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JS1 (BASIC 7)
SUBJECT – BASIC SCIENCE
SCHEME OF WORK
WEEK TOPIC
1. Orientation-Learning about science.
2. Scientific Methods.
3. Family health – cleanliness.
4. Family health – Nutrition.
5. Environmental conservation and safety I (Maintaining Balance)
6. Carbon and Nitrogen cycles.
7. Environmental conservation and safety (sanitation).
8. Biodegradable and non-biodegradable materials.
9. Disease vectors.
10. Control Measures.
11. Revision.
12. Examination.
WEEK 1
Basic science is concerned with all aspects and branches of science put together
Science is an exciting and dynamic subject. Science deals with experiments ( practical work) to help in
answering the various questions. It affect our everyday activities. Science can be defined as a reliable
body of knowledge about living and non-living things, our environment, about natural events and
occurrences. Scientists asks and answers a lot of questions. A person who studies science is called a
scientist.
Branches of science
EVALUATION
1. Define the word science.
2. State three major branches of science
A scientists
Engineers (building site)
There are many reasons why we study science. As scientists we do the following
I. Ask questions
II. Observe
III. Record
IV. Sorting out things
EVALUATION
1. List five processes used by scientists when trying to solve a scientific problem.
2. Which organs do we use for the following activities:
(a) Seeing
(b) Hearing
(c) Smelling
3. List 2 science related occupation. How can you become one the two listed.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Describe three problems that you think can be answered by science.
READING ASSIGNMENT:
Nigeria Basic Science Project by STAN page 1-14.
WEEK 2
Date:………………………..
Content:
1. Meaning of scientific methods
2. Explanation of terms
These are methods used by the scientists to find answers or solutions to various questions and problems
identified. Scientific methods include:
i. Identifying a problem
ii. Observation
iii. Experimentation
iv. Making hypothesis
v. Recording
vi. Interpretation
vii. Drawing conclusion.
Scientists Sort Things out: They can sort things out by colour, sound, by sex, such as boys from girls or
sorted out according to performance in class test, or sorted out by colour, shape, size, weight, roughness,
how they respond to things that are done to them. These facts about things are called their properties.
EVALUATION
1. List five properties used by the scientists in sorting out things.
2. Identify six processes/methods used by scientist to find solutions to their numerous questions.
Identifying a Problem: Scientists are very inquisitive. They are always asking questions so as to know
why things are the way they are and find solutions to those questions.
Observation: Scientists observe objects very well by making use of their five senses which are eyes,
hands, skin, noses and tongues. In a science lesson, it is dangerous to taste because some objects are
poisonous.
Experimentation: A scientist also carries out experiment and writes down what they do and observe in
the experiment. It is a practical way of finding solution to their questions. There are various equipments
used by the scientist which include computer, Bunsen burner microscope, test-tubes, thermometer, etc.
Telescope
Telescopes help us see things that are far away. They make distant objects look bigger.
Making Hypothesis (Making Guesses): After scientists have sorted out things, the only way they could
get any further was by making guesses and then doing experiments to see if they are right. Scientists call
a guess like this a hypothesis.
Recording: Recording is the art of writing down what has been observed in the course of the
experiment. This is to remind them what they have done, what they have seen and what they have found
out, or perhaps, they might be asked to draw a picture of the experiment.
Interpretation: There are many interpretations to be made from the experiment like observing reading.
Its involves the analyzing the experiment.
Drawing conclusion: The purpose of this is to be sure if the experiment answers /supports the hypothesis
rightly or not. If it is right, the experiment is repeated several times to get the same result again and again.
EVALUATION
1. Highlight five processes adopted by scientists to answer some of their questions.
2. Mention five equipments used by the scientists for their work.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
READING ASSIGNMENT
Nigeria Basic Science Project by STAN pages 8-14
WEEK 3
DATE:-
Content:
(1) Personal cleanliness.
(2) Meaning of personal cleanliness
(3) Methods of maintaining personal cleanliness
(4) Advantages and disadvantages of personal cleanliness.
1. Cleanliness of your hair: Hair should be washed and combed every day. Plaited or braided hair
should be brushed everyday and washed once a week. Hair must be kept clean to stop parasites,
such as lice and fleas living in it.
2. Cleanliness of your skin/regular bath: Skin is the covering of body. It secretes sweat. Sweat is
sticky and can cause an unpleasant smell. The skin can provide a breeding ground for parasites
such as lice, scabies mites and micro-organisms. To avoid this you should wash your body using
soap once or twice a day.
3. Cleanliness of your teeth, hands and nails: Teeth should be clean with a chewing stick or with
toothpaste and a brush every morning and at night before going to bed. Cleaning removes food
particles that can decay and encourage the growth of harmful micro-organisms. Wash your hands
before meal and after going to the toilet or handling dirty things. Brush nails with a nail brush
when you wash your hands. Keep your nails short.
4. Cleanliness of your clothes,( under-wears) and shoes: Clothes absorb sweat. You should
change clothes every day and washed before wearing them again. Shoes should be cleaned and
dried properly after use.
5. Cleanliness of our homes: Our homes must be kept clean at all times for healthy living. We
should sweep and dust furniture, clear bushes around the home and toilets should be flushed
and kept clean.
EVALUATION
1. Make a list of the things you have to do each day to make sure that your body is clean
2. Explain the word micro-organisms.
Sub-Topic 2: ADVANTAGES OF OBSERVING PERSONAL CLEANLINESS
When personal cleanliness is observed, we enjoy the following
(a) You look attractive and beautiful.
(b) You will be lively and healthy.
(c) You will be emotionally balanced
(d) You will be regular and punctual at school and at work.
(e) One will be socially acceptable.
(f) Germs will not breed on your food or other edible materials.
(g) The brain will be at alert.
EVALUATION
1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of observing and not observing personal cleanliness?
2. Make a list of rules that you would observe to keep in good health.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. Name four materials required for keeping healthy.
2. State the effects of exercise on health.
PRE-READING ASSIGNMENT
WEEK 4
DATE:……….
Content:
1. Food and adequate diet.
2. Type or composition of nutrition
3. Adequate diet
Food: Food is anything eaten to satisfy appetite and to meet physiological needs for growth, to maintain
all body processes, and to supply energy to maintain body temperature and activity
Adequate/Balanced Diet: An adequate diet is that which is sufficient in quantity and food nutrients in
the required amount/proportions or consists of a variety of foods in the right quantities and proportions to
meet our needs.
Types of Food: This refers to the ways of grouping foods on various bases and purposes. Examples of
food types are
i. Solid or liquid
Evaluation
1.Why is food important to you?
2. Define balance/adequate diet.
Carbohydrates: These are mainly concerned with supplying us with energy rice, yam, maize, cassava,
etc.
Proteins: -These are food nutrients mainly concerned with growth and repair of parts of the body e.g
meat, fish, eggs, beans, groundnut, milk, etc.
Fats: They supply us with energy, palm oil, groundnut oil, butter, margarine, e.t.c. they supplied us
energy.
Vitamins: These consist of fruits and green leafy vegetables – vitamins aid digestion and sound health.
Apples Pawpaw pineapples
Mineral salts : It helps us to digest our food and form the hard parts of our skeleton.
– onions, milk, tomatoes, dried fish, okra, olives e.t.c.
Food pyramid
EVALUATION
1. List food items which would make up a balanced or adequate breakfast, lunch and supper.
2. Differentiate between a meal and a balanced diet.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
In a tabular form, identify the food nutrients and examples of their food items.
READING ASSIGNMENT: Read Stan pages 47-50.
WEEK 5
DATE………………….
CONTENT:
1. Source of earth energy.
2. Water cycle.
The sun is the primary source of all forms of energy. The sun radiates direct heat and light energy to the
earth.
PLANTS AS PRIMARY PRODUCERS
1. Plants get their energy from the light of the sun and used it to make food during the process of
photosynthesis. This is the process whereby green plants manufacture their food in the presence
of sunlight, carbon dioxide and water.
2. Herbivores and carnivores (animals that eat plants and flesh) eat various parts of the plants to get
the energy stored in the plants for their life processes. They store some and lose some energy as
heat.
3. As dead plants and animals decay, the chemicals in their bodies return to the earth. The mineral
elements maybe absorbed by plants again. As this occurs, chemicals are cycled from living things
to the non-living environment, reverting to the earth as elements.
EVALUATION
Rodents Snake
Food web
EVALUATION
Explain why plants are the primary producers.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
WEEK 6
DATE………………….
CONTENT:
1. Conservation of energy, water and wildlife
2. Explanation on how carbon, water and nitrogen are maintained in nature
3. Significance of maintaining balance natural resources
CONSERVATION OF WATER
Water cycle provides a system for conserving water in nature. Water used for domestic washing and other
purposes always find their ways to the atmosphere. It evaporates in the heat of the sun to form water
vapour (evaporation). The water then falls back to the earth as rain.
CONSERVATION OF WILDLIFE
Ecosystem is made up of living organisms and their non-living environment. Wildlife plays an important
role in maintaining the balance of various ecosystems. Their existence is threatened by
i. Destroying and reducing their living space by burning, damming rivers and drawing swamps.
ii. Polluting their environments
iii. Indiscriminate hunting for their products
iv. Over fishing for food.
The importance of maintaining balance of resources in the environment is to enable human beings to meet
up with all essential needs. The consequence of not maintaining balance will result to death of all living.
CARBON CYCLE
Carbon, used by all living organisms continuously circulates in Earth’s ecosystem. In the atmosphere it
exists as carbon dioxide ( carbon iv oxide) a colourless, and odourless gas. Plants absorb carbon dioxide
in the process of photosynthesis. Animals acquire the carbon stored in plants tissues when they eat and
exhale carbon dioxide as a by product of metabolism. Surface bodies of water, especially oceans absorb
vast amounts of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Some carbon is removed from circulation as deposits of
coal, oil, natural gas and limestone. The burning of fossils fuels adds additional carbon dioxide to the
atmosphere
6 Co2 + 6H2O sunlight
C6 H12 O6 + 6O2
Content
The source of all water is the sea. Sun heat the sea and some of the sea water changes into vapour through
the process called evaporation. . The continuous movement of water from the land, rivers and oceans to
the atmosphere and from the atmosphere to the land, rivers and oceans is known as the water cycle.
1. PRECIPITATION
2.
3.
4.
5.
EVALUATION
Nitrogen is an essential element. The earth atmosphere contains 78% of nitrogen gas. Nitrogen is essential
for making proteins and chlorophyll by plants.
Nitrogen Fixation
The chemical nature of nitrogen gas (with triple bonds), makes it unusable in its elemental form. Thus,
atmospheric nitrogen is fixed as ammonium by means of lightening (natural fixation), microbes
(biological fixation) and industrial fixation (under high pressure and temperature). Nitrogen is also
converted into nitrogen oxides (NOx) by burning fossil fuels.
Nitrogen Assimilation
Soil nitrogen is contributed by application of plant manures and fertilizers. Nitrogen from the soil
reservoir is absorbed by some species of plants in the chemical form of ammonium ions or nitrate ions.
Animals, on the other hand, derived their nitrogen requirements by consumption of plants and other
organic matter.
Nitrogen Mineralization
Also known a ammonification, organic form of nitrogen from the animal wastes, death and decayed living
organisms is converted into inorganic form. Over here, decomposers (bacteria and fungi) act on the
decayed organic matter containing nitrogen and convert it into ammonium (NH 4+).
Nitrification
By the process of nitrification, the ammonium NH 4+ is converted into nitrates NO3- that are assimilated by
plants. First, ammonium is oxidized into nitrites (NO2-), which are further oxidized to form nitrates
(NO3-). In this nitrogen cycle step, oxygen is essential for conversion of the nitrates by nitrifying bacteria
(mostly soil bacteria).
Denitrification
Denitrification is the process, wherein nitrates are converted to the molecular nitrogen form (N 2) in an
anaerobic condition by the process of reduction. Heterotrophic bacteria and autotrophic denitrifiers are
responsible for carrying out this nitrogen cycle step. This is the end of nitrogen cycle, in which the
molecular nitrogen is returned back to the atmosphere and soil.
EVALUATION
WEEK 7
DATE………………….
TOPIC: ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION AND SAFETY (SANITATION)
CONTENT: Definition of conservation
Types of human activities
Effects of human activities on ecosystem.
Conservation is defined as the control exploitation, planned or judicious use of natural resources to ensure
their continuous availability and to preserve the quality or original nature of the environment. It can also
be defined as the preservation of natural resources from loss waste or exploitation.
One important way of improving our environment is by maintaining a high level of sanitation. Sanitation
is the removal of waste of all kinds from the home and its immediate surroundings. These include refuse
which means dry waste and sewage which is the liquid wastes.
EVALUATION
(1) List three human activities that affect the environment.
EVALUATION
Explain the effects of road construction and farming on ecosystem.
List all the types of human activities.
Weekend assignment
State the effects of human activities on the environment.
Reading assignment
Read Stan pages 67-72.
WEEK 8
DATE………………………….
TOPIC 1
BIO DEGRADABLE AND NON BIODEGRADABLE MATERIALS
CONTENT:
The compost
Benefits of environmental sanitation
The compost: Is the organic matter which are decomposed by the action of bacteria.
Biodegradable materials are the materials discharged through human activities from homes and
industries into the environment and are capable of being decomposed by natural means such as the
activities of micro
-organisms while non-degradable materials are those which cannot be decomposed by natural means.
Examples of biodegradable materials are sewages like waste water, urines, feaces and others
discharged from laundries, kitchen, toilet and bathrooms. Also examples of non-degradable materials are
solid waste such as packaging materials, nylons, pure water nylon, bones, hairs, chemicals.
Effects of biodegradable and non-biodegradable materials
It causes high sanitation hazards
It creates bad color
It provides breeding grounds for insects and rodents that spread diseases
It hinders and harms the activities of beneficial micro-organisms.
It causes health hazards
Evaluation
(1). What are degradable materials
(2). Define compose
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Differentiate between sewage and refuse.
Mention ways of disposing refuse and sewage
WEEK 9
TOPIC: DISEASE VECTORS
CONTENT
Types of disease vectors
Life cycle of the mosquito and other vector
A vector is an animal or insect which can carry micro-organism that cause disease from one
animal to another. Examples of vectors are rats, ticks, fleas and other insect such as mosquitoes, flies and
lice.
Disease is a state of ill health or a disruption of the normal functioning of the body. There are
diseases that can be passed from person to person or from animal to man. These are called communicable
(infectious) diseases caused by micro-organisms like bacteria, viruses and protozoan. Organisms that
cause diseases are called pathogens. Diseases that are not passed on to other people are called non-
communicable (non-infectious) diseases.
HOUSE FLY
This is the common name for the most of familiar species of non-biting muscoid fly. It is found in the
vicinity of human habitations throughout the world. It is often a carrier of such diseases as typhoid fever,
cholera, dysentery, trachoria and anthrax. The adult fly transmits disease by contaminating food with
disease organisms which it has picked up on its hairy legs or has ingested and then regurgitated.
LIFE CYCLE OF THE HOUSEFLY: The female lays an average of 150 white eggs in a mass. The
female can live for about two months and can lay between 600 to 1000 eggs during its lifetime. The eggs
hatch in about 12 hours into white, legless larvae called maggots which grow to 12.5mm in length. The
maggots develop into pupa in five to six days. The pupa develops into a new adult in another four
to five days if the weather is warm or in a month or later if weather conditions are favourable.
WEEK 10
DATE………………
TOPIC: CONTROL MEASURES
A drop of oil can be put on top of the water containing the larva and pupa stages of the mosquito;
this hinders the further development of mosquitoes.
The knowledge of thee life cycle of mosquito will bring insight on how to control its spread. A
large number of mosquito eggs and larvae are destroyed by small fish. Mosquito may be controlled
by eliminating their breeding places with oil or insecticides. Other ways of controlling the breeding of
mosquitoes include clearing the bushes around the houses, removal of all broken bottles and any
container that can hold water pouring kerosene on any stagnant water around the houses
Mosquito is the carrier of the micro-organism which causes malaria. This micro-organism is a protozoan
called Plasmodium. Malaria is mainly caused by a type of mosquito called Female anopheles Mosquito.
Major control measures are
Water drainage
insecticide
oil spreading\spraying.
EVALUATION
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Draw the diagram of life cycle of mosquito, house fly and tsetse fly