Eduard Reyjell Montano

BSN 3- F

Pathophysiology
During her teenage
years she was a
smoker, alcohol drinker
and drug user.
Predisposing Factors:
works as a laborer
Age: 35 years old who asks her neighbors
Her mother died of TB disease
to let her clean the
house or even wash
their laundry and she
also works as a street
cleaner or sweeper in
their barangay.

Inhalation of airborne droplets containing Mycobacterium Tuberculosis.

Entry of microorganism through droplet nuclei.

Bacteria is transmitted to alveoli through airways

Deposition and multiplication of bacteria.

Bacilli are also transported to other parts of the body through

bloodstream and lymphnode

Formation of Granulomas
Symptomatology
the symptoms of tuberculosis (TB) vary depending on which part of the body is affected. TB disease
usually develops slowly, and it may take several weeks before you notice you're unwell. Your symptoms
might not begin until months or even years after you were initially infected.

Although your body can harbor the bacteria that cause tuberculosis, your immune system usually can
prevent you from becoming sick. Latent TB. You have a TB infection, but the bacteria in your body are
inactive and cause no symptoms. Latent TB, also called inactive TB or TB infection, isn't contagious.
Latent TB can turn into active TB, so treatment is important. Active TB. Also called TB disease, this
condition makes you sick and, in most cases, can spread to others. It can occur weeks or years after
infection with the TB bacteria. Signs and symptoms of active TB include: coughing for three or more
weeks, coughing up blood or mucus, chest pain, or pain with breathing or coughing, unintentional
weight loss, fatigue, fever, night sweats, chills and loss of appetite.

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Anatomy of the Lungs

The lungs are the major organs of the respiratory system, and are divided into sections, or lobes. The
right lung has three lobes and is slightly larger than the left lung, which has two lobes.
The lungs are separated by the mediastinum. This area contains the heart, trachea, esophagus, and
many lymph nodes. The lungs are covered by a protective membrane known as the pleura and are
separated from the abdominal cavity by the muscular diaphragm.

With each inhalation, air is pulled through the windpipe (trachea) and the branching passageways of the
lungs (the bronchi), filling thousands of tiny air sacs (alveoli) at the ends of the bronchi. These sacs,
which resemble bunches of grapes, are surrounded by small blood vessels (capillaries). Oxygen passes
through the thin membranes of the alveoli and into the bloodstream. The red blood cells pick up the
oxygen and carry it to the body's organs and tissues. As the blood cells release the oxygen they pick up
carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism. The carbon dioxide is then carried back to the lungs and
released into the alveoli. With each exhalation, carbon dioxide is expelled from the bronchi out through
the trachea.

Physiology
The major function of the respiratory system is to supply the body with oxygen and to dispose of carbon
dioxide. The respiratory system performs this function by facilitating life-sustaining processes such as
oxygen transport, respiration, ventilation, and gas exchange. To do this, at least four distinct events,
collectively called respiration, must occur.

Etiology
Pulmonary TB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M tuberculosis). TB is
contagious. This means the bacteria are easily spread from an infected person to someone else. You can
get TB by breathing in air droplets from a cough or sneeze of an infected person. The resulting lung
infection is called primary TB. Most people recover from primary TB infection without further evidence
of the disease. The infection may stay inactive (dormant) for years. In some people, it becomes active
again (reactivates). Most people who develop symptoms of a TB infection first became infected in the
past. In some cases, the disease becomes active within weeks after the primary infection.

Disease Process

Primary TB occurs when the Mycobacterium organism comes into contact with a host for the first time.
The Ghon focus of primary TB is defined as primary TB that is localized to the middle part of the lungs.
The Ghon focus goes into latency in the majority of affected people. Latent tuberculosis is the term for
this condition.

After immunosuppression in the host, latent TB can be reactivated. Following initial exposure, only a tiny
percentage of persons would acquire an active illness. Primary progressive tuberculosis is the name
given to such patients. Children, underweight people, persons on immunosuppression, and those on
long-term steroid usage are all at risk for primary progressive TB.

The majority of persons who get TB do so after a lengthy period of inactivity (usually several years after
initial primary infection). Secondary tuberculosis is the term for this condition.

Reactivation of latent TB infection is the most common cause of secondary tuberculosis. The apices of
the lungs are where secondary TB lesions appear. After contracting TB for the second time, a lower
percentage of patients acquire secondary tuberculosis (re-infection)