CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

A library is essential to the educational, political, and socio-economic development of every

nation. The fundamental aim of libraries is to provide timely, accurate, pertinent, and reliable

information for their users. A library, according to Chamber`s Encyclopedia,(2007) is a

collection of books and other forms of records housed, organized and interpreted to meet broad

and varying needs of the people such as information, knowledge, recreation and aesthetic-values.

The public library is a social institution that is inextricably linked to the political and social

reality of the communities in which it exists. This is an open-to-the-public library, as the name

indicates, and it is usually financed with public funds. Evans, (2000), in his view, asserted that a

public library is an institution that is set up by the government through enabling law, funded and

mentioned that is expected to meet the educational, informational, and recreational needs of its

community.

According to Obizue (2016), public libraries are often regarded as the poor man’s university. Its

clientele is heterogeneous, devoid of race, status, rank, or bias as to who would avail of its

services. It stocks every conceivable item that would add to the knowledge, education, research,

information, and cultural needs of society. In Nigeria today, each of the 36 states in the country,

including Abuja, has a public library board established under the public library act. Libraries are

financed and sustained to satisfy their communities’ academic, informational, and recreational

demands. Amaechi (2014) asserted that a public library is formed, sponsored, and funded using

public money.

1
The availability of funds for the day-to-day operation of the library is referred to as “public

library financing.” Obviously, funds are the most important aspect of any institution. Hence,

public library funding refers to the numerous methods through which public libraries get the

necessary funds for capital and recurring costs. However, financing and budgetary commitments

to Nigerian public libraries have remained insufficient throughout the years (Omotayo 2000).

This has resulted in inadequate library material upkeep, a lack of useful and educational

resources, a lack of contemporary and updated publications, and so on. As a result, Emojorho

(2004) emphasized that public libraries need adequate resources to run their services, pay and

hire personnel, provide current information, arrange, organize, and monitor both human and

material resources.

Furthermore, Anafulu (2007) claimed that the level of finance received by a library has a direct

impact on the quality of its services. As a result, he further stated that while the majority of

library financing comes from state and local sources, federal aid is equal to none in terms of

providing crucial support, providing libraries around the country with the financial support they

need to serve their communities. Due to public libraries’ financial decadence and consistent

underfunding, it has become critical to identify potential alternative funding sources for public

libraries.

1.2 Background of Katsina State Library Board

The Katsina State Library Board, like many other state library boards in Nigeria, plays a pivotal

role in promoting literacy, education, and access to information within the state. It has a rich

historical perspective rooted in the development of libraries in the region over the years. The

2
board's mission is centered on providing comprehensive library and information services to the

residents of Katsina State, with primary objectives that include promoting literacy, supporting

education, preserving cultural heritage, and facilitating research.

One of the board's core services is maintaining a diverse collection of books, encompassing

textbooks, fiction, non-fiction, and reference materials, catering to individuals of all age groups

and interests. In addition to traditional resources, the board recognizes the significance of digital

information in the modern era. Therefore, it offers access to e-books, online databases, and

digital archives to support research and information needs in the digital age.

The Katsina State Library Board not only offers a wealth of resources but also provides

conducive reading spaces and study areas, both for individuals and groups. It organizes

educational programs such as workshops, seminars, and literacy initiatives to promote lifelong

learning among its patrons. Furthermore, the board actively engages with the community through

events, exhibitions, and outreach programs to foster a vibrant reading culture.

Beyond serving as a knowledge repository, the Katsina State Library Board plays a vital role in

the educational and socio-economic development of the state. It contributes significantly to

human capital development by improving literacy rates and providing opportunities for personal

and professional growth among its users.

Despite its valuable contributions, the board faces challenges that are not uncommon in the

library landscape of Nigeria. These challenges include funding constraints, the need for

infrastructure development, and the imperative to adapt to the digital age. However, the Katsina

State Library Board remains committed to evolving and meeting the evolving information needs

3
of the community. In summary, it is a fundamental institution that stands as a gateway to

knowledge, a platform for community engagement, and a guardian of cultural heritage in Katsina

State, contributing significantly to the state's overall development.

1.3 Statement of the Problem

Academic libraries, according to Akporhonor (2005), are funded through the budgets of their

parent organizations. Basically, the finances allocated covers sundry current expenses. However,

in some case, Nigeria ministry of education aids the financial needs of public libraries.

However, in many public libraries, the budgetary allocation is not released as at when due, and

this in-turn delays the implementation of the library programs. According to Friese (2003), poor

accountability of funds allocated to respective libraries has engineered the prevalence of fund

embezzlement in public libraries, and this ugly act results in a shortage of funds. Consequent to

this is that it results in ineffective and poor management of the libraries. On the other hand,

Opara (2008) claimed that there is inadequate funding of public libraries by the state

government, which provides about 80% of the funds required by public libraries. On the

contrary, Eteng (2018) stated that government-owned libraries do not derive funds from

government allocations alone, but can obtain financing from endowment funds, library fees,

gifts, and other miscellaneous sources such as the sale of duplicate materials, fines, and

photocopying; that the bursar integrates and collates the various estimates from the various

departments. Hence, the ability of library staff to explore those sources will contribute

immensely to solving the problem of the poor availability of funds in public libraries. Thus, the

above forms the basis for this study.

4
1.4 Aim and Objectives of the Study

The primary aim of this study is to investigate the impact of additional sources of funding to

public libraries in Katsina State. Specifically, the study will;

1. Identify the causes of poor library funding in Katsina State public libraries.

2. Ascertain the additional sources of funds for public libraries in Katsina.

3. Determine the impact of fund availability on public libraries in Katsina.

1.5 Research Question

The study will be guided by the following questions:

1. What are the causes of poor library funding in Katsina’s public libraries?

2. What are the alternative sources of funds for public libraries in Katsina?

3. Does fund availability have a positive impact on the management of public libraries in

Katsina?

4. How has the historical allocation of government funds affected the financial

sustainability of public libraries in Katsina?

5. Are there any specific challenges or constraints that hinder the allocation of adequate

funds to public libraries in Katsina?

5
 6. What are the perceptions of key stakeholders, including government officials, librarians,

and library users, regarding the current funding situation of public libraries in Katsina?

7. To what extent have public-private partnerships been explored as a means to secure

funding for Katsina's public libraries?

8. How do public libraries in Katsina leverage technology and digital platforms to explore

crowd funding and online fundraising as potential sources of funding?

9. Are there any successful examples of grant applications or donor support that have

positively impacted the financial status of public libraries in Katsina?

10. What innovative strategies and best practices from other regions or countries can be

adapted to enhance the financial sustainability of public libraries in Katsina?

1.6 Significance Of The study

The management of public libraries in Nigeria has been poor to an extent. This, however, has

been attributed to the poor managerial skills of the administrators. This study will highlight the

need for the recruitment of well-qualified librarians and adequate training of the existing staff,

especially in the area of fund sourcing and management. The study will further be useful to

librarians as it will educate them on the available sources of funds through which they can raise

finance for effective management of the library.

Additionally, subsequent researchers will use it as a literature review. This means that other

students who may decide to conduct studies in this area will have the opportunity to use this

study as available literature that can be subjected to critical review. Invariably, the result of the

6
study contributes immensely to the body of academic knowledge with regard to the impact of

alternative sources of funding on Nigeria’s public libraries.

1.7 Scope of the Study

This research will encompass an extensive examination of the potential sources of additional

funding accessible to public libraries in Katsina State. The scope extends to both conventional

and innovative funding avenues, including government allocations, grants, partnerships,

donations, and community-driven fundraising initiatives. It aims to offer a comprehensive

overview of the financial resources that public libraries can tap into to enhance their operations

and services.

Moreover, the study will delve into assessing how the infusion of additional funding could

impact the overall functionality and offerings of public libraries. It will explore how increased

financial resources might be channeled to enrich library collections, bolster technological

infrastructure, enhance staff capabilities, and strengthen community engagement efforts.

Additionally, this research will focus on the crucial role played by the community in supporting

public libraries. It will explore various forms of community involvement, including fundraising

events, volunteer programs, and advocacy initiatives, shedding light on the dynamic interaction

between libraries and the communities they serve.

1.8 Limitation of the Study

While this study seeks to provide comprehensive insights into library funding in Katsina State, it

is essential to acknowledge its limitations. Firstly, the research is geographically confined to

public libraries within Katsina State, Nigeria. Findings and recommendations may not be directly
7
transferable to libraries in other states or countries due to variations in local contexts and

policies.

Secondly, data availability is a potential limitation. The study may encounter challenges related

to the accessibility and completeness of data concerning library funding sources and their impact.

These limitations could affect the depth and breadth of the research.

Resource constraints, such as limited time and budget, constitute another limitation. These

constraints may impact the extent of data collection, analysis, and the comprehensiveness of the

study. Furthermore, the study's findings and recommendations may be subject to changing

economic and political dynamics, which can influence the availability and effectiveness of

funding sources over time. It may also not encompass the full spectrum of community variability

in supporting public libraries, given the diversity of communities served by these institutions.

In addition, policy changes related to library funding during the course of the study could impact

the accuracy of policy assessments. Lastly, the study may not account for external factors, such

as global economic trends or unforeseen events, that could influence library funding sources.

1.9 Definition of Terms

Library: A library is a collection of materials, books or media that are easily accessible for

use and not just for display purposes. It is responsible for housing updated information in

order to meet the user’s needs on a daily basis.

Public Library: A public library is a community institution that provides access to a wide

range of informational, educational, recreational, and cultural resources to people within a

specific geographic area. These libraries are funded and operated by public authorities, such
8
as local governments or municipalities, and they offer their services free of charge to the

public.

Funding: Funding refers to the financial resources allocated to support the operations,

programs, and services of public libraries. It encompasses various revenue streams, including

government appropriations, grants, donations, and fees.

Grants: Grants are financial awards provided by government agencies, foundations, or other

organizations to public libraries for specific projects, initiatives, or programs. Libraries often

apply for grants to supplement their budgets and enhance their services.

User Fees: User fees are charges imposed on library users for specific services or privileges,

such as photocopying, printing, or accessing premium databases. These fees can supplement

library revenue.

State Aid: State aid is financial assistance provided by state governments to public libraries.

It can come in the form of grants, subsidies, or direct funding and varies by state.

Alternative Revenue Sources: Alternative revenue sources refer to creative income-

generating activities or partnerships that public libraries explore to diversify their funding

streams. Examples may include renting meeting spaces, offering fee-based workshops, or

collaborating with local businesses.

9
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

The public library is established to provide materials, which communicate experience and ideas

from one person to another and make them easily and freely available to all people. The public

library is a local centre of information that makes all kinds of knowledge and information readily

available to its users. It is established, supported and funded by the community, either through

local, regional or national government or through some other form of community organizations.

It provides access to knowledge, information and works of imagination through a range of

resources and services. It is equally available to all members of the community regardless of

race, nationality, age, gender, religion, language, disability, employment status and educational

attainment (Aboyade, 1984).

The public library is regarded as the local gateway to knowledge, providing a basic condition for

lifelong, independent, decision-making and cultural development of the individual and social

groups (IFLA/UNESCO), 1995). (IFLA, 2001) also defines public library as “an organization

established, supported and funded by the community, either through local, regional or national

government or through some other forms of community organization”. (IFLA, 2001) further

opines that a public library provides access to knowledge, information and works of the

imagination through a range of services and is equally available to all members of the

community regardless of race, nationality, age, gender, religion, language, physical and mental

10
limitations, economics and employment status and educational attainment. (Conable, 2012)

opines that every citizen should have equal right of public library services, buttressing the IFLA

position on public library services.

The public library is a social institution which is tied to the political and social realities of the

communities where it is situated. As the name implies, this is a library that serves the public.

UNESCO (1966) defines public library as “Those which serve the population of the community

or region free of change or for a nominal fee. It is a library designed to serve the generality of the

people. According to Ode & Omokaro (2007), Public libraries are established, owned and funded

by the government either state or federal governments at the state capitals and with branches in

the local governments headquarter. According to Oduagwu (2002) public libraries that serve the

public are supported by government subvention, local rates or charges. He went further to

explain that public library is often regarded as a poor man’s university. Its clientele is

heterogeneous devoid of race, status, rank, bias as to who would avail of its services. It stocks

every conceivable item that would add knowledge, education, research, information and cultural

needs of the society.

2.1 CONCEPT AND IMPORTANCE OF FUNDING

Public library funding generally refers to the various ways by which funds, capital or finances

can be derived for the smooth running of the library. It involves the money available or

allocation to library for running its day to day activities. However, the funding and financial

allocations to public libraries have remained poor for decades. Public libraries need adequate

resources to run their services, pay and hire personal, provides current information, arrange,

organize and monitor both human and materials resources.

11
Nigeria is a developing country and its society is not a reading society. Nigerians do not

appreciate the importance and needs of public libraries and the services it offers and this problem

reflect in the level of funds allocated to it by the government. State government subventions

which constitute about 80% of public library fund are grossly inadequate. This inadequacy is

because of the political instability and bad economy of the country Ulu, (1997). Late release of

fund by the government is another problem, this means that things cannot be done when

required. All the plans of public library are hampered by late release of fund. Another problem

is the existing infrastructural facilities in most public libraries which are inadequate. Their

reference materials are too old. There are no rooms for serious readers especially those carrying

out research works.

Lack of appreciation by policy makers in government is one of the problems. This shows that the

public libraries in the nation are not given due recognition they deserve, and this is traceable not

only to the non-quantifiable nature of library services but also the misconception given to

libraries by government to get off these problems. There must be a re-orientation on the part of

the policy makers in government to accord the public library the recognition it deserves.

According to Egbulonu (2002), he said that these problems have adversely affected the public

library services and its operations. The result of the impending global economic situation on the

other hand has drastically affected the attainment or achievements of basic standards in funding

the libraries.

According to Nwachukwu (1978) notes that a public library in its real sense could be regarded as

the people’s university, because it is equipped in such a way that all the academic disciplines are

represented and a conscientious user of the library can attain any height through the judicious use

12
of its stock. Seymour and Lagne (1979) said that the public library is a community institution

primarily funded by tax revenues, where any person without regard to race, religion, or economic

condition should be able to obtain free access to the recorded history, learning, and knowledge of

mankind. Finance is a critical input in the running of any organization. In view of the ‘’’

financial resource and the competing use to which finance can be put, it is essential that his

resources be carefully managed. The encyclopedia Britannica vol. 13 states that in many

cooperate reports, fund means working capital needed by a establishment.

According to Adimorah (1988) in discussing public libraries financing in Nigeria, maintained

that the financing of public libraries is a costly ventures which requires overhauling. He also

present treads to leaving the financing of public libraries to state government alone is basically

deficient. He proposed a balanced inter-governmental funding system involving the federal, state

and governments. He suggested operational funding patter whereby the federal government

should contribute 20% of public library fund state 50% and local government 30%. Webster new

twentieth century dictionary defines fund as a sum of money on stock convertible into money

held available for the demand of a business is obviously a major element. By funding here, we

mean the various ways we derive the expected fund for capital and recurrent expenses. It is

equally making money available for the running of the library.

According to Amafule (1997) states that every library stands on three legs, a building, collection

and staff, but the ten on that hold those legs and bounds them together is money “the states that

for the library to meet the objective for which it was established, money is very crucial for

procurement, processing and maintenance of equipment. According to Adams (1999) he states

that building one requires and needs money, but these is no money, furniture is needed and these

13
is no money, so in this view, what is naturally needed and importance is adequate money,

materials and staff, but money can be used to procure other things needed by the library,

stressing the indispensability of fund. According to Cannel (1996) discussed that the financial

problem according to him affects all types of library to purchase books and library materials

from abroad.

Corbeth (1997) said adequate finance is vital for the satisfactory running of any kind of library.

He pointed out that no matter how perfect the system of organization and its management and no

matter how efficient and well qualities the staff is the fundamental requirement of really

satisfactory services is an income sufficient to operate and maintain the services to an

appropriate and maintain the services to an appropriate standard.

Anadulu (1999) saw the library as a good example of an enterprise and noted that in every

institution, money is the greatest factory of production. He went further to state that finance

underpins all activities. He recognized the roles of personnel and management ineffective library

operations, but emphasized that the pivot of all directors and librarian of public library board to

be prudent and manage the limited financial resource available to the libraries. The equally noted

that some of the directors of public library board have no business with library before these

appointment. Personnel interest are treated before library matters and this is done at the expense

of public interest, for the board of public library to explore and exploit other areas of releasing

internally generated revenue to complement direct government funding, still stressing the

importance of proper funding as the most importance factor. This determines its efficiency to

offer user useful services. He states that this in turn reflects on the services it offers. He is of the

view that library services should be paid for and that the cost should be borne by the community

through their taxation to the government.

14
2.2 FUNDING OF PUBLIC LIBRARIES

On state of funding public libraries, Nwafor, (2002) stated that every library stands on three legs,

a building, collection and staff, but the only thing that holds those legs and bounds them together

is money. He further states that for the library to meet the objective for which it was established,

money is very crucial for procurement, processing and maintenance of equipment. Fries, (2008)

pointed out that adequate finance is vital for the satisfactory running of any kind. Adedoyin,

(2005) stated that funding, if properly done by the government can help in growth of public

library to meet the expectations and the demands of its user community. Opara, (2008) opined

that the bane of public libraries in Nigeria is poor funding. Every other problem confronting

them emanates from that. This problem is steadily compounded by the reality of both inflation

and the information explosion, including the growing concern for the provision of information in

all its formats. Mohanty, (2016) in his statement connoted that in order to escape poverty and

usher in economic prosperity in the 21st century; India needs to concentrate on regional or local

economic development through municipalities, as cities and towns are the engines of economic

growth and generators of public finance for socio-economic development. In the same vein,

many states in India face major challenges in running public libraries due to acute shortage in

infrastructure, funds and lack of local policies (Singh, 2012).

On the main sources of funding public libraries there are various sources of funding according to

scholars, public library is a community institution primarily funded by tax revenues, where any

person without regard to race, religion, or economic condition should be able to obtain free

access to the recorded history, learning and knowledge of mankind. (Okiy, 2004). Finance is a
15
critical input in the running of any organization. Okiy (2008) affirmed that public libraries

financing in Nigeria maintained that the financing of public libraries is a costly ventures which

requires overhauling. He also present treads to leaving the financing of public libraries to state

government alone is basically deficient. He proposed a balanced inter-governmental funding

system involving the federal, state and local governments where federal government should

contribute 20% of public library fund, state government 50% and local government

30%.respectively. The only main source is government allocation and it is the most pronounced

way or source of funding public libraries in Nigeria. More so, Evans, (2000)

Ikem (1995) pointed out that UNESCO public library manifesto in 1994 which is the third in the

series after 1949 and 1972 declared the public library as the local center of information, making

all kinds of knowledge and information readily available to its users. It further stipulates the

funding legislation and financed by national and local government. Many other writers held the

same view. For instance Oduwale, (2005) stated that public libraries are tax supported libraries

that services the generally of the public without bias to sex, age, race or religion. Adaramola,

(1998) noted that public libraries are libraries established and funded with tax payer’s money for

the free and unrestricted provision of books and other related materials to members of the public

for study and recreational purposes. In view of the above, various sources of public library

finance which includes; Government sources, Subscription, Income generated by the library and

endowments.

It is essential that a library has the resources required to accomplish its goals. Users can only

fully appreciate stunning architecture, skilled staff, and cutting-edge information storage and

retrieval technologies if they are treated with respect. Without sufficient funding, many services

cannot be provided. Enyi (2001) asserts that funding is necessary for all types of libraries. The

16
amount of funding a library receives directly affects the caliber of its offerings. Federal funding

is essential in giving libraries across the nation the financial support they need to serve their

communities, even if state and local funding accounts for the majority of library funding (Ayo-

Sobowale, & Akinyemi, 2011).

Inadequate funding of any organization or project results to non-fulfillment of its set goals

government allocation is the most pronounced way of funding public libraries. According to

Edoka (1990) the UNESCO public library manifesto 1994 which is the third in the series after

1949 and 1972 declares the public library as the local centre of information, making all kinds of

knowledge and information reading available to its users. It further stipulates that of funding

legislation and network. The manifesto states that the public library shall in principle are free of

change. Also that the public and national authorities. It must be supported by specific legislation

and financed by national and local government. Many other writers held the same view for

instance Okoro (1999) states that public libraries are tax supported libraries that services the

generality of the public without bios to sex, age, race or religion and free of charge.

According to Ologuoleko (2001) notes that public libraries are libraries established and funded

with tax payer’s money for the free and unrestricted provision of books and related materials to

members of the public of the study purpose. Still on government funding Oparaku ) 2004) states

that the services of public are financed through grants from government. He wants further and

said that government gives subvention to the library board for the running of it, services. Ifidon

(1994) states that during the affluence of 1960’s and 1970s in Nigeria, the library was regarded

as a service oriented set up, on revenue generating organization and an organization which relies

entirely on government for the funding. He went further to state that this conception was true in

17
the period of Economic prosperity, comparative case and calm. In this period of economic

depression many librarian still reason that way which has contributed greatly to the financial

problems facing public library today.

Elighafor (1997) recognized the importance of funding public libraries. He described the poor

funding by government, noting that as the primary source of funding public libraries. It would

have government employees. To him, the library is a living organism; it shrinks or grows in line

with the life put into it. He states that funding, if properly done by the government, makes for

growth of a fundamental library in order to meet the expectations and the demands of its

community.

2.3 ADDITIONAL SOURCES OF FUNDING TO PUBLIC LIBRARIES

The term “additional sources of financing” refers to people, groups, places/areas, paths, or

methods of receiving or producing money other than the well-liked traditional procedures to

support public university education (Enyi, 2001). The sources call for meticulous preparation and

strategies meant to obtain substantial sums of money from certain individuals, groups of

individuals, or activities. Alternative sources of funding are, in fact, innovative and novel sources

of income. Ezeuwa (2009) noted that many nations around the world, particularly the developed

ones, do not rely on the government for funding. In addition to the conventional sources, they

also use other sources. Most of the time, a smaller percentage of their total earnings comes from

conventional sources.

The alternative sources of funding of public libraries is reviewed by Friese (2008) opined that for

a public library to function effectively there is the need to explore and exploit other areas of

18
sourcing funds through the internally generated revenue to complement direct funding from the

government. He also stressed that proper funding is the most important factors which determines

public library efficiency, this in turn reflects on the services it offers. Banerjee (2015); Pyati and

Kamal (2012) reported that the Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) and other voluntary

agencies play an active role in the development and management of public and community

libraries in and around Bengaluru. Avadaiappan (2015) recommended that constituency

development fund of the Members of State Assembly/Parliament at least 3 years in every

assembly segment; creation of ‘library infrastructure fund’ with the support of the government,

public sector undertakings, multinational companies, private donors and through public-private

partnership. To this end, alternative sources for funding public library have to be efficient to

provide high quality library services and responsive to the local people’s needs (Scottish Library

and Information Council, 2015).

Buschman, (2016) averred that public libraries become landmarks in our vibrant cities and

towns, there is needs for government to established synergy with NGOS in order to drag the

public library system into the 21st century and prepare for the challenges Nigeria faces in a

digital world, such as addressing issues of privacy, building democratic values, which crucially

include free speech, freedom of thought, and equal access to information. Emojorbo (2004)

enumerated alternative sources include the possible means by which public libraries in Nigeria

can fund their services, such as activities of patron and community aid. In agreement with that

statement, Emojorho, (2004) opined that community aid has always existed in the history several

international agencies have in many decades been offering aids to public libraries. These include

UNESCO, Carnegie Corporation, Ford Foundation, Rockefeller Foundation, and the British

Council, UNDP, Book for Africa Project, European Union and UNDES.

19
Alternative sources of funding for public libraries are crucial to supplement traditional revenue

streams, ensuring sustained operations and the enhancement of library services. These sources

diversify financial support, reducing dependence on limited government allocations. Alternative

sources include the possible means by which public libraries in Nigeria can fund their services,

which includes the following sources;

Library activities: Quite often the public library loses sight of the possibilities within the library

through which funds can be generated some of those possibilities include the printing and

binding services, the library bookshop, the reprographic services and consultancy services.

Activities of Patron: The individual patrons and the group patrons (often referred to as friends

of the library) make up clients who the library or these who have interest for knowledge and the

activities of the library they can assist the library financially and can wired influenced over

others to assist the library too. They meet quite often to discuss problems of the library, and how

they can solved. They donate towards library projects and also organized lectures, talks and other

activities that would help the growth of the library. By doing does not in practice interfere with

the affairs of the library, and would never undertake any project without liaising with or due

clearance from the library authority.

Community Aid: Community aid has always existed in the history of the public library

communities have from the time provided infrastructural facilities like building and furniture.

They have also donate books communities and also known to have undertaken repairs of library

building and also involved in book donations. In the days of the petroleum Trust fund (PTF) now

defunct, public libraries applied to the agency for aid as an alternative source of fund. Today the

20
Education Trust fund (ETF) is doing a lot to transform public libraries in Nigeria infrastructural

and through the new technologies hence improving service delivery.

Grants and Foundations: Grants from government agencies, private foundations, and non-

profit organizations are a vital funding source. These grants can be project-specific or aimed at

general library support. Public libraries often apply for grants to fund special programs,

acquisitions, or facility improvements. They may focus on areas like literacy promotion,

technology access, or community outreach. Libraries must actively seek and apply for relevant

grants, aligning their proposals with the grantor's priorities.

Corporate Sponsorships and Partnerships: Collaborations with local businesses and

corporations can yield financial support. Companies may sponsor library events, literacy

initiatives, or technology upgrades. Libraries can establish partnerships for mutual benefit. For

instance, a library may collaborate with a tech company to offer computer literacy workshops.

Friends of the Library Groups: Friends of the Library (FOL) groups are volunteer-based

organizations dedicated to supporting libraries. They often raise funds through book sales,

memberships, and donations. FOL groups can contribute significantly to a library's budget by

organizing fundraising events and advocating for library funding.

Library Foundations: Many public libraries have associated foundations tasked with raising

and managing funds. These foundations may invest endowments and donations to generate

income for library operations. Library foundations often launch capital campaigns to finance

major projects like building renovations or technology upgrades.

Donations and Fundraising: Soliciting individual donations from library patrons and supporters

is a valuable source of funding. Libraries can create targeted fundraising campaigns and

21
encourage regular giving. Bequests and legacy gifts from individuals in their wills can provide

substantial long-term funding.

User Fees and Services: Some libraries charge nominal fees for certain services like

photocopying, printing, or rental of meeting rooms. These user fees can generate additional

revenue. Libraries may also offer premium services, such as passport application assistance, for a

fee.

Online Crowd funding: Crowd funding platforms like Kickstarter and Indiegogo provide

opportunities to raise funds for specific library projects or initiatives. Libraries can engage with

the community and online supporters to gather financial backing for innovative programs.

Grants-in-Aid and Partnerships with Educational Institutions: Public libraries can explore

partnerships with universities and colleges to access academic grants and resources. Such

partnerships can support initiatives related to research, educational programs, and technology

access.

Private Sector Donations: Local businesses and individuals can be approached for direct

financial support. Libraries may offer naming rights for library spaces or prominent

acknowledgments in return for donations.

Alternative Revenue Streams: Public libraries can explore alternative revenue streams like

operating cafes, vending machines, or retail stores within library facilities to generate income.

Investment Income: Prudent investment of surplus funds, including endowments and reserves,

can generate investment income that contributes to library budgets.

Membership Programs: Some libraries offer membership programs with associated benefits,

such as extended borrowing privileges or exclusive events, in exchange for annual fees.

22
2.4 PROBLEMS OF FUNDING PUBLIC LIBRARIES

From the history of public libraries in Nigeria, the problem of funds has remained an intractable

phenomenon. The Nigerian Library Association (NLA) is worried by the poor funding of

libraries generally but public libraries in particular. Therefore the Nigerian Library Association

has organized several conferences that highlight the problems of poor funding of public libraries

and need for improved funding. This conference suggested and recommended widening the

sources of funding public libraries rather than depending on government funding only.

On the problems associated with funding of public library. The Nigerian Library Association

(2006) noted that libraries of all kinds need money and funds are essential for acquiring library

resources, with inadequate funds public libraries cannot realized their goals as a recreational

centers. Therefore, public libraries should be adequately funded to be able to carry out these

functions effectively. Iteng (2018) stated that a society has a stake in what the library does. It is

interesting to have the library affect a lot of peoples’ lives in most positive ways. Granted that

not everybody likes or uses the library or even understands why they exist or should be funded,

public libraries must implement best practices to attract the reading public. Understandably,

budget cuts put them at a disadvantage to implement efficiencies in educational processes and

increase information literacy as they profess but it becomes a lesson in the management of scarce

resources to achieve great benefits in austere.

Adaramola (1998) emphasized that public libraries all over the world are experiencing crises

imposed by financial constraints, poor economic and inflation. It was further stated that no

library can be adequately stocked without the necessary adequate fund. He equally

acknowledged that the constraints on funding is all embracing as it affects to a large extent not

only book purchase but also staff salaries, quality and number of staff to be employed and above
23
all, depth of services to be provided. However, some factors militate against effective funding of

public libraries which includes: Government attitude, location of the library, misappropriation of

funds and financial recklessness by some libraries and readers attitude Madu, Onyeneke, and

zubogu (2018) recommended that extensive public enlightenment campaign should be involved

to acquaint the rural dweller on the importance of public libraries in community development so

that they will largely embrace their services.

Onyemaechi (2017) observed that a public library is a library that provides opportunities that

positively affect community development but it has suffered some challenges to the extent that

successive governments and organizations in Nigeria often overlook and neglect them as

institutions that foster community development. According to Opara (2008) poor funding, lack of

electricity supply, inexperienced and inadequate work force, illiteracy of community dwellers

and lack of public enlightenment have contributed to the poor functioning and non-attainment of

the community development expectation of public libraries in Nigeria. Amaechi (2014) alerted

that it is important to note that most of the public libraries in Nigeria lack digital service

opportunities and do not have current books and resource materials that are needed to facilitate

the slow pace of community development in the communities. There is no modern technology

awareness in most of the public libraries and most staff is nonprofessional while some others are

not computer literate and cannot afford to give adequate research or reference assistance to the

users. This is necessary because a library that cannot meet the information needs of its users is a

moribund and anemic information system as it has lost its vitality, honor and attractions

(Ajidabun, 2004).

Opara, (2008) opined that the bane of public libraries in Nigeria is poor funding. Every other

problem confronting them emanates from that. This problem is steadily compounded by the

24
reality of both inflation and the information explosion, including the growing concern for the

provision of information in all its formats.

According to Ehikhanener (1983) emphasized that public libraries all over the world are

experiencing crises imposed by financial constraints, poor economic, inflection. No library can

be adequately stocked with the necessary adequate fund. He equally acknowledge that the

constraints on funding is all embracing as it affects to a large extent not only book purchase but

also staff salaries, quality and number of staff to be employed and above all, depth of services to

be provided. However, some factors militate against effective funding of public libraries. They

are;

Government Attitude: as public libraries are established and funded by the government, it is

unbecoming of nonchalant attitude on part of government. Though they (government) drew up

laudable programmes and policies for libraries, but implementation and effective executive of

the programmes is an uphill task. In a situation where they matter attempts to fund, the fiscal

budgetary allocation to public libraries is partly budgetary allocation to public libraries is partly

compared with other social services institutions. In another development, government may

decide to stop funding, the library board entirely these by leaving the libraries at the merely of

existing stocks and few philanthropists. According to Ogundipe (1980) in his paper suggests that

authorities should consider it a necessity to establish libraries which are properly to the wisdom

and experience of mankind.

Location of the library: This is another problem associated with funding of public libraries are

not situated in towns and cities where they will be useful to the majority of the clientele without

much difficulty and be able to source funds from government organization and individual with

ease. A critical look in the society with discloses that, this is longer obtainable as most public

25
libraries are located at the outskirts of towns. Because of this, the community and government

may not work towards the development of a library as a result of the fact that they demote or

relegated the library to the background and see if as something that should be funded.

Misappropriation of Funds and financial recklessness by some libraries: Some of the people

at the apex of public are not professional librarians, so it looks stupid to them to spend huge

amount of money to acquire books and book materials for the maximum utilization and for this

reason, some of the funds for the development of library usually end being diverted or embezzled

by the these librarians.

Readers Attitude: Readers contributed to the rueful state of our public libraries by which they

show negative attitude to their hence, they see the as government belonging them and may not

return them when borrowed. They meet quite often to discuss problems of the library, and how

they can be solved. They donate towards library projects and also organized lectures, talks and

other activities that would help the growth of the library. By doing so, they immortalize their

names. The group does not in practice interfere with the affairs of the library, and would never

undertake any product without liaising with or due clearance from the library authority.

Staffing Shortages: Limited budgets can lead to staffing shortages, making it difficult for

libraries to attract and retain qualified professionals. Inadequate staffing levels can impact

service quality, program delivery, and the library's overall ability to meet the diverse needs of its

community.

Inadequate Funding for Technology: In today's digital age, libraries must invest in technology

infrastructure to remain relevant and provide essential services. However, limited funding can

hinder their ability to provide high-speed internet access, digital resources, and technology

26
training programs. This digital divide can further marginalize underserved communities with

limited access to technology.

Maintenance and Renovation Costs: Aging library facilities may require significant

maintenance or renovations to meet modern standards and accommodate evolving community

needs. These projects often demand substantial financial resources, and libraries may struggle to

secure funding for them. Insufficient investment in facility upgrades can result in deteriorating

infrastructure and reduced usability.

Inequitable Funding Distribution: Funding for public libraries is sometimes distributed

inequitably, leading to disparities in services and resources. Libraries in economically

disadvantaged areas may receive less funding than those in more affluent communities,

exacerbating social inequalities. Inequitable funding distribution can result in limited access to

educational opportunities and information for marginalized populations.

Budget Constraints: Public libraries often grapple with budget constraints that limit their

capacity to fulfill their mission effectively. These limitations can manifest in various ways, from

inadequate staffing levels to insufficient funds for program development and infrastructure

improvements. Such budgetary restrictions can hinder a library's ability to keep its collections

up-to-date, maintain its facilities, and provide a wide range of services to its patrons.

2.5 EFFECTS OF INADEQUATE FUNDING

According to O. Connell (1983) financial problems make it difficult for libraries to purchase

books and other library materials from abroad. This handicaps, the library in providing and

meeting the demands of the library patrons who makes demand of source available resources in

the libraries unperturbed.

27
According to Adele (1999) due to lack of funds, new books and facilities could not be used for

meaningful research work. Fusiyi (1968) said that buildings are required and there is no money;

furniture is needed, and there is no money, staff is required and there is no money. So in this

view, what is naturally needed in public library is money, materials and staff.

2.6 INSUFFICIENT AND UNTRAINED STAFF

Lack of staffing is another effect of inadequate funding. According to Lyle (1974) postulated that

the provision of good condition of books, periodicals, audio-visual aid and other library materials

does no in itself ensure good library services, but that good library services is dependent upon

good staff to enliven it. So as it is with books so it is with staffing. He said that most public

libraries are left with the pains of grappling with the case of staff insufficiency in the face of

qualified professional librarian roaming about the libraries with their certificates begging for

employment.

Public libraries are not only available resources, but also as a medium of social communication,

like coal or water; it can be wasted, qualified and trained staff of [public library help in

intelligent application of research that the prosperity of a country is based. Therefore there is

need and demand for good qualified need and demand for good qualified library staff on a public

library.

However, apart from the death of relevant information materials basic facilities are in short

supply while some of public libraries are housed in dilapidated buildings. The premises which

house some state libraries simply portray neglect and inadequacy not withstanding those users

still jostles for space to make use of the available outdated volumes. This is also the same as the

headquarters and branch libraries have less space and their stock lamentably are inadequate.
28
Nevertheless, the general condition of the libraries whether federal or local government is a story

of destitution. According to Ogbonna (2006) discovered that another inherent problem of public

libraries is staffing.

29
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the method of investigation and procedure adopted by the research in

carrying out this study. This study used survey research method. According to Berg (2002)

survey research design is a plan for how the study would be conducted. It is concerned with

what type of information or data to be gathered and through what forms the data is collected and

its technique.

3.1 DESIGN OF THE STUDY

Research design deals with how the study subject will be brought into the scope of the research

and how they will be employed within the research setting to yield the required data. The

research design refers to the plan that is used as a guide in collecting and analyzing data for a

study. In this research questionnaire is design by the researchers and presented to the respondents

for easy collection of data.

3.2 POPULATION OF THE STUDY

All employees in Katsina State public library, constituted the targeted population for the study.

Therefore, the entire population will be used for the study.

3.3 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

The questionnaire was used as an instrument for the collection of data. A self-developed and

structured questionnaire was used for the study. The respondents were provided with options

from where they choose an appropriate answer to the questions. The questionnaire was

30
categorized based on sections A-F. Section A: Demographic data. Section B: The source of

funding public libraries. Section C: The adequate funding of public libraries. Section D: The

alternative sources of funding public libraries. Section E: The effects of funding public libraries

and Section F: The problems militating against funding public library.

3.4 SAMPLE /SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

The sample/sampling technique is to have a pure representation of all the categories of staff

respondent in the library which is 29.

3.5 DATA ANALYSIS

Descriptive statistics was used in analyzing the collected data. To achieve this, percentages,

frequencies and tables was employed in analyzing the data generated from the questionnaire.

31
CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter is structured to provide a clear and systematic presentation of the results, making

use of tables and textual explanations to ensure that the findings are easily comprehensible.

Table 1: Gender Distribution

Gender Frequency Percentage

Male 15 51.7%

Female 14 48.3%

Total 29 100%

Source: Field Work 2023

The data in Table 1 displays the gender distribution of the 29 participants who responded to the

questionnaire. The majority of respondents, 15 individuals (51.7%), identified as male, while 14

(48.3%) identified as female. This relatively balanced gender distribution within the sample

indicates that both male and female perspectives will be well-represented in the study, which is

important for ensuring a comprehensive understanding of additional funding sources for public

libraries in Katsina State.

32
Table 2: Working Experience Distribution

Working Experience Frequency Percentage

1-5 years 7 24.1%

6-10 years 9 31.0%

11-15 years 5 17.2%

16-20 years 4 13.8%

21 or more years 4 13.8%

Total 29 100%

Source: Field Work 2023

Table 2 presents the distribution of respondents' working experience in public libraries. The

majority of participants, 31.0%, have been working in the field for 6 to 10 years, followed by

those with 1 to 5 years of experience at 24.1%. There is also a considerable representation of

individuals with 11 to 15 years of experience at 17.2%. A smaller proportion of respondents have

more extensive experience, with 13.8% each having worked for 16 to 20 years and 21 or more

years. This diversified distribution of working experience levels among participants ensures that

the study incorporates insights from individuals with various levels of experience in public

libraries, contributing to a well-rounded analysis of potential sources of additional funding for

these institutions.

33
Table 3: Qualification Distribution

Qualification Frequency Percentage

Primary Certificate 2 6.9%

SSCE 8 27.6%

BLS 5 17.2%

MLS 10 34.5%

Diploma 4 13.8%

Total 29 100%

Source: Field Work 2023

Table 3 displays the distribution of respondents' qualifications. The majority of participants

(34.5%) possess a Master of Library Science (MLS) degree, while 27.6% have a Senior

Secondary Certificate Examination (SSCE) qualification. A significant portion (17.2%) holds a

Bachelor of Library Science (BLS) degree, while 13.8% have a diploma. A smaller group (6.9%)

has a primary certificate as their qualification. This diversified distribution of qualifications

among participants underscores the varied educational backgrounds within the field of public

libraries and ensures that insights from individuals with different educational levels are

considered when examining potential additional funding sources.

34
Table 4: Funding Sources for Public Libraries

Funding Source Frequency Percentage

Government budget allocation 22 75.9%

Donations from individuals 10 34.5%

Donations from organizations 15 51.7%

Grants 7 24.1%

Other (please specify) 3 10.3%

Total 29 100%

Source: Field Work 2023

Table 4 presents the various funding sources for public libraries in Katsina State based on the

responses from the participants. The most commonly cited source is government budget

allocation, with 75.9% of respondents indicating it as a significant funding source. Donations

from organizations and individuals are also notable, with 51.7% and 34.5% of respondents,

respectively, considering them as sources of funding. A smaller proportion of respondents

mentioned grants (24.1%) as a funding source. Additionally, 10.3% of respondents specified

"Other" funding sources, which may include unique or localized methods of financial support.

This diversified representation of funding sources reflects the complex nature of financing public

libraries in Katsina State and provides valuable insights into the current state of library funding.

35
Table 5: Adequacy of Current Funding

Rating Frequency Percentage

1 4 13.8%

2 9 31.0%

3 8 27.6%

4 5 17.2%

5 3 10.3%

Total 29 100%

Source: Field Work 2023

Table 5 provides insight into the perceived adequacy of the current funding for public libraries in

Katsina State. Respondents were asked to rate the adequacy on a scale of 1 to 5, with 1 indicating

inadequacy and 5 indicating very adequacy.

A notable portion of respondents, 13.8%, expressed a perception of inadequacy by giving a

rating of 1, while 31.0% chose a rating of 2, signifying some inadequacy. These responses

indicate that a significant segment of the participants feels that current funding levels fall short of

meeting the needs and expectations of public libraries. This highlights potential areas of concern

and challenges that public libraries may be facing in Katsina State. A substantial 27.6% of

respondents provided a rating of 3, indicating a neutral perception of funding adequacy. This

36
suggests that a significant portion of participants neither views the current funding as highly

inadequate nor particularly adequate.

About 17.2% of respondents rated the funding as 4, suggesting a perception of relative adequacy.

These respondents likely consider the funding to be reasonably sufficient to support the functions

of public libraries, but there is room for improvement. A smaller percentage, 10.3%, rated the

funding as 5, signifying a perception of very adequacy. These respondents are likely more

optimistic about the level of funding and believe that it is more than sufficient to meet the needs

of public libraries.

37
Table 6: Aspects Needing Better Funding

Aspect Frequency Percentage

Acquisition of new books and materials 20 69.0%

Renovation and maintenance of library facilities 13 44.8%

Staff salaries and training 15 51.7%

Technological resources (computers, internet, etc.) 12 41.4%

Educational programs and events 16 55.2%

Other (please specify) 4 13.8%

Total 29 100%

Source: Field Work 2023

Table 6 summarizes the perspectives of participants on the specific aspects of public libraries in

Katsina State that they believe are in need of increased funding. In this survey, participants were

given the opportunity to select multiple aspects from the options provided and were also allowed

to specify additional aspects under the "Other" category. A predominant 69.0% of respondents

identified the acquisition of new books and materials as a top priority for improved funding. This

suggests a strong emphasis on enriching the collections of libraries to better cater to the

information and educational needs of the community. Approximately 44.8% of participants

emphasized the significance of renovating and maintaining library facilities. This indicates a

collective concern about the physical infrastructure and the overall ambiance of public libraries.

38
A substantial portion, representing 51.7%, recognized the importance of funding staff salaries

and training. This underscores the value placed on adequately compensating library personnel

and offering them professional development opportunities. Roughly 41.4% of respondents

highlighted the need for better funding in technological resources, including computers and

internet access. This aligns with the modernization of libraries, ensuring they facilitate digital

access and digital learning opportunities.

Significantly, 55.2% of participants acknowledged the significance of funding educational

programs and events, affirming the pivotal role of libraries as hubs for community learning and

enrichment. A smaller yet notable proportion, accounting for 13.8%, specified other aspects that

they believe require increased funding. These "Other" aspects could encompass specific needs

unique to certain libraries within Katsina State. The varied distribution of responses highlights

the multifaceted challenges and opportunities faced by public libraries. These findings provide

crucial insights for library administrators and policymakers, guiding them in prioritizing areas

for enhanced funding and development. This, in turn, will enable libraries to better fulfill their

mission of serving and enriching the community.

39
Table 7: Alternative Sources of Funding

Funding Source Frequency Percentage

Fundraising events 21 72.4%

Corporate sponsorships 10 34.5%

Membership fees 5 17.2%

Public-private partnerships 16 55.2%

Crowd funding 7 24.1%

Other (please specify) 3 10.3%

Total 29 100%

Source: Field Work 2023

Table 7 presents the responses from participants regarding alternative sources of funding that

public libraries in Katsina State could explore. Respondents were allowed to select multiple

options, and they could also specify other sources under the "Other" category.

The majority of participants, 72.4%, recognized fundraising events as a viable alternative source

of funding for public libraries. This response underscores the potential of community

engagement and activities to raise funds for library support. Approximately 34.5% of

respondents identified corporate sponsorships as a potential source of funding. This suggests that

collaboration with local businesses or corporations may offer financial support for libraries.

40
A smaller portion, 17.2%, considered membership fees as a feasible alternative source of

funding. This may imply the potential to establish membership programs to generate revenue. A

significant 55.2% of participants highlighted public-private partnerships as a promising source of

funding. This response suggests an awareness of the benefits of collaboration with both public

and private entities.

About 24.1% of respondents recognized crowd funding as a potential avenue for raising funds.

This aligns with the digital age and the possibility of online campaigns to garner financial

support. A portion of respondents, 10.3%, specified other alternative funding sources, which

could include innovative or localized approaches tailored to specific library needs.

41
Table 8: Challenges Hindering Library Funding

Challenge Frequency Percentage

Lack of awareness about library services 13 44.8%

Economic challenges in the region 19 65.5%

Government budget constraints 17 58.6%

Lack of community support 9 31.0%

Inadequate advocacy for libraries 11 37.9%

Other (please specify) 3 10.3%

Total 29 100%

Source: Field Work 202

Table 8 summarizes the responses from participants regarding the challenges they believe hinder

the funding of public libraries in Katsina State. 44.8% of participants noted the lack of awareness

about library services as a challenge. This suggests that some community members may not fully

comprehend the valuable resources and programs libraries offer.

The economic challenges in the region were cited by 65.5% of respondents. Economic

constraints can impact both government budget allocations and community financial support,

affecting library funding. A significant 58.6% of participants recognized government budget

42
constraints as a hindrance to library funding. This highlights the dependence of libraries on

government allocations.

About 31.0% of respondents identified the lack of community support as a challenge.

Community involvement is crucial for library sustainability, and this response indicates room for

improvement in this area. 37.9% of participants mentioned inadequate advocacy for libraries as a

challenge. Effective advocacy can raise awareness and support for library funding. A smaller

proportion, 10.3%, specified other challenges not covered by the provided options, which could

include unique or localized challenges specific to certain libraries in Katsina State.

4.2 DISCUSSION

The research conducted in Katsina State regarding public library funding has yielded valuable

insights into the current state of library financing and the challenges and opportunities faced by

public libraries in the region. The results from the questionnaire responses shed light on several

key aspects related to library funding.

Research Question 1: Causes of Poor Library Funding:

Approximately 44.8% of the respondents identified a lack of awareness about library services as

a key challenge. This points to a critical issue where a considerable portion of the local

population may not fully grasp the valuable resources, educational programs, and community

services that public libraries offer. The lack of awareness is an impediment to garnering

community support and financial contributions. Collectively, these findings highlight the

multifaceted nature of the challenges that public libraries in Katsina State face when it comes to

funding. To address these issues, strategies should focus on raising awareness about the library

43
services, addressing economic challenges in the region, advocating for the vital role of libraries,

and fostering community support. Furthermore, innovative approaches to diversify funding

sources, such as exploring public-private partnerships and alternative fundraising methods, can

contribute to mitigating these challenges and enhancing the financial sustainability of public

libraries in the region.

Research Question 2: Alternative Sources of Funds:

The results presented in Table 7 illuminate the range of potential alternative funding sources for

public libraries in Katsina State. Respondents highlighted several avenues, including fundraising

events, corporate sponsorships, public-private partnerships, crowd-funding, and, notably, the

opportunity for library administrators to explore other creative and localized options for securing

funding. These findings underscore the diversity of potential sources beyond traditional

government allocations. To enhance the financial sustainability of public libraries in Katsina,

stakeholders can consider leveraging these alternative sources while also exploring innovative

strategies tailored to the unique needs of the libraries and their communities.

Research Question 3: Impact of Fund Availability on Library Management:

The results shown in Table 5 reflect the diverse perspectives of the respondents regarding the

adequacy of current library funding, ranging from those who perceive it as inadequate to those

who consider it reasonably sufficient. This variability in responses underscores the intricate

relationship between fund availability and effective library management. While some may argue

that increased funding can lead to better management by allowing for enhanced services,

resources, and staff, it's clear from these responses that there isn't a unanimous agreement on the

44
direct impact of funding on library management. The role of effective management extends

beyond financial resources, encompassing aspects like strategic planning, community

engagement, and resource allocation. As such, further research and a nuanced analysis are

essential to better understand the precise relationship between fund availability and library

management in Katsina State.

Research Question 4: Historical Allocation of Government Funds:

While the results don't explicitly address the historical allocation of government funds, the data

from Table 9 reveals the significant impact of government budget constraints on library funding.

This implies a potential connection between historical budget allocation trends and the current

financial sustainability of public libraries in Katsina. Government budget decisions, which can be

influenced by economic conditions, political priorities, and public sentiment, have a long-lasting

impact on the financial support provided to libraries. To thoroughly investigate the historical

allocation's effect, further research, including budgetary analysis and historical funding trends, is

required to draw more specific conclusions about the interplay between past government funding

decisions and the current state of public library finances in Katsina State.

Research Question 5: Specific Challenges and Constraints:

The findings presented in Table 9 offer insights into the specific challenges and constraints that

act as barriers to the allocation of adequate funds to public libraries in Katsina. Respondents

emphasized challenges such as a lack of community support, government budget constraints,

inadequate advocacy for libraries, and a lack of awareness about library services. These specific

challenges provide crucial context for understanding why it can be difficult to allocate sufficient

45
funds to libraries in the region. A lack of community support and awareness implies a need for

community engagement and outreach efforts to bolster financial contributions. Government

budget constraints underscore the necessity for advocacy and lobbying for increased budget

allocations. These results suggest that addressing these specific challenges is essential to ensure

adequate funding for public libraries in Katsina State.

Research Question 6: What are the perceptions of key stakeholders, including government

officials, librarians, and library users, regarding the current funding situation of public

libraries in Katsina?

The results provide valuable insights into the perceptions of key stakeholders. In particular,

Table 5 illustrates a diversity of perspectives, with respondents expressing varying opinions

about the adequacy of current library funding, ranging from those who consider it inadequate to

those who find it reasonably sufficient. These responses suggest that the perceptions of

stakeholders, including government officials, librarians, and library users, can be quite diverse,

and there is no uniform consensus on the current funding situation. This highlights the

importance of conducting in-depth qualitative research, such as interviews or focus groups, to

delve into the specific viewpoints and concerns of various stakeholders. A comprehensive

understanding of their perceptions is crucial for developing strategies to improve library funding

and ensure that it aligns with the needs and expectations of these key stakeholders.

Research Question 7: Public-Private Partnerships:

The results in Table 7 indicate that public-private partnerships have been recognized by

respondents as a potential source of library funding. Although the extent of exploration is not

46
detailed in this data, this response suggests that there is some awareness of the concept and

potential for public-private partnerships in the context of library financing in Katsina State.

Public-private partnerships can offer a promising avenue for securing additional funding and

resources for public libraries. However, the specific extent to which these partnerships have been

pursued, the success of such initiatives, and the potential for future growth and development will

require further investigation. A more comprehensive examination of existing partnerships and

their impact, as well as potential strategies for expanding these collaborations, is warranted to

leverage this funding source effectively.

Research Question 8: Leveraging Technology and Digital Platforms:

While the results do not directly address this question, the responses in Table 7 and the inclusion

of aspects like fundraising events and crowd funding suggest that technology and digital

platforms could play a role in fundraising for public libraries in Katsina. This implies a potential

avenue for libraries to explore. The specific strategies and extent to which libraries leverage

technology and digital platforms for fundraising, including crowd funding and online

fundraising, require more detailed investigation. Understanding the current utilization of digital

tools, the effectiveness of such approaches, and the potential for innovation in this area is

essential to determine how technology can be harnessed to enhance library funding in the region.

Research Question 10: Innovative Strategies and Best Practices:

The responses in Table 7 and the discussion around public-private partnerships and corporate

sponsorships suggest the potential adoption of innovative strategies and best practices to enhance

the financial sustainability of public libraries in Katsina. While this sample does not specify

47
particular strategies from other regions or countries, the results indicate that there is recognition

of the need for innovative approaches. To effectively adapt and implement innovative strategies,

further research and analysis are necessary. This research should focus on identifying successful

practices in other regions or countries that align with the unique context and needs of Katsina's

public libraries. By embracing and tailoring these strategies, libraries can potentially bolster their

financial sustainability and expand their contributions to the community.

Open-Ended Question 10: In your opinion, how does adequate funding of public libraries

benefit the community?

The responses to this open-ended question provide valuable qualitative insights into the

perceived benefits of adequately funded public libraries in Katsina State. Many participants

highlighted the multifaceted contributions that well-funded libraries make to the community.

Some emphasized the role of libraries as centers of education and knowledge dissemination.

They noted that adequate funding enables libraries to maintain up-to-date collections, offer a

wide range of books, resources, and educational programs, and provide access to information

that enhances learning and research. Several respondents underscored the positive impact of

well-funded libraries on community development. They described libraries as vital hubs for skill

development, job training, and lifelong learning. Adequate funding, according to participants,

allows libraries to offer various workshops and training sessions that equip community members

with practical skills and enhance their employability. Moreover, participants recognized the

social role of public libraries, emphasizing that they foster a sense of community by serving as

gathering spaces for people of all ages. Adequate funding helps libraries organize events, cultural

programs, and activities that promote social interaction, diversity, and a sense of belonging.

48
Another recurring theme in the responses was the significance of libraries in promoting reading

culture and literacy. Adequately funded libraries can create engaging reading environments,

encourage a love for books among the youth, and support early childhood education. Overall, the

open-ended responses reflect a consensus among participants that well-funded public libraries

are integral to community well-being. The benefits are wide-ranging, encompassing education,

community development, social cohesion, and the cultivation of a vibrant reading culture.

Open-Ended Question 11: Have you personally experienced any positive effects of well-

funded public libraries in Katsina State? If so, please describe.

In response to this question, participants shared personal experiences that underscore the positive

effects of well-funded public libraries in Katsina State. Several individuals recounted instances

where they or their family members benefited from the resources and services offered by these

libraries. Common themes included improved access to educational materials, assistance with

research and homework, and skill development.

Some participants highlighted the libraries' role in supporting lifelong learning. They mentioned

using library resources to acquire new skills, enhance their knowledge, or pursue personal

interests. Additionally, respondents shared anecdotes of how libraries had played a role in

helping them secure jobs, with access to job listings and assistance in job applications.

Furthermore, several respondents described the impact of public libraries on the community.

They noted how well-funded libraries served as centers for community engagement, cultural

exchange, and social interactions. These libraries hosted events, book clubs, and cultural

programs that fostered a sense of belonging and unity among community members.

49
The personal experiences shared by participants serve as real-life testaments to the tangible

benefits of well-funded public libraries. These stories underscore the libraries' significance in

education, skill development, and community building. They also highlight the broader impact

that libraries have on individual lives and the Katsina community as a whole.

50
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary

This research study sought to explore and understand the funding landscape of public libraries in

Katsina State and identify opportunities for enhancing financial sustainability. The study was

guided by specific research questions that aimed to uncover the causes of poor library funding,

identify alternative funding sources, assess the impact of funding availability on library

management, and examine the historical allocation of government funds. Additionally, the

research inquired into specific challenges and constraints affecting fund allocation, the

perceptions of key stakeholders regarding library funding, the extent of public-private

partnerships, the use of technology and digital platforms for fundraising, and the potential

adaptation of innovative strategies from other regions or countries.

5.2 Conclusions

In conclusion, several key takeaways emerge, the complex funding landscape, influenced by

government budget constraints, economic challenges, and community engagement, necessitates

careful consideration and collaboration among stakeholders. Public libraries possess the potential

to diversify their funding sources through fundraising events, corporate sponsorships, and public-

private partnerships, which are critical for enhancing financial sustainability. The perceptions of

key stakeholders play a pivotal role in shaping library funding strategies, and aligning these with

funding initiatives is essential for garnering support. Furthermore, exploring innovative strategies

51
from other regions or countries and engaging the community, increasing awareness about library

services, and advocating for libraries are all vital components in addressing funding challenges.

5.3 Recommendations

Based on the research findings and conclusions, the following recommendations are made to

enhance library funding in Katsina State:

1. Libraries should collaborate with local authorities and community organizations to

conduct awareness campaigns. These campaigns should focus on the value of library

services, their impact on education, and community development.

2. Public libraries should actively seek public-private partnerships to diversify funding

sources. Initiatives to engage local businesses and organizations in supporting libraries

can be explored.

3. Libraries should leverage technology and digital platforms for fundraising. Online

crowdfunding campaigns, digital donation platforms, and social media can be harnessed

to encourage contributions.

4. Engage key stakeholders, including government officials, librarians, and library users, in

ongoing dialogues about library funding. Their input is essential in shaping funding

strategies that align with community needs.

5. Explore and adapt innovative strategies and best practices from other regions or

countries. This could include adopting successful models for public-private partnerships

or fundraising initiatives that have proven effective elsewhere.

52
6. Encourage and foster community support through programs and activities that bring

residents into the library. Book clubs, cultural events, and community forums can help

build a sense of belonging and support for library funding.

53
Katsina State Library

Sabo Bakin Kasuwa,

Along IBB Way, Katsina,

Katsina State, Nigeria.

Dear Sir,

REQUEST FOR COMPLETION OF A QUESTIONNAIRE

We are final year students of library and information science from Federal University Dutsi-ma,

we are conducting a ‘Study of Additional Sources of Funding to Public Libraries in Katsina

State”. This is as part of the requirements for the award of National Diploma in Library and

Information Science.

To enable us conduct this research, we solicit for your assistance and state that the information

given will solely be used for the purpose of the research.

Thank you for your maximum cooperation.

54
 QUESTIONNAIRE

Section A: Demographic Data

1. Gender

Male [ ] Female [ ]

2. Working Experience

1-5 yrs. [ ] 6-10 yrs. [ ] 11-15 yrs. [ ] 16-20 yrs. [ ] 21-above yrs. [ ]

3. Qualification

Primary Certificate [ ] SSCE [ ] BLS [ ] MLS [ ] Diploma [ ]

Section B: The Source of Funding for Public Libraries

6. How do you think public libraries in Katsina State are currently funded? (Select all that apply)

Government budget allocation [ ] Donations from individuals [ ]

Donations from organizations [ ] Grants [ ]

Other (please specify): ______________

Section C: The Adequate Funding of Public Libraries

7. On a scale of 1 to 5, how adequate do you consider the current funding of public libraries in
Katsina State? (1 being inadequate and 5 being very adequate)

1[ ] 2[ ] 3[ ] 4[ ] 5[]

8. What aspects of public libraries do you think need better funding? (Select all that apply)

Acquisition of new books and materials [ ]

Renovation and maintenance of library facilities [ ]

Staff salaries and training [ ] Technological resources (computers, internet, etc.) [ ]

Educational programs and events [ ]

Other (please specify): ______________

55
 Section D: The Alternative Sources of Funding for Public Libraries

9. Are you aware of any alternative sources of funding that public libraries in Katsina State could
explore? (Select all that apply)

Fundraising events [ ] Corporate sponsorships [ ] Membership fees [ ]

Public-private partnerships [ ] Crowd funding [ ]

Other (please specify): ______________

Section E: The Effects of Funding Public Libraries

10. In your opinion, how does adequate funding of public libraries benefit the community?
(Open-ended)

11. Have you personally experienced any positive effects of well-funded public libraries in
Katsina State? If so, please describe.

Section F: The Problems Militating Against Funding Public Libraries

12. What challenges do you believe hinder the funding of public libraries in Katsina State?
(Select all that apply)

Lack of awareness about library services [ ]

Economic challenges in the region [ ]

Government budget constraints [ ]

Lack of community support [ ]

Inadequate advocacy for libraries [ ]

Other (please specify): ______________

13. In your opinion, what strategies or solutions could be implemented to overcome these
challenges and improve funding for public libraries in Katsina State? (Open-ended)

56
 REFERENCES

Adaramola, E.S. (1998). The need for strategic management for higher education libraries: in

Nigeria. Nigerian University Library System 3(1&2), 29-43

Adeyoyin, S.O. (2005). Information and communication technology literacy among the staff of

Nigerian university libraries. Library Review 3(5), 8-13

Ajidabun, C.O. (2004). The acquisition management and bibliographic control of government

publications: in Nigerian University Libraries. World Libraries, 14 (2), Retrieved from

http://www.worldlib.org/vol14no2/ajidahu nv14n2.Shtm

Amaechi, F. E. (2014). The role of public library in rural development in: Nigeria. Library

Review, 3(1), 213 – 220

Anyamele, S. C. (2004). Institutional Management in Higher Education - A study of leadership

approaches to quality improvement in University management: Nigerian and Finnish

cases. Unpublished Ph.D Thesis submitted to the Department of Education, University of

Helsinki.

Avadaiappan, N. (2015). Financing public libraries for the future: Tamil Nadu model

[PowerPoint presentation], retrieved from: http://delnet.nic.in/Avadiappan-52

Ayo-Sobowale, M. & Akinyemi, S. (2011). Funding Strategies for Quality University Education

in Nigeria: The Principle of Fiscal Justice. Journal of Studies in Education1(1)

Balaji, B. P., Vinay, M. S., & Raju, J. S. M. (2018). A policy review of public libraries in India

(Working paper | 2018 | 1). Bengaluru: Indian Institute for Human Settlements.

57
Banerjee, K. K. (2015). Public libraries in India: present scenario, [power point presentation]

Retrieved from: www.delnet.nic.in/Dr.%20K.%20K%20Baner jee_NML.pptx

Berg, (1998). Qualitative Research Methods for Social Sciences. USA: Allyn and Bacon

Publishers.

Boyce, J. I. & Boyce, B. R. (1995). Library Outreach Programs in Rural Areas. Library Trends

2(44), 32-35

Buschman, J. (2016). The structural irrelevance of privacy: a provocation. The Library

Quarterly, 86(4),419-433. Retrieved from DOI:10.1086/688031.%20financing%20publi c

%20libraries%20for%20the%20future.pptx Encyclopedia Britannica (2007). 15th Ed.

vol. 13

Enyi, D. (2001). Exploring alternative sources of funding higher education in Nigeria: Managing

the weak spots. In A.U. Akubue and D. Enyi (eds): Crisis and challenges in higher

education in developing countries. Ibadan: Nazareth Press Ltd

Enyi, D. (2001). Implementing alternative Sources of Funding Higher Education. Nsukka: UNN.

Press.

Eteng, U. (2018). Public libraries during economic recession: the Nigerian experience.

International Journal of Library and Information Science Studies, 4(1), 24- 31.Retrieved

from: www.eajournals.org

58
Etuk, G. K. (2015). Innovations in Nigerian Universities: Perspectives of an insider from a

“Fourth Generation” University. International Journal of Higher Education. 4 (3), 218-

232.

Evans, E. (2000). Developing library collection. Libraries Unlimited, 2 (3-4), 168.

Ezeuwa, L. (2009). Enhanced Educational Financing as an instrument for managing inventions

in teacher education: the college of education example. In J. B.. Babalola, G. O. Akpa, N.

Ikechukwu, A. O. Ayeni & A. I. Atanda (eds) Managing Inventions in the Nigerian

Educational System. Ibadan: His Lineage Publishing House.

Friese, D. (2003). Evaluation of public library services in rural areas: in comparison to a books-

bymail service. Nigerian University Library System 3(l&2), 29-41. Retrieved from:

http://eric.ed.gov/ERlCwebportal

Gates, C. (1998). Public libraries in Nigeria: decades of persisting. International Information and

Library Review, 30 (2), 97-104.

Ifidon, S. E (1995). Management of information institution in depressed economy: the Nigerian

experience. Nigeria libraries, 29 (1&2), 33

Ikem, J. (1995). Managing readers service in a period of financial scarcity. Journal of Oyo State

Chapter of the Nigerian Library Association, 12 (13), 46 - 69.

Landua, Thomas (1968) Encyclopedia of Librarianship. London: Bowes and Bowes Publisher

L.T.D

59
Madu, C. C., Onyeneke, C. O. & Azubogu, N. C. (2018). Public library services: A catalyst for

community development. Library as centers of community engagements for

development. Retrieved from: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4. 0/11

Mainka, A., Hartmann, S., Orszullok, L., Peters, I., Stallmann, A. & Stock, W.G. (2013). Public

libraries in the knowledge society: Core services of libraries in informational world cities.

Libri, 63 (4), 295-319. Retrieved from: DOI: 10.1515/libri-2013-0024.

Mohanty, P. K. (2016). Financing Cities in India: Municipal Reforms, Fiscal Accountability and

Urban Infrastructure: Sage Publications, New Delhi.

Nwafor, B.U. (2002). Funding for university libraries in the third world libraries.

Nwiyi, G. U. (2016). Policy and Practice of Funding Secondary Education in Rivers State.

Nigerian Journal of Educational Administration and Planning 16(4) 851-861.

Obasi, F. N. & Asodike, J. (2007). Resources Management in Nigerian Schools. Owerri:

Alphabet Nigeria Publishers.

Obasi, F. N. & Asodike, J. (2007). Resources Management in Nigerian Schools Owerri:

Alphabet Nigeria Publishers. OECD, (2013). Economic, Environmental and Social

Statistics: Foreign Direct Investment OECD Fact

Obizue, E.C. & Obizue, M. N. (2016). The role of public libraries in the information society.

Journal of Resourcefulness, 3(1), 266 -279.

Oduagwu, E.A. (2006) Library and Information services: theory and practice, Owerri, grace of

fund printing and publishing C.p 8

60
Oduwole, A. A. (2005). Information technology applications to cataloguing in Nigerian

university libraries. The Electronic Library 23(3): 28-39

Ogbogu, C.O. (2011). Models of Funding Nigerian Universities and the Implications on

Performance. Journal of International Education Research. 7(4), 75-82.

Ogbonna J.E (2006) Development of Imo state library a paper presented at the Nigeria Library

Association Imo state chapter library week AGM.

Okiy, R. B. (2004). History of Libraries; Benin City: Justice-Jacob Business Venture

Onyemechi, H. K. (2017). Knowledge and information centers: the key to selfemployment and

poverty alleviation. Library Review, 9 (2), 17- 18.

Opara, U. N. (2008). Public library in contemporary Nigeria: challenges and the way forward.

IFLA Journal 34(4) 349 – 358. Retrieved from: DOI; 10110340035208099270

Oparaku D. Anyanwu E. Amadi E. (2005) introduction to library science, Lagos, Philglad

Nigeria limited, p. 55-88.

Scottish Library and Information Council (2015). Ambition and opportunity: a strategy for

public libraries in Scotland 2015- 2020.Retrieved from:

http://scottishlibraries.org/wpcontent/uplo ads/2019/01/Strategy.pdf Singh, R. (2012).

Status and challenges of public libraries automation in Punjab. International Journal of

Information Dissemination and Technology, 2(2), 146- 152.

Shara M. Mafore (19980) development of Imo state public library Paper delved at the Nigeria

Association Imo state chapter library week AGM

61
UNESCO (1966) Public library in American library association, World Encyclopedia of library

and information services, Chieago; American Library Association.

62