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CLASS:…………………
JS 1 (BASIC 7)
SUBJECT: AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE
SCHEME OF WORK
WEEK TOPIC
WEEK 1
SUBJECT: AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE
CLASS: JS 1
TOPIC: Meaning, Definition and Importance of Agriculture
CONTENT: 1. Meaning of Agriculture
2. Definition of Agriculture.
3. Importance of Agriculture.
Definitions of Agriculture
According to an author, Agriculture by definition, is an art involving the production of
plants and animals for the use of man. This use may be in the form of food, buildings, ornaments
and clothing or it may be in the form of raw materials for industry.
In another sense, agriculture is the art and science of cultivating the land for the
production of crops and rearing of animals for man’s use. It involves not only the
management of the soil, crops and animals but also the disposal of crops and animals including
their by – products through marketing.
EVALUATION:
Mention the two Latin words from which the term “agriculture” is derived.
Literally, what does agriculture refer to?
Define agriculture.
EVALUATION
State the purpose of agriculture to the farmer.
Explain why agriculture is important to the society.
Why are the pupils, students, employers, the jobless in the society able to survive from
day to day?
Why is agriculture regarded as a source of energy to the farmer?
What is the importance of agriculture to the nation?
Weekend assignment:
Junior secondary Agriculture (workbook 1)byAnthony.Youdeowei et-al pages 1& 2
REFERENCE TEXTS:
• Intensive Agricultural Science for J.S.S. 1, 2 & 3 by E. U. Okaro.
• Essentials of Agricultural Science for J.S.S. & Colleges by Earnest Chukwudi Anie.
• Agricultural Science for JSS (Upper Basic Education) by L. A. Are et al.
• Prescribed Agricultural Science for J.S.S. by S. E. Omoruyi et al.
WEEK 2
DATE:………………………………………..
Agriculture is as old as the early man. The earliest man practiced fruit gatherings and hunting of
animals, which they used as food. The early man and his family fed on wild animals, roots,
leaves and fruits collected as they wander from place to place. The type and quantity available at
the time required irregular, uncertain and subject to the conditions they found themselves they
continued with their nomadic life until they could no longer carry their families about.
In the history of Agriculture four stages are very pronounced. These are :
i. Hunting and gathering stage: The early men went about gathering fruits ,leaves,
roots of wild plants and hunting wild animals in other to obtain daily food. They used
primitive tools likes stones, bows and arrows , traps and ropes. It is a very dangerous
way to obtain food.
ii. Subsistence Farming stage: The primitive man found out that whenever he threw
away seeds of recognized useful plants around his house, the seeds grew into new and
useful plants He also found that he could capture some young animals or their pregnant
mothers and look after the young ones when they were born. This is the beginning of
crop and animal farming to take care of their family
iii. Cash crop production stage: As time went by primitive man learn how to grow his
crops and rear the animals in a better way. He began to produce cash crops.
iv. Commercial Farming stage: This is the stage when men started producing crop
and animals on large scale not only for family needs but also for sale.
EVALUATION
Explain the Origin of agriculture?
How were the early men surviving before the cultivation of crops started?
Mention some of the food they were eating.
How did planting of crops start?
How were the animals tamed by early farmers?
What were the tools of early farmers?
Mention the four stages in the development of Agriculture
The men were usually out for hunting while the women helped to prepare the gathered crops and
dressed the animals for food. As man increases in knowledge and technology, better-improved
crops and animals were produced. Also, improved farming equipments such as cutlasses, spade,
hoes and wheelbarrows replaced the primitive tools. More improvement being made gave rise to
machines such as tractors, bulldozer, modern implements, etc that are now used these days.
EVALUATION
• Explain how primitive agriculture grew to modern farming methods and improved
farm machines
Weekend Assignment.
Sketch two primitive tools and two improved metals tools used by the early man.
REFERENCE TEXTS:
• Intensive Agricultural Science for J.S.S. 1, 2 & 3 by E. U. Okoro.
• Essentials of Agricultural Science for J.S.S. & Colleges by Earnest Chukwudi Anie.
• Agricultural Science for JSS (Upper Basic Education) by L. A. Are et al.
• Prescribed Agricultural Science for J.S.S. by S. E. Omoruyi et al.
WEEK 3
DATE:……………………………………
SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE:
This is the type of agriculture whereby a farmer produces food enough to feed himself and his
family, with little or more for sale. Whatever he sells serves as income to the family.
Commercial Agriculture
This is the type of agriculture whereby a farmer produces purposely for sale. His desire is to
make maximum profit. It is therefore a profit-oriented venture/enterprise.
EVALUATION
Define Subsistence Agriculture
List (4) four characteristics of subsistence agriculture.
Define commercial agriculture.
List the characteristics of commercial agriculture.
EVALUATION
• State five differences between subsistence agriculture and commercial
agriculture.
Weekend Assignment
WEEK 4
DATE:…………………………………
CONTENT:
i. Scope of Agriculture
ii. Forms of Agriculture.
Basic agriculture/agricultural education deals with the study of agricultural science as a subject i.e the
teaching of agriculture in schools. A specialist in this area is called agricultural science teacher/lecturer.
Animal science deals with the study of the various farm animals. A specialist in this area is called animal
scientist.
Soil science deals with the study of the types of soils. A specialist in this area is called a soil scientist .
Crop science deals with the study of the various type of crops that are cultivated farmers. A specialist in
this area is called a crop scientist. Crop science is divided into three: Agronomy(the study of crops and
soil ), Pathology(the study of plant and animal diseases), Entomology(the study of insects and pests).
Horticulture deals with of flowers and fruits. Horticulture is divided into three: Pomology (the study of
fruits), Floriculture(the study of vegetables), Floriculture(the study of flowers). A specialist in this area is
Called a Horticulturist.
Fishery deals with rearing of fish and other aquatic organisms e.g. fish, crabs, crayfish, shrimps, etc. A
specialist in this area is called a fishery officer.
Forestry deals with forest trees and forest management . A specialist in this area is called a forest
officer or forest guard.
Agricultural economics deals with how to run agriculture as a profitable business. A specialist in this
area is called agricultural economist.
Agricultural extension deals with the carrying of information from the research stations to the farmers
in the rural areas. A specialist in this area is called extension officer or extension agent.
Agricultural engineering deals with the study of agricultural tools and machines used in agriculture. A
specialist in this area known as agricultural engineer.
Veterinary medicine deals with the disease of farm animals. A specialist in this area is called a
veterinarian (Veterinary doctor).
EVALUATION:
• Why is agriculture regarded as a science subject?
• List eight branches of agriculture.
A. Crop farming: It involves the production of different types of crops. They are
mostly used as food for man, feed for animals and raw materials for industries
Examples of such crops(annual) include maize, rice, mille, sorghum, yam, potatoes, pepper,
Soya-bean, groundnut, tomatoes, okra, etc.
Other farmers practice the growing of perennial or permanent crops such as cocoa, oil palm,
coffee, rubber, citrus, cashew, kola, guava, mango etc which are also known as cash crops. The
system of cropping on a piece of land varies from one place to another and from one farmer to
the other. Those who engage in commercial farming for profit making often adopt mono-
cropping system (i.e. growing of only one type of crop on the same piece of land at the same
time), while most local farmers prefer the growing of different crops on the same piece of land
(mixed cropping).
C. FISHERY
Fishery (fish farming) refers to production of fish and other aquatic organisms, either for
domestic use or profit oriented venture.
Types of Fish good for fish farming
• Heterobranchus
• Tilapia
• Gynacus
• Clarias
Important of Fish
• Good Source of Protein
• Contains lesser cholesterol than meat
• Demand for fish is very high – for both rich and poor
• It is recommended for dieting and some vegetarians who do not eat meat
Weekend Assignment:
Junior secondary Agriculture (workbook 1) byAnthony.Youdeowei et-al pages
Visit the school fish pond and find out the names of fish there in.
REFERENCE TEXTS:
• Intensive Agricultural Science for J.S.S. 1, 2 & 3 by E. U. Okaro.
• Essentials of Agricultural Science for J.S.S. & Colleges by Earnest Chukwudi Anie.
• Agricultural Science for JSS (Upper Basic Education) by L. A. Are et al.
• Prescribed Agricultural Science for J.S.S. by S. E. Omoruyi et al.
WEEK 5
DATE:……………………………
TOPIC: FORMS OF AGRICULTURE (Cont’d)
There are two major ways of practicing livestock farming in Nigeria. The traditional or extensive
method whereby the animals are left to fend for themselves with little or no attention. There is no
housing, no care and they are exposed to dangers. In the northern part of Nigeria, the herdsmen
or Fulani cattle rearers move their animals from place to place in search of green pastures and
water.
Under the intensive or modern method, the animals enjoy proper management and care with
organized housing, balanced feeding, hygiene and control of diseases and pests.
Materials:
• Beehives/Box-hives and wax foundation sheets for each beehive.
• Garments/wears for preventing bee stings: Bee suits, boots/shoes, hive tool and smoker.
• Knives, hand gloves, brush and packaging bottles for processing.
As the bees feed on sweet foods of plants, they make honey and deposit honey in the honeycomb
until it becomes ripe. Then the bees seal the comb, which becomes airtight and brownish in
colour. Harvesting is done as from 4-6 months. A box hive yields about 12 litres of honey every
4 weeks. Honey is very high in demand for health considerations. It can also be used for
producing creams , candles.and medicine , There is the need for the beginner to undergo
training by studying the behaviour of bees to avoid possible attack.
Evaluation:
Define livestock farming.
List five types of domesticated animals commonly reared by livestock farmers.
Explain the two major ways of practicing livestock farming in Nigeria.
List the materials needed for establishing bee farming.
Explain how bee-farming housing can be constructed.
Give some uses of honey.
FEATURES OF SNAIL
• It is in a class called mollusc
• It is tough and blue-blooded
• It is covered with shell
• It has no threat to human health when eaten as meat. It is instead recommended for
diabetic patients, High Blood Pressure (HBP) patients, and health conscious individuals.
The liquid in its body is recommended for the treatment of asthma, blood deficiency, etc.
It is a seasonal meat (found only in rainy season). There is therefore, high demand for
snail as meat hence, the need to keep it domestically.
Housing Requirements:
The houses are of various forms to suit your need in terms of space and capital available.
• Piled motor tyres with net lid
• Pots or drums constructed
• Hutches or cages/boxed fenced pens
• Plantain plantation fenced with net wire.
Management/Skills Required
Choose the breed that can lay more eggs – male and female.
It is cheaper than any other livestock to run comparing the input with the expected return. The
labour is simple and feeding is not costly. The source of breed is very simple – you purchase the
breed that will benefit your project in terms of high yield. Snails feed on green leaves of
cocoyam, cassava, pawpaw, spinach, waterleaf, centrosemna and unripe fruits such as pawpaw,
banana, plantain, tomato, etc; tubers and flowers. Salt should not be added to any snail feed to
prevent them from dying.
Evaluation:
• List 4 various house forms of snail.
• State 4 reasons why the demand of snail meat is high in the society.
• State five different feeds of snails.
PRE-READING ASSIGNMENT
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Activity: Familiarize yourself with the various forms of agriculture through the study of charts
and pictures
REFERENCE TEXTS:
• Intensive Agricultural Science for J.S.S. 1, 2 & 3 by E. U. Okoro.
• Essentials of Agricultural Science for J.S.S. & Colleges by Earnest Chukwudi Anie.
• Agricultural Science for JSS (Upper Basic Education) by L. A. Are et al.
• Prescribed Agricultural Science for J.S.S. by S. E. Omoruyi et al.
WEEK 6
DATE:…………………….
TOPIC: CROP PLANT FORM.
Plant form refers to the shape of a plant. Flowering plants have two regions: the shoot region,
which is found above the ground level and the root region which is found below the ground
level.
EVALUATION
Differentiate between shoot system and root system and name their parts.
Diagrams
Parts of flowering plants
EVALUATION
1. Outline two functions each of
• The leaves
• The flowers
• The branches
Assignment:
Students to get any of the part of the plant, identify and draw it, and write its functions
Junior secondary Agriculture (workbook 1)byAnthony.Youdeowei et-al page 5-7,16.
REFERENCE TEXTS:
• Intensive Agricultural Science for J.S.S. 1, 2 & 3 by E. U. Okaro.
• Essentials of Agricultural Science for J.S.S. & Colleges by Earnest Chukwudi Anie.
• Agricultural Science for JSS (Upper Basic Education) by L. A. Are et al.
• Prescribed Agricultural Science for J.S.S. by S. E. Omoruyi et al.
WEEK 7
DATE: ………………………..
Terrestrial plants – these are plants that grow and survive on the land. Examples include:
beans, yam, rice, oil palm, coconuts, etc. They are mostly eaten by terrestrial animals including
man.
EVALULATION
(i) List 4 examples of aquatic plants
(ii) What are terrestrial plants? Name two common ones in your locality.
Narrow leaf
These are crop plants that their leaves grow narrow in shape. They are usually found in
monocotyledons crop plants. The leaves are usually eaten by ruminants animals like cow, goat,
and sheep. Examples of narrow leaves crops include maize, rice, guinea corn, millet and guinea
grass, elephant grass.
Elephant grass
grass leaves
Diagrams
Plantain plant leaves
Coconut plant
Water hyacent
EVALUATION
(i) Explain broad and narrow leafed plants.
(ii) Give 4 examples of broad leafed crop
(iii) List 4 examples of narrow leafed plants.
Weekend Assignment:
Junior secondary Agriculture (workbook 1) by Anthony.Youdeowei et-al pages
REFERENCE TEXTS:
• Intensive Agricultural Science for J.S.S. 1, 2 & 3 by E. U. Okoro.
• Essentials of Agricultural Science for J.S.S. & Colleges by Earnest Chukwudi Anie.
• Agricultural Science for JSS (Upper Basic Education) by L. A. Are et al.
• Prescribed Agricultural Science for J.S.S. by S. E. Omoruyi et al.
WEEK 8
DATE:
SUBJECT: AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE.
CLASS: JSS 1
TOPIC: CROP PLANT FORMS(CONT`D)
CONTENT:
i. Monocotyledon and Dicotyledon plants
ii. Difference between monocotyledon and Dicotyledon plants
EVALUATION
(i) List five crops that are monocotyledons and five crops that are dicotyledous.
EVALUATION
(i) State 6 differences between monocotyledons and dicotyledous.
Diagrams: draw
A monocot plant of maize with its complete parts
A dicot plant e.g. tomatoes with its complete parts.
ASSIGNMENT
Each student to draw a germinating seedling of maize and cowpea to show hypogeal and epigeal
germination.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Plant maize and groundnut seeds and observe them after germination and classify them into
monocotyledons and dicotyledons.