List of Nomenclatures and Abbreviations - To

Technological Institute of the Philippines
List of Nomenclatures
Equipment Design
S-01: Aluminum Hydroxide Silo
Dc m Cylinder diameter
Hc m Cylinder Height
Rc m Cylinder Radius
hf m Frustum Height
r m Hopper Radius
d m Hopper Diameter
Sw Pa Working Stress
Su Pa Minimum Tensile Strength
Fm - Material Factor
Fa - Radiographing Factor
Fr - Stress Relieving Factor
Fs - Safety Factor
Dp Pa Design Pressure
tS mm Shell Thickness
Dt m Total Diameter
e - Joint efficiency
C mm Corrosion Allowance
T-01: H2SO4 Storage Tank
T ℃ Process Fluid Operating Temperature

P kPa Operating Pressure
kg
ρ Density
m3
kg
m Mass Flowrate
hr
xxviii
V m3 Volume
Di m Shell Inside Diameter
Lc m Shell Length
Sw MPa Working Stress
Su MPa Minimum Tensile Strength
Fs - Safety Factor
ts mm Shell Thickness
P MPa Design Pressure
E - Joint efficiency
Dt m Shell Outside Diameter
td mm Thickness of Head
La m Inside Crown Radius
LDish m Head/Base Length
Kr m Knuckle Radius
3
m
Q Volumetric Flowrate
s
Dn mm Nozzle Diameter
tn mm Nozzle Thickness
M-01: Sulfuric Acid Mixer

Vt m3 Volume of Mixing Tank
AJ m2 Heat Transfer Area of Jacket
Average Temperature of Cooling water in
TJ ℃
the Jacket
xxix
BTU Overall heat transfer coefficient in the

UJ
hr. ft.2 ℉ jacket
TR ′ ℃ Temperature in the Tank
QJ kW Heat removed by the Jacket
Ac m2 Heat Transfer Area of Internal Coils
Average Temperature of Cooling Water in
Tc ℃
the Coil
BTU Approximate overall heat transfer
Uc
hr. ft.2 ℉ coefficient in the coil
Qc kW Heat Removed by the Coil
H m Height of Tank
Dt m Diameter of Tank
Da m Impeller Diameter
E m Distance from the base of the tank up to the

impeller
W m Impeller Blade Height
L m
J m Width of Baffles
Re − Reynolds number
n rpm Agitation Speed
kg
ρ Density of process fluid
m3
kg
μ Viscosity of Process Fluid,
m. s
P W Power Requirement of Motor for Agitation
Pmotor W Actual Required Power of Motor for

Agitation
l m Height of Tank occupied by the Coil
xxx
kg
ṁ Mass Flow Rate of Cooling Water
s
S MPa Maximum Allowable Stress
E - Maximum Allowable Joint Efficiency
td mm Thickness of Dish Ends
KR mm Knuckle Radius
DJ or DJacket mm Inside Diameter of Jacket
PJacket MPa Design Pressure of Jacket
R m Minimum centerline radius
Dc m Minimum centerline diameter
p m Pitch
Lr m Required length of coil
N - Number of turns of coils
La m Actual developed length of coil
kg
W Rate of flow of water
s
kJ
E Enthalpy of cooling water
kg
m
V Velocity of water
s
di m Inside diameter of coils
kg
w Density of water in coils
m3
Re - Reynolds number
∆PL psi Straight-line pressure drop
xxxi
f - Friction factor in coils

∆P kPa Pressure drop
LJ m Length of jacket in shell
DH m Hydraulic diameter or equivalent diameter
m
u Velocity of cooling water
s
jf - Friction factor in jacket
kg
ρH2O Density of Cooling Water in the Jacket
m3
DJo m Outside Diameter of Jacket
RJ inches Radius of Jacket
E MPa Young Modulus of Elasticity
t inches Width of Stiffening Rings
Ls m Spacing between the Rings
Lc m Critical Spacing for the Ring
PE MPa External Pressure or Jacket Pressure
Second Moment of Inertia of Stiffening
Ir m3
Rings
Pc MPa Buckling Pressure
Kc - Collapse Coefficient
L′ m Length of Shell not stiffened by rings
R-01: Stirred Tank Reactor

mol
FAo Molar flow rate of limiting reactant
hr
mol Concentration of limiting reactant in the
CAo
m3 feed
mol Concentration of limiting reactant in the
CA
m3 product
xxxii
XA - Conversion of the limiting reactant

mol
−rA Rate of Reaction
m3 . hr
k hr −1 Rate Constant
τ hr Space Time
Vr m3 Volume of reactor or CSTR
Da - Damkhöler number
AJ m2 Heat Transfer Area of Jacket
TJ ℃ Average Temperature of Cooling water in

the Jacket
UJ
hr. ft 2 ℉ coefficient in the jacket
TR ′ ℃ Temperature in the Reactor
QJ kW Heat removed by the Jacket
Ac m2 Heat Transfer Area of Internal Coils
Tc ℃ Average Temperature of Cooling Water in

the Coil
Uc
hr. ft 2 ℉ coefficient in the coil
Qc kW Heat Removed by the Coil
H m Height of Tank
Dt m Diameter of Tank
Distance from the base of the tank up to the
E m
impeller
W m Impeller Blade Height
L m Impeller Blade Length
J m Width of Baffles
n rpm Agitation Speed
xxxiii
kg
ρ Density of process fluid
m3
kg
μ Viscosity of Process Fluid,
m. s
P W Power Requirement of Motor for Agitation
Pmotor W Actual Required Power of Motor for A
l m Height of Tank occupied by the Coil
kg
ṁ Mass Flow Rate of Cooling Water
s
S MPa Maximum Allowable Stress
E - Maximum Allowable Joint Efficiency
td mm Thickness of Dish Ends
KR mm Knuckle Radius
DJ or DJacket mm Inside Diameter of Jacket
PJacket MPa Design Pressure of Jacket
R m Minimum centerline half height
Hc m Minimum centerline height
p m Pitch
Lr m Required length of coil
N - Number of vertical coils
La m Actual developed length of coil
kg
W Rate of flow of water
s
kJ
E Enthalpy of cooling water
kg
xxxiv
m
V Velocity of water
s
di m Inside diameter of coils
kg
w Density of water in coils
m3
∆PL psi Straight-line pressure drop
f - Friction factor in coils
∆P kPa Pressure drop
LJ m Length of jacket in shell
DH m Hydraulic diameter or equivalent diame
m
u Velocity of cooling water
s
jf - Friction factor in jacket
kg
ρH2O Density of Cooling Water in the Jacket
m3
DJo m Outside Diameter of Jacket
RJ inches Radius of Jacket
E MPa Young Modulus of Elasticity
t inches Width of Stiffening Rings
Ls m Spacing between the Rings
Lc m Critical Spacing for the Ring
PE MPa External Pressure or Jacket Pressure
Ir m4 Second Moment of Inertia of Stiffening

Rings
Pc MPa Buckling Pressure
L′ m Length of Shell not stiffened by rings
EV-01: Flash Evaporator
xxxv
ρL kg
Liquid Density
m3
QL m3
Liquid Volumetric Flowrate
sec
QV m3
Vapor Volumetric Flowrate
sec
vT m
Terminal Vapor Velocity
s
vv m Terminal Vapor Velocity for Conservative
s
Design
VH m3 Holdup Volume
VS m3 Surge Volume
D m Vessel Inside Diameter
AT m2 Total Cross Sectional Area
HLLL m Low Liquid Height
ALLL m2 Low Liquid Area
HV m Vapor Disengagement Height
AV m2 Vapor Disengagement Area
L m Length To Accommodate The Liquid
Holdup/Surge
∅ s Liquid Dropout Time
UVA m
Actual Vapor Velocity
s
LMIN m Length Required For Vapor-Liquid
Disengagement
ANLL m2 Area of Normal Liquid Level
HNLL m Normal Liquid Level Height
dN mm Inlet Nozzle
Qm m3 Bulk Volumetric Flowrate
xxxvi
ρm kg
Bulk Density
m3
λ - Liquid Fraction
rk m Knuckle Radius
th mm Head Thickness
v m
Vapor Velocity
s
A m2 Area
E-01: Heat Exchanger
Q kW Heat Duty
T1 ℃ Process Fluid Inlet Temperature
T2 ℃ Process Fluid Outlet Temperature
t1 ℃ Cooling Water Inlet Temperature
t2 ℃ Cooling Water Outlet Temperature
∆Tlm ℃ Logarithmic Mean Temperature
Do m Outside Diameter of Inner Tube
Di m Inside Diameter of Inner Tube
D1 m Inside Diameter of Outer Tube
De m Equivalent Diameter
L m Tube Length
Af m2 Cross Section Area
Tave ℃ Arithmetic Mean Temperature
kg
ρ Density
m3
kg
ρmx Density of Mixture
m3
xxxvi
i
mf - Mass Fraction
μ Pa. s Viscosity
μmx Pa. s Viscosity of Mixture
W
k Thermal Conductivity
m℃
W
k mx Thermal Conductivity of Mixture
m℃
kJ
Cp Heat Capacity
kg ℃
kJ
Cpmx Heat Capacity of Mixture
kg ℃
kg
W Mass Flowrate
hr
m
v Velocity
s
Re - Reynolds Number
Pr - Prandtl Number
f - Friction Factor
W
hi Inside Film Coefficient
m2 s
W
ho Outside Film Coefficient
m2 s
Tw ℃ Wall Temperature
μw Pa. s Viscosity at Wall Temperature
W Thermal Conductivity of Material of
kw
ms Construction
m2 ℃
Ri Fouling Resistance for Process Fluid
W
m2 ℃
Ro Fouling Resistance for Cooling Water
W
W
Uo Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
m2 s
LHairpin m Length of Hairpin
NHairpin - Number of Hairpin
lb
G Mass Velocity
hr ft 2
SG - Specific Gravity
∆P kPa Straight Section of Pipe Pressure Drop
xxxvi
ii
∆Pr kPa Pressure Drop due to direction change

∆PT kPa Total Pressure Drop
M-02: Alum Melt Mixer

A m2 Area
Ap m2 Area Swept by the Tips of Impeller Blades
BL m Impeller Blade Length
Bw m Impeller Blade Width
Cs - Stress Concentration Factor
Di m Inside Diameter
Dj m Jacket Diameter
Do m Overall Diameter
Dt m Total Shell Diameter
e - Joint Efficiency
e mm Torispherical End Closure Differential
Dilation
E m Impeller Level above Bottom
E Pa Young Modulus of Elasticity
Fc N/m Critical Load to Cause Buckling
Fr - Radiographing Factor
Fr N/m Load Per Unit Length on a Stiffness Ring
Fs - Factor of Safety
gc kg·m/s2·N Correction Factor
H m Height
Ir m4 Second Moment of Inertia
xxxix
J m Baffle Width
J - Joint Factor
K𝑇 - Turbulent Power Constant
L m Jacket Length
LC m Critical Spacing
Ls m Spacing between Stiffness Rings
N, n rpm, rps Impeller Speed
Np - Power Number
NQ - Flow Number
NRe - Impeller Reynolds Number
P Pa Pressure Vessel Design Pressure
P W, kW Power Requirement
PC Pa Buckling Critical Pressure
Pj Pa Jacket Design Pressure
ρ kg/m3 Mixture Density
Q m3/s Agitator Circulation Rate
Q kW Heat
RC m Inside Crown Radius
Rk m Knuckle Radius
SF m Straight Flange
Su Pa Minimum Specified Tensile Strength
th mm Torispherical Head Thickness
tT s Mixing Time
tb mm Torispherical Base Thickness
tj mm Jacket Thickness
tr in, m Stiffness Ring Width
xl
∆Tlm K Logarithmic Temperature Difference
μ Pa·s Mixture Viscosity
U W/m2·K Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
V m3 Volume
M-03:Alum Seed Mixer

A m2 Area
Ap m2 Area Swept by the Tips of Impeller Blades
BL m Impeller Blade Length
Bw m Impeller Blade Width
Cs - Stress Concentration Factor
Dj m Jacket Diameter
Do m Overall Diameter
Dt m Total Shell Diameter
e - Joint Efficiency
e mm Torispherical End Closure Differential
Dilation
E m Impeller Level above Bottom
E Pa Young Modulus of Elasticity
Fc N Critical Load to Cause Buckling
m
Fr - Radiographing Factor
Fr N Load Per Unit Length on a Stiffness Ring
m
xli
Fs - Factor of Safety
gc kg. m Correction Factor
N. s2
H m Height
Ir m4 Second Moment of Inertia
J m Baffle Width
J - Joint Factor
K𝑇 - Turbulent Power Constant
L m Jacket Length
LC m Critical Spacing
Ls m Spacing between Stiffness Rings
N, n rpm, rps Impeller Speed
Np - Power Number
NQ - Flow Number
NRe - Impeller Reynolds Number
P Pa Pressure Vessel Design Pressure
P W, kW Power Requirement
PC Pa Buckling Critical Pressure
Pj Pa Jacket Design Pressure
ρ kg Mixture Density
m3
Q m3 Agitator Circulation Rate
s
Q kW Heat
RC m Inside Crown Radius
Rk m Knuckle Radius
SF m Straight Flange
xlii
Su Pa Minimum Specified Tensile Strength

th mm Torispherical Head Thickness
tT s Mixing Time
tb mm Torispherical Base Thickness
tj mm Jacket Thickness
tr in, m Stiffness Ring Width
∆Tlm K Logarithmic Temperature Difference
μ Pa·s Mixture Viscosity
U W Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
m2 . K
V m3 Volume
T-02: Alum Melt Storage Tank
T ℃ Process Fluid Operating Temperature

P kPa Operating Pressure
kg
ρmx Density of Mixture
m3
kg
m Mass Flowrate
hr
V m3 Volume
Di m Shell Inside Diameter
Lc m Shell Length
Sw MPa Working Stress
Su MPa Minimum Tensile Strength
Fs - Safety Factor
xliii
E - Joint efficiency
Dt m Shell Outside Diameter
td mm Thickness of Head
LDish m Head/Base Length
Kr m Knuckle Radius
m3
Q Volumetric Flowrate
s
K-01: Belt Crystallizer

A m2 Coverage Area
DP mm Crystal Size
F - Friction Factor
G mm/min Growth Rate
k belt - Ratio Fraction
L ft Belt Crystallizer Length
Lbelt m Belt Crystallizer Length
L0 - Bearings Constant
ṁbelt kg/m2·s Mass Velocity
δs mm Crystalline Layer Thickness
ρs kg/m3 Crystal Density
P kW Power Requirement to run the Conveyor
Pb hp, kW Power Requirement for Belt Conveyor
Pt hp, kW Power Requirement for Trippers
xliv
PT kW Actual Power Requirement to run the

Conveyor
S - Supersaturation Coefficient
S fpm Belt Speed
ts min Solidification Time
T tons/hr Feed Flow Rate
W lb Mass of Moving Parts
WS kg/hr Crystal Seed Flow Rate
ΔZ ft Increase in Elevation
E-02: Rotary Cooler

Q kW Heat Duty
ṁ kg
Mass Flow Rate of Cooling Water
s
T1 ℃ Feed Inlet Temperature
T2 ℃ Feed Outlet Temperature
Cp kJ
Heat Capacity of Water
kg. K
NTU - Number of Transfer Units
HTU m Height of Transfer Unit
L m Rotary cooler Length
G kg
Mass Flow Rate Per Unit Area of Water
m2 . s
U𝑣 kJ
Overall Volumetric Heat Transfer Coefficient
m3 . K
xlv
Fs - Safety Factor
Dt m Total Diameter
HM-01: Hammer Mill

HTS fpm Hammer Tip Speed
D feet Rotor Diameter
RS rpm Rotor Speed
tons
ṁ Mass Flowrate
hr
kw − h
P Power requirement per mass
ton
RK-01: Rotary Kiln

ddrum mm Drum Diameter
dmax mm Maximum Diameter of drum
KA - Selection Factor
fd - Mass Flowrate
η - Efficiency
n2 rpm Speed of drum
Tdrum kNm Drum Torque
T2D kNm Girth Gear Selection Torque
fw - Face Width Factor
fd - Drive Number Factor
xlvi
E-03: Rotary Cooler

Q kW Heat Duty
ṁ kg
Mass Flow Rate of Cooling Water
s
T1 ℃ Feed Inlet Temperature
T2 ℃ Feed Outlet Temperature
Cp kJ
Heat Capacity of Water
kg. K
NTU - Number of Transfer Units
HTU m Height of Transfer Unit
L m Rotary cooler Length
G kg
Mass Flow Rate Per Unit Area of Water
m2 . s
U𝑣 kJ
Overall Volumetric Heat Transfer Coefficient
m3 . K
Fs - Safety Factor
Dt m Total Diameter
xlvii
HM-02: Hammer Mill

HTS fpm Hammer Tip Speed
D feet Rotor Diameter
RS rpm Rotor Speed
tons
ṁ Mass Flowrate
hr
kw − h
P Power requirement per mass
ton
Financial Feasibility Study
C Php Purchased Equipment Cost

CB Php Base Cost
K − Factor for Cost Index
FD − Design Type Cost Factor
FM − Material of Construction Cost Factor
FP − Design Pressure Cost Factor
dn % Discount Factor
i % Interest
n − No. of year
K Php Capitalized Cost
Cv Php Original Cost of Equipment
CR Php Replacement Cost
xlviii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AGCM Arithmetic Geometric Curve Method

ASLM Arithmetic Straight Line Method
CC Capital Charges
FC Fixed Cost
FCC Fixed Capital Cost
LC Labor Cost
LF License Fee/Royalty Fee
LT Local Taxes
MC Maintenance Cost
MOM Miscellaneous Operating Materials
OLC Operating Labor Cost
PO Plant Overheads
PPC Total Physical Plant Cost
RMC Raw Material Cost
SC Supervision Cost
SE Sales Expense
SPCM Statistical Parabolic Curve Method -
SSLM Statistical Straight Line Method
TCI Total Capital Investment
UC Utilities Cost
VC Variable Cost
WCC Working Capital Cost
SF Straight Flange
NPS Nominal Pipe Size
FCI Fixed-capital Investment
PE Purchased Equipment
TPC Total Product Cost
xlix
MR Maintenance and Repair

OL Operating Labor
ROI Return on Investment
FCI Fixed-capital Investment

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Technological Institute of the Philippines

T-01: H2SO4 Storage Tank

T ℃ Process Fluid Operating Temperature

M-01: Sulfuric Acid Mixer

BTU Overall heat transfer coefficient in the

E m Distance from the base of the tank up to the

Pmotor W Actual Required Power of Motor for

f - Friction factor in coils

R-01: Stirred Tank Reactor

XA - Conversion of the limiting reactant

TJ ℃ Average Temperature of Cooling water in

Tc ℃ Average Temperature of Cooling Water in

Ir m4 Second Moment of Inertia of Stiffening

EV-01: Flash Evaporator

E-01: Heat Exchanger

∆Pr kPa Pressure Drop due to direction change

M-02: Alum Melt Mixer

M-03:Alum Seed Mixer

Su Pa Minimum Specified Tensile Strength

T-02: Alum Melt Storage Tank

T ℃ Process Fluid Operating Temperature

K-01: Belt Crystallizer

PT kW Actual Power Requirement to run the

E-02: Rotary Cooler

HM-01: Hammer Mill

RK-01: Rotary Kiln

E-03: Rotary Cooler

HM-02: Hammer Mill

Financial Feasibility Study

C Php Purchased Equipment Cost

AGCM Arithmetic Geometric Curve Method

MR Maintenance and Repair

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