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Sachin K Makvana
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All content following this page was uploaded by Sachin K Makvana on 13 October 2016.
Guided By:
Prof. Saurabh Srivastava,
Mechanical Dept.
MEFGI.
Contents
Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................................ 1
CERTIFICATE ................................................................................................................................ 2
Plagiarism Search Certificate ........................................................................................................... 3
1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 4
1.1 Problem Summery ............................................................................................................ 4
1.2 Aim & Objective of the project ........................................................................................ 4
1.3 Problem Specification ...................................................................................................... 5
1.4 Literature review .............................................................................................................. 5
1.5 Plan of Work .................................................................................................................... 8
1.6 Materials/ Tool Required .................................................................................................. 9
2. Design: Design Methodology and Implementation Strategy.................................................. 11
2.1 Design Methodology ............................................................................................................ 11
2.2 Empathy Mapping Canvas ................................................................................................... 14
2.3 Ideation Canvas .................................................................................................................... 15
2.4 Product Development Canvas .............................................................................................. 16
3. Implementations ..................................................................................................................... 18
3.1 Users and Characteristic ................................................................................................. 18
3.2 Operating Environment .................................................................................................. 18
3.3 Design and Implementation Constraints......................................................................... 19
4. Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 20
4.1 Summary of result .......................................................................................................... 20
4.2 Advantages of 3D printed Human prosthetic hand & Unique Features ......................... 20
5. References .............................................................................................................................. 21
List of Figures
No work can be done without the help and guidance of supporting members. We would
sincerely like to thank Prof. Bhavesh Kanabar-Head of Mechanical Engineering
Department for guiding us in the project whenever we needed help. We would also like to
thank our guide Prof. Saurabh Srivastava for being our constant source of inspiration and
guiding us in the completion of the project. We would also like to thank other faculty
members and our friends for giving us extra guidance and help whenever we needed.
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Marwadi Education Foundation, Rajkot
Faculty of Technology
Mechanical Engineering Department
2016
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled Design And Experimental Analysis
Of Human Prosthetic Hand has been carried out by following students under
my guidance in partial fulfilment of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in
Mechanical Engineering (7th Semester) of Gujarat Technological University,
Ahmedabad during the academic year 2016-17.
Sr. NO. Name of student Enrollment NO.
1. Sachin Makvana 130970119059
2. Kuldip Katariya 130970119052
3. Karan Doshi 130970119051
4. Jatan Aghada 130970119001
Date: ____________________
Internal Guide Head of the Department
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Plagiarism Search Certificate
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1. Introduction
1.1 Problem Summery
Our project mainly focused on person who has been a victim of any fatal accident or any
paralytic disorder which has cause loss of human hand or has been handicapped and not
having hand by birth, the prosthetic hand offered by medical field has a very high cost. So
to serve as an alternative for this, additive manufacturing method and particularly 3D
printing method can give a highly cost effective and flexible method of making a prosthetic
hand.
As described above, earlier the main origin of this invention is to just provide the prosthetic
hand. After that many development in this field occurred and now a day we had a fully
functional prosthetic hand that can do most of every normal function of human hand. As
improvement and development in technology in mechanical, electrical, electronics and
communication, etc. we had technical gadgets like sensor that would help use to provide
accurate and desired motion to the prosthetic hand. But as we all know that every coin has
two side, improving technology will effect on economic criteria of the prosthetic hand. As
part of literature survey we found that the fully functional sensor prosthetic to hand cost us
approximately 2 lack to 4 lack. That clearly not desirable for every people.
Due to above reasons, we aligned our project in direction to provide a cost effective
functional human prosthetic hand. To provide cost effective prosthetic hand, firstly we need
to manufacture it cost effectively. So we dig deep about different manufacturing process
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and finally we found appropriate manufacturing process for our invention. So we came up
with additive manufacturing process. By additive manufacturing process we can reduce
manufacturing cost up to 60 to 70%. So by this manner we were fulfill aim of invention of
providing cost effective functional prosthetic hand.
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Figure 1. First human body part (toe) Prosthesis
Initially development in this field was very slow, but if we consider the progress in human
prosthesis in last two centuries was quite good. Now a days we can able to do prosthesis of
the arm, leg, hand, fingers, fake eyes, ears, nose and also internal body part i.e. bones,
vertebra column, knee joints, hip joint etc. As from that we can say that prosthesis is very
old technology and people are adopting this technology to fulfill their own intension.
While doing literature survey and patent research work we found that, at initial stage it was
just an artificial hand. It would use only for the aesthetic purpose. People who lost their
body part adopt prosthesis science to just make a static artificial body component. There
are many research paper available from earlier time period. Where people do research on
prosthetic technology and develop the static prosthetic human body part. Particularly we
focused on the prosthetic human hand in our literature survey, and research and
development work in the prosthetic human hand field was quite improving. Starting from
static prosthetic human hand i.e. artificial hand, hook prosthetic hand, split hook prosthetic
hand to the dynamic prosthetic hand i.e. fully controlled and functional human prosthetic
hand.
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Figure 2. Split Hook Prosthetic Hand
While searching about prosthetic human hand on World Wide Web, we get a lot
information for prosthetic human hand. From basic human prosthesis to advanced human
prosthesis. There are basically four type of prosthesis available, that are labeled below,
The joint prosthetic commonly deals with hip, knee and shoulder joints. When cartilage
between the joint or bones goes to wear and as a result of that it would weaken the joints
and cause pain in the joint or at extreme stage we should go for replacement of that. So at
that time joint prosthesis are used. While in arm prosthesis, it is used to replace a missing
upper limb. Leg prosthesis are used when a person losses his/her leg either because of any
accident or by birth. Leg prosthesis were deal with lower limb. At other hand, in cosmetic
prosthesis, it is not utilize for the particular any functional purpose but it only used to
improve person’s appearance after losing body part. Cosmetic prosthetic commonly deals
with artificial eyes, silicon hands, fingers, breast, feet and toes. It also used to correct facial
deformities.
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Our project is categorized under arm prosthesis. As part of arm prosthesis, there are many
resources and many manufacturers available, who mainly focused in to prosthetic field. We
also found some companies who manufacture artificial limbs and human prosthetic body
part. Ottobock is one of the reputed artificial limb manufacturers and fitting centers in India.
Endolite India is another manufacturer of prosthetic upper and lower limb. Apart from
manufacture companies, there are also prosthetic Centre are available India, i.e. Nevedac
Prosthetic Centre. These prosthetic are fully functional and well designed. But as we
improve the functional efficiency, we need to apply latest techno gadgets i.e. sensors,
Integrated circuits etc. Applying this gadgets may improve the functional efficiency but
doing so it will increase the cost of the prosthetic hand. After doing research work on cost
of the prosthetic hand we found that the cost of that censored and fully functional prosthetic
hand is up to 1.5 lack to 3 lacks.
As we described above, the available prosthetic hand are excessive in cost. As result of that
it will not affordable to every person. Sometimes it happens that the person we needed
prosthetic hand but due to its high cost it would not able to take advantage of technology.
That problem gave us the aim of project. We planned to manufacture a cost effective
prosthetic hand. So that each every person can afford the prosthetic hand. After doing more
research work we came up with one manufacturing process, which can able to reduce the
cost of human prosthetic hand up to 60 to 70%. An additive manufacturing process are
latest and most advanced manufacturing process. It is capable of manufacture very complex
geometry which are too hard to manufacture in conventional manufacturing process. An
additive manufacturing process, most commonly known as ‘3D printing’ technology can
able to manufacture human prosthetic body part easily. It is a future of Bio-CAD and
manufacturing techniques.
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design a human prosthetic hand. We also followed GTU guideline and the submitted all
project work on the GTU online project submission portal. We regularly submitted Periodic
Project Reports (PPR) and Patent Search and Analysis Report (PSAR). At final stage of
project we made project report.
Figure 3. 3D Printers
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Figure 4. 3D Printing
For manufacturing any object/ workpiece through additive manufacturing process, there
are limitation in material used. We cannot use any material in 3D printing. Material used
for 3D manufacturing process are listed below.
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2. Design: Design Methodology and Implementation
Strategy.
2.1 Design Methodology
“Design is not just what it looks like and feels like. Design is how it works.” A quote by
well-known personality named Steve Jobs. Design is the core of any product. The success
of good product is all depends on the how accurately, how precisely the design of product
done. As our project about the human hand prosthesis and manufacturing by rapid
manufacturing process. So for that design is heart of our project. Design of any product
involves specific steps. In general any engineering design follows following particular
steps.
Point
Understand Observe of Ideate Prototype Test
view
As from above, the very first stage is understanding of project and aim of the project must
be cleared. We decided to do project in the field of bio-cad prosthetic arm understanding
the need of the poor people who can’t afford the expensive prosthetic hand which used to
do the normal work like grapping and the pinching something in day to day life. So we
decided to develop a cost effective prosthetic hand. To reduce the cost of human prosthetic
hand we think to design the prosthetic arm and using the additive manufacturing to
manufacture its cost will reduce up to 60 to 70% from available human prosthetic hand.
After deciding what to do we consult doctor and discuss our idea with him and also we
gather information related to it, which is very important for the designing purpose and after
knowing our idea he praised and told us to do the work in that field and gave his full support
and also he made our contact with one of his patient who is having the prosthetic hand of
now a day’s technology so that we can understand and get the review of the prosthetic arm.
As from the understanding of the subject and doing enough good literature survey, we are
pretty much clear about the current scenario of the prosthetic hand. As far as manufacturing
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of prosthetic hand concerns, the additive manufacturing process in clearly new concept of
manufacturing. Applying concept of the additive manufacturing in field of medical science
will changed the future of the prosthesis science.
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Figure 7. Creo Model of Prosthetic Hand
After developing the digital model of the prosthetic hand, we will perform the analysis task
of our human prosthetic hand. For analysis purpose we will use power analysis tool named
Ansys. According to the Ansys final result, we will observe it and if result will not satisfied
we will redesign it. After getting satisfied result in the analysis, we will proceed ahead
towards the manufacturing of our prosthetic hand. We will import model file in to software
cura. Which is synchronized with 3D printer. That will be the final outcome of the project.
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2.2 Empathy Mapping Canvas
Empathy mapping canvas include general details of user, stakeholders, activities which we
gone through and the story boarding. As described earlier that user of prosthetic hand will
be from poor person to the rich person. Everyone can afford this human prosthetic hand.
As mentioned in canvas, our primary stakeholder are government and social organization.
Our aim is to provide prosthetic hand who previously not able to afford it. It also include
the various activities, which we done in this project.
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2.3 Ideation Canvas
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Ideation canvas mainly focused on the prospective of the project. It includes the details of
various people which going to use this product. In addition of that, it also include the
context and situations details, because of that situations a person may need the prosthetic
hand i.e. a person may be victim of any accident and in result of that person lost his/her
body part. In other scenario in which a solider, who serves his/her nation with full
dedication. A critical situation arise and a war happens. In war solider may have chances
to have a major injuries. If a soldier lost his/her hand then prosthetic hand is appropriate
solution of it. So in general prosthetic hand made by additive manufacturing can acceptable
globally. Apart from that ideation canvas also includes the details of props and possible
solution for product.
The material used for the making of the prosthetic arm is the different plastic
materials as discussed above in the section 1.6, so the weight of the prosthetic arm
is very less compare to available prosthetic arm.
Using the additive manufacturing one can manufacture the 3D arm within the 48
hours, while current technology of making the prosthetic arm will take more than
a week or a month in particular case.
The aesthetic of the product is amazing. Mostly kids love the different cool and
catchy looked prosthetic hand.
The cost of the product is very less compare to the current prosthetic hand, so that
every people can afford it easily. While in other case, suppose at present a
prosthetic hand is designed for the kid, as the kid grows we have to redesign the
prosthetic hand according to the dimensions of the hand. So if we consider the cost
factor in it then it will be too much expensive compare to 3D printed prosthetic
hand.
This arm is very durable. Even a child alone himself/herself can engage it and
disengage it whenever he/she wants.
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Figure 10. Product Development Canvas
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3. Implementations
3.1 Users and Characteristic
'Modern surgery and intensive efforts to rehabilitate persons who have lost parts of their
limbs through warfare, disease, or accident, have resulted in great advances in the science
of prosthetics. So overall our invention is mainly focused on human being, but as we dig
deep in particular kind of human being then we can characterised it as below.
A person who is victim of any accident, in which he lost his/her hand, arm or limb.
The clear idea behind this invention is to provide cost effective prosthetic hand, so that it
can afford to every person who, till now due to economic and high cost of prosthetic hand
they needed most but could not able to buy it. So our most important user of this invention
are poor patient who needed prosthetic hand but due to its excessive cost they couldn’t
afford it. Then after soldiers, passionate sportsperson and other humankind comes in lesser
priority.
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3.3 Design and Implementation Constraints
As we know that nothing is 100% in this universe, everything has its own limitations and
constraints. To design desired prosthetic hand some constraints we must have to face.
Design and implementation constraints of our invention are stated below,
Prosthetic hand is made from the material used in additive manufacturing process,
i.e. PLA, ABS etc. So the material has its own strength limitation so that will effect
on the application constraints of the user. User can’t carry heavy weight which
results onto material failure of prosthetic hand.
While digging deep in this area of field we found one research paper. According to
that research paper, we get information that self-weight of the prosthetic hand must
not exceed the weight of normal human being. It also says that it is desirable to
have self-weight of prosthetic hand should not exceed 3.5 kg for convenient and
comfortable hand movement.
As per our invention, we preferred mechanical actuate system for movement of the
prosthetic hand and fingers. For that movement we required arm or wrist limb to
create sufficient tension in strings and provide gripping and grabbing motion. As
invention is about human prosthetic hand, so one constraint is always be part of it
and that is aesthetic of hand. Prosthetic hand satisfies safety criteria as well as it
also fulfil the aesthetic criteria of user.
While considering post manufacture criteria, we found that the material used for
the prosthetic hand in additive manufacturing process it temperature sensitive at
certain level. We can’t use prosthetic hand in near high temperature region i.e. in
factory near about furnace.
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4. Conclusion
4.1 Summary of result
As summary of our project we can say that the prosthetic hand through additive
manufacturing process is the ultimate solution for a cost effective prosthetic hand. It is a
multi-disciplinary project, a unique combination of medical science and computer aid
designing and manufacturing. It is a bridge between the both discipline and future
technology of manufacturing process. 3D printed prosthetic hand had enough strength,
flexibility, durability and also it will appropriate for any environment. More than all this it
is cheaper in cost compare to existing available prosthetic hand. Which makes it unique,
most favorable and user appropriate product.
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5. References
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