De Lasalle University Manila

Waste Generation,
Collection, and
Transportation

2021
 Storage, Collection,
Transfer and Transport of
Solid Waste

Introduction

Four stages of the waste management chain.

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4

Reduction Storage Treatment
Reuse Collection and disposal
Waste
Preparing for Transfer and
generation recycling transport
Background

Solid waste is a major problem for cities in

developing countries. It is considered to be a big
challenge because it needs commitment, time, and
effort from businesses and householders to practice
reduction, reuse, and recycling. It also requires major
financial investment as well as infrastructure
development. A well-planned collection and transfer
process can lead to significant reductions in the
overall cost of waste management.

 Waste storage containers

The third stage of the waste management chain begins when a householder or business
employee puts their waste in a container. the simplest and cheapest storage containers
for individual households are old-lidded food containers. Effective waste management
in needs commitment from both the local people and the kebele authorities.
Primary and secondary collection

Primary collection is the collection of waste from the point where it is placed by the
person or organization that has produced it. These collection points could be located
outside each individual household and business, communal containers serving a
number of households, or waste skips taking waste from households and businesses
in the surrounding area.

Secondary collections are where the waste from a number of primary collections is
taken from the transfer station to the final disposal site.
 Primary Collection

Only suitable for taking waste from

households to a communal collection point.
Wheelbarrow Good for narrow streets, but needs a well-
maintained street surface.

The additional wheels mean that this is more stable

than the wheelbarrow (especially on poor road
surfaces) and it is easier to move over long distances.
It can also carry a larger volume (1–2 m3).
Hand-cart
Suitable for door-to-door collections in crowded
areas and for transporting waste to communal
containers at the ends of streets or to local transfer
stations.
 Primary Collection

Can collect up to 3 m3 and transport the

waste to a communal bin or transfer
station. The cart has drop-down sides to
Cycle cart
make loading and unloading easier.
It needs a reasonable road surface and is
not suitable for steep hills.

Similar uses to the cycle cart. It has a

drop-down end and, like the cycle cart,
needs reasonable road surfaces and is
Donkey cart
not suitable for steep gradients.
 Primary Collection

Tractor

A tractor has much higher costs than

the above options but can transport
up to 4 m3 of waste for distances up
to around 20 km to disposal sites or
transfer stations.
 Secondary Collection
A robust vehicle that can travel on rough
roads. Suitable for transferring or
Truck fitted collecting communal bins from residential
with and commercial areas.
bin lifter Note that dump trucks without bin lifters
are not recommended due to need for
manual loading.
A waste collection tipper box fitted to a
conventional vehicle chassis. Useful for
Enclosed light emptying street-side litter and communal
residential waste bins. Can serve narrower
truck
streets than most motorised collection
vehicles but needs better roads than truck-
based vehicles.
 Secondary Collection

Useful for collecting skips from transfer

stations, markets, and industrial areas.
Flatbed crane
Fitted with its own crane for loading and
truck
unloading.

The most expensive collection/transfer vehicle,

costing around US$250,000. Hydraulic compaction
equipment is not suitable for residential waste
(which already has a high density) and hydraulics
Compactor
needs specialist maintenance.
Only suitable for collecting low-density waste in
large quantities where road conditions are good.
Of little use outside major cities.
Transfer stations

Transfer stations should be located conveniently

close to all the communities they serve, but not too
close to people’s homes or factories, schools,
hospitals, etc. so that they cause a nuisance. They
should also have access to major roads leading to the
treatment or disposal sites.
 They reduce the overall traffic levels by using fewer but
larger-capacity vehicles, which reduces traffic congestion
and pollution.

If primary collection vehicles have to drive long distances to the

disposal site they are more likely to be tempted to save time by
illegally dumping the waste at the side of the road. Transfer stations

Transfer prevent this from happening.

stations have In areas with a low population density it is cheaper to have a

transfer station that incorporates short-term storage of the waste.

many Small carts can deposit their waste here daily and a larger vehicle
can transport the stored waste to the disposal site every few days.

advantages Consolidating the waste into fewer vehicles reduces

vehicle wear, the need for maintenance and fuel
consumption.

Transfer stations reduce traffic at the disposal facility.

Since fewer vehicles go to the final disposal site, traffic
congestion can be avoided, the cost of operation can be
minimised and public safety is improved.
 Types of transfer stations
The simplest transfer stations consist of an area of
hardstanding where skips are situated. The
contents of primary collection carts are transferred
to the containers manually
In more complex transfer stations, the collection carts tip
their waste onto a concrete floor and a mechanical loading
shovel is used to transfer the waste to the skips. This
allows the use of larger containers, so this type of station
is more economical where distances to the waste disposal
site are greater.
Health and environmental impacts of transfer stations

A badly equipped and poorly managed A well-designed transfer station

transfer station
 Planning the route for waste collection
vehicles
For any urban location, there is likely to be a number of transfer stations distributed around the
town. The waste will need collecting from all these stations as well as directly from businesses,
institutions, and some households. In most locations, there is only one site for final treatment and
disposal, to which the waste must be transported, and this is usually situated at the edge of the
town. It is important to plan the routes for the waste collection vehicle (or vehicles) to make the best
use of the resources available. This keeps costs down and gives people the best possible service.
Route planning is a complex operation, but the basic process consists of three stages:

Identifying the pickup points and the likely amounts of waste to be collected from each point.

Grouping pickup points to form ‘collection rounds’ that can be served by a single collection
vehicle.

Planning the route of each collection round taking account of the distance traveled traffic
levels, and safety to the public and the waste collectors.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AND
TREATMENT
Solid waste management is a term that is
used to refer to the process of collecting
and treating solid wastes. It also offers
solutions for recycling items that do not
belong to garbage or trash. As long as
people have been living in settlements
and residential areas, garbage or solid
waste has been an issue. Waste
management is all about how solid waste
can be changed and used as a valuable
resource.
 Kitchen waste, waste from food
ORGANIC
preparation, vegetables, flowers,
WASTE
leaves, fruits, and market places.

Paper, wood, dried leaves, packaging

for relief items etc. that are highly
COMBUSTIBLES
organic and having low moisture

2 CATEGORIES content.

OF Toxic
Old medicines, paints, chemicals,
bulbs, spray cans, fertilizer and

WASTE
Waste pesticide containers, batteries, shoe
polish.

RECYCLABES Paper, glass, metals, plastics.

4 Hazardous Oil, battery acid, medical waste,

Waste industrial waste, hospital waste.
Various Sources of Solid Waste
 Residences and homes where people live are some
of the major sources of solid waste. The garbage
from these places includes food wastes, plastics,
RESIDENTIAL paper, glass, leather, cardboard, metals, yard
wastes, ashes and special wastes like bulky
household items such as electronics, tires, batteries,
old mattresses and used oil.

Industries are known to be one of the

Various biggest contributors to solid waste. They
include light and heavy manufacturing
Sources of INDUSTRIAL
industries, construction sites, fabrication
plants, canning plants, power and
Solid Waste chemical plants.

Commercial facilities and buildings are

yet another source of solid waste today.
Commercial buildings and facilities, in
COMMERCIAL
this case, refer to hotels, markets,
restaurants, godowns, stores and office
buildings.
 The institutional centers like schools, colleges,
prisons, military barracks and other government
centers also produce solid waste. Some of the
INSTITUTIONAL common solid wastes obtained from these places
include glass, rubber waste, plastics, food wastes,
wood, paper, metals, cardboard materials,
electronics as well as various hazardous wastes.

Construction and demolition sites also

Various CONSTRUCTION contribute to the solid waste problem.
Construction sites include new
Sources of AND
DEMOLITION construction sites for buildings and roads,
AREAS road repair sites, building renovation sites
Solid Waste and building demolition sites.

Some of the solid waste brought about by

the municipal services include street
MUNICIPAL cleaning, wastes from parks and beaches,
SERVICES wastewater treatment plants,
landscaping wastes and wastes from
recreational areas, including sludge.
 Heavy and light manufacturing plants
TREATMENT also produce solid waste. They include
PLANT AND refineries, power plants, processing
SITES plants, mineral extraction plants and
chemical plants.

Crop farms, orchards, dairies, vineyards

Various and feedlots are also sources of solid
wastes. Among the wastes they produce
Sources of AGRICULTURE
are agricultural wastes, spoiled food,
pesticide containers and other hazardous
Solid Waste materials.

This refers to hospitals and

biomedical equipment and
BIOMEDICAL chemical manufacturing firms. In
hospitals, there are different types
of solid wastes produced.
Effects of Poor Solid Waste Managment
LITTER SURROUNDINGS

Due to improper waste disposal

systems, particularly by municipal
waste management teams, wastes
heap up and become a menace.
While people clean their homes and
places of work, they litter their
surroundings, which affect the
environment and the community.
IMPACT ON HUMAN HEALTH

Improper waste disposal can affect

the health of the population living
nearby the polluted area or landfills.
The health of waste disposal workers
and other employees involved with
these landfill facilities are also at a
greater risk.
DISEASE-CAUSING PESTS

This type of dumping of waste

materials forces biodegradable
materials to rot and decompose under
improper, unhygienic and uncontrolled
conditions. After a few days of
decomposition, a foul smell is
produced, and it becomes a breeding
ground for different types of disease-
causing insects as well as infectious
organisms. On top of that, it also spoils
the aesthetic value of the area.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

Solid wastes from industries are a

source of toxic metals, hazardous
wastes, and chemicals. When
released to the environment, the solid
wastes can cause biological and
physicochemical problems to the
environment that may affect or alter
the productivity of the soils in that
particular area.
SOIL AND GROUNDWATER
POLLUTION

Toxic materials and chemicals may

seep into the soil and pollute the
groundwater. During the process of
collecting solid waste, hazardous
wastes usually mix with ordinary
garbage and other flammable wastes
making the disposal process even
harder and risky.
EMISSION OF TOXIC GASES

When hazardous wastes like pesticides,

batteries containing lead, mercury or
zinc, cleaning solvents, radioactive
materials, e-waste and plastics mixed
up with paper and other non-toxic
scraps are burned they produce dioxins,
furans, polychlorinated biphenyls, and
other gases. These toxic gases have the
potential of causing various diseases,
including cancer.
IMPACT ON LAND AND AQUATIC
ANIMALS

Our carelessness with our waste

and garbage also affects animals,
and they suffer the effects of
pollution caused by improperly
disposed of wastes and rubbish.
 THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR
LISTENING!

R. (2020, June 20). What is Solid Waste Management?

Sources and Methods of Solid Waste Management.
Conserve Energy Future. https://www.conserve-energy-
future.com/sources-effects-methods-of-solid-waste-
management.php

Study Session 9 Storage, Collection, Transfer and

Transport of Solid Waste: View as single page. (n.d.).
Https://Www.Open.Edu/. Retrieved August 2, 2021, from
https://www.open.edu/openlearncreate/mod/oucontent/
view.php?id=80575&printable=1