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†fŠZRMZ I cwigvc ‽f±‽ii ‼f±i ev µm¸Yb ,

ÎæwU wbY©q msµvšÍ   iˆ ˆj kˆ
cÖK…Z gvb~ cixÿvjä gvb A  B  nˆ A B sin   Ax Ay Az
(i) ÎæwUi kZKiv nvi =( cÖK…Zgvb )100% Bx B y Bz

x~y ‽f±iØq Øviv MwVZ mgZ‽j j¤^ ‼f±i𝐴 × 𝐵

= × 100% 𝐴 ×𝐵
x ‽f±iØq Øviv MwVZ mgZ‽j j¤^ GKK ‼f±i 𝐴×𝐵
(ii) wePz¨wZ, n = xn – x      
x1  x 2  ......  x n A , B I C GKB Z‽j Ae¯’vb Ki‽e hw` A .( B  C ) = 0 nq|
(iii) MvwYwZK Mo gvb, x= ‡KvY wbY©q msµvšÍ
n  
(iv) k~b¨ ÎæwU = cÖK…Z cvV  AvcvZ cvV  A.B 
–1 

hw` `ywU †f±i †`qv _v‡Kt  = cos  AB 
 
ÎæwU wbY©‡qi Technique
%AvqZb ÎæwU = 3 × % ˆ`N¨© ÎæwU A‡ÿi mv‡_ Drcbœ †KvY ঐ অক্ষের সহগঐ
% ‼ÿÎdj ÎæwU = 2 × % ˆ`N¨© ÎæwU = cos−1
wbY©‡qt ভেক্টক্ষরর মান
% cwiwa ÎæwU =% ˆ`N¨© ÎæwU
ˆ`N©¨ ÎæwUi cwie‽Z© e¨vm ev e¨vmva© ÎæwU _vK‽jI GKB m~Î cÖ‽hvR¨ n‽e| µm I WU ¸Yd‡ji gvb †`qv |𝐴 × 𝐵|
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
ˆ`N©¨ I fvwb©qvi aªæeK wbY©q _vK‡j t 𝐴. 𝐵
(i) ¯øvBW K¨vwjcv‽m©i mvnv‽h¨ ˆ`N©¨ wbY©q L = M + V  V.C.
‡ÿÎdj wbY©q msµvšÍ
[M= cÖavb ‼¯‹‽ji cvV, V= fvwb©qvi ‼¯‹‽ji cvV, V.C.= fvwb©qvi    
aªæeK] mvgvšÍwiK A_ev i¤^‡mi A I B mwbœwnZ evû nq A  B
(ii) ¯Œz-M‽Ri mvnv‽h¨ ˆ`N©¨ wbY©q L = L1 + C  L.C. †‣Îdj
  1  
[L1=¯Œz-M‽Ri ˆiwLK ‼¯‹‽ji cvV, C=¯Œz-M‽Ri e„ËvKvi ‼¯‹j cvV , A I B KY© n‽j AB
2
L.C.= ¯Œz-M‽Ri aªæeK] wÎfz‡Ri †‣Îdj   1  
(iii) fvwb©qvi aªæeK =cÖavb ‼¯‹‽ji ÿz`ªZg 1 Ni Ñ fvwb©qvi ‼¯‹‽ji 1 Ni A I B `ywU mwbœwnZ evû nq AB
2
Energy MCQ Technic-02
(i) fvwb©qvi aªæeK = (i) 𝑊 = 𝐹 . 𝑆 (ii) 𝑙 = 𝑃 × 𝑟
cÖavb ‼¯‹‽ji Ni msL¨v (iii) 𝐹 = 𝑞𝑉 × 𝐵 (iv) 𝜏 = 𝐹 × 𝑟
g~j ‼¯‹‽ji ¶z`ªZg GK N‽ii gvbÑ fvwb©qvi ‼¯‹‽ji Ni msL¨v Note:
(v) 𝑉 = 𝜔 × 𝑟 (vi) 𝜏 = 𝑁𝑖 𝐴 × 𝐵 = 𝑚 ×
(ii) ¯Œz-M‽Ri aªæeK= ˆiwLK ‼¯‹‽ji ¶z`ªZg GK N‽ii gvb Ñ 𝐵
cÖavb ‼¯‹‽ji Ni msL¨v
¯Œz-M‽Ri ‼¯‹‽ji Ni msL¨v jwäi gvb I w`K wbY©q msµvšÍ
jwäi gvb R  P 2  Q 2  2 PQ cos
‡f±i  Q sin  
‡f±‡ii gvb I GKK †f±i wbY©qt

 = tan-1  P  Q cos   ,
jwäi w`K
A  Ax iˆ  Ay ˆj  Az kˆ  
hLb jwä R , P Gi mv‽_  ‼KvY Drcbœ K‽i|
‽f±‽ii gvb, 𝐴 = 𝐴2𝑥 + 𝐴2𝑦 + 𝐴2𝑧  0 n‽j Rmax  P  Q   00
 
A Rmin = P~Q
A ‽f±‽ii w`‽K GKK ‼f±i  A
 = 180˚ n‽j
  00 [hLb P>Q   1800 [hLb Q>P]
𝑃𝑄 = 𝑄 − 𝑃, 𝑄𝑃 = 𝑃 − 𝑄 R  P2  Q2   tan 1
Q
 900 n‽j
WU I µm ¸Yb msµvšÍ t p

𝐴 = 𝐴𝑥 𝑖 + 𝐴𝑦 𝑗 + 𝐴𝑧 𝑘 ,  P
  900 n‽j R  P2 ~ Q2   cos 1   
𝐵 = 𝐵𝑥 𝑖 + 𝐵𝑦 𝑗 + 𝐵𝑧 𝑘 n‽j  Q
∝
𝐴. 𝐵 = 𝐴 𝐵 cos 𝜃 = 𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑧 𝑃 = 𝑄 n‽j 𝜃 = 2
  𝐴 .𝐵 𝑃 = 𝑄 = 𝑅 n‽j ∝= 1200 , 𝜃 = 600
A eivei B Gi j¤^ Awf‽¶c 𝐵 cos 𝜃 = we‽kl ‼ÿ‽Î
𝐴 jwä Aek¨B R max I R min Gi g‽a¨ _vK‽e ;
  𝐴 .𝐵
B eivei A Gi j¤^ Awf‽¶c 𝐴 cos 𝜃 =
𝐵 R max  P  Q ; R min  P ~ Q

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ejØq j¤^fv‽e wµqv Ki‽j jwäi gvb, MwZwe`¨v

R 2
R 2
Ges
RP  max min
P  Q  PQ cÖ‡qvRbxq m~Îvewj -01
2 𝒗
jwä X A‼¶i mv‽_  ‼KvY Drcbœ Ki‽j, 𝒕 = 𝒂, 𝒕 =
i) mgZ¡i‡Y Pjgvb †gvU mg‡q †Kvb e¯`i Rb¨
jwäi Avbyf~wgK Dcvs‽ki gvb,Rx=Rcos 𝟐𝒔
jwäi Dj¤^ w`‽K Dcvs‽ki gvb,Ry = Rsin 𝒂
 Ry 
jwäi gvb, R = R 2x  R 2y Ges‼KvY,  = tan-1  R x 
  v  u 2  2as s  ut  12 at 2
uv
‡bŠKv I e„wói As‡Ki Technique v  u  at s t
2
‽mvRv Aci cv‽o ‼bŠKv ‽cŠQvi ‽ÿ‽Î vt
−𝑣
‽h ‼Kvb GKwU ‼eM k~b¨ n‽j s s v2
2a
‼bŠKv Pvjv‽Z n‽e 𝛼 = cos−1 𝑢
‽Kv‽Y 2
ii) mgZ¡i‡Y wbw`©ó GK †m‡KÛ/Zg †m‡KÛ G AwZµvšÍ `~iZ¡
‽bŠKvi jwä ‼eM 𝑢2 − 𝑣 2
1
d s th  u  a (2t  1)
b`xicvo n‽Z mgq t  2
u  v2 iii) mg‡e‡M AwZµvšÍ `~iZ¡ †ei Ki‡Z ej‡j s  vt
2

‼bŠKvi ‼eM u, ‼mªv‽Zi ‼eM v, b`xi cÖ¯’ s n‽j ‽¯ªvZ I ‼bŠKvi MwZi iv) Zg ‼m‽K‽Û AwZµvšÍ `~iZ¡ = c~e©eZx© ‼m‽K‽Û AwZµvšÍ
ga¨eZx© ‼KvY α Ges ‼¯ªvZ I ‽bŠKvi jwä ‼e‽Mi ga¨eZx© ‼KvY = θ `~iZ¡ + Z¡iY
e„wó n‽Z iÿv ‼c‽Z n‽j Dj‽¤^i mv‽_
মানুষ বা বাতাসবৃষ্টি Some Techniques
𝜃 = tan−1 ‽Kv‽Y QvZv ai‽Z n‽e|
e¯`i m Zg I n Zg †m‡K‡Û AwZµvšÍ `~iZ¡ Sm th wgUvi Ges
jb‡ivjvi msµvšÍ As‡Ki Technique Sn th wgUvi n‡j a  s  Sm th  Sn th
jb‼ivjvi‽K hw` Avbyf~wg‽Ki mv‽_ 𝜃 0 ‽Kv‽Y ‼Vjv ev Uvbv nq| t mn
‡Vjvi †ÿ‡Î Uvbvi †ÿ‡Î e¯`i m sec I n sec G †eM h_vµ‡g v m I v n n‡j
IRb e„w× ev IRb n«vm 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠 90 − Z¡iY a  v  vm  vn
e„w× 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠 90 − 𝜃 t mn
n«vm 𝜃
GKwU e¯`‡K wbw`©ó D”PZv h n‡Z †d‡j w`‡j Ges Aci GKwU
AvcvZ 𝑊+ 𝑊−
e¯`‡K GKB mg‡q f~wg n‡Z Dc‡ii w`‡K u †e‡M wb‡‣c Ki‡j
IRb 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠 90 − 𝜃 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠 90 − 𝜃 𝒉
MwZ e¯`؇qi wgwjZ nIqvi mgq𝒕 = 𝒖
𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
m„wóKvix ej wgwjZ nIqvi D”PZv, h  ut  1 gt 2
‽Vjv I Uvbvi IR‽bi cv_©K¨2 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠 90 − 𝜃 2
GKwU e¯` a mgZ¡i‡Y Aci GKwU e¯` GKB mg‡q I GKB ¯’vb
‡MwÖ W‡q›U,WvBfvi‡RÝ,Kvj© wbY©q n‡Z v mg‡e‡M Pj‡Z _vK‡j e¯`؇qi
(ii) †MÖwW‡q›U: wgwjZ nIqvi mgq t  2v
     î  ĵ k̂ a
grad      î  ĵ  k̂     
 x y z  x y z
¸wj I Z³v msµvšÍ Technique
(iii) WvBfvi‡RÝ t  . V 
1
     GKwU ¸wj †Kvb wKQzi †fZ‡i S `~iZ¡ cÖ‡e‡ki ci †eM Ask
 î  ĵ  k̂ .(υ1î  υ 2 ĵ  υ3 k̂) n
 x y z  nviv‡j e¯`wU AviI
 
 1 2 3

x
n  1
2
s cÖ‡ek Ki‡e|
x y z 2n  1
(iv) Kvj©: curl V    V  1 S 1 4S
†eM Ask nviv‡j x  , Ask nviv‡j x 
î ĵ k̂ 2 3 3 5
        1
 î  ĵ  k̂   (Vx î  Vy ĵ  Vz k̂)  †Kvb ¸wj Zvi j¶¨¯’‡ji S `– iZ¡¡ AwZµg Ki‡Z †e‡Mi Ask
 x y z  x y z n
Vx Vy Vz Aewkó _vK‡j †_‡g hvevi c– ‡e© GwU Avi †h `– iZ¡¡ AwZµg Ki‡e Zvi
Note Kvj© k~Y¨ n‽j ‼f±iØq AN~Y©bkxj gvb,
WvBfvi‽RÝ k~Y¨ n‽j ‼f±iØq mwjbqWvj s
x 2
n 1

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1
†Kvb ¸wj GKwU Z³v †f` Ki‡Z Zvi †e‡Mi Ask nviv‡j †_‡g hvevi
n 1. ‽eM GKB n‽j θ Ges 90 0  θ ‼Kv‽Y GKB Avbyf~wgK cvjøv
2 cvIqvhvq|
n
c– ‡e© †mwU †gvU Z³v †f` Ki‡e = wU. 2.GKwU e¯`‽K ‼h ‼e‽M Dc‽ii w`‽K wb‽ÿc Kiv nq wVK GKB ‼e‽M f~wg‽Z
2n  1
Av‽m
1 0
3. tan 4 /76 ‽Kv‽Y wb‽ÿc Ki‽j Avbyf~wgK cvjøv me©vwaK D”PvZvi
cÖvm msµvšÍ m~Îvejx mgvb|
y 
v0 4. θ Ges (   ) ‼Kv‽Y wb‽ÿc Ki‽j
2
Avbyf~wgK cvjøvi AbycvZ=1:1
wePiY Kv‽ji AbycvZ  sin θ : cos θ  tan θ : 1
 x me©vwaK D”PZvi AbycvZ = sin2 𝜃 : cos 2 𝜃 = tan2 𝜃 : 1
t=0 ev Avw` mg‡q wbDUbxq ejwe`¨v
Avw` Avbyf~wgK †eM 𝒗𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 cÖ‡qvRbxq m~Îvewj-01
Avw` Dj¤^ †eM 𝒗𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 2𝜋
𝜔 = = 2𝜋𝑓 =
2𝜋𝑛
t=t ev ‡h‡Kvb mg‡q 𝑇 𝑡
Avbyf~wgK ‼eM vx 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 T = chv©qKvj ev 1evi N~Y©‽bi mgq
Dj¤^ ‼eM vy 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑔𝑡 f = K¤úv¼ n = N~Y©‽bi msL¨v
‼eM v t = n msL¨vK N~Y©‽bi mgq
𝑣= 𝑣𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑦2 vu  v 2s v2 
F  ma  m  m  m 2  m 
= t  t t 2s 
𝑣0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 2 + 𝑣0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑔𝑡 2

= 0 𝑣 = 𝑣02 + 𝑔𝑡 2 fi‡e‡Mi msiÿY m~Î msµvšÍ

n‽j ev Avbyf~wgK
mgvšÍiv‽j wbwÿß n‽j m1u1  m2u 2  m1v1  m2 v 2
 m1u1  m2u 2  m1  m2 v
x 𝑥 = 𝑣0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑡 [ †h †Kvb GKwU w¯’i _vK‡j ]
Dj¤^ `~iZ¡ 𝑦 = 𝑣0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑔𝑡 2 ivB‡d‡ji fi‡eM = ¸wji fi‡eM
y 𝑔𝑥 2
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − 2𝑣 2 𝑐𝑜 𝑠 2 𝜃 K¨viv‡gi ÷ªvB‡Ki fi‡eM = ¸wUi fi‡eM
0 ‡bŠKvi fi‡eM=`yB evj‡Ki fi‡eM
= 0, Avbyf‚wgK 𝑦=
𝑔𝑥 2
eivei Pjvi ‼¶‽Î 2𝑣02 Nl©Y ej msµvšÍ
𝐹𝑠 𝐹𝑠
𝜇𝑠 = 𝜇𝑘 = 𝑅 = 𝑚𝑔 = tan 𝜃
m‡ev©”P D”PZvq
e¯`wU †_‡g †M‡j P  F  ma
Avbyf~wgK ‼eM vx 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 e¯` Pj‡Z ïiæ Ki‡j P  F  ma
Dj¤^ ‼eM vy 𝑣𝑦 = 0 ev, P   s mg  ma
v 𝑣 = 𝑣0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝜇𝑠 = w¯’Z Nl©Y ¸Yv¼ 𝜇𝑘 = MZxq Nl©Y ¸Yv¼
me©wb¤œ 𝐹𝑠 = mxgv¯’ w¯’Z Nl©Y ej 𝜃 = bwZ‽KvY
vx 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
vy 𝑣𝑦 = 0 Energy MCQ Technique
v 𝑣 = 𝑣0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 evjwZ fwZ© cvwbi N~Y©‡bi †ÿ‡Î:
𝜃 ‽Kv‽Y wbwÿß e¯`i me©wb¤œ MwZkw³ ev mev©waK D”PZvq MwZkw³ mv 2
𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸 cos 2 𝜃| GLv‽b, 𝐸 =Avw`MwZkw³ m‽e©v”P P we›`y‽Z nv‽Z Uvb=  mg
r
v0 sin 2
2
Avbyf~wgK cvjøv R  mv 2 P
g me©wb¤œ Q we›`y‽Z nv‽Z Uvb=  mg
v 0 sin 2 
2 r
me©vwaK D”PZv H  mv 2
2g cvwb bv covi kZ©  mg
𝑅𝑚𝑎 𝑥 = 4𝐻, 𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥 r
𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 cvIqv hvq hLb 𝜃 = 450 , 𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥 cvIqv hvq
hLb𝜃 = 900 me©wb¤œ ‼h ‼e‽M Nyiv‽j cvwb co‽e bv Q
2
𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 = Avbyf~wgK cvjøvi m‽ev©”P gvb mv
 mg  v 2  rg  v  rg
𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥 = me©vwaK D”PZvi m‽e©v”P gvb r

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𝑔 *𝑊 = 𝐹𝑠 = 𝐹𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑚𝑔𝑕𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑚𝑔𝑕𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

cvwb bv covi kZ©: 𝑣 = 𝑔𝑟 𝜔 = 𝑟 * mgwefe Z‽j K…Z KvR k~b¨|
* ‽K›`ªgyLx ej Øviv ev e„Ëc‽_ N~Y©vqgvb e¯`i K…ZKvR k~b¨|
𝑤 𝑚𝑔 𝑕𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
†K›`ªgyLx e‡ji cÖ‡qvM msµvšÍ 𝜂𝑃 = 𝑃 = 𝑡 = 𝑡
= 𝐹𝑉
𝒎𝒗𝟐 gB ‼e‽q Qv‽` IVvi ‼ÿ‽Î
†K›`ªgyLx ej 𝑭 = 𝒓
= 𝒎𝝎𝟐 𝒓 ‼g‽S / Avbyf~wg‽Ki mv‽_ ‼KvY ‼`qv _vK‽j sin 𝜃
𝑽𝟐 ‽`qvj / Dj‽¤^i mv‽_ ‼KvY ‼`qv _vK‽j cos 𝜃
iv¯Ívi e¨vswKs-Gi Rb¨ 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 = 𝒓𝒈
cÖ‡qvRbxq m~Îvewj-02
v2 h

 
𝒉
‡ijjvBb-Gi evuK Gi Rb¨ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 = 1 1 p2
E k  mv2  m v1  v 2 
2 2
𝒙 rg x
2 2 2m
𝜽 = iv¯Ívi e¨vswKs †KvY ev mvB‡Kj Av‡ivnx‡K Dj‡¤^i mv‡_ †h Ep  mgh  mgh1  h 2 
†Kv‡Y †nj‡Z n‡e| Avw` wefe kw³ = ‼gvUkw³ = ‼kl MwZkw³
r = iv¯Ívi evu‡Ki e¨vmva© v = Av‡ivnxi †eM 𝑝 = fi‽eM 𝑕 = f~wg n‽Z D”PZv
h = GK cvZ A‡cÿv Aci cvZ‡K hZ UzKz DPz Ki‡Z n‡e| x = 𝐸𝑝 = wefe kw³ 𝐸𝑘 = MwZkw³
cvZ؇qi ga¨eZx© `yiZ¡|
Energy MCQ Technique
‡KŠwYK MwZ msµvšÍ
nh
mv 2  2   2n 
2 2 wefe kw³ MwZkw³i n ¸Y n‽j x 
F  ma   m2 r  m  .r  m  .r n 1
r  T   t  h h x
MwZkw³ wefe kw³i n ¸Y n‽j x 
v2 n 1
  I  mr 2, a   2 r h = ‽h D”PZv n‽Z ‼d‽j ‼`qv n‽q‽Q|
r
x = f~wg n‽Z ‼h D”PZvq wefe kw³ I MwZkw³i Zzjbv Kiv n‽e|
2 2 2n
L  I  mr   mr .
2
 mr 2
T t
2
gnvKl© I AwfKl©
1 2 1 2 2 1 2  2 
N~Y©b E k  I  mr   mr  
2 2 2  T  cÖ‡qvRbxq m~Îvewj-01
2
1 2  2n  m1m2 GM
 mr   FG 𝑉=−
𝐺𝑀
E
2  t  d2 𝑅 R2
wjdU Gi AsK msµvšÍ:
2𝐺𝑀 𝐺𝑀
up  up, down  down; 𝑉𝐸 = 2𝑔𝑅 =
𝑅
𝑔=
𝑅2
Dc‡i DV‡j Z¡iY evo‡e, wb‡P bvg‡j Z¡iY Kg‡e|
3g
‡ÿÎ Z¡iY ‡g‡S KZ…K Uvb ‡g‡S ¯úk© c„w_exi NbZ¡  
ej Kivi mgq 4Gr
wjdU a Z¡i‡Y g+a T=m(g+a)
t
2h  h
g h  1    g  2h 
g h  1    g
Dc‡i DV‡j ga  R  R
wjdU a Z¡i‡Y wb‡P g-a T=m(g-a) 2h
bvg‡j t D”PZv ev MfxiZv msµvšÍ Technique
ga
wjdU g Z¡i‡Y Dc‡i g+g T=2mg=2w 10  x
DV‡j =2g =2×e¯`i IRb h D”PZvq AwfKl©R Z¡iY x % n‽j h  R
wjdU g Z¡i‡Y wb‡P g-g T=m×0=0 x
bvg‡j =0
h D”PZvq AwfKl©R Z¡iY n1 Ask n‽j h   
n 1  R
KvR, kw³ I ÿgZv
h MfxiZvq AwfKl©R Z¡iY x% n‽j h  100  x  R
100

h MfxiZvq AwfKl©R Z¡iY 1 Ask n‽j h  n n 1  R

cÖ‡qvRbxq m~Îvewj-01

n
GLv‽b, R = c„w_exi e¨mva© = 6400km

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g Gi gvb wbY©q msµvšÍ Technique Energy MCQ Technic:

c„w_exi c„ô n‽Z DuPz‽Z ‼Kvb ¯’v‽b AwfKl©R Z¡iY Gi gvb t Gi mnM
𝑔
‽eM V 
𝑔𝑕 = 2
x Gi mnM
1+𝑅 এর অংশ্
2
c„w_exi c„ô n‽Z Mfx‽i ‼Kvb ¯’v‽b AwfKl©R Z¡iY Gi gvb 
x Gi mnM  sin  eªv‽KU 
𝑔𝑕 = (1– R Gi Ask ) × g

cÖ‡qvRbxq m~Îvewj-03 (i) mij ‼`vj‽Ki ‼`vjbKvj,

L r
GM g T = 2 = 2
K…wÎg DcMÖ‽ni ‼eM: V  R  gR g g
Rh Rh
Rh (ii)
T1 L g
= 1 = 2
T  2 T2 L2 g1
g
Th Me R
GLv‽b, (iii) =  h
R = c„w_exi e¨vmva© Te Mh Re
h = c„w_exi c„ô n‽Z K…wÎg DcMÖ‽ni D”PZv w¯úªs Gi ms‡KvPb cÖmviY msµvšÍ
R + h = c„w_exi ‼K›`ª n‽Z K…wÎg DcMÖ‽ni D”PZv (i) w¯• Ös ej, F = kx  mg = kx
[k = w¯• Ös ej aª“ eK, x = miY]
ch©vqe„wËK MwZ 2 m x
(ii)‼`vjbKvj, T = = 2 = 2
 k g
cÖ‡qvRbxq m~Îvewj  1 k 1 g
(iii)K¤• vsK, n = = =
x  A sin t    `  2 2 2 m 2 x
c  (iv)KvR, W =
1 2
kx
2
d2x
2
 2 x  0 1
(v)‼gvU kw³, E = kA2
dt 2
L c`v‡_©i MvVwbK ag©
T  2 Here L  l  r cÖ‡qvRbxq m~Îvewj-01
g
cxob ev Pvc
l = myZvi ˆ`N©¨ r = e‽ei e¨vmva© w¯’wZ¯’vcKZvi ¸Yv¼= weK…wZ
L = Kvh©Kix ˆ`N¨© = Szjb we›`y n‽Z e‽ei fvi‽K›`ª ch©šÍ `~iZ¡ 𝐹 𝐹
𝐹𝐿 𝐹𝑉
𝐴 𝐴
2 ∴𝑌= , 𝐾= 𝑌= , 𝐾 = 𝐴𝑣
vt  x 
𝑙 𝑣
𝐴𝑙
Y  A sin 𝐿 𝑉
 ℓ = msKzwPZ ev cÖmvwiZ ˆ`N¨© L = Avw` ˆ`N¨©
2  t x  d
Y  A sin   
 T  D
cqm‽bi AbycvZ  
y = Zi½w¯’Z ‼Kvb KYvi Dj¤^ miY
x = mvg¨ve¯’v n‽Z ‼Kvb KYvi Avbyf~wgK miY
L
Zi½w¯’Z ‼Kvb KYvi ‼h ‼Kvb mg‽q ¯úk©‡KvY I c„ôUvb msµvšÍ
V   A  x 2 a  ω 2 x hr g hr g
T 
Vmax  A a max  2 A 2 cos  2
𝐹 𝐹
Vmin  0 a min  0 𝑇= =
𝐿 2𝐿
𝐸 = 𝐴𝑇

w¯’wZkw³  1 m2 x 2 MwZkw³ m2 A 2  x 2 

1 h = ‰KwkK b‽j Zi‽ji Av‽ivnb ev Ae‽ivnb
2 2 𝜃= ¯úk©‽KvY , 𝜌 = Zi‽ji NbZ¡
1 1 mv›`ªZv I cÖvšÍ‡eM msµvšÍ
‽gvU kw³ = m2 A 2 = kA2
2 2
x = mvg¨ve¯’v n‽Z ‼h ‼Kvb mg‽q miY
A = we¯Ívi ev mi‽Yi m‽e©v”P gvb|
xmax = A xmin = 0

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dv 2𝑟 2 𝜌 𝑙 −𝜌 𝑔 𝑔  n 2a 
F  6rV  A 𝜂=
9𝑣 f¨vbWvi Iqvjm mgxKiY:  p  2 v  nb   nRT
dy
 v 
𝑑𝑣
η = mv›`ªZvi ¸Yv¼ = ‽eM Aeµg 1 1
𝑑𝑦
Mo gy³ c_   ( d  e¨vm) 
F = mv›`ªej dy = Zi‽ji cyiæZ¡ 2d n
2
πd 2 n
V = cÖvwšÍK ‼eM 𝜌𝑙 = Zi‽ji NYZ¡
cÖ‡qvRbxq m~Îvewj-05
𝜌𝑔 = evqy/ M¨v‽mi NYZ¡ 𝒇
Av‽cwÿK Av`©ªZv 𝑹 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%𝑭
Energy MCQ Technic 𝜽𝟏 − 𝜽 = 𝑮(𝜽𝟏 − 𝜽𝟐 )
* ‼QvU ‼dvUv eo n‽j 
w  4r 2T n  3 n  f = wkwkiv‽¼ m¤ú„³ ev®ú Pvc
* eo ‼dvU ‼QvU n‽j w  4πr T n  1 2
3
 F = evqyi ZvcgvÎvq m¤ú„³ ev®ú Pvc
𝜃1 = evqyi ZvcgvÎv ev ﮋ evj¦ Gi ZvcgvÎv
𝜃2 = Av`ª© evj¦ nvB‽MÖvwgUvi Gi ZvcgvÎv
Av`k© M¨vm I M¨v‡mi MwZZË¡ 𝜃 = wkwkiv¼ G = ‽MøBmv‽ii aªæeK
cÖ‡qvRbxq m~Îvewj-01
m P1V1 ey`ey` msµvšÍ Technique
(i)PV = nRT = RT [n ‽gvj msL¨v] (ii) = evqy ey`ey` cvwbi wb‽P n‽Z DcwiZ‽j G‽m
M T1
1T1  2 T2
n  1p  n  1  10.2m
P2 V2
(iii) = AvqZ‽b n ¸Y n‽j h 
g
n 110.2
T2 P1 P2
V1 V2 P P 2
(iv) = [P aª“ eK]; 1 = 2 [V aªæeK]; P1V1 = ‽ÿÎd‽j n ¸Y n‽j h=
T1
P2V2 [T aªæeK]
T2 T1 T2

e¨vm / e¨vmv‽a© n ¸Y n‽j h= n  1  10.2m
3

1  2 Pvc 105 pa ev, 103 k pa n‽j 10.2 Øviv ¸Y Ki‽Z n‽e
(v) = ;1T1= 2T2
P1 P2 wKš` ¯^vfvweK Pv‽ci ‼ÿ‽Î 10.33 Øviv ¸Y Ki‽Z n‽e
3 3 m kã
(vi) MwZ kw³, E = nRT = RT (vii) Mo 𝑠 𝜆 𝑆
2 2 M = 𝑣 = 𝑓𝜆 = = 𝑓 ×𝑁
𝑡 𝑇
3 [1 K¤ú‽b AwZµvšÍ `~iZ¡ 𝜆]
MwZkw³, E = kT
2 c_ cv_©K¨ 2
cÖ‡qvRbxq m~Îvewj-02 `kv cv_©K¨ = 𝜆
W X V PV `kv cv_K©¨ 2𝜋 Gi ‼ewk n‽j `kv cv_©K¨- KvQvKvwQ ‼Rvo  |
n     SV
M NA 22.4L  RT
W = M¨v‽mi fi M = AvYweK fi
X = cigvYy ev AbymsL¨vS = ‽gvjvi NbgvÎv cÖ‡qvRbxq m~Îvewj
R = ‽gvjvi M¨vm aªæeK
𝑁𝐴 = G‽fv‽M‽Wªvi msL¨v = 6.023 × 1023
ZxeªZv ‼j‽fj B  10 log10 
 I

 I 0  1012 wm2 
 I0 
I  Here, I1  I2
cÖ‡qvRbxq m~Îvewj-03 B  10 log  1 
 I2 
3RT 3PV 3P
C    how ? ZxeªZv I ZxeªZv †j‡fj msµvšÍ Technique
M M ρ n 2
k‽ãi ZxeªZv 10 wm n‽j
Cr .m .s  c1  c 2  .......... .c N
2 2 2
ZxeªZv ‼j‽fj n  12 B
𝑪𝒂.𝒗 =
𝑪𝟏 +𝑪𝟐 +𝑪𝟑 ……………………+𝑪𝒏
ZxeªZv n ¸Y n‽j ZxeªZv ‼j‽fj e„w×  log n.B
𝒏
ZxeªZv ‼j‽fj nB cwieZ©b n‽j
M = AvYweK fi 𝜌 = M¨v‽mi NYZ¡ n
ZxeªZv n‽e 10 B  10 dB ¸b|
n 10
we.`ªt AvYweK fi Aek¨B kg GK‽K wb‽Z n‽e|

cÖ‡qvRbxq m~Îvewj-04 cÖ‡qvRbxq m~Îvewj

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T 1 T 1 Mg 1 T cÖ‡qvRbxq Zvc I GbUªwci cwieZ©b msµvšÍ:

v ;f    cwieZ©b cÖ‡qvRbxq Zvc GbUªwci cwieZ©b
m 2l m 2l m 2lr  𝒅𝑸
m = GKK ˆ`‽N¨©i fi 𝒅𝑺 = 𝑻
t = ivwki Uvb l = Zv‽ii ˆ`N¨© Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b 𝑸 = 𝒎𝑳 𝒎𝑳
𝒅𝑺 =
m Zv‽ii cÖwZ GKK ˆ`‽N¨©i fi 𝑻
ZvcgvÎvi 𝑸 = 𝒎𝒔∆𝜽 𝑻𝟐
cwieZ©b = 𝑪𝚫𝜽 𝒎𝒔𝒅𝑻
Energy MCQ Technic 𝒅𝑺 =
𝑪 = 𝒎𝒔 𝑻
`ywU myikjvKvi K¤úv‽¼i cv_©K¨ xHz GKwU m wU cyY© Zi½‰`N©¨ C=ZvcaviY ÿgZv
𝑻𝟏
𝑻𝟐
AciwUi n wU c~Y©Zi½ ˆ`‽N©¨i mgvb n‽j = 𝒎𝒔𝒍𝒏
1g myi kjKvi K¤úv¼  mxHz 𝑻𝟏
L=Av‽cwÿK myß Zvc;
2q myi kjKvi K¤úv¼  nxHz
eid Mj‽bi Av: myß Zvc 336000Jkg-1 , cvwbi ev®úxfe‽bi Av:
ZvcMwZwe`¨v myß Zvc2268000Jkg-1
ZvcgvÎv wbY©q Ki‡Z ej‡j S= Av‽cwÿK Zvc,
ZvcgvÎv Ñ wbæ w¯’i we›`y eid/ev®ú: 2100Jkg-1K-1,cvwb 4200 Jkg-1K-1
(i) mKj ‼¯‹‽ji ‼¶‽Î, EaŸ© w¯’i we›`y Ñ wbæ w¯’i we›`y = (iii) Zvc aviY ¶gZv/ cvwbmg/ ZvcaviKZ¡, C=ms;
X t  X ice C1 1s1
Q=C; = [C1, C2 = GKK AvqZ‽b Zvc aviKZ¡]
X steam  X ice C2  2 s2
X = cvi` ¯@†¤¢i ˆ`N©¨ (ℓ)/ Pvc (P)/ AvqZb (V)/ ‼iva
m‡gvò I i“ ×Zvcxq cÖwµqv msµvšÍ:
(R) BZ¨vw` n‽Z cv‽i|
V1 V2 P1 P2
C0 F  32 K  273 X t  X ice (i)m‽gvò cÖwµqv, P1V1 = P2V2 ; = ; =
(ii) = = = T1 T2 T1 T2
100  0 212  32 373  273 X steam  X ice (ii)i“ × Zvcxq cÖwµqv,
‽gŠwjK e¨eavb=DaŸ© w¯’iv¼-wb¤œ w¯’iv¼ P1V1 = P2V2;
ZvcgvÎvi cv_©K¨ wbY©q Ki‽Z ej‽j
∆𝐶
=
∆𝐹
=
∆𝐾
T1P11– = T2P21– ;
ZvcMwZwe`¨vi 1g m~Î msµvšÍ:
5 9 5
T1V1–1 = T2V2–1
R R
Q = U + W C p  Cv  R; C p  ,C 
 1 v  1
abvÍK (+) FYvÍK (-)
(iv) ‽gvjvi M¨vm aª“ eK, R= Cp – Cv = C V  C P 𝛾=
Q hLb wm‡÷‡g Zvc hLb wm‡÷g Zvc nvivq SV SP
mieivn Kiv nq 𝐶𝑃
U wm‡÷‡gi Aš@t¯’ kw³ wm‡÷‡gi Aš@t¯’ kw³ 𝐶𝑉
e„w× †c‡j n«vm †c‡j 𝜸 Gi gvb
W wm‡÷g KZ…©K KvR wm‡÷‡gi Dci KvR GK cvigvbweK M¨vm:
m¤• vw`Z n‡j m¤• vw`Z n‡j 1.66 ev 𝟓
Ex: wbw®Œq M¨vm mg~n He,Ne etc 𝟑
(iv) M¨vm KZ…©K KvR, W = PV (v)m‽gvò cÖwµqvq KvR, wØ cvigvbweK M¨vm: 1.41 ev
𝟕
𝟓
 V2  m V  Ex: H2,N2,O2,CO
W = nRT ln   = RT ln  2 
 V1  M  V1  wÎ/eû cvigvbweK M¨vm:
1.33 ev 𝟒
cÖ‡qvRbxq m–Îvejx Ex: SO2,CO2,O3 etc 𝟑

1 Kg©`¶Zv wbY©q msµvšÍ

(i)MwZ kw³ Zvc kw³‽Z iƒcvš@wiZ n‽j, 2 mv2 = ms
(ii)w¯’wZ kw³ Zvc kw³‽Z iƒcvš@wiZ n‽j, mgh = ms =  T   Q2 
(i)`¶Zv,   1  2   100% = 1    100%
mLf  T1   Q1 
shortcut h
w¯’wZ kw³ Zvc kw³‽Z iƒcvš@wiZ n‽j,  = (ii)Av`k© BwÄ‽bi ‼¶‽Î,
Q1 T1

428 Q 2 T2
[Q1 = M„nxZ Zvc, Q2 = ewR©Z Zvc
T1, T2 nj h_vµ‽g Zvc Drm I Zvc MÖvn‽Ki ZvcgvÎv]

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Technique eM©‡ÿ‡Îi wefe wbY©q msµvšÍ Technique

Drm ev MÖvn‽Ki ZvcgvÎv wbY©‽q T2  (1  )  T1 A D
BwÄb Øviv KvR, W = Q1 = Q1  Q2
Kg©`ÿZv 1% n‡Z e„w× K‡i 2 % Kiv n‡j Dr‡mi ZvcgvÎv
evov‡Z n‡e   1  1   T K
O
1  1  
 2 1
B C
w¯’i Zwor
1 qq 1 q1q2 qq Energy MCQ Technic
F  1 22   9  10 9 1 22  qE  mg
4 0 d 4 0 k d 2
d 9 109  2
V
a
* AwfK‽l©i cÖfv‽e k~‽b¨ w¯’i _vK‽j mg  qe; eM©‽ÿ‽Îi ‼K‽›`ª
wefe,
Q1  Q2  Q3  Q4 
* wbw`©ó `~i‽Z¡ _vKv PvwR©Z e¯`i cÖfv‽e k~‽b¨ w¯’i _vK‽j
9 109  2
qq   4Q.
9  10 1 2 2  mg.
9
a
d ‼K‽›`ª wefe k~b¨ n‽j Q1  Q2  Q3  Q4  0
q q
(i) Pv‽R©i ZjgvwÎK NbZ¡,   
A 4r 2 PZz_© ‼KŠwYK we›`y‽Z 9 109  Q 
A = rℓ (‽KvY‽Ki ‼¶‽Î), A = r (cv‽Zi ‼¶‽Î), A = 2rh
2 V=  Q1  2  Q 3 
wefe r  2 
(duvcv wmwjÛv‽ii ‼¶‽Î)]
2
 q r  Energy MCQ Technic
(ii) 1  1   2 
 2 q2  r1  mgevû wÎf~‽Ri `yB ‼KŠwYK we›`y‽Z mgvb I wecixZ ag©x PvR© _vK‽j
(iii ) PvR© ¯’vbvš@‡ii K…ZKvR, W = (VA VB)q = Vq
1 q
3q ‼KŠwYK we›`y‽Z cÖvej¨ E  4   r 2
mgwefe Z‽j K…Z Kv‽Ri gvb k~b¨| 0

[q = PvR©, cwievnxi ewntc„‽ôi ‼¶Îdj, A = 4r2 (‽Mvj‽Ki q1 PvR© n‽Z x `~i‽Z¡i Dfq Pv‽R©i cÖve‽j¨i gvb mgvb n‽j ev
‼¶‽Î), d
wefe I cÖvej¨ wbY©q msµvšÍ m~Î fvimvg¨ we›`y ˆZwi n‽j x 
q2
q 1 q 1
wefe V  9 109  q1
r 4 0 r
q1  q 2
q q q  wfbœ wfbœ `~i‽Z¡i `ywU Pv‽R©i ga¨ we›`y‽Z cÖve‽j¨i gvb E  9  109
V  9  109   1  2  3  ....  2
 r1 r2 r1  GKvwaK Pv‽R©i Rb¨ d
r 2 or 
2
9  10 9 mgvb `~i‽Z¡i
 Q1  Q2  Q3  Q4  ... 1  q 
r GKvwaK `yÕwU hy³ ‼Mvj‽Ki mvaviY wefe, V    
40  r1  r2 
1 Q V Pv‽R©i Rb¨
cÖvej¨ E   aviKZ¡,avi‡Ki mwÂZ kw³ wbY©q
4 0 r 2 d
q It
(i) cwievnxi ‼¶‽Î, C  =
‡MvjK ev e„ËvKvi †ÿ‡Î wefe cÖvej¨ V V
wefe wbY‽©qi ‼¶‽Î cÖvej¨ wbY‽©qi ‼¶‽Î (ii)‼Mvj‽Ki ‼¶‽Î, C = 4 0 r
‼K›`ª n‽Z `yiZ¡≤e¨vmva© n‽j r  r  e¨vmva© n‽j 0 A
e¨vmva© cÖvej¨ = 0 (k~b¨) (iii)mgvš@ivj cv‽Zi ‼¶‽Î, C =
d
‼K›`ª n‽Z `~iZ¡ r>e¨vmva© n‽j r  r  e¨vmva© n‽j r  `yiZ¡ (iv) ‼h ‼Kvb gva¨‽gi ‼f`b ‼hvM¨Zv, = Ko
`~iZ¡ [K = civ‰e`y¨wZK aª“ eK, 0 = k~b¨ gva¨‽gi ‼f`b ‼hvM¨Zv]
‽Mvj‽Ki Af¨šÍ‽i ‼h‽Kvb ¯’v‽b wefe Zvi c„‽ôi wef‽ei mgvb Ges mwÂZ kw³ msµvšÍ
Af¨šÍ‽i ‼h‽Kvb ¯’v‽b cÖve‽j¨i gvb k~b¨|
1 1 1 q2
(i) E  CV 2
 qV 
2 2 2 C

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1 1 V 
2
(iv) t˚C ZvcgvÎvq ‼iva, Rt = R0(1 + t) (v) ‽iv‽ai DòZv
(ii) GKK AvqZ‽b w¯’wZkw³, U   0 E 2   0   Rt  Ro 
2 2 d ¸YvsK mnM,   (vi) ‼iva, R 
 Rot A
(iii) cvwbi WvB-B‽jKwUªK aª“ eK, K 
0 eZ©bx †_‡K Zzj¨‡iva wbY©q
q (i) ‽iv‽ai ‼kÖYx mgevq, Rs = R1+R2+...... +Rn=Rmax
(iv) M‽mi m– Î,  Eda =
‽iv‽ai mgvš@ivj mgevq, RP= R11  R21  ....  Rn1 
1
0 (ii)
Zzj¨ aviKZ¡ wbY©q =Rmin
(i) mgvš@ivj mgev‽qi ‼¶‽Î, Technique
Cmax = Cp = C1+C2+C3+ ......... +Cn mgvb ‼iv‽ai n msL¨K ‼iva‽Ki ‼ÿ‽Î
(ii) ‼kÖYx mgev‽qi ‼¶‽Î, Cmin  C S  C11  C21  C31  .....  Cn1 1 ‼kÖYx mgev‽q Zzj¨ ‼iva RS  nR
R
Technique mgvš@ivj mgev‽q Zzj¨ ‼iva, RP 
mgvb aviK‽Z¡i n msL¨K avi‽Ki ‽ÿ‽Î n
C RS  n 2 RP
‼kÖYx mgev‽q Zzj¨ aviKZ¡ CS 
n Energy MCQ Technic
mgvš@ivj mgev‽q Zzj¨ aviKZ¡ CP  nC mgvšÍivj I ‼kÖYx‽Z Zzj¨ ‼iva ev aviKZ¡ ‼`qv _vK‽j Ges c„_K c„_K
C P  n 2CS ‼iva ev aviKZ¡ ‼ei Ki‽Z ej‽j x2 – eo x + eo  ‼QvU = 0
Pj Zwor (Current Electricity) eZ©bx †_‡K g– j cÖevn I wefe cv_©K¨ wbY©q
V
Zwor cÖevn, Zvob †eM I †iva wbY©q (i) IÕ‼gi m※Î, I = [Af¨š@ixY ‼iva bv _vK‽j];
R
q
(i) cwievnxi Zwor cÖevngvÎv, I  I
E
[Af¨š@ixY ‼iva _vK‽j]
t Rr
I (ii) nvivb wefe = E - V=Ir [r= Af¨š@ixY ‼iva ,E =
(ii) B‽jKUª‽bi Zvob‽eM, v 
NAe Zwo”PvjK kw³,‼KvlwUi cÖvš@xq wefe cv_©K¨,V = IR]
I Zwor cÖevn I †iv‡ai cÖvš@؇qi wefe cv_©K¨ wbY©q
(iii) Zwor cÖevn NbZ¡, J 
A IR
(iv) t˚C ZvcgvÎvq ‼iva, Rt = R0(1 + t) (i) Current divider law: Ix =
R  R X
Rt  Ro
(v) ‽iv‽ai DòZv ¸YvsK mnM,   (wecixZ ‼iva R';‼iv‽ai bs x = 1, 2, 3, ....)
Rot
 ûBU‡÷vb eªxR, wgUvi eªxR I c‡UbwkIwgUvi
(vi) ‼iva, R  P R P
A (i)ûBU‡÷vb eªxRt mvg¨ve¯’vq,  (ii) wgUvi eªxRt =
Energy MCQ Technic Q S Q
R ‼iv‽ai GKwU Zvi‽K ‼U‽b n ¸Y j¤^v Kiv n‽j ZviwUi eZ©gvb 
‼iva, Rnew = n2R 100  
GKB Dcv`v‽bi `ywU Zv‽ii Rb¨ L  n 2 ev L  d 2 [P = evg duv‽Ki ‼iva, Q = Wvb duv‽Ki ‼iva, ℓ = evg cÖvš@ n‽Z
wb¯• ›` we›`yi `– iZ¡]
1   2
†Kv‡li mgevq wbY©q (iii) †cv‡UbwkIwgUvit Af¨š@ixY ‼iva, r  R
nE 2
(i) [mgvš@ivj mgev‽q] I  E2  2
nR  r (iv) Zwo”PvjK ej, 
nE E1 1
(ii) [‼kÖYx mgev‽q] I 
R  nr M¨vjfv‡bvwgUvi I mv›U
Zwor cÖevn, Zvob †eM I †iva wbY©q V'
(i)‽fvëwgUv‽ii mv›U, S = (n –1)r ; n =
q V
(i) cwievnxi Zwor cÖevngvÎv, I 
t r I'
(ii) A¨vwgUv‽ii mv›U, S  ;n=
I n 1 I
(ii) B‽jKUª‽bi Zvob‽eM, v 
NAe S
(iii) M¨vjfv‽bvwgUv‽ii wfZi cÖevn, I g  I
I GS
(iii) Zwor cÖevn NbZ¡, J 
A G
(iv) mv‽›Ui wfZi cÖevn, I s  I
GS

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Ig Is (vi) ‼fŠ‽MvwjK ga¨Z‽j Abyf‚wgK cÖvej¨, H'= Hcos [wePz¨wZ = 

S G G I ]
Is IG
Drcbœ Zvc,KvR I ¶gZv wbY©q Zwor †PŠ¤^Kxq Av‡ek I w`K cwieZ©x cÖevn
2
V cwieZx© Zwo”PvjK kw³ I cÖevn wbY©q
(i)Zwor h‽š¿i ¶gZv, P = VI = I2R=
R (i) E = E0 sin t (ii) I = I0sin t (iii) =2  f=
𝑃𝑁𝑇
e¨vwqZ kw³ =1000 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑘𝑊𝑕, 2
𝑃𝑁𝑇 T
we`¨yr wej 1000 × 𝑏 × 𝑑
2 E0
GLv‽b mgq Aek¨B N›Uv GK‽K wb‽Z n‽e | b=cÖwZ BDwbU Gi g~j¨ (iv) Mo Zwo”PvjK kw³, Eav   E0  0.637

d =hZ w`‽bi we`¨yr wej
E0
(ii)Zwor cÖev‽ni d‽j m¤• bœ KvR, W = Pt = VIt = I2Rt = (v) Kvh©Ki Zwo”PvjK kw³, E rms   E 0  0.707
2
V2
t 2I 0
R (vi) Mo Zwor cÖevn, I av   I 0  0.637
(iii) Zwor cÖev‽ni d‽j Drcbœ Zvc, 
H = 0.24 Pt = 0.24 VIt = 0.24 I2Rt I
(vii) Kvh©Ki Zwor cÖevn, I rms  0  I 0  0.707
(iv) W = JH = ms [J = Zv‽ci hvwš¿K mgZv= 4.2JK-1] 2
ZworcÖev‡ni †PŠ¤^K wµqv I f‚ Pz¤^KZ¡ UªvÝdg©vi
Es IP Ns
†PŠ¤^K ej wbY©q (i)  
E p Is N p
(i)MwZkxj cwievnxi Dci ‼PŠ¤^K ej, F = qvBSin;
   Es
F  qv  B (ii) i– cv›ZiK aª“ eK, K 
Ep
(ii) ‽PŠ¤^K ‼¶‽Î Zworevnx cwievn‽Ki Dci ej, F = IBℓsin; (iii) i– cv›Zi‡Ki `¶Zv,  = (ewn:¶gZv/AšÍ:¶gZv)  100%
  
F  I  B (iv) ¶gZv, P = EI; ‼fv‽ëR, E = IR
(iii) Zworevnx `ywU mgvš@ivj cwievn‽Ki g‽a¨ ej,
μ II Av‡ek ¸YvsK I Avweó Zwo”PvjK kw³ wbY©q
F 0 1 2 
2a (i) Avweó Zwo”PvjK kw³,
(iv) ‼PŠ¤^K åvgK, M = NIA d dI dI dB
E  N =  M =  L   NA
(v) U‽K©i gvb,  = BINA sin dt dt dt dt
 Idl sin   o I  o I (ii) N = LI = MI
1
(iii) mwÂZ kw³, E = LI2
B o  
4r 2 2a 2r 2
ej I åvgK wbY©q [N = cvK msL¨v, = †PŠ¤^K d¬v•, M = cvi¯• wiK Av‽ek ¸YvsK]
1 m1m 2
(i) F  R¨vwgwZK Av‡jvKweÁvb
40  2
cÖwZmibv¼ wbY©q
(ii) ‼PŠ¤^K åvgK, M  †gi“ kw³  ˆ`N©¨= m (i)cÖwZmibv¼  
sin i

1
  a  cÖK„Z MfxiZv
  
(iii) Pz¤^K‡Yi gvÎv, I 
M sin r sin c  b  AvcZ MfxiZv
V μ c c 1
I (ii) μc  a
 
b c b
b
(iv) †PŠ¤^K MÖnxZv, K = a μb
H
(v) Ø‽›Øi åvgK,  = MH sin (iii) mvaviY wePz¨wZ,  = i – r
f– -†PŠ¤^KZ¡ wbY©q tanθ r
(iv) μ [r = cÖK…Z AvbwZ, a = AvcvZ AvbwZ]
tanθ a
(i) ‽PŠ¤^K ‼¶‽Îi Avbyf– wgK Dcvsk, H = I cos
(ii) ‽PŠ¤^K ‼¶‽Îi Dj¤^ Dcvsk,V = I sin MfxiZv wbY©q
u cÖK…Z MfxiZv u
(iii) ‼gvU cÖvej¨, I = V 2  H 2 (i) μ  = ; AvcvZ miY = u 
v AvcvZ MfxiZv 
V
(iv) webwZ ‼KvY, δ  tan 1 wcÖRg
H
m  A
(v) tanr = tana cos sin
(i) wcÖRg cÖwZmivsK,   2
[cÖK…Z webwZ = r, AvcvZ webwZ = a] A
sin
2

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(ii) wcÖR‽gi b※¨bZg wePz¨wZ,  m  2sin1   sin   A ‡fŠZ Av‡jvKweÁvb

A
 2 e¨wZPvi I AceZ©b msµvšÍ
(iii) wcÖRg ‼KvY, A = r1 + r2 = i1 + i2 –  nD
(i) x 
(iv) mi“ wcÖR‽gi ‼¶‽Î,  = (–1) A [A < 6˚] a
Technique [x = ‼Wvivi `– iZ¡, a = wPiØ‽qi ga¨eZx© `– iZ¡, D = wPi ‼_‽K
𝐴 = 𝜇 𝛿𝑚2 0
𝐴 = 60 , 𝛿𝑚 = 30 , 𝜇 = 2 0 c`©vi `– iZ¡, n = ‼Wviv msL¨v,  = Zi½ ˆ`N©¨]
sin  1
(ii) a sin  = n (ii)  n (iii) N 
†jÝ N ab
u 1  v 1  f 1  2r 1  p [a = wP‽ii cÖ¯’/‼MÖwUs aª“ eK,  = AceZ©b ‼KvY,
cÖwZwe‽ ¤ ^ i ˆ`N¨/`yiZ¡ v L n = AceZ©b msL¨v,
weea©b m    N = ‼MÖwUs -Gi cÖwZ GKK wgUv‽i `vM msL¨v
e¯` i ˆ`N¨/`yiZ¡ u L
 1  1  1 v2  2 c2 1
‼Mvjxq Z‽j cÖwZmi‽Yi Rb¨,   21 = = = = =
v u r  2 v1 1 c1 1  2
1 𝑬𝟎 𝟏
‼j‽Ýi ¶gZv, P  𝑪= =
f ( meter ) 𝑩𝟎 𝝁𝟎 𝝐𝟎
1 1 1  AvaywbK c`v_©weÁv‡bi m~Pbv
 (   1)   =( –1)  1  1  [ = evqy‽Z ‽j‽Ýi
f  r1 r2   r r 
 1 2 
1
cÖwZmivsK,  = wbgw¾Z gva¨‽gi cÖwZmivsK] ‽Kvb e¯` MwZkxj n‽j fi I mgq ev‽o ˆ`N¨© K‽g| m  t 
1
l
 1 1  Av‽jvi ‼e‽M MwZkxj n‽j
Zzj¨ ‼j‽Ýi ‼dvKvm `※iZ¡, f =    ..... 
 1
f f 2  fi   mgq / Avqy   ‰`N¨©  0
Zzj¨ ‼j‽Ýi ¶gZv, P = P1 + P2 + ...... 2 [L0 = Avw` ˆ`N©¨, L =
v
Technique ‰`N©¨ ms‡KvPb wbY©q L  L0 1    MwZkxj Ae¯’vq ˆ`N©¨]
c
m 1 m 1 1 m  1 r
cÖwZwe¤^ ev¯Íe n‽j, u  f     t0 [t0 = Avw` mgq, t =
m m p m 2 Kvj `xN©vqb wbY©q t 
v
2 MwZkxj Ae¯’vq mgq]
m 1 1  
cÖwZwe¤^ Aev¯Íe n‽j u  f
m c
Energy MCQ Technic m0 [m0 = Avw` fi, m =
fi `xN©vqb wbY©q m 
Kv‽Qi e¯` ‼`Lvi Rb¨ v
2 MwZkxj Ae¯’vq fi]
1 1  
𝑃= 4 −𝑣 𝐷 ÿgZvi ‽jÝ e¨envi Ki‽Z nq| c
1
`~‽ii e¯` ‼`Lvi Rb¨ 𝑃 = − 𝑣 𝐷 Gi ‼jÝ e¨envi Kiv jvM‽e| e¯`i /†eM wbb©‡qi Technique
`„wó Abyex‣Y hš¿ n2 1 eoL / T
v c Here , n 
mij Abyex¶Y hš¿/  D n ‽ QvUL / T
weea©K KuvP weea©b, m  1  
 f  fi-kw³i iƒcvš@i cÖwµqv
b‡fv`– iex¶Y hš¿ ¯^vfvweK ev Amxg ‼dvKvwms G ‽gvU kw³: E  mc2
m
fo
; L = f o+ f e ev, E0  Ek  mc 2 ev, mo c 2  Ek  mc 2
fe
ev, Ek  (m  mo )c 2
(¯• ó `k©‽b ‼dvKvwms)
†dvU‡bi kw³ I fi‡eM wbY©q
   Df e 
m = fo  1  1  ; L  f o   
 (i) KYvi kw³, E  h 
hc
D f   D  fe 
(ii) Kvh©v‽c¶K kw³,
 e  
D = ¯• ó `k©‽bi b– ¨bZg `– iZ¡ = 25 hc h E
W0  h0  (iii) ‼dvU‽bi fi‽eM, P   =mv
cm, Awfj‽¶¨i ‼dvKvm `– iZ¡ = fo ; 0  c
Awf‽b‽Îi ‼dvKvm `– iZ¡ = fe (iv) c =   0 0
m=weea©b,L=h‽š¿i ˆ`N©¨
[0 = m– Pb Zi½‰`N©¨, 0 = m※Pb K¤• vsK, h = cÐvs‡Ki aª“ eK,
RwUj ev ‽hŠwMK v D  Df e 
1eV = 1.610–19 J]
Abyex¶Y hš¿ m   1   ; L  v   

u fe   D  fe 
Av‡jvK Zwor wµqv wbY©q

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c c
E  w0  EK  h  h  1 2 mv 2  h h  1 mv 2
 0 2 Technique
c Rn  R1  n 2 ; R1  0.53 A 0
eVs  1 mv 2 max  hmax  h
2  min E1
En  ; E  13.63ev
‽ gvU kw³ n2
wbtm„Z ‼dvUb msL¨v=
cÖwZwU ‽ dvU‽ bi kw³ V1
Vn  ;V1  21.839 10 5 ms 1
1 1  n
E  hc    h(   o )

  o  fi ÎæwU t wbDwK¬qv‽mi Dcv`vb ¸‽jvi c„_K
hc Ae¯’vq fiÑwbDwK¬qv‽mi cÖK…Z fi
(ii) X-ray Gi ‼¶‽Î, eV= = hmax
 min fi µwU M n‽j wbDwK¬qv‽mi eÜb kw³ = M  c 2
cigvYyi g‡Wj I wbDwK¬qvi c`v_©weÁvb
‡mwgKÛv±i I B‡jKUªwb•
Aa©vqy, ¶q aª“ eK I Mo Avqy wbY©q
UªvbwR÷i Gi cÖevn wbY©q
n 2 0.693 1 V
(i) Aa©vqy, T1/ 2    (i) MZxq Rvskb ‼iva, R  (ii) IE = IB +
   I
1 0.693 IC
(ii) ¶q aª“ eK,   =
 T1 / 2 cÖevn weea©b ¸YK I weea©K ¸YK wbY©q
†ZRw®Œq ¶q m– Î (i) weea©b ¸YK/ Kv‽i›U ‼MBb d¨v±i/ cÖevn jvf ,
–t
(i) N = N0e IC I E  I B 
  = [ Kgb ‼em ms‽hvM]
[N0 = cÖviw¤¢K cigvYy msL¨v, N = t mg‡q A¶Z cigvYy msL¨v, IE IE 1 
dN (ii) weea©K ¸YK/ Kv‽i›U ‼MBb d¨v±i/ cÖevn jvf ,
= t mg‡q fvO‡bi nvi ]
dt I I I 
Energy MCQ Technic  C  E B 
IB IB 1
 ln( hZ Ask Aewkó)
t ‡R¨vwZc©`v_©weÁvb

 ln( hZ Ask Aewkó)  T1 2GM
 2 (i) K…ò wee‽ii e¨vmva©, RS 
0.693 c2
n Zg Aa©vqy t ev mgq ci Aewkó cigvYyi msL¨v/ fi  
x/m x/m
(ii) Wcjv‽ii mgxKiY, =
 n  c 
 
2  T

 (iii)nvej aª“ eK, H= v × r
 t 1 
 2
2 d2
(iv)J¾¡j¨ wbY©q : m2 – m1 = 5 log ;m2=`– ieZx© Zvivi
d1
Energy MCQ Technic
1 J¾¡j¨; m1=wbKUeZx© Zvivi J¾¡j¨; d2,d1 = ga¨eZx© `– iZ¡
2𝑥
Ask Aewkó _vK‽j X msL¨K Aa©vqy|
1 1
D`vniY ¯^iƒc: 32 Ask Aewkó = 25 = 5 wU Aa©vqy|

(i) B‡jKUª‡bi wbM©Z/ †kvwlZ kw³,

 1 1 
E  E 2  E1  13.6e   2  2 
 n 2 n1 
h
(ii) wW-eªMwji mgxKiY:  =
mv
1  1 1 
(iii) wiW evM© mgx.   = RH  2  2 
  
 ni n f 
hc
h 
E= 
(iii)

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