O8 (aq) I2(aq) + 2SO4 (aq)
On the other hand, if iron(II) ions are added as a catalyst, the reaction
simply takes place in a different order. Therefore, the overall equation is
obtained as follows:
2+ 2– 3+ 2–
2Fe (aq) + S2O8 (aq) 2Fe (aq) + 2SO4 (aq) .......... (2)
3+ – 2+
+) 2Fe (aq) + 2I (aq) 2Fe (aq) + I2(aq) ........................ (1)
– 2– 2–
2I (aq) + S2O8 (aq) I2(aq) + 2SO4 (aq)
Iodide ions and peroxodisulphate ions react much faster as iron

interconverts between its +2 and +3 oxidation states (Figure 49.5).
2+ 2–
I2 – Fe S 2O 8
e
–
e
– 3+ 2–
I Fe SO4
Figure 49.5 A summary diagram showing iron

interconverting between the +2 and +3 oxidation
states for the reaction between iodide ions and
peroxodisulphate ions.
intermediate 中間體
49 14
Industrial and chemical processes catalysed by

transition metals and their compounds DSEPP2012(IA)30
Transition metals and their compounds play an important role in the
following industrial and chemical processes.
Iron as catalyst in Haber process CE2003(I)6(b)(ii)

AL2001(I)9
Note 8 Finely divided iron is used as a catalyst in the manufacture of ammonia N8

Finely divided iron has a larger
surface area than iron granules
from nitrogen and hydrogen in the Haber process. Ammonia is useful in
of the same mass. the production of fertilizers.
finely divided Fe(s)
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
400°C–450°C
200 atm
Vanadium(V) oxide as catalyst in the manufacture of

CE2006(II)20
sulphur trioxide in Contact process CE2008(I)10(a)(i)
CE2010(II)15
Vanadium(V) oxide (V2O5) is used as a catalyst in converting sulphur
dioxide to sulphur trioxide. This conversion is an important stage in the
manufacture of sulphuric acid in the Contact process.
V2O5(s)
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
450°C–600°C
1 atm
Platinum and rhodium as catalyst in catalytic converters

Learning tip
Platinum and rhodium are used as catalysts in the catalytic converters
The unburnt
hydrocarbons found in
of the car exhaust systems. In the catalytic converters, nitrogen monoxide
car exhaust are alkanes is reduced to nitrogen. At the same time, carbon monoxide and unburnt
with carbon number
hydrocarbons are oxidized to carbon dioxide. These reactions reduce the
ranging from C5 to C9.
emission of harmful gases into the environment.
Pt(s) or Rh(s)
2NO(g) + 2CO(g) N2(g) + 2CO2(g)
high temperature
Pt(s) or Rh(s)
2CO(g) + O2(g) 2CO2(g)
high temperature
Pt(s) or Rh(s)
C7H16(g) + 11O2(g) 7CO2(g) + 8H2O(g)
high temperature
catalytic converter 催化轉化器 Haber process 哈柏法

Contact process 接觸法 vanadium(V) oxide 氧化釩(V)
15 49
Manganese(IV) oxide as catalyst in decomposition of

hydrogen peroxide
Manganese(IV) oxide (MnO2) greatly speeds up the decomposition of
hydrogen peroxide to produce water and oxygen.
Note 9
MnO2(s)
In many industrial processes,
transition metals or their
2H2O2(aq) 2H2O() + O2(g)
room temperature
compounds are used as catalysts.
and pressure
In most cases, a particular process
can be catalysed by more than one
species. Very often, chemists will
look for one which is less costly
Titanium(IV) chloride as catalyst in production of
and more environmentally friendly. polyethene
Learning tip Titanium(IV) chloride (TiCl4) together with triethylaluminium
Al(C2H5)3 and TiCl4 are
collectively known as
(Al(C2H5)3) are used as catalysts in the Ziegler-Natta polymerization of
Ziegler-Natta catalyst. ethene to produce high-density polyethene (HDPE).
The structure of
Al(C2H5)3 ,
Al(C2H5)3 is:
TiCl4(s)
CH3CH2 CH2CH3 n CH2=CH2 [ CH2–CH2 ] n
100°C, 50 atm
Al
CH2CH3
Key point
Transition metals and their compounds are used as catalysts in
N9
many industrial and chemical processes.
STSE connections 49.1

PowerPoint
Catalysts in fuel cells
Due to their unique catalytic properties, transition metals are widely used as catalysts in various fields. For
example, platinum, palladium, ruthenium and nickel are commonly used as catalysts in fuel cells.
Platinum and platinum alloys are the most efficient catalysts for speeding up chemical reactions in
hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells. Platinum is the only metal that can withstand the alkaline conditions inside
such fuel cells. However, platinum is expensive, and this has limited the extensive use of fuel cells.
load
– –
e e
anode cathode
H2(g) O2(g)
–
OH
unreacted H2(g) unreacted O2(g)

and water
A schematic diagram for a
electrolyte hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell.
fuel cell 燃料電池 titanium(IV) chloride 氯化鈦(IV)

49 16 manganese(IV) oxide 氧化錳(IV) Ziegler-Natta polymerization 齊格勒–納塔聚合作用
A new type of catalyst for hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells has been invented. The new material consists of
nanoparticles with cores made of a copper-platinum alloy and an outer shell that is mostly platinum. The
material is up to five times as efficient as traditional platinum catalyst. It enables us to use less platinum
(about 80% less) in fuel cells.
Questions for discussion:

1. Suggest TWO transition metals that are commonly used as catalysts in typical fuel cells.
2. With the help of an equation, explain briefly why the condition inside the hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell is
alkaline.
3. Suggest ONE advantage of using nanoparticles of transition metals as catalyst.
1. Platinum, palladium, ruthenium or nickel (Any TWO)
2. To provide hydroxide ions for the oxidation of hydrogen at the anode.
– –
H2(g) + 2OH (aq) 2H2O() + 2e
3. Nanoparticles of transition
metals have a larger surface Class practice 49.4
area. As a result, more
reactant particles can react 1. Vanadium(V) oxide is used as catalyst in the manufacture of sulphur
on their surface at one time.
trioxide in the Contact process. The reaction proceeds in two stages as
A49.4 shown below:
1. (a) To increase the surface area SO2(g) + V2O5(s) SO3(g) + 2VO2(s) ........... (1)
of V2O5(s) so that more
1
active sites are available for 2VO2(s) + O2(g) V2O5(s) ........... (2)
the reaction to occur.
2
(b) It cannot be regenerated in (a) Why is vanadium(V) oxide used in powder form in the reaction?
the absence of oxygen. A (b) Why is V2O5(s) not considered as catalyst if oxygen is not added to
catalyst must not be
consumed in the reaction. the reaction mixture?
– –
2. (a) 2ClO (aq) 2Cl (aq) + O2(g)
(b) Co(OH)2
2. A catalysed reaction is found to proceed in two stages:
– –
–
(c) Co(OH)2 reduces ClO to Cl
–
2Co(OH)2(s) + ClO (aq) + H2O() 2Co(OH)3(s) + Cl (aq) ........... (1)
and itself is oxidized to an 4Co(OH)3(s) 4Co(OH)2(s) + 2H2O() + 2O2(g) ........... (2)
intermediate, Co(OH)3 in the
presence of water. (a) Write an ionic equation for the overall reaction.
(b) Deduce which chemical species is likely to be the catalyst.
(c) Describe the action of the catalyst you stated in (b).
49.5 The importance of transition metals

PowerPoint and their compounds
Transition metals have been of great importance throughout history. For
example, gold jewellery was first made around 5000 B.C. Besides, the
discovery and use of copper and iron are marked by The Copper Age
(4000–3000 B.C.) and The Iron Age (1000 B.C.–present) in history.
alloy 合金
nanoparticle 納米粒子
17 49
Today, transition metals are widely used in almost every aspect of our
daily life. Table 49.5 and Figure 49.6 show some common applications of
the first series of transition metals and their compounds.
Transition
Symbol Common applications
metal
Scandium Sc • As an additive to strengthen aluminium alloys
• Used in crude oil analysis
Titanium Ti • Making aircrafts and spacecrafts

• Making Ziegler-Natta catalyst
• TiO2 is the most widely used pigment in the
paint industry
Vanadium V • Manufacture of steel

• Production of dyes
• V2O5 is the catalyst used in the manufacture of
sulphuric acid in the Contact process
• Manufacture of stainless steel

Chromium Cr
• As coatings on other metals
(e.g. chromium-plated iron)
• Production of dyes and paints
Manganese Mn • Manufacture of stainless steel

• Making dry cells (e.g. alkaline manganese cells)
Iron Fe • Manufacture of a variety of steel

• Finely divided iron is the catalyst used in the
Haber process
Cobalt Co • Making electrodes (e.g. LiCoO2 as cathode) in

lithium-ion batteries
• Production of superalloys for the construction
of gas turbines
• Cobalt-60, a radioactive isotope of cobalt, is
used as a source of radiation in killing cancer
cells
Nickel Ni • Making nickel batteries (e.g. nickel-metal

hydride (NiMH) cells)
• Used as catalysts for hydrogenation reactions
• Production of nickel steel and superalloys
Copper Cu • Making electric cables

• Making water taps and pipes
• Production of alloys (e.g. bronze, brass, etc.)
Zinc Zn • As anti-corrosion coating for iron

Table 49.5 Some common
applications of transition (e.g. galvanized iron)
metals (from Sc to Zn) and • Making dry cells (e.g. zinc-carbon cells)
their compounds. • Production of brass
hydrogenation 加氫作用 Ziegler-Natta catalyst 齊格勒–納塔催化劑

49 18 superalloy 超合金
additive 添加劑
radioactive 放射性的
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 49.6 Common applications of some transition metals.

(a) Vanadium is used in the manufacture of steel, which is then used to make many tools.
(b) Chromium is used to coat the steel parts of a motor cycle.
(c) Cobalt-60 is used in radiotherapy.
A49.5 Class practice 49.5

(a) Copper and zinc
(b) Copper can be used to make
electric cables because copper
The trumpet shown on the right is made
is a very good conductor of of brass.
electricity and very ductile. (a) Suggest TWO major transition metals
Besides, it is corrosion
resistant. that are used to make the brass
Zinc can be used to make trumpet.
galvanized iron because zinc is
(b) Suggest ONE other use for each metal
more reactive than iron. It can
protect iron from rusting by in (a). In each case, give properties of
sacrificial protection. the metal that make it suitable for the
(Accept other correct uses of
suggested purpose.
zinc and copper.)
Importance of transition metals in maintaining

health
Transition metals and their compounds are important catalysts in
biological systems. Many enzymes contain transition metals bonded
within the structure of a protein. Due to the catalytic properties of
transition metals, enzymes can catalyse the biochemical reactions that
support life.
Besides, many transition metal ions are required by humans and other
Learning tip
Elements needed in
living things in very small amounts. For example,
biological systems in • Cobalt is essential for the synthesis of vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 plays
very small amounts
are called trace an important role in the normal functioning of the brain and the
elements. nervous system, and for the formation of blood.
• Iron is essential for the synthesis of haemoglobin. Haemoglobin is
responsible for the transport of oxygen from the lungs to various parts
of the body.
radiotherapy 放射治療
19 49
STSE connections 49.2 PowerPoint
Haemoglobin and myoglobin

Haemoglobin is an iron-containing substance in red blood cells. It is responsible for the transport of oxygen
from the lungs to other body tissues. Myoglobin is a similar substance found in muscle tissue. It stores oxygen
and transports oxygen within muscle cells.
Both haemoglobin and myoglobin have the ability to bind oxygen molecules. This ability to bind oxygen
is related to the deep red iron-containing non-protein part in the molecules of haemoglobin and myoglobin.
2+
This non-protein part is called a haem group. The Fe in the haem group can bind to an oxygen molecule.
CH2
CH H CH3
H3C CH CH2
N N
H Fe2+ H
N N
H3C CH3
CH2 H CH2
CH2 CH2
COOH COOH The haem group
Conversely, the protein part of haemoglobin and myoglobin molecules can cause the release of the
oxygen molecule from the haem group. In this way, oxygen can be transported from one place to another
in human body.
Questions for discussion:
1. Dative covalent bond
2+
1. What kind of chemical bond forms between Fe and O2 molecule?
2. Are the binding and release of oxygen molecule from the haem group redox reactions? Explain your
answer. 2. No. This is because there is no change in the oxidation state of the iron during these processes.
3. Explain briefly why carbon monoxide is poisonous to humans.

3. Carbon monoxide competes with oxygen for the same binding site on haemoglobin. As carbon
monoxide binds even more strongly than oxygen, less oxygen can bind with haemoglobin. This
reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. As a result, a person may die of lack of oxygen.
Activity 49.1
PowerPoint Importance of transition metals and their compounds
In this activity, you are going to search for information from the library or Internet
on the importance of transition metals and their compounds. After the search,
present your findings by writing an essay or giving an oral presentation.
enzyme 酶
49 20 haem 血基質
haemoglobin 血紅蛋白
myoglobin 肌紅蛋白
trace element 微量元素
Key terms
PowerPoint
English term Chinese translation Page

1. catalyst 催化劑 13
2. transition element/transition metal 過渡元素/過渡性金屬 3
Progress check
PowerPoint
Can you answer the following questions? Put a ‘✓’ in the box if you can. Otherwise, review the relevant
part on the page as shown.
Page
1. Where can we find transition metals in the Periodic Table? 3
3+ 3+ 2+
2. What are the colours of transition metal ions such as Fe (aq), Cr (aq) and Cu (aq)? 6
3. Why do transition metals have variable oxidation states? 8
4. What are the common oxidation states of iron and manganese? 9
5. How can iron(II) or iron(III) catalyse the reaction between iodide and peroxodisulphate
14
ions?
6. What are the catalysts used for the Haber process, Contact process, catalytic converters,
15–16
decomposing hydrogen peroxide and producing polyethene, respectively?
7. What are the common uses of the first transition series in the Periodic Table? 18
8. Why are transition metals important in maintaining health? 20
11. (a) Y, X, W, Z
(b) X and Y have giant metallic structures and their atoms are held together by strong metallic bonds. To melt them, a large amount of
energy is needed to break the strong metallic bonds. As X has more delocalized electrons participating in the formation of metallic
bonds, the metallic bonds between atoms of X are stronger than those between atoms of Y. Thus, more energy is needed to melt X.
W (diamond) has a giant covalent structure in which the atoms are held together by strong covalent bonds. A very large amount of
energy is needed to break many strong covalent bonds in melting.
Z has a simple molecular structure in which the molecules are held together by weak van der Waals’ forces. Only a small amount of
energy is needed to overcome these forces during melting.
(c) X and Y are metals and have delocalized electrons to conduct electricity. As X has more delocalized electrons in the structure, it has a
higher electrical conductivity than Y.
W (diamond) and Z are non-metals. They have no delocalized electrons in the structures for conducting electricity.
21 49
Summary
PowerPoint
1. From Period 4 to Period 7, there are 10 transition elements (or transition metals) filled in the
blocks between Group II and Group III of the Periodic Table.
2. Transition metals occupy the central region of the Periodic Table in Periods 4, 5, 6 and 7, in
between Groups II and III.
3. The first transition series includes scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron,
cobalt, nickel, copper and zinc.
4. The majority of transition metal ions in aqueous solution are coloured. Some of them are
2+ 2+ – 2–
simple ions (e.g. Fe , Cu ), while others are polyatomic ions (e.g. MnO4 , Cr2O7 ).
5. The colours of some transition metal ions in aqueous solution are listed in Table 49.2 on p.6.
49.3 Variable oxidation states of transition metals
6. Many transition metals exhibit variable oxidation states in their compounds. This is because a
variable number of electrons can be removed from the outermost shell and the next inner shell of
the atoms of transition metals.
7. The possible oxidation states of the first series of transition metals in their compounds are shown
in Table 49.4 on p.9.
2+ 3+
8. The common oxidation states of iron are +2 and +3 (in Fe and Fe respectively) while those of
2+ –
manganese are +2, +4 and +7 (in Mn , MnO2 and MnO4 respectively).
49.4 Catalytic properties of transition metals and their compounds
9. Transition metals and their compounds show catalytic properties and are often used as catalysts
in industrial and chemical processes.
10. Some reactions catalysed by transition metals or their compounds are summarized below.
Transition metal
Reaction catalysed Catalyst used
present
Haber process Iron Fe

finely divided Fe(s)
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
Contact process Vanadium(V) oxide V

V2O5(s)
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
49 22
Transition metal
Reaction catalysed Catalyst used
present
Catalytic conversion in car exhaust system Platinum / Rhodium Pt / Rh

Pt(s) or Rh(s)
2NO(g) + 2CO(g) N2(g) + 2CO2(g)
high temperature
Pt(s) or Rh(s)
2CO(g) + O2(g) 2CO2(g)
high temperature
Pt(s) or Rh(s)
C7H16(g) + 11O2(g) 7CO2(g) + 8H2O(g)
high temperature
Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide Manganese(IV) oxide Mn

MnO2(s)
2H2O2(aq) 2H2O() + O2(g)
Production of HDPE Titanium(IV) Ti

Al(C2H5)3, TiCl4(s) chloride (and
n CH2=CH2 [ CH2–CH2 ] n triethylaluminium)
100°C, 50 atm
49.5 The importance of transition metals and their compounds
11. The common applications of transition metals and their compounds are shown in Table 49.5 on
p.18.
12. Many enzymes contain transition metal ions. They can catalyse the biochemical reactions in
maintaining health.
23 49
Concept map
PowerPoint
Complete the following concept map.
Group II
and
Group III
in between
central region
of the Periodic Table
occupy
scandium
the first series includes
TRANSITION METALS to
zinc
form
Compounds with variable

oxidation states
in which many
of them are
Coloured Catalysts
examples examples
Fe V2O5 Pt / Rh MnO2 TiCl4
in Haber in Contact in catalytic in decomposing in producing

process process converters H2O2 HDPE
2+ 2– – 2+
V Cr3+ Cr2O7 Mn2+ MnO4 Fe3+ Cu
(violet) ( green ) (orange) ( very pale pink ) (purple) ( yellow ) (blue)
2– 2+ –
(Hints: central region, Cr2O7 , Cu , Fe, green, yellow, Group II, Group III, MnO2, MnO4 , oxidation
2+
states, very pale pink, Pt / Rh, scandium, TiCl4, V , V2O5, zinc)
49 24
Chapter exercise
Fill in the blanks Multiple-choice questions
Section 49.1 Section 49.2
1. The transition metals in Period 4 of the Periodic 6. Which of the following ions are green in colour?
itanium
Table are scandium, t , vanadium, (1) Cr
3+
hromium anganese
c ,m , iron, cobalt, (2) Fe
3+
ickel
n , copper and zinc. (3) Ni
2+
Section 49.3 A. (1) and (2) only

ariable B. (1) and (3) only 3+
6. Fe is yellow in colour.
2. Transition metals exhibit v
xidation tates C. (2) and (3) only
o s because a B
D. (1), (2) and (3)
variable number of electrons can be removed from
the outermost shell and the next inner shell of Section 49.3
their atoms.
7. Which of the following oxidation states is/are
3. Iron(II) ions can be converted to iron(III) ions by common for both iron and manganese?
oxidation in the presence of a strong (1) +2
oxidizing
agent. The reverse process can (2) +3
be done by a strong reducing agent. (3) +4
A. (1) only 7. The common oxidation states
4. In acidic solutions, permanganate ions are usually for iron are +2 and +3 while
manganese(II) ions B. (2) only
reduced to . In alkaline that for manganese are +2,
C. (1) and (3) only
solutions, permanganate ions are usually reduced +4 and +7.
A
D. (2) and (3) only
to manganese(IV) oxide .
8. Which of the following transition metals can exist
Section 49.4
in variable oxidation states?
5. Transition metals and their compounds are
catalysts (1) Chromium
commonly used as in many
(2) Manganese
industrial and chemical processes. During
(3) Zinc
catalysis, they usually forms an i ntermediate
compound. They are r egenerated
at the end A. (1) and (2) only
of the catalysis. B. (1) and (3) only 8. Zinc can have the oxidation
C. (2) and (3) only state of +2 only.
A
D. (1), (2) and (3)
9. Which of the following statements concerning

–
MnO4 (aq) is correct?
A. It is very pale pink in colour.
B. It can act as an oxidizing agent or a reducing
agent.
C. In alkaline solutions, it is usually reduced to a
brown solid.
D. It catalyses the decomposition of hydrogen
peroxide.
C
–
9. In an alkaline medium, MnO4 (aq) is reduced
to MnO2(s) which is a brown solid.
25 49
Section 49.4 Section 49.5

10. Which of the following can be used as the 11. Which of the following substances contain
catalyst for the catalytic conversion in car copper?
exhaust system? (1) Brass basket 11. Brass is made up of 70%
copper and 30% zinc.
(1) Iron (2) Stainless steel pot
Stainless steel is made up of
(2) Platinum (3) Bronze medal 73% iron, 18% chromium, 8%
(3) Rhodium A. (1) and (2) only nickel and 1% carbon.
Bronze is made up of 95%
A. (1) and (2) only 10. Refer to p.15 of chapter 49 B. (1) and (3) only
copper and 5% tin.
B. (1) and (3) only for details. C. (2) and (3) only
B
C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3)
C
D. (1), (2) and (3)
12. (a) The reaction should be carried out in an acidic medium.
2– + – 3+
(b) Cr2O7 (aq) + 14H (aq) + 6e 2Cr (aq) + 7H2O()
Structured questions (c)
(d)
The reaction mixture changes from orange to green.
From +6 to +3
(e) A variable number of electrons can be removed from the outermost shell and the next inner
Section 49.3
shell of the chromium atom. Therefore, chromium has variable oxidation states.
12. Under suitable conditions, dichromate ions can be reduced to chromium(III) ions by sodium sulphite
solution. 2–
(f) CrO4 . It is yellow in colour in aqueous solution.
(a) Suggest ONE necessary condition for the above reaction.

(b) Write a half equation for the reduction of dichromate ions to chromium(III) ions.
(c) State the colour change of the above reaction.
(d) State the change in oxidation number for chromium in the above reaction.
(e) Explain why chromium has variable oxidation states.
(f) Other than dichromate ion and chromium(III) ion, write the chemical formula of another ion that
contains chromium and oxygen. Hence, state the colour of the ion.
13. Acidified potassium permanganate solution is often used in the determination of iron(II) content in
commercial ferrous tablets. During the titration, standard permanganate solution is added to an unknown
aqueous solution of iron(II) ions. Unlike other acid-base titration, this reaction does not require an
indicator. – + 2+
13. (a) MnO4 (aq) + 8H (aq) + 5Fe (aq)
2+ 3+
Mn (aq) + 4H2O() + 5Fe (aq)
(a) Write an ionic equation for the reaction between acidified permanganate and iron(II) solutions.
(b) What is the colour of the solution before the end point is reached? Explain your answer.
(c) What is the colour of the solution at the end point?
(d) Hence, explain why permanganate solution is commonly used in redox titration.
3+
13. (b) Pale yellow. It is due to the colour of Fe (aq).
(c) Pale purple
Section 49.4
(d) It is a strong oxidizing agent that has an obvious colour change at the end point of redox titration.
14. Vanadium(V) oxide is used as catalyst in the conversion of sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide in the Contact
process. It is thought that the actual process involves two stages as follows:
Stage 1: V2O5(s) + SO2(g) 2VO2(s) + SO3(g) 14. (a) It acts as an oxidizing agent that oxidizes SO2 to SO3.
–
1 (b) VO3 is also an oxidizing agent that can react with SO2.
Stage 2: 2VO2(s) + O2(g) V2O5(s) (c) 2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
2
(a) What is the function of V2O5 in Stage 1 of the conversion process?
–
(b) Explain why vanadate ion (VO3 ) can also be used to catalyse the conversion process.
14. (d) Yes. In this case, the reaction of VO2 with oxygen is
(c) Write an overall equation for the conversion process.
the first stage of the whole process.
(d) Do you agree that vanadium(IV) compounds may also be used as catalysts for the conversion process?
Explain your answer.
49 26
Section 49.5
15. An application of transition metals is in photochromic glass. The photochromic glass contains tiny crystals of
silver and copper halides. The working principle is based on the following equilibrium:
+ + 2+
Cu (s) + Ag (s) Cu (s) + Ag(s)
Under sunlight, the glass darkens. Under indoor lighting environment, the reaction is reversed and the glass
lightens. 15. (a) Ultraviolet radiation
(a) What radiation in light causes the shifting of the equilibrium in photochromic glass?
(b) Which species, in the equilibrium, is likely to cause the glass to darken? 15. (b) Ag(s)
(c) Hence, deduce the observations when a mixture of copper(I) nitrate and silver nitrate solutions is
transferred from a dark place to a place under strong sunlight. 15. (c) The solution mixture turns blue and silvery
solid forms.
16. Copper pyrite (CuFeS2) is the most common ore of copper. The oxidation state of iron in copper pyrite is
+2. There are three stages in the extraction of copper from its ores.
Stage Description Chemical equation
Copper pyrite reacts with oxygen to

1 form copper(I) sulphide, iron(II) –
sulphide and sulphur dioxide.
Copper(I) sulphide reacts with

2 2Cu2S(s) + 3O2(g) 2Cu2O(s) + 2SO2(g)
oxygen to form copper(I) oxide.
Copper(I) sulphide and copper(I)

3 oxide that remain in the ore react to Cu2S(s) + 2Cu2O(s) 6Cu(s) + SO2(g)
form copper.
(a) Write a chemical equation for the reaction involved in Stage 1.

(b) What is the change in oxidation state of copper in Stage 1?
(c) Write an overall chemical equation for the extraction of copper from copper pyrite.
(d) Calculate the mass of sulphur dioxide formed in kg when 100 kg of copper are extracted from its ore.
(e) Suggest ONE possible bad consequence of the extraction of copper.
(f) Suggest ONE use of copper.
(Relative atomic masses: O = 16.0, S = 32.1)
16. (a) 2CuFeS2(s) + O2(g) Cu2S(s) + 2FeS(s) + SO2(g)

(b) From +2 to +1
(c) CuFeS2(s) + O2(g) Cu(s) + FeS(s) + SO2(g)
(d) According to the overall equation, 1 mole of SO2 forms when 1 mole of Cu being extracted.
100 × 1000
Number of moles of Cu extracted = mol = 1574.8 mol
63.5
Mass of SO2 formed = 1574.8 × (32.1 + 16.0 × 2) g
3
= 100.9 × 10 g = 100.9 kg
(e) Extraction of copper leads to the formation of a large amount of sulphur dioxide. Sulphur dioxide is an air pollutant and a cause of the
formation of acid rain.
(f) Making electric wires/cooking utensils/water pipes (Any ONE)
27 49
Part exercise
Multiple-choice questions 5. Which of the following oxides is/are covalent in
nature?
1. Which of the following elements has/have a giant
(1) Na2O
covalent structure?
(2) P4O10
(1) Mg (3) SO2
(2) C
A. (1) only
(3) Si
B. (2) only
A. (1) and (2) only 1. Mg has a giant metallic C. (1) and (3) only 5. Na2O is an ionic oxide.
B. (1) and (3) only structure. D
D. (2) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3) C 6. Which of the following oxides can dissolve in
water to give a solution with pH lower than 7?
2. Which of the following statements is
(1) Sodium oxide
INCORRECT?
(2) Sulphur dioxide
A. Beryllium has higher electrical conductivity (3) Aluminium oxide
than lithium.
A. (1) only
B. Oxygen and nitrogen are good conductors of 6. Na2O is a basic oxide. Al2O3
B. (2) only
electricity. is insoluble in water.
C. (1) and (3) only
C. Aluminium has higher electrical conductivity B
D. (2) and (3) only
than sodium.
D. Phosphorus and chlorine are insulators of 7. Which of the following is a strong acid(s)?
2. Oxygen and nitrogen have simple molecular
electricity. (1) H3PO4
structures. They do not contain
B
delocalized electrons or mobile (2) H2SO3
ions in the structure for conducting electricity.
(3) HOCl
3. Which of the following statements concerning
melting point of elements is INCORRECT? A. (1) only 7. (2): H2SO4 is a strong acid.
B. (2) only water +
A. Melting point of metals increases with the H2SO4(aq)
2–
2H (aq) + SO4 (aq)
C. (1) and (3) only
number of outermost shell electrons.
D. (2) and (3) only B
B. Melting point of semi-metals increases with
the number of outermost shell electrons. 8. Which of the following substances can catalyse
C. Melting point of simple molecular substances the polymerization of ethene?
increases with the size of molecules.
A. V2O5 B. FeCl2
D. Melting point of carbon is the highest among D
C. MnO2 D. TiCl4
Period 2 elements. 8. Refer to p.16 of chapter 49 for details.
3. The melting point of a semi-metal depends on the strength B
of covalent bonds between the atoms and is not affected by 9. Which of the following combinations of
the number of outermost shell electrons in the atoms. conditions are usually adopted for the Contact
4. Which of the following is the increasing order of
process?
electrical conductivity of elements?
Catalyst Temperature Pressure
A. C(graphite), Li, Na, Al
(°C) (atm)
B. Li, Na, Al, C(graphite)
C. Li, Al, Na, C(graphite) A. Finely 400–450 200
D. Na, Li, Al, C(graphite) divided iron
A B. Platinum 300 10
4. Aluminium has the largest number of delocalized
electrons in the structure among the three metals. C. Manganese(IV) 25 1
The electrical conductivities of common metals are much oxide
higher than carbon and silicon (at elevated temperature).
D. Vanadium(V) 450–600 1
Refer to Table 47.3 on p.11 of chapter 47 for details.
oxide 9. Refer to p.15 of chapter 49 D
for details.
49 28
10. (a) It is a metal as it is malleable, ductile and a good electrical XII Patterns in the chemical world
conductor at room temperature.
(b) It is very reactive in air.
Structured questions (c) A2O(s) + H2O() 2AOH(aq)
(d) It is a basic oxide as it dissolves to form hydroxide ions.
10. Some of the properties of a Period 3 element A (atomic number = n) are given below:
(A is not a chemical symbol.) 10. (e) The element next to A should have a higher electrical conductivity as it has more delocalized
electrons in the metallic structure.
(i) It has a silvery surface when freshly cut. However, the surface turns grey very quickly.
12. (a) Al2O3 and SiO2
(ii) It is malleable and ductile. (b) MgO
(iii) It conducts electricity at room temperature. MgO(s) + H2O() Mg(OH)2(s)
2+ –
Mg(OH)2(s) + water Mg (aq) + 2OH (aq)
(iv) It forms an oxide with a formula A2O.
12. (c) P4O10 and SO2
(a) Classify element A as metal, semi-metal or non-metal. Explain your answer. For P4O10:
P4O10(s) + 6H2O() 4H3PO4(aq)
(b) What can you deduce about element A from the property described in (i)? H3PO4(aq)
+ 3–
3H (aq) + PO4 (aq)
(c) Write an equation for the reaction between A2O and water. For SO2:
SO2(g) + H2O() H2SO3(aq)
(d) Hence, decide whether A2O is an acidic or basic oxide. H2SO3(aq)
+ 2–
2H (aq) + SO3 (aq)
(e) Compare the electrical conductivity of A with that of the element next to A (atomic number = n + 1).
13. (a) Add the mixture to a beaker of water. Reaction of phosphorus pentoxide
Explain your answer. and water occurs:
P4O10(s) + 6H2O() 4H3PO4(aq)
11. W, X, Y and Z are elements in Period 2 of the Periodic Table. Some of their properties are shown below.
(Answers on p.49-21.) Filter the solution. Wash and dry the residue. The solid obtained is a
mixture of aluminium oxide and silicon dioxide.
Relative melting point

Element Electrical conductivity
(1: lowest; 4: highest)
W 4 insulator
X 3 good conductor
Y 2 conductor
Z 1 insulator
13. (b) Mix the mixture of aluminium oxide and silicon

(a) Arrange the elements in order of increasing atomic number. dioxide with excess dilute hydrochloric acid.
Reaction of aluminium oxide and the acid
(b) Explain the variation in melting points of the above elements in Period 2.
occurs:
(c) Explain the variation in electrical conductivities of the above elements in Period 2.
Al2O3(s) + 6HCl(aq) 2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2O()
Filter the solution. Wash and dry the residue.
12. The following are oxides of some Period 3 elements: The solid obtained is silicon dioxide.
Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 P4O10 SO2
From the list above, identify the oxide that best fits the description given below. In some cases, there are more
than one possibilities. In (b) and (c), give a relevant chemical equation.
(a) An oxide that is insoluble in water.
(b) An oxide that is slightly soluble in water, forming a weakly alkaline solution.
(c) An oxide that is fairly soluble in water, forming a weakly acidic solution.
13. You are given some common laboratory apparatus and chemicals: water, dilute hydrochloric acid and dilute
sodium hydroxide solution. Suggest how you can complete the following tasks.
(a) To remove phosphorus pentoxide from a mixture of solid phosphorus pentoxide, aluminium oxide, and
silicon dioxide.
(b) To remove aluminium oxide from a mixture of solid aluminium oxide and silicon dioxide.
In each case, you should mention ONE physical or chemical method involved. For any chemical reaction,
you should give a balanced chemical equation.
29 49
14. The melting points of some oxides are listed below.
Sodium oxide Silicon dioxide Phosphorus pentoxide Sulphur dioxide
Melting point (°C) 1134 2950 562 –73

14. (a) Silicon dioxide has a giant covalent structure.
The atoms of silicon and oxygen are held
(a) Explain why silicon dioxide has the highest melting point.
together by strong covalent bonds. A very large
(b) Which of the above oxides can dissolve in water to form acidic solutions? Write chemical equations to
support your answer. amount of energy is needed to break many
strong covalent bonds during melting.
(c) Describe a simple chemical test which could be used to distinguish sodium oxide from silicon dioxide
and phosphorous pentoxide. State all reagents required and the expected observations.
15. Referring to the redox reaction between iodide ions and peroxodisulphate ions catalysed by iron(II) ions,
14. (b) Phosphorus pentoxide and sulphur dioxide
explain the following characteristics of a catalysed reaction. For phosphorus pentoxide:
(a) Uncatalysed and catalysed reactions go through different pathways. P4O10(s) + 6H2O() 4H3PO4(aq)
+ 3–
H3PO4(aq) 3H (aq) + PO4 (aq)
(b) The catalysed reactions proceed at a faster rate compared with uncatalysed reactions.
For sulphur dioxide:
(c) The catalyst is regenerated in the reaction.
SO2(g) + H2O() H2SO3(aq)
+ 2–
H2SO3(aq) 2H (aq) + SO3 (aq)
16. Ammonium metavanadate (NH4VO3) dissolves in an acidic solution to produce a yellow solution that
+ 2+
contains VO2 ions. The yellow solution reacts with zinc powder to give a blue solution that contains VO
ions. Subsequent reduction reaction occurs and the colour of the solution changes to green and finally to
violet.
+ –
(a) Is the formation of VO2 ions from the reaction of VO3 with acid a redox reaction? Explain your
answer.
(b) Write the chemical formula of the ion that is responsible for the green colour in the solution.
(c) State the change in oxidation number of vanadium when the colour of solution changes from green to
violet.
2+
(d) When sulphur dioxide gas is passed into an aqueous solution of VO (aq), the colour of solution
changes from blue to violet.
(i) State the reducing agent in the above reaction. Explain why it is a reducing agent.
(ii) Write an overall ionic equation for the above reaction.
(e) Give TWO characteristic properties of a transition metal shown by the reactions of oxides of vanadium.
2+ 3+
14. (c) Add the three oxides separately to some distilled water, followed 15. (c) Fe is firstly converted to Fe in the reaction with peroxodisulphate
3+ 2+
by a few drops of universal indicator. The universal indicator ions. The Fe formed is then converted back to Fe in the reaction
2+
turns blue in the solutions formed from sodium oxide and turns with iodide ions. Therefore, Fe is regenerated.
– +
red in the solution formed from phosphorus pentoxide. Silicon 16. (a) The oxidation number of vanadium in VO3 is +5 and that of VO2 is
dioxide is insoluble in water and hence, the colour of universal also +5. As there is no change in the oxidation number of vanadium,
–
indicator remains unchanged. the reaction of VO3 with acid is not a redox reaction.
3+
15. (a) The direct reaction between iodide ions and peroxodisulphate (b) V
ions can be represented by the following equation: (c) From +3 to +2
– 2– 2–
2I (aq) + S2O8 (aq) I2(aq) + 2SO4 (aq) (d) (i) Sulphur dioxide. It changes the oxidation number of vanadium
2+ 2+ 2+
In the presence of the catalyst Fe , the reaction goes through from +4 (in VO ) to +2 (in V ) in the reaction.
2+ 2– 2+ +
two steps to give the same products — sulphate ion and (ii) SO2(g) + VO (aq) + H2O() SO4 (aq) + V (aq) + 2H (aq)
iodine: (e) Many transition metals show variable oxidation states in their
2+ 2– 3+ 2–
Step (1): 2Fe (aq) + S2O8 (aq) 2Fe (aq) + 2SO4 (aq) compounds.
3+ – 2+
Step (2): 2Fe (aq) + 2I (aq) 2Fe (aq) + I2(aq) Many transition metal ions are coloured in aqueous solution.
(b) The uncatalysed reaction between iodide ions and
peroxodisulphate ions is very slow under room conditions as it
involves the collision of ions of the same charge. The reactions
in the catalysed pathway proceed at a higher rate as they
involve the collisions of ions of opposite charges.
49 30
Public examination questions

Multiple-choice questions Structured questions
1. Which of the following oxides would form an 5. Sketch the variation of the melting points of
acidic solution when added to water? the following elements: Na, Mg, Si, S and Cl.
A. carbon dioxide Account for the variation. (5 marks)
B. silicon dioxide (HKALE 2012 Paper 2 Q6)
C. aluminium oxide
* 6. Lithium, beryllium, carbon (graphite) and
D. lithium oxide
nitrogen are elements of the second period of
(HKDSE 2012 Paper 1A Q31)
the Periodic Table. Arrange them in increasing
2. Silicon is an element in Group IV of the Periodic order of melting point, and explain the order in
Table. The oxide of silicon has the chemical terms of structure and bonding. (5 marks)
formula SiO2. Which of the following statements (HKDSE 2013 Paper 1B Q13)
about silicon and its oxide is correct?
7. Consider the following oxides:
A. Silicon is a good conductor of heat.
Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 P4O10 SO2 Cl2O
B. Silicon exists as simple molecules.
C. SiO2 is a hard material at room temperature. (a) Which of the oxides listed above can conduct
D. SiO2 dissolves in water to give an acidic electricity in molten state? (1 mark)
solution. (b) Explain why SiO2 has the highest melting
point among the covalent oxides listed above.
(HKDSE 2013 Paper 1A Q1) (2 marks)
(c) Write a chemical equation for the reaction
3. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic
between Al2O3(s) and NaOH(aq). (1 mark)
property of transition metals?
(HKDSE 2012 Paper 1B Q16)
A. They form coloured compounds.
B. They exhibit variable oxidation numbers in 8. Consider the bonding and structure of the Period
their compounds. 3 elements.
C. They react with dilute hydrochloric acid to (a) Explain the increase in the melting point
give hydrogen gas. from sodium to aluminium. (2 marks)
D. They exhibit catalytic property in elemental
(b) Explain why sulphur, S8, has a higher melting
state or as compounds.
point than phosphorus, P4. (2 marks)
(c) Explain why silicon has the highest melting
point and argon has the lowest melting point.
Assertion-reason question (2 marks)
(See the back inside cover for instructions.) (IB, IBO, Standard level, Paper 2, Q3, May 2010)
1st statement 2nd statement

4. Both aluminium oxide Both aluminium oxide
and magnesium oxide and magnesium oxide
exhibit similar are ionic oxides.
acid-base properties.
31 49
9. There is a link between the properties of the (c) Write an equation for the reaction of
oxides of the Period 3 elements and their aluminium with oxygen. (1 mark)
structure and bonding. The table below shows the (d) Suggest ONE property of the aluminium
melting points of the oxides of some Period 3 oxide coating that causes aluminium to resist
elements. corrosion in water. (1 mark)
(e) Sodium metal is NOT resistant to corrosion
Na2O SiO2 P4O10
in water, despite having a surface coating of
Tm / K 1548 1883 573 sodium oxide. Write an equation to show
how sodium oxide reacts with water.
(a) In terms of crystal structure and bonding, (1 mark)
explain in each case why the melting points
(f) Aluminium oxide is amphoteric. It reacts with
of sodium oxide and silicon dioxide are high.
acids and alkalis.
(4 marks)
(i) Write an equation for the reaction
(b) Predict whether the melting point of lithium
between aluminium oxide and
oxide is higher than, the same as, or lower
hydrochloric acid.
than the melting point of sodium oxide and
(ii) Write an equation for the reaction
explain your prediction. (3 marks)
between aluminium oxide and an excess
(c) Phosphorus pentoxide has a lower melting
of aqueous sodium hydroxide.
point than sodium oxide.
(2 marks)
(i) State the structure of and bonding in
(g) Silicon dioxide does NOT react with
phosphorus pentoxide.
hydrochloric acid but it does react with
(ii) Explain why the melting point of sodium hydroxide. State ONE property of
phosphorus pentoxide is low. silicon dioxide that can be deduced from this
(3 marks) information and write an equation for its
(d) Separate samples of phosphorus pentoxide reaction with sodium hydroxide. (2 marks)
and sodium oxide were reacted with water. (AQA, GCEAL, Unit 5, Q2, JUN 2010)
In each case, predict the pH of the solution
formed and write an equation for the
reaction. (4 marks)
(e) Write an equation for the reaction between
Na2O and P4O10. State the general type of
reaction illustrated by this example.
(2 marks)
(AQA, GCEAL, Unit 5, Q3, JAN 2011)
10. Sodium, aluminium and silicon are solid

elements with a silver colour. These elements
react with oxygen to form oxides with high
melting points. Aluminium is a reactive metal,
but it resists corrosion in water because it has a
surface coating of aluminium oxide.
(a) In terms of its structure and bonding, explain
why silicon dioxide has a high melting point.
(3 marks)
(b) State the type of bonding in aluminium
oxide. (1 mark)
49 32

Chem 49 (2nd) PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chem 49 (2nd) PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 49

General properties of transition metals

What are the common oxidation states of iron?

What are some general properties of transition metals?

oxidation state 氧化態 glaze 釉

49.1 What is a transition metal?

transition element/transition metal 過渡元素/過渡性金屬

Let us look at Period 4 again. The 10 elements (from scandium to

Some characteristic properties of transition

Scandium Sc 21 2,8,9,2 1541 3.0

Titanium Ti 22 2,8,10,2 1668 4.5

AL2012(I)2(b)(i) Vanadium V 23 2,8,11,2 1910 6.0

Chromium Cr 24 2,8,13,1 1907 7.2

Manganese Mn 25 2,8,13,2 1246 7.3

Iron Fe 26 2,8,14,2 1538 7.9

Cobalt Co 27 2,8,15,2 1495 8.9

Nickel Ni 28 2,8,16,2 1458 8.9

Copper Cu 29 2,8,18,1 1085 8.9

Zinc Zn 30 2,8,18,2 420 7.1

In this chapter, we will discuss the following chemical properties of

49.2 Coloured ions of transition metals

Stained glass Titanium Titanium(III) Ti

Figure 49.4 shows the colours of some transition metal ions in

Figure 49.4 Colours of some transition metal ions in aqueous solution.

Class practice 49.2

49.3 Variable oxidation states of

Conversely, many transition metals form two or more simple cations

A variable number of electrons can be removed from the outermost

Note 4 oxidation states of manganese in KMnO4, K2MnO4, MnO2, Mn2O3 and

Learning tip Transition metals

Oxidation states (O.N.)

Key: the more common oxidation state(s) of the element

Although transition metals can exist in various oxidation states, some

Common oxidation states of iron and manganese

oxidizing agent 氧化劑 reducing agent 還原劑

Iron(II) ion is a reducing agent. It can reduce chlorine (an oxidizing

Colour change in test

solution containing aqueous chlorine

On the other hand, iron(III) ion is an oxidizing agent. It can oxidize

Colour change in test

Colour change in test

acidic solution aqueous sulphur

Colour change in test

alkaline solution aqueous sulphur manganese(IV)

A49.3 Class practice 49.3

49.4 Catalytic properties of transition

A catalyst is a substance that alters the rate of a chemical reaction without

During catalysis, the transition metal or its compound usually forms

Reaction between iodide ions and

Colour change in test

solution containing solution containing

The above reaction is very slow at room temperature and pressure

catalyst 催化劑 peroxodisulphate ion 過氧二硫酸根離子 regenerate 再生

In case of the addition of iron(III) ions, the reaction proceeds in two

Iodide ions reduce

Iodide ions and peroxodisulphate ions react much faster as iron

Figure 49.5 A summary diagram showing iron

Industrial and chemical processes catalysed by

Iron as catalyst in Haber process CE2003(I)6(b)(ii)

Note 8 Finely divided iron is used as a catalyst in the manufacture of ammonia N8

Vanadium(V) oxide as catalyst in the manufacture of

Platinum and rhodium as catalyst in catalytic converters