beg-`kg †kÖwY : mvaviY MwYZ  129

PZz_© Aa¨vq
m~PK I jMvwi`g John Napier
¯ ‹wUk MwYZwe` Rb †bwcqvi (1550Ñ1671) †K ¯^vfvweK jMvwi`‡gi
Exponents and Logarithms RbK ejv nq| ¯ ^vfvweK jMvwi`g‡K †bwcqvb jMvwi`gI ejv nq|
wZwb cÖ_g m„k„•Ljfv‡e decimal point Gi e¨envi ïiæK‡ib|

A b yk xj b x 4 .1
cvV m¤úwK©Z MyiæZ¡c~Y© welqvw`
 m~PK :
m~PK I wfwË msewjZ ivwk‡K m~PKxq ivwk ejv nq|
a †h‡Kv‡bv ev¯Íe msL¨v n‡j, n msL¨K a Gi µwgK ¸Y, A_©vr, a  a  a    a †K an AvKv‡i †jLv nq, †hLv‡b n abvZ¥K c~Y©msL¨v|
a  a  a    a (n msL¨K evi a) = an
GLv‡b, n→ m~PK ev NvZ
a → wfwË
Avevi, wecixZµ‡g an = a  a  a  a (n msL¨K evi a)
m~PK ïay abvZ¥K c~Y©msL¨vB bq, FYvZ¥K c~Y©msL¨v ev abvZ¥K fMœvsk ev FYvZ¥K fMœvskI n‡Z cv‡i| A_©vr, wfwË a  R (ev¯Íe
msL¨vi †mU) Ges m~PK n  Q (g~j` msL¨vi †mU) Gi Rb¨ an msÁvwqZ|
 m~P‡Ki m~Îvewj :
awi, aR; m, nN.
m~Î 1| am  an = am+n
am a 1 hLb m > n
m−n

m~Î 2| an =  n−m
a hLb n > m
m~Î 3| (ab)n = an  bn
mvaviYfv‡e, (ab)n = ab  ab  ab  ab [n msL¨K ab Gi µwgK ¸Y]
= (a  a  a a)  (b  b  b  b)
= anbn
n n

( ) = ba , (b  0)
m~Î 4| b
a
n
n
a a a a a a
mvaviYfv‡e, (b) = b  b  b    b [n msL¨K
b
Gi µwgK ¸Y]
a  a  a ..... a an
= =
b  b  b ..... b bn
msÁv : a = 1, (a  0)
0

1
a− = n , (a  0, n N)
n
a
n
m~Î 5| (am) = amn
n
cÖgvY : (am) = am  am  am  ........  am [ n msL¨K am Gi µwgK ¸Y]
= am + m + m + ............ + m [Nv‡Z n msL¨K ¸Y‡Ki †hvMdj]
n
= an  m = amn  (am) = amn
 nZg g~j
nZg g~‡ji †ÿ‡Î,
1 1 1 1 1

a  a  a    a
n n n n
[n msL¨K an Gi µwgK ¸Y]
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : mvaviY MwYZ  130
1 n
= a () n

1 1 1 1

Avevi, an  an  an    an
1 1 1 1
+ + +.....+ 1
=a
n n n n
[m~P‡K n msL¨K n Gi †hvM]
1
nx
n
=a =a
1 n
 a
1
( ) = a
n

a
n
Gi n Zg NvZ = a Ges a Gi n Zg g~j = an
1 1 n 1 1

()
A_©vr, an Gi nZg NvZ = an = a Ges a Gi nZg g~j (a)n= an = a | a Gi nZg g~j‡K
n n
a AvKv‡i †jLv nq|
j¶Yxq :
1 a > 0, a 1 k‡Z© ax = ay n‡j, x = y
2 a > 0, b > 0, x  0 k‡Z© ax = bx n‡j, a = b

Abykxjbxi cÖkœ I mgvavb

mij Ki (1 Ñ 10) : 2
3
1
3
2 1
+
3 3
3 5 7 .7 7
3 .3 = = [ am  an = amn]
cÖkœ \ 1 \ 6
1
2
1
2
3 7 7
3 5 3+5 2+1 3
3 .3 3 3 3
mgvavb : 6 = 6 m
[ a  a = a
n m+n
]
=
7
=
7
=
71
3 3 1 1 1
8 m 2 2 2
3 8−6 a 7 7 7
= 6 =3 [ n = am − n ] 1−
1
am
3 a =7
2
[ = am−n]
2
= 3 = 9 (Ans.) an
2 −1 1
3 2 2
5 .8 =7 =7 = 7 (Ans.)
cÖkœ \ 2 \ 4
2 .125 cÖkœ \ 5 \ (2−1 + 5−1)−1
3
5 .8
3 3
5 .2 mgvavb : (2−1+ 5−1)−1
mgvavb : 4 = 4 3 −1
2 .125 2 .5 1 1 1
=5
3−3
2
3−4 am
[ n = am − n ]
a
=( ) +
2 5
−1 −1
[ a−m =
am
]

5+2 7 1 10 10
=(
10 )
=5 2
0 −1
=1
1 0
[ a = 1, a−n
1
= n] =( ) = =1 = (Ans.)
2 a 10 7 7 7
1 10
=
2
(Ans.)
cÖkœ \ 6 \ (2a−1 + 3b−1)−1
73 7 −3
mgvavb : (2a−1 + 3b−1)−1
cÖkœ \ 3 \ 3  3 − 4 −1
1 1 1
mgvavb :
73  7 − 3 73 − 3
=
3  3− 4 31− 4
[ a  a
m −n
=a m−n
]
=( )
2 +3
a b
−1
[ a− n =
an
]

70 2 3
= −3 =( + )
3 a b
−1
1 2b + 3a
=(
ab )
= −3 [ a0 = 1]
3
3 1 n 1 1
=3 [ n=a ] [ a− n = n ]
a− =
2b + 3a a
= 27 (Ans.) ab
3 3 ab ab
72. 7 =1 = (Ans.)
cÖkœ \ 4 \ 3a + 2b 3a + 2b
7 2 −1 2
cÖkœ \ 7 \  −2 
1 1 ab
3 3 3
72. 7 (72) . (7)
3
n
1
a b
mgvavb : = [ a=a]
n
a b−1
mgvavb :  −2 
1 2 2
7 2
7
2
1 1 a b
a2 b−1
2
=  −2  
3 3
7 .7 m n mn
= 1
2
[(a ) = a ]
a b
7
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : mvaviY MwYZ  131
p + q +1– p – q –2 2p – 2p p+q–p–q–2
2 am 3 5
= (a2−(−2)  b−1−1) [ n = am−n] =2
a –1 0 –2 1 1 1 1 1
= (a2 + 2  b−2)
2 = 2  3  5 = . 1. 2 = . 1. = = Wvbcÿ
2 5 2 25 50
2
a4 2
(a4) a4  2 a8 .32 − .5 .6
p+1 p q p+q q
= (a4  b−2) =
2
()
b2
=
(b2)
2 = =
b2  2 b4
(Ans.) 
2
p
q+2
6 .10 .15
p =
1
50
(cÖgvwYZ)
cÖkœ \ 8 \ x −1y. y −1z. z −1x , (x > 0, y > 0, z > 0) al
n
am
l
an
m

mgvavb : x−1y. y−1z. z−1x ( ) ( ) ( ) =1

cÖkœ \ 13 \ am  an 
al
= x−1y . y−1z
. z−1x a a a l n m l n m

= x−1+1 . y1−1 . z1−1 mgvavb : evgcÿ = (a ) ( a ) ( a ) m n l

= x0 . y0 . z0 = 1 . 1 . 1 = 1 = 1 (Ans.) = (al−m)n.(am−n)l.(an−l)m
n+4 n+1
2 − 4.2 = aln−mn.aml−ln.amn−ml
cÖkœ \ 9 \ n+2 = aln−ln−mn+mn+ml−ml
2 2
n+4 n+1 = a0 = 1 = Wvbcÿ
2 − 4.2
mgvavb : a l n
am
l
an
m
 am  an  al = 1 (cÖgvwYZ)
( )( )( )
n+2
2 2
n 4 2 n 1
2 .2 –2 .2 .2
= ap + q aq + r ar + p
n
2 .2 ÷2
2
cÖkœ \ 14 \ a2r  a2p  a2q = 1
n
2 . 24 – 22+1 . 2n ap + q aq + r ar + p
=
2n . 22–1
2n . 24 – 23 . 2n 2n . 2 (23 – 22) 3 2
mgvavb : evgcÿ = a2r ( )( )( )
a 2p a2q
= = = 2 – 2 = 8 – 4 = 4 (Ans.) = (ap + q – 2r) (aq + r – 2p) (ar + p – 2q)
2n . 2 2n . 2
3 m + 1 9 m +1 = ap + q − 2r + q + r − 2p + r + p − 2q
cÖkœ \ 10 \ (3m)m –1 ÷ (3m –1)m +1 = a2p − 2p + 2q − 2q + 2r − 2r
3m + 1 9m +1 = a0
mgvavb : (3m)m –1 ÷ (3m –1)m +1
=1 [ a0 = 1]
3
m+1 2 m +1
(3 ) = Wvbcÿ
= m2 − m  (m +1)(m –1) ap + q aq + r ar + p
3
m+1
3
2m + 2
 a2r
 2p  2q = 1 (cÖgvwYZ)
a a
3 3
= m2 − m
 m2 − 1 1 1 1
3 xa xb xc
( ) ( ) ( ) =1
ab bc ca
3 cÖkœ \ 15 \  c  a
2 2
= 3m + 1 – m + m ÷ 32m + 2 − m + 1 xb x x
1 1 1
= 32m+1– m  32m – m + 3
2 2
a b c
x x x
–2 1 1 mgvavb : evgcÿ = (x ) (x ) (x ) b
ab
c
bc
a
ca

= 32m + 1 – m – 2m +m – 3 = 3 = 32 = 9 (Ans.)
2 2

1 1 1

[ we. `ª. cÖ‡kœ Z_¨MZ ÎæwU Av‡Q, 2m Gi cwie‡Z© 3m n‡e| ] =( xa − b ) (

ab
xb − c ) (
bc
xc − a )
ca

cÖgvY Ki (11 Ñ 18) : a–b b–c c–a

n
4 −1 =x
ab
x
bc
x
ca
cÖkœ \ 11 \ n =2 +1
n
a–b b–c c–a
2 −1 + +
n ab bc ca
4 −1 =x
mgvavb : evgcÿ = n ca − bc + ab − ca + bc − ab
2 −1 =x
2 n
(2 ) − 1 abc
= n 0
2 −1 abc
n 2 2 n n = x = x0 = 1
(2 ) − (1) (2 + 1) (2 − 1) n
= n = n = 2 + 1 = Wvbcÿ = Wvbcÿ
2 −1 (2 − 1) 1 1 1
xa xb bc xc ca
 xb ()()()
n ab
4 −1  a = 1 (cÖgvwYZ)
 n = 2n +1 (cÖgvwYZ) xc x
2 −1 a + b b + c c+a
xa xb xc
cÖkœ \ 12 \
2
p+1
.32 − .5 .6
p q+2
p

p
q
=
1
p+q q cÖkœ \ 16 \ xb() () ()
 c
a
x
a+b b
 a
x
b+c c
=1
c+a
6 .10 .15 50 x x x

mgvavb : evgcÿ =
2 .32 − .5 .6
p+1 p q p+q q () () ()
mgvavb : evgcÿ = xb  c
x
 a
x
p q+2
6 .10 .15
p
= (xa − b)a + b(xb − c)b + c(xc − a)c + a
2 .3
p +1 2p – q
.5 .(2  3)
p+q q = x(a − b)(a + b)x(b − c)(b + c)x(c − a)(c + a)
= 2 2 2 2 2 2
p
(2  3) (2  5)
q+2
(3  5)
p
= xa −b xb −c xc −a
2 2 2 2 2 2
p+1 2p –q
2 .3 p+q
.5 .3 .2 q q
= xa − b + b − c + c −a
= q p q + 2 q +2 p q
3 . 2 .5 . 2 .3 .5 = x0 = 1 = Wvbcÿ
2p +q +1 . 32p – q + q . 5p + q x a + b xb b + c xc c + a
a
= p+q+2 p+p p+q+2
2 .3 .5  () () ()
xb
 c
x
 a
x
= 1 (cÖgvwYZ)
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : mvaviY MwYZ  132
p+q−r q+r−p r+p−q
xp xq xr ev, 22x = 26 [ 64 = 2  2  2  2  2  2 = 2 ]
6
cÖkœ \ 17 \ xq()  (x ) r  (x ) p =1
 2x = 6 [ ax = ay n‡j, x = y]
xp p + q – r xq q+r–p  xr  r + p – q
mgvavb : evgcÿ =xq
6
 r  p ev, x = 2  x = 3
x  x 
=x
(p - q) (p + q - r)
x
(q - r) (q + r - p)
x
(r - p) (r + p - q) wb‡Y©q mgvavb : x = 3
= x (p + pq – pr – pq – q + qr)  x (q + qr – pq – qr – r + pr)
2 2 2 2
2x−1

x (r2
+ pr – qr – pr – p2 + pq) cÖkœ \ 21 \ ( 3)
x+1
( 3 3)
=
= x(p – pr + qr – q )  x(q – r – pq + pr)  x (r – qr – p + pq)
2 2 2 2 2 2
2x−1

= ( 3)
x+1 3
mgvavb : ( 3)
2 2 2 2 2 2
= x p – pr + qr – q + q – r – pq + pr + r – qr – p + pq
= x = 1 = Wvbc¶
0 1 1 1 1

xp p + q − r xq q + r − p xr r + p − q ( ) = (3 )
ev, 32
x+1
3
2x−1
[ a = a ;
2 3 3
a=a]
 ()xq  ()
xr

xp () = 1 (cÖgvwYZ) 1
 (x+1)
1
 (2x−1)
ev, 32 =3
3 n
[ (am) = amn]
cÖkœ \ 18 \ hw` a = b, b = c Ges c = a nq, Z‡e †`LvI †h, xyz
x y z
x+1 2x−1

= 1 ev, 3 = 3
2 3

mgvavb : †`Iqv Av‡Q, ax = b, by = c Ges cz = a x + 1 2x − 1

 = n‡j x = y]
[ ax = ay
GLv‡b, ax = b 2 3
ev, (cz)x = b [ cz = a]
ev, 2(2x − 1) = 3(x + 1) [Avo¸Yb K‡i]
ev, cxz = b ev, 4x − 2 = 3x + 3
ev, (by)xz = b [ by = c] ev, 4x − 3x = 3 + 2 x = 5
ev, bxyz = b1 wb‡Y©q mgvavb : x = 5
 xyz = 1
hLb a > 0, a 1] cÖkœ \ 22 \x2 +1−2 x = 3
x 1− x
[ ax = ay n‡j x = y
(†`Lv‡bv n‡jv) mgvavb : 2 x + 2 = 3
mgvavb Ki (19 Ñ 22) : ev, 2 + 2.2 − x = 3
cÖkœ \ 19 \ 4 = 8
x ev, 2x(2x + 2.2 − x) = 3  2x [Dfqcÿ‡K 2x Øviv ¸Y K‡i]
mgvavb : 4x = 8 ev, 2x+x + 2.2 − x + x = 3  2x
2x
ev, 2. = 23 ev, 22x + 2.20 = 3  2x
2x
ev, 2. = 23 ev, 22x + 2.1 = 3  2x
ev, 2x = 3 [ a = a n‡j x = y]
x y ev, (2x)2 + 2 = 3  2x
3 ev, (2x)2 − 3  2x + 2 = 0
x=
2 ev, a2 − 3a + 2 = 0 [2x = a a‡i]
3
wb‡Y©q mgvavb : x = 2 ev, a(a − 2) − 1(a − 2) = 0
ev, (a − 2) (a − 1) = 0
cÖkœ \ 20 \ 2 2x + 1
= 128 nq, a − 2 = 0 A_ev, a − 1 = 0
mgvavb : 2 2x + 1
= 128 ev, a = 2 ev, a = 1
ev, 2 .2 = 128
2x ev, 2x = 2 [gvb ewm‡q] ev, 2x = 1 [gvb ewm‡q]
ev, 22x =
128 ev, 2x = 21 ev, 2x = 20 0
[ 2 =1]
2  x=1 x=0
ev, 22x = 64 wb‡Y©q mgvavb : x = 0, 1

¸iæZ¡c~Y© enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi

1. †Kvb k‡Z© a0 = 1? 5. 22x − 6 = 32x − 6 n‡j x Gi gvb KZ?
K a=0  a0 M a>1 N a<1 K0 L1 M2 3
2. (x− 1 + y− 1)− 1 Gi gvb KZ? [ P. †ev. Õ15 ] 4x − 1
6. 2x − 1
Gi gvb †KvbwU?
x+y 1 xy
K L M x+y  K 2 −1
x  2x + 1 M 2x + 1 N 2x − 1
xy x+y x+y
−3 7. A = 81x2 −1 Ges B = 9x − 1 n‡j, A  B Gi gvb KZ?
3.  1 3 x Gi mij gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? M 9x − 1
 a  K9  9x + 1
1
N 9x + 1

x a3 x x3 8. x2 − 5x + 1 = 0 n‡j x2 − 2 Gi gvb KZ?

x
K  M N
a3 x a3 a3  5 21 L 5 23 M 5 27 N 5 29
4. aq − r = ar + p = KZ? 9. k~‡b¨i m~PK k~b¨ n‡j Zvi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU n‡Z cv‡i?
2
K aqr − pq − r − pr L aq − p  AmsÁvwqZ L Amxg M0 N1
a p + q N ap − q 10. 22x + 2 = 32 n‡j x Gi gvb KZ?
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : mvaviY MwYZ  133
3 7 n
K1 
2
M
2
N7 iii. (ab1 ) = a −n b− n
11. 52x + 3 = (125)x n‡j x Gi gvb KZ? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K −3 L0 M1 3 K i I ii  i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
25x − 1 16. a = b n‡jÑ
12. 5x − 1
Gi gvb †KvbwU? x
1
x
 5 +1 L 5x − 1 M 5x + 1 N 5x − 1 x
1
i. a = b ii. b = 1 n‡j, x = 0
13. 3− x
= 81 n‡j Gi gvb KZ? n‡j, b < 0 {hLb a > 0}
iii. x < 0
4 L3 M −3 N −4 wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
14. m~P‡Ki †ÿ‡ÎÑ Ki L ii  i I ii Ni I iii
am 17. 5  R : x, y  N n‡j, hLbÑ
i. (ab)m = (am.bm) ii. a = 1, (a  0) iii. n = am + an 5x
a
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? i. 5x  5y = 5x + y ii.
5y
= 5x − y hLb, x > y
 i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 5x
iii.
5y
hLb, x < y
= 5x − y
15. a, b, c †h‡Kv‡bv ev¯Íe msL¨v Ges n †h‡Kv‡bv abvZ¥K
c~Y©msL¨v n‡jÑ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
 i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
i. (ab)n = anbn ii. (ab)− n = anbn

AwZwi³ enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi

3 L4 M5 N6
41 m~PK e¨vL¨v : 33 = 3  3  3 = 27
A_©vr n = 3 n‡j wØZxq ivwk = 27|
mvaviY enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
18. a GK A‡c¶v eo †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó c~Y©msL¨v n‡j, n msL¨K 42 m~P‡Ki m~Îvewj
Drcv`‡Ki µwgK ¸Ydj wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (mnR) mvaviY enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
K na  an M na N an
e¨vL¨v : a  a  a    a (n msL¨K evi a) = an 27. a †h‡Kv‡bv msL¨v Ges m I n †h‡Kv‡bv abvZ¥K c~Y© msL¨v
19. wb‡Pi m~PK †KvbwUi Rb¨ an msÁvwqZ? (ga¨g) n‡j wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (mnR)
K a  R (ev¯Íe msL¨vi †mU) n  Q (g~j` msL¨vi †mU)  am  an = a m + n L am+n = a m–n
M aN N aZ M (am )n = a m + n N am ÷ an = am ÷ n
20. 3n Gi Rb¨ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK (†hLv‡b n  )? (mnR) 28. ab †h‡Kv‡bv msL¨v Ges n †h‡Kv‡bv abvZ¥K c~Y© msL¨v n‡j
K n3 L n−3 wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (mnR)
 3  3  3 n msL¨K evi N 34 K (ab)n =abn  (ab)n = an bn
e¨vL¨v : 3  3  3  †Z n msL¨K 3 _vKvq Gi m~PKxq ivwk 3n n
an a a–n
21. wb‡Pi †KvbwUi wfwË 6?
K 26 L 36  62 N 7−6
(mnR) M (ab) = n
b
n
N ()b
=
b–n
e¨vL¨v : 62 Gi wfwË 6 Ges NvZ 2 29. wb‡Pi †Kvb ivwkwUi mwVK gvb 1? (mnR)
22. 73  73  73  73 ivwkwUi wfwË 7 n‡j NvZ wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (mnR) 3 3
4 –1
n 3 3
–2
 12 L 16 M 24 N 36 K4.4 L n   4 ÷  4 N [(3x–1 ) –2]
e¨vL¨v : 73  73  73  73 = 73 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 712 A_©vr ivwkwUi NvZ ev m~PK 2 –1
m
= 12 30.
a
n Gi mwVK gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (mnR)
23. cuvP NvZwewkó m~PKxq ivwk wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g) a
m–n m+n m/n mn
K 52 L a2 M b4  a5 a La Ma Na
enyc`x mgvwßm~PK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi 31. a  0 Ges n FYvZ¥K c~Y©msL¨v n‡j an Gi gvb wb‡Pi
†KvbwU? (mnR)
24. a  a  a  a    an GLv‡bÑ n 1 1
i. n → m~PK ev NvZ ii. a → wfwË K L n  –n N a – a–n
a a a
iii. an → m~PKxq ivwk 32. a  0 n‡j a= ? (mnR)
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g) 1
K0 1 Ma N
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii a
1
Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi 33. xm  –n = KZ?
x
(ga¨g)
m + n m – n –mn mn
x Lx Mx Nx
wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 25 I 26 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
44 I 3n `yBwU m~PKxq ivwk|
34. 5  20 = KZ? (mnR)
K0 L2 5 N 10
25. 1g ivwkwUi wfwË 2 n‡j m~PK KZ n‡e? (ga¨g)
e¨vL¨v : 5  20 = 5  1 [ a0 = 1] = 5
K2 L8 9 N5
26. n-Gi gvb KZ n‡j 2q ivwk mgvb 27 n‡e? (ga¨g) 35. am  an  a–p Gi mijgvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (mnR)
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : mvaviY MwYZ  134
K a–mnp L am + n + p M am – n – p  am + n – p 5 –5
36. am  an = am n‡j n Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (mnR) 51. (34)  (34) Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
0 L am Ma N1 3
K0 1 M2 N
37. (4–1)–1 Gi mwVK gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (mnR) 4
5

(32)  63 Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU?

1 1 4
K
4
4 M
16
N 16 52. 9 (ga¨g)
–1 2 L4 M6 N8
–1
e¨vL¨v : (4–1) = 4 (1) 1
1
4
= =1 =4
1 53. 55  57  5 –12 Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
4 K5 L 49 M 100 1
38. 57  52  56 = KZ? (ga¨g)
enyc`x mgvwßm~PK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
1
K5 L 52  N 5–2 54. wb‡Pi Z_¨¸‡jv j¶ Ki :
5
1 1
e¨vL¨v : 57  52  56 = 57 – 2 – 6 = 57 – 8 = 5–1 = 5 a a =a
m n m+n
i. ii. a−n =
an
39. 23  24  2–5 = KZ? (mnR) iii. a = 1, hLb a  0
K2 L
1
M 2–1  22
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g)
4 K i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii  i, ii I iii
e¨vL¨v : 23  24  2–5 = 23 + 4 – 5 = 27 – 5 = 22 55. m, n †h‡Kv‡bv c~Y© msL¨v n‡jÑ
40. a–1 + b–1 = KZ? (mnR) i. (am) = amn
n n
ii. (ab) =anbn
ab 1 a+b a m am
K ab + 1 L
a+b
1 1
M
a+b
a+b

ab iii. ()
b
= m
b
e¨vL¨v : a–1 + b–1 = a + b = ab wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g)
41. a–n = KZ? hLb a  0 (mnR) K i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii  i, ii I iii
1 1 56. wb‡Pi Z_¨¸‡jv jÿ Ki :
 n L − am M −n+a N 
a a–n i. 5  53 = 55 n‡j  = 2 ii. am ÷ an = am÷n
4 −1
n
iii. (− 5)0 = 1
42. 2n − 1
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mgvb? (ga¨g)
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g)
K2 n–1
L 2n − 1  2n + 1 N 2n + 1 K i I ii L ii I iii i I iii N i, ii I iii
4n − 1 22n − 1 (2n)2 − 1 (2n + 1)(2n − 1) 57. m = 3 I n = 5 n‡j Ñ
e¨vL¨v : n = = = = 2n + 1
2 − 1 2n − 1 (2n − 1) (2n − 1) i. am.an = a8 ii. am  an = a–2
73  7 – 3 iii. an  am = a2
43. = KZ? (ga¨g)
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
3  3 –4 (ga¨g)
1 7 27 K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
K L M  27
3 3 3
a–2b −3 Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
44. ( )
a3b–4
3
KZ?
–3 3
(ga¨g)
3
wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 58 Ñ 60 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
a2 a5 b5 a5 x+4
− 4.2
x+1
K() b2
L
b5
−3
() M () a5
 ()b5
2
2
x+2
2
a–2b
( )
e¨vL¨v : a3b–4 = (a– 2 – 3b1 + 4)–3 = (a– 5b5)–3 58. 42x + 1 = KZ? (ga¨g)
L3 −
3 x x+3
5 –3 5 3 K x+3 2 N2
b 1
= (a ) 5 =
b 5 3 = (ba )
5 59. fMœvskwUi j‡ei mij gvb KZ? (KwVb)
()a5  2 8
x

60. fMœvskwUi mij gvb KZ?

x
L 2 16
x
M 2 24 N 2 32
x

(KwVb)
9n – 4m
45. Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g) 1 x+1 3x + 1
3n – 2 m K
4
4 M2 N2
K 2m – 3n  2m + 3n M1 N 3n – 2m
–1
46. (a + b ) Gi gvb KZ?
–1 –1 (ga¨g) 43 : n Zg g~j
a+b ab
K ab L a+b M 
ab a+b mvaviY enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
47. xa–b xb–c xc–a Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
1 Lx M x2abc N xabc n
61. a = 0 n‡j a=? (mnR)
48. [(3x–1)–2]–1 Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g) 1
1 1 9 3 0 L1 M N
K L M  n
x 9x x2 2x
3
49. (−5)0 = KZ? (mnR) 62. –27 = KZ? (mnR)
K −5 L0 1 N5 K – 27 L 27  –3 N –8
n l m 1
al am an
50. ( ) ( ) ()
am

an

mln
al
= KZ? (KwVb) 63. aq = KZ? (mnR)
1 La Ma N alm + mn + nl
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : mvaviY MwYZ  135
e¨vL¨v : 4n + 1 = 25 ev, 22(n + 1) = 25  2(n + 1) = 5
q q 1
K aq  a M N q 3
a a ev, 2n + 2 = 5  n = 2
 pq 79. 4x = 8 n‡j x = KZ? (mnR)
64. aq Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (mnR)
K4 L2 
3
N
2
p 2 3
a L aq M aq N1
3 80. 3 2x +1
=5 2x + 1
n‡j x = KZ? (KwVb)
65. 42 Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (mnR) 5 3 1
1 K L1 M −
3 5 2
K2 L6 8 N
8 2x + 1 0
1
(5 ) 
2
3
1 e¨vL¨v : 32x + 1 = 52x + 1 ev, 5 (3) =1= (35)
66. 52 Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
ev, 2x + 1 = 0  x = −
1
 25 L 20 M 15 N 10 2
1 4
3 1
67. 502 Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU?
K2 5 L5 5 M5 3 5 2
(mnR)
81. (3 .2) + 3.2
4

1 1
3 −3
Gi mijgvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (KwVb)
68. 3 Gi Nbg~j KZ? (ga¨g)
K 3 .2
3 −3
6 M9 N
3
1 1 1 2
3 6 9
K3 3 M3 N3
1 2 82. (2x –1
3
x2 ) –6
Gi mijgvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (KwVb)
69. (− 3)3  ( ) = KZ?
−
2
(mnR)
K
x2
16
L
x2
128

x2
64
N
x2
32
4 27 4 27
K L M− −
27 4 27 4 enyc`x mgvwßm~PK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
70. 4x + 1 = 2x – 2 n‡j x = KZ? (ga¨g)
K −2 L −3  −4 N −6 83. wb‡Pi Z_¨¸‡jv jÿ Ki :
e¨vL¨v : 4x + 1 = 2x – 2 ev, (22)x + 1 = 2x – 2 2 3 1
4
ev, 22x + 2 = 2x – 2 ev, 2x + 2 = x – 2 i.
3
8 =2 2 ii. 8  8 =
4 2
8
ev, 2x – x = – 2 – 2  x = – 4 5
4 4
1 iii. 8 = 8 8
71. n
3 =
27
n‡j n Gi gvb KZ? (ga¨g)
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g)
1 K i I ii L i I iii  ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K2  −3 M4 N
2
6 1 84. ( 3) = 3
x+1
( ) 3 2x + 1
n‡j Ñ
72. Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g) x + 1 2x – 1 2x − 1
64 i. = ii. x + 1 =
2 3 3
1 1 1 1 iii. x = 5
K L M 
3 4 8 2 wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (KwVb)
3 1
73. 84 82 Gi gvb KZ? (mnR) K i I ii  i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
x+1 2x – 1
2x + 1

K 82
1 3
L 84
5
 84
4
N 85
e¨vL¨v : ( 3)
x+1
= ( 3)
3
ev, 3
2
=3
3

3 1 x + 1 2x – 1
ev, = ev, 3x + 3 = 4x – 2
74. 84 ÷ 82 Gi gvb KZ? (ga¨g) 2 3
x=5

4
8 L
2
8 M
3
8 N
5
8 85. wb‡Pi Z_¨¸‡jv jÿ Ki :
1 3 x 1 1
1
( ) i. 2 = 64 n‡j x = 6 ii. x4 = n‡j x = 3
75. (x2)2  x3 Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g) 81
1 3x +1 2x + 9 7
Kx 1 M x3 N iii. 9 n‡j x = 4 =3
x
3 1 wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g)
76. (16)4  (16)2 KZ? (ga¨g) K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
1 1 1 1 86. wb‡Pi Z_¨¸‡jv jÿ Ki :
2 2 2 4
K 16 4 M2 N4 i. x5 = – 243 n‡j x = − 4
3 1 3 1 1 1
− 1 2
–3
e¨vL¨v : (16)4  (16)2 = 164 2 = 164 = 42 ii. (64)
16
=
77. (32n − 42n – 2) Gi mij gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g) iii. ax  a–y = 1 n‡j x = y
K 4n – 1 L 2n – 1
M 4n + 1  2n + 1 wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g)
2n
K i I ii L i I iii I iii I iii
n–2
e¨vL¨v : 32 − 42 = 32 − 422
n n
 ii N i, ii

= 2n 3 − 4. (1
4
= 2n(3 − 1) ) Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
= 2n.2 = 2n + 1 wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 87 Ñ 89 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
78. 4n + 1 = 25 n‡j n Gi gvb KZ? (ga¨g) 1 –3

K3 L2 
3
2
N
2
3
(a–
2 3
x ) 
4
x−4.a−6
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : mvaviY MwYZ  136
1 1 1
87. (a −
1
2
3
x) −3

ivwkwUi mij gvb KZ? (ga¨g) K

x
3

1
L x−
–3
1
M
x

x
2

a
3
a
3 2
x x e¨vL¨v : a ( –
2 3
x ) 
4
x–4.a-6 =
x
a3

1 1 1 1
=  = 2
x a3 x x x
 L M N
x x a
3
3 2
wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 90 Ñ 92 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
a 2 3
–3 –3

( –
1
2 3
) = (a ) ( x) –
1
2 3
–3
123I 122 `yBwU m~PKxq ivwk|
e¨vL¨v : a x
3 1 −3 3 1 90. 1g ivwkwUi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
= a2 x 3 ( ) 3
= a2x3
 (−3)

K 123 L 122  144

3
N
3
36
3
a2 a3 2 1 1
= a x–1 = =
2
2. 3
x x e¨vL¨v : 123 = 12 3 = (122)3 = 144
88.
4 −4
x .a
−6
mij gvb KZ? (ga¨g)
91. 2q ivwk‡K 1g ivwk Øviv fvM Ki‡j fvMdj KZ n‡e? (ga¨g)
5 13
3 3 1 1 K0 L1  126 N 12 6
K ax Lx a  3 N 3
x a a 3 2 9–4

e¨vL¨v :
4 −4 −6
x .a = (x–4. a ) = (x ) (a )
1
–6 4
1
–4 4
1
–6 4
3 2
e¨vL¨v : 122  123 = 12
–
2 3 ( ) ( ) = 1256 = 12
6
1 1 3
=x
(−4) .
4
a 4
= x–1a 2
(−6) . –
92. ivwk؇qi ¸Ydj KZ? (ga¨g)
5 13
1 1 1 1 1
=  3=  3= K0 L1 M 126  12 6
x 2 x a x a3 2 3 4+9

89. cÖ`Ë ivwkwUi mij gvb KZ?

a
(ga¨g) e¨vL¨v :
2
123 
3
122 = 12
( ) = 12( ) =
+
3 2 6
13
12 6

wbe©vwPZ enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi

93. ax = bx n‡j, a = b G‡ÿ‡Î wb‡Pi †Kvb kZ©wU cÖ‡hvR¨? 3 5 6 5
K ( 2)4 4 M ( 4)6
L  ( 4)
K a > 0, a  1, b  0 L x = 0, a > 0, b  0
M x  0, a  1, b  0  x  0, a  0, b  0
105. a = b, b = c, c = a n‡j xyz =?
x y z

K3 L2 1 N −1
94. †Kvb k‡Z© a = a n‡j, x = y n‡e? x y

 a  0, a  1 L a  0, a  1
106. 2
2x + 2
= 32 n‡j x Gi gvb KZ?
Ma0 Na1 3 7
K1  M N7
95. an cÖZx‡K a, n Gi g‡a¨ m¤úK© wb‡Pi †KvbwU? 2 2
 n msL¨K a-Gi µwgK ¸Ydj
3
107. x2 = 64 n‡j x = KZ?
L n msL¨K a-Gi µwgK we‡qvMdj K 3 L 2  2 N 3
M n msL¨K a-Gi µwgK †hvMdj 108. x2 = (xab xab)c n‡j ab Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU?
N n msL¨K a-Gi µwgK fvMdj 1 L0 M3 N2
96.
3
5. 5 Gi
3
gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? 109. a, x, y  R, n  N Ges a  1 n‡jÑ
3
i. a0 = 1 ii. x = y hLb ax = ay
K 5
6
L 4 M ( 5) ( ) 3 6

3
25 iii. a −n =
1
1 an
97. 7 = n‡j, x = KZ?
x
49 wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K −1  −2 M1 N2 K i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii  i, ii I iii
98. 324-Gi m~PKxq ivwk †KvbwU? 110. a  N, a  0 Ges m, n  N n‡j−
4 4
K (2 3)  (3 2) M (2 5)4 N (5 2)4 1 n n 1
99. 9
3x − 7 3x − 7
n‡j, x = KZ? i. a−n = ii. am = iii (ab)−n =
=3 an am anbn
5 1 7 wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K L M3 
3 3 3 K i I ii  i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
x+1
100. 4 = 64 n‡j x Gi gvb KZ? 111. ax = ay n‡j x = y n‡e hw`−
K −1 2 M3 N4 i. a0 ii. a  0 iii. a  1
101.
4
16 Gi gvb KZ? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
2 L4 M 16 N 256 K i I ii  i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
x2
102. 8 = 2 n‡j, x Gi gvb KZ?
3x
112.
4
3 m~PKxq ivwki−
K 0, −2  0, 1 M 0, 3 N 1, 1 1
x 1
103. 25 = 125 n‡j x Gi gvb KZ? i. NvZ 2 ii. m~PK 4 iii. mijgvb 34
3 2
 L M3 N5 wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
2 3
3 K i I ii  ii I iii Mi I iii N i, ii I iii
104. 2 2 = KZ?
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : mvaviY MwYZ  137
wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 113 Ñ 115 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 116 I 117 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
m−1
(3 − )
m m+1 m+1 m 1 m+1
4 −1 4 .4 3
M= m ,N= Ges R = log9 3 p= m m + 1, q =
9 −
m m 1
2 −1 16 (3 )
113. M Gi mijdj wb‡Pi †KvbwU? 116. p = 3 n‡j, m Gi mwVK gvb †KvbwU?
 2m + 1 L 2m − 1 M 2m + 1 N 2m − 1 K2 L1 0 N −1
M 117. p  q = 27 n‡j m Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU?
114. wb‡Pi †KvbwU N Gi mijdj? 1
− L −2 M1 N0
K 2m − 1  2m + 1 M 2m + 1 N 2m − 1 2
115. wb‡Pi †KvbwU M  N  R Gi mijdj wb‡`©k K‡i?
m+1
K 42 L 4(2m − 1) M 42m − 1  4(2m + 1)

¸iæZ¡c~Y© m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I mgvavb

= ay − z ax − y az − x
3 3 3 3 3 3
œ 1  L, M, N, O, Q I R K‡qKwU exRMvwYwZK ivwk :
cÖk-
= ay − z + x − y + z − x = a0 = 1 Wvbcÿ
3 3 3 3 3 3
y y2+ yz + z2 x x2+ xy + y2
(a )
GLv‡b, L = az M= (aa )y  LMN = 1 (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
4x + 3 − 8.22x + 1 5.2x −8.2 x−1
a z z2+ zx + x2 4x + 3 − 8.22x + 1 M. Q = 4x + 2  8 , R = 2x −3.2x−2
N=( ) Q=
a x
4x + 2  8
5.2 − 8.2x − 1 evgcÿ = Q + R
Ges R = 2x − 3.2x − 2 4x + 1− 8.22x +1 5.2x − 8.2 x−1
=  x
K. 8 1 = 64 n‡j, x Gi gvb
x + wbY©q Ki| 2 4x +1  8 2 −3.2x−2
L. †`LvI †h, LMN = 1 4 4 .4 − 8.2 .2 5.2x − 4.2.2 x−1
x 3 2x 1
= 
M. cÖgvY Ki †h, Q  R = 6 4 4x42  8 1
2x −3.2x
4
 1bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  22x(64 − 16) 5.2x − 4.2x
K. †h‡nZz 8x + 1 = 64 = 
16 3
22x. 2x − 2x.
ev, 8x + 1 = 82 8 4
ev, x + 1 = 2 22x(64 − 16) 2x(5 − 4)
= 
ev, x = 2 −1 16 3
 x = 1 (Ans.)
22x.
8 2x 1 −
4 ( )
L. evgcÿ = LMN 48
= 
1
= 
48 4
= 24  4
y y2+ yz + z2 x x2+ xy + y2 z z2+ zx + x2 2 3 2 4−3
1−
= (aa ) z (aa )y (aa ) x
= 6 = Wvbcÿ
4
= a(y − z)(y + yz + z2) a(x − y)(x2 + xy + y2) a(z − x)(y
2 2
+ yz + z2)
 Q  R = 6 (cÖgvwYZ)

A byk xj b g ~j K K v‡R i A v‡j v‡K m„R b kxj cÖk œ I mg vavb

œ 2  3  3  3  3   3 (n msL¨K evi 3) = 3n|
cÖk- 5
–5
5 5
− 0

K. 3  3  3  3 Gi m~PKxq ivwk, wfwË I NvZ wbY©q Ki| 2

=
3
( ) ( ) ( ) = (23) = 1 (Ans)
2
3
1
2
+
2
=
2
3
2 2

5 –5

4 M. evgcÿ = 83 1 8
2 2 4 2
L. ( ) ( )
3
2
3
3
2

1
Gi mijgvb wbY©q Ki|
–1 = 84
–
2 [ am  an = am – n]
M. †`LvI †h, 84  82 = 24 2 4 3–2 1 1 1
= 8 4 = 84 = (2  2  2)4 = (23)4
 2bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  3
1–
1
–
1
–
1
–
1
= 24 = 2 4 = 212. 4 = 2.2 4 =2 4  2 = Wvbcÿ
K. 3  3  3  3 = 34 3 1 1
–
cÖ`Ë ivwkwUi m~PKxq ivwk 34  84  82 =2 4 2 (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
GLb, 34-Gi wfwË 3 Ges NvZ 4 (Ans)
5 –5

L. cÖ`Ë ivwk = 3 (2)  (23)

2 2

AwZwi³ m„R bkxj cÖkœ I mgvavb

œ 3  a, b, c > 0 n‡j m~PK wbqgvewj cÖ‡qvM K‡i mij Ki :
cÖk-
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : mvaviY MwYZ  138
K. (a + b )
−1 −1 −1
2 1 1 1
M. cÖ`Ë ivwk = pab  qbc  rca
L. {a − (a−1 + b−1)−1}  a−1b  c−1 a 4 1 1 1
M. [a − {a−1 + (b−1 − a)−1}−1] a−2 b−1 4 xa ab xb xc

 3bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 

= b  c (x ) (x ) ( ) 1
bc

1

xa
1
ca

−1 = (xa − b)ab  (xb − c)bc  (xc − a)ca

K. (a−1 + b−1)−1 = (1a + 1b) =x
a−b
ab  x
b−c
bc  x
c−a
ca
−1
b+a 1 ab ab a−b b−c c−a
=(
ab )
= =1 = (Ans) ab
+
bc
+
ca
a+b a+b a+b =x
ab ac − bc + ab − ac + bc − ab 0
abc
L. {a − (a−1 + b−1)−1} . a−1 b b−1 c c−1 a =x = xabc = x0
−1 = 1 (cÖgvwYZ)
 1 1
 ( )
= a − +
a b
 . a−1 b. b−1 c. c−1 a
 œ 5  xp + q = a, xq + r = b, xr + p = c
cÖk-
 b + a − 1 1 1 1 K. a  b  c = 1 n‡j †`LvI †h, p + q + r = 0 2
 ( )
= a −
ab
.
 a
. b. . c. . a
b c
L. cÖgvY Ki
a

b

c
=1 4
ab x2r x2p x2q
{ }
= a−
a+b
1
M. †`LvI †h,
ap + q p−q

{ } { } { x }
pq 
bq + r
q− r
cr + p
r−p

=1 4
a (a + b) − ab a2 + ab − ab x xqr rp
= .1=
 a+b  a+b  5bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
a2
=
a+b
(Ans) K. †`Iqv Av‡Q, xp + q = a, xq + r = b, xr + p = c
GLb, a  b  c = 1
M. [a − {a−1 + (b−1 − a)−1}−1] a−2 b−1
ev, xp + q  xq + r  xr + p = 1
−1 −1
= a −  +
1 1  1 1 ev, xp + q + q + r + r + p = x0
 a b ( )
−a 
 a b
−1 −1
2.
ev, x2p + 2q + 2r = x0
= a −  + 
1 1− ab   1
ev, 2p + 2q + 2r = 0
  a  b    . a2 b  p + q + r = 0 (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
b −1 1
= a −  +
1
 a 1 − ab  . a2 b a
L. evgcÿ = x2r  x2p  x2q
b c
−1
1 − ab + ab  1
= a −   . a2 b
  a (1 − ab)   =
xp + q xq + r xr + p
 2p  2p
−1 x2r
= a − 
 1   1 x x
 a − a2 b  . a2 b xp + q . xq + r . xr + p
1 =
x2r . x2p . x2q
= [a − (a − a2 b)] . 2
ab
xp + q + q + r + r + p x2p + 2q + 2r
1 1 = = 2p + 2q + 2r
= a − a + a2 b . 2 = a2 b . 2 x2p + 2q + 2r x
a b ab
= a2 − 2 b1 − 1 = a0 b0 = 11 = 1 (Ans) = x2p + 2q + 2r − 2p − 2q − 2r
a b c = x0 = 1 = Wvbcÿ (cÖgvwYZ)
œ 4
cÖk- (xx ) = p (xx ) = q (xx ) = r
b c a
ap + q p−q
bq + r q − r cr + p r − p
K. †`LvI †h, p  q  r = 1
L. cÖgvY Ki †h, pa + ab + b  qb + bc + c  r c + ca + a =1
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 M. evgcÿ = xpq
4
{ } x qr  { } { }
xrp
 p+q  (xq + r)  − (xr + p) r − p
p+q p−q q + r q r r+p
(x )
1 1 1
=       
 x   x   x 
pq qr rp
M. pab  qbc  rca = 1 cÖgvY Ki| 4 2 p−q 2 q−r 2 r−p
x(p + q)  x(q + r)  x(r + p) 
 4bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  =  pq   qr    rp 
 x   x   x 
xa xb xc
xp + 2pq + q p − q xq + 2qr + r q − r xr + 2rp + p r − p
2 2 2 2 2 2
K. †`Iqv Av‡Q, xb = p, xc = q, xa = r
=     
     
pq qr rp
xa xb xc xa + b + c x x x
pqr=   = = 1 (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv) = (x p + 2pq + q − pq)
2 2 p − q
 (x q + 2qr + r − qr)
2 2 q − r
xb xc xa xa + b + c
L. cÖ`Ë ivwk  (x r2 + 2rp + p2 − rp)r −p

= pa + ab + b  qb + bc + c  rc + ca + a
2 2 2 2 2 2
p2 + pq + q2) p − q  (x  (xr + rp + p )r − p
q2 + qr + r2)q − r
2 2
= (x
xa a2 + ab + b2 xb b2 + bc + c2 xc c2 + ca + a2 − 2 + pq + q2)
x − 2 + qr + r2)
x − 2 + rp + p2)
= ()
x b  ()
x c 
xa () =x
=xp
(p

3
q) (p

− q3 xq
3
(q r)

− r3
(q

xr
3
(r

− p3
p) (r

a − b a2 + ab + b2
= (x )  (x )b − c b2 + bc + c2
 (x )
c − a c2+ ca + a2

= x(a − b) (a + ab + b )  x (b − c) (b + bc + c )  x (c − a) (c + ca + a ) = xp − q + q − r + r − p
2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3

=x a3 − b3
x b 3 − c3
x c 3 − a3
= x0 = 1 = Wvbcÿ (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
= xa − b + b − c + c − a = x0 = 1 (cÖgvwYZ)
3 3 3 3 3 3
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : mvaviY MwYZ  139
1 3m + 1
œ 6  m = xp, n = xq, l = xr, a = p + q + r Ges b = pqr
cÖk- n‡j = 2
3m − m
1 m
K. †`LvI †h, (mnl)−1 = xa
br bp bq
2 =3m + 1 − m
2
2+m
[aa = a ]
2
n
m−n

= 32m − m + 1 = 3− m + 2m + 1 (Ans)
L. †`LvI †h, (mn)  (nl)  (ml ) = 1 a − 2p a − 2q a − 2r
4
Avevi, 2q
9
m+1
ivwk = m − 1 m + 1
n l m
M. cÖgvY Ki †h, ( l )  (m)  ( n ) =l 4 (3 )
2 m+1
(3 )
 6bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  = (m − 1)(m + 1)
3
K. evgcÿ = (mnl)−1 32m + 2 2m + 2 − m2 + 1 2
− m + 2m + 3
= m2 − 1 = 3 = 3 (Ans)
r −1 3
= (x x x ) [gvb ewm‡q]
p q

1 3m + 1 9m + 1 3
= p q r M. 1g ivwk = m m −1 ; 2q ivwk = m −1 m + 1 Ges 3q ivwk = 81
x .x.x (3 ) (3 )
1  (1g ivwk  2q ivwk)  Z…Zxq ivwk
= p+q+r
x 3m + 1 9m + 1 3
= m m − 1  (m − 1) (m + 1)  81
1 (3 ) 3
= a [  a = p + q + r]
x 3m + 1 {(32)}m + 1 3 3
= m2 m  (m − 1) (m + 1)  33  3
 evgcÿ = Wvbcÿ (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv) 3 − 3
br bp bq
3m + 1 32m + 2
L. evgcÿ = (mn)  (nl )  (ml ) r p q
= m2 m  m2 − 1  31 . 3
3 − 3
3

p q r 1
x x x
=( ) ( ) ( )
2
[gvb ewm‡q] = (3m + 1 − m + m)  (32m + 2 − m
2
pqr pqr pqr +1
)  3  33
1
q r p
x x x 1
= 32m − m + 1  32m + 3 − m  3 3
2 2 1+
1
1 1
= (xp − q)pq  (xq − r)qr  (xr − p)pr
4
2m − m 2 + 1 − 2m − 3 + m2
p−q q−r r−p =3  33
4 −6+4
−2 + 3
4 2
−
= x pq  x qr  x pr = 3-2  33 =3 =3
3
=3
3
(Ans)
p−q q−r r−p
+ +
= x pq qr pr
a
1
b
1
c
1

= x
rp−qr + pq − pr + rq − pq
pqr
œ 8
cÖk- (xx ) , (xx ) , (xx )
b
ab
c
bc
a
ca
m~PK msewjZ wZbwU ivwk|
0 K. 1g I 2q ivwk‡K xn AvKv‡i cÖKvk Ki| 2
= xpqr = x0 = 1 = Wvbcÿ L. cÖgvY Ki †h, ivwk¸‡jvi ¸Ydj = 1 4
 evgcÿ = Wvbcÿ (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv) x x −2 1 1 1
3.2 − 4.2 xa ab xb bc xc ca
M. evgcÿ =
n
( ) ( ) ( )
l
a − 2p
l
m
a − 2q
m
n
a − 2r
M. †`LvI †h,
2 −2
x x−1 = 4 b
x () () ()  c
x
 a
x
4
x
=( )
x
( )
q x
( )
p + q + r − 2p r p + q + r − 2q p p + q + r − 2r
 8bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
r p q
x x x 1 1
[gvb ewm‡q] xa ab −b ab am
= x(q − r) (r + q − p) . x(r − p) (p + r − q) . x(p − q) (p + q − r)
K. 1g ivwk = () xb
a−b
= (x
a
) [
an
=a − ]
m n

= xqr + q
2 − pq − r2 − qr + pr
. xpr + r
2 − qr − p2 −pr + pq
. xp
2 + pq − pr − qp − q2 + qr
ab a−b
= x [  (am)n = amn ] hv xn AvKvi| †hLv‡b, n =
= xq − pq − r + pr + r − qr −p + pq + p − pr − q + qr
2 2 2 2 2 2 ab
1 1 b−c
= x0 = 1 = Wvbcÿ xb bc bc bc

evgcÿ = Wvbcÿ (cÖgvwYZ) 2q ivwk = () xc

= (xb − c) =x
m+1 m+1 b−c
œ 7
cÖk- 3 , 9 , 3 81 , 3−1. 3 hv xn AvKvi| †hLv‡b, n = bc
m m−1 m−1 m+1
(3 ) (3 ) 1 1 1
a b c
K. . 3 = KZ?
3−1 2 L. evgcÿ = xb ab . xc bc . xa ca () () ()
x x x
L. 1g I 2q ivwk‡K mij Ki| 4 a− b b− c 1
M. 1g ivwk‡K 2q ivwk Øviv fvM K‡i fvMdj‡K Z…Zxq ab bc ca
= x . x . (xc − a) [ ÔKÕ n‡Z cÖvß gvb e¨envi K‡i ]
ivwk Øviv ¸Y Ki| 4 a− b b− c c− a a− b b− c c− a
 7bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  ab
= x .x .x =x
bc ca ab + bc + ca

c(a − b) + a(b − c) + b(c − a)

K. 3−1.3 = 3−1  3 abc
−1 1 1 1 =x
1 1
− + ca − bc + ab − ca + bc − ab 0
= (3−1)2 . (3)2 = 3 2  32 = 3 2 2 = 30 = 1 (Ans) abc abc
3
m+1 =x =x = x0 = 1 = Wvbcÿ
L. 1g ivwk = m m−1
(3 )
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : mvaviY MwYZ  140
1 1 1 1 1 1
xa ab xb bc xc ca xa ab xb bc xc

ca
( ) ( ) ( )
xb xc
x−2
xa
= 1 (cÖgvwYZ)
x−2
Wvbcÿ () () ()
= 4 xb  xc  xa
x
3.2 − 4.2
x
3.2 − 2 . 2
2
= 41 [ÔLÕ †_‡K cvB]
M. evgcÿ = x x−1 = x x −1
2 −2 2 −2 .2 =4
x 2+x−2 x x 1 1 1
3.2 − 2 3.2 − 2 3.2x − 4.2x − 2 xa ab xb bc xc ca
=
x
2 −2 .
x 1
=
x
2 −2 .
x 1 
2x − 2x − 1
= 4 b
x () () ()  c
x
 a
x
(†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
2 2
x
2 (3 − 1) 3−1 2
= = = =4
1 1 1
x
2 1− ( )2
1−
2 2

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I mgvavb

a b c lm − nl + mn − ln − mn 0
œ 9  hw` p = bxb , q = xxc Ges r = xxa nq Z‡e,
cÖk- =x
mnl
= x0 = 1 = Wvbcÿ =x
mnl

K. p  q  r Gi gvb wbY©q Ki| 2 mn nl lm

 p q r = 1 (cÖgvwYZ)
L. pa + b  qb + c  rc + a Gi mijxKiY Ki| 4
M. cÖ`Ë ivwk = (pq)m2 + ml + l2  (qr)n2 + mn + m2  (rp)l2 + ln + n2
M. †`LvI †h, pa + ab + b  qb2 + bc + c2  rc2 + ca + a2 = 1 4
2 2
n − l l− m n2 + mn + m2
m − n n − l m2 + ml + l2
= (x .x )  (x .x ) 
 9bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  (xl− m.xm − n)l + ln + n
2 2

K. AwZ m„Rbkxj cÖkœ 4(K) bs mgvavb †`L| = (xm − l)m + ml + l  (xn − m)n + mn + m  (xl − n)l + ln + n
2 2 2 2 2 2

= x(m − l)(m + ml + l ) x(n − m)(n + mn + n ) x(l − n)(l + ln + n )

2 2 2 2 2 2
L. cÖ`Ë ivwk : pa + b  qb + c  rc + a m −c
3
n −m
3
l −n
3 3 3 3
=x x x
xa a + b xb b + c xc c + a
=
xb () 
xc () 
xa () = xm − l + n + m + l – n = x0 = 1 (Ans.)
3.2x − 4.2x−2
3 3 3 3 3

2x+1 − 2x−1
3

= (xa − b)a + b  (xb − c)b + c  (xc − a)c + a œ 11  P = 2x − 2x−1 , Q = 3.2x − 4.2x−2 Ges
cÖk-
= x(a + b)(a − b)  x(b + c)(b − c)  x(c + a)(c − a)
= xa − b  xb − c  xc − a
2 2 2 2 2 2
3x+3 − 5.3x+1
R=
=x a2
− b 2
+ b2
− c2
+ c 2
− a 2
= x0 = 1 3x+2  3
 pa + b  qb + c  rc + a = 1 (Ans.) K. P Gi gvb wbY©q Ki| 2
M. evgcÿ = pa + ab + b  qb + bc + c  rc + ca + a
2 2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2
L. P  Q  R = KZ? 4
x a a + ab + b x b b + bc + c xc c2 + ca + a2
=
x b () 
x c () 
xa () M. cÖgvY Ki †h, PQR  (5a − 1)a + 1  (5a)a − 1 = 300
25a + 1 5a + 1
4
−  (x ) −  (x − a)c + ca + a
2 2 2 2 2 2
a b a + ab + b b c b + bc + c c
= (x )
=x (a − b)(a 2
+ ab + b 2
)
x (b − c)(b 2
+ bc + c 2
)
x (c − a)(c2
+ ca + a2
)  11bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
= xa − b  xb − c  xc − a
3 3 3 3 3 3
K. †`Iqv Av‡Q,
= x a − b + b − c − c − a = x0 = 1 = Wvbcÿ
3 3 3 3 3 3

3.2x − 4.2x−2 3.2x − 22.2x−2 3.2x − 22.2x − 2

p q  r + ca + a = 1 (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
2 2 2 2 2 2
a + ab + b b + bc + c c P= = =
2x − 2x−1 2x − 2x−1 2x − 2x − 1
œ 10  p = xm − n, q = xn − l, r = xl − m n‡j−
cÖk- 3.2 − 2
x 2 + x – 2 3.2 − 2
x x
= = x
K. (pqr)2 Gi gvb wbY©q Ki| 2 2x − 2x − 1 2 − 2x.2−1
mn nl lm 2 (3 − 1)
x 2 2
L. cÖgvY Ki †h, p  q  r = 1 4 =
1
= = 2  = 4 (Ans.)
1 1
M. (pq)m2 + ml + l2  (qr)n2 + nm + m2  (rp)l2 + ln + n2 Gi
gvb wbY©q Ki| 4
2x 1 −( )
2 2
2x + 1 − 2x − 1 3x + 3 − 5.3x + 1
 10bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  L. PQR=4
3.2x − 4.2x − 2

3x + 2  3
[ P = 4]
K. cÖ`Ë ivwk = (pqr) 2
2x.21 − 2x.2−1 3x.33 − 5.3x.3
=4 
= (xm − n. xn − l.xl − m)2 3.2x − 22.2x − 2 3x + 2 − 1
2
= (xm − n + n − l + l − m) = (x0)2 = 1 (Ans.) 1
L. evgcÿ =
mn
p
nl
q
lm
r =4 x
2x 2 −
2 ( )

3x(27 − 15)
1 1 1 3.2 − 2 2 + x − 2 3x + 1
mn ln lm 3
= (p) . (q) . (r) 2x.
1 1 1 2 3x.12
=4 
= (xm − n)
mn ln
. (xn − l) .(xl − n)
lm 3.2x − 2x 3x+1
m−n n−l l−m 3
mn ln lm 2x.
=x .x .x 2 3x.12
=4 x  x 1
m−n n−l l−m 2 (3 − 1) 3 .3
mn + ln + lm
=x
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : mvaviY MwYZ  141
3 − 4.2n + 1
n+4 3m + 1 9m + 1
2 3
œ 13  (i) 2
cÖk- 2n + 2  2
(ii) m m − 1  m − 1 m + 1
(3 ) (3 )
=4 4=4 4
2 22 K. Drcv`‡K we‡kølY Ki : 4 − 1. n 2
 P  Q  R = 12 (Ans.) L. mij Ki : (i) bs ivwk  2−2 4
25a+1 5a+1 (52)a+1 5a+1 1
M. PQR  (5a−1)a+1  (5a)a−1 = 12  5(a−1)(a+1)  (5a)a−1 M. †`LvI †h, (ii) bs ivwki mij gvb 9. 4
52a+2 5a+1
= 12  2  2 [ÔLÕ n‡Z PQR = 12 ewm‡q]  13bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
a −1 a −a
5 5 K. cÖ`Ë ivwk = 4n − 1 = (22)n − 1 = (2n)2 − (1)2
= 12  52a + 2 − a + 1  5a + 1 − a + a
2 2
= (2n + 1) (2n − 1) (Ans.)
= 12  5 − 5 −
2 2
2a a + 3 2a a + 1
2n + 4 − 4.2n + 1 2n  24 − 4  2n  21
= 12  52a − a + 3 − 2a + a − 1
2 2
L. 2n + 2  2
=
2n + 2  21
= 12  5 = 12  25 = 300
2
2  16 − 8  2 2 (16 − 8)
n n n
25a+1 5a+1 = =
PQR  a−1 a+1  a a−1 = 300 (cÖgvwYZ) 2n + 2 − 1 2n + 1
(5 ) (5 )
2 8 8
n
œ 12 
cÖk- P = xa, Q = xb Ges R = xc. = n
2  21 2
= =4
K. PbcQ−ca = KZ? 2 2 4 − 4.2n + 1
n + 1
a+b b+c
GLb, 2n + 2  2  2−2 = 4  22
P Q
L. ( ) ( ) + 2(R.P) Gi gvb wbY©q Ki|
Q

R
a−c 4 1 1
= 4  = 4  = 16 (Ans.)
4 4
P Q a2 + ab + b2
R b2 + bc + c2 c2 + ca + a2
M. () Q
( )
R
( )
P M.
3m + 1

9m + 1
(3m)m−1 (3m − 1)m + 1
Gi mijgvb KZ? 4 m + 1
3 (32)m + 1 3m + 1 32m + 2
 12bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  = m2−m  (m − 1)(m + 1) = m2 − m  m2 − 1
3 3 3 3
K. †`Iqv Av‡Q, P = xa , Q = xb = 3m + 1 − m + m  32m + 2 − m + 1
2 2

 Pbc . Q−ca = (xa)bc . (xb)−ca = 32m − m + 1  32m − m + 3

2 2

= xabc . x−abc = xabc − abc = x0 = 1 (Ans.) =3 (2m − m 2

+ 1) − (2m − m 2
+ 3)

L. †`Iqv Av‡Q, P = xa, Q = xb, R = xc =3 2m − m 2

+ 1 − 2m + m 2
+ 3

P a+b Q b+c 1 1 3m + 1 9m + 1 1
 () ()
Q

R
+ 2(R.P)a − c = 3−2 = 2 =  m m − 1  m − 1 m + 1 = (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
3 9 (3 ) (3 ) 9
xa a+b xb b+c œ 14  Xp + q = m, n = Xq + r Ges b = Xr + p
cÖk-
= () ()
x b 
xc
+ 2(xc.xa)a − c
K. m  n  b = 1 n‡j p + q + r Gi gvb KZ? 2
= (xa−b)a + b  (xb − c)b + c + 2.(xc + a)a − c m n b
= xa − b  xb − c + 2.xa − c
2 2 2 2 2 2
L. †`LvI †h, X2r  X2p  X2q Gi gvb 1| 4
− − − = xa − c + 2.xa − c = 3.xa − c (Ans.)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a b + b c a c
=x + 2.x mp+q p−q nq+r q−r br+p r−p

M. ()P
Q
a 2
+ ab + b 2

()

Q
R
b 2
+ bc +
()
c 2


R
P
c 2
+ ca + a 2
M. { } { }  {X }
cÖgvY Ki †h, Xpq 
Xqr rp =1 4

x a a 2
+ ab + b 2
x b b 2
+ bc + c 2
xc c2 + ca + a2
 14bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
=() xb () 
xc () 
xa m„Rbkxj cÖkœ 5 Gi mgvav‡bi Abyiƒc
= (xa−b)a + ab + b  (xb−c)b + bc + c  (xc−a)c + ca + a
2 2 2 2 2 2

x x
2 2 2 2 2 2
(a−b)(a + ab + b ) (b−c)(b + bc + c ) (c−a)(c + ca + a )
=x
= xa − b  xb − c  xc − a = xa − b + b + c − c − a = x0 = 1 (Ans)
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

m„R bkxj cÖk œe¨vsK DËimn

5
x y z
œ 15  a = b, b = c Ges c = a
cÖk- DËi : K. 3a4; L. 9; M. a = 3
K. a †K c Gi m~PKxq ivwk‡Z cÖKvk Ki| 2 3x + 1 9x + 1
L. xyz Gi gvb wbY©q Ki| œ 17  (3x)x – 1 I (3x + 1)(x – 1) `yBwU m~PKxq ivwk|
4 cÖk-
M. 3x = 4y = 18z n‡j x, y, z Gi gvb wbY©q Ki| 4 K. cÖ_g ivwki mij gvb wbY©q Ki| 2
1 3 1
DËi : K. cxy; L. 1; M. x = 2, y = 2, z = 3 L. cÖ_g ivwk‡K wØZxq ivwk Øviv fvM Ki| 4
1
4 M. ÔLÕ Gi cÖvß gvb‡K 3x Øviv fvM Ki‡j fvMdj 1 nq, x Gi gvb KZ? 4
œ 16  3a 4 . a2–2m I a3 `yBwU m~PKxq ivwk|
m+
cÖk- 1
2 DËi : K. 3– x – 2x + 1; L. 9; M. – 4
2
K. cÖ_g ivwki mij gvb KZ?
L. cÖ_g ivwk‡K wØZxq ivwk Øviv fvM K‡i fvMd‡ji mij gvb 2x – 1
wbY©q Ki| †hLv‡b a = 9| œ 18  A = ( 3)
4 cÖk-
x+1
I B= 3
3
`yBwU m~PKxq ivwk| ( )
4 3 K. A I B †K 3 Gi m~PKxq ivwk‡Z cÖKvk Ki| 2
M. 1g ivwk I a Gi ¸Ydj = 27 n‡j a Gi gvb KZ? 4 L. A  B Gi mijgvb wbY©q Ki| 4
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : mvaviY MwYZ  142
3
M. A  B = 81 n‡j x Gi gvb KZ? 4 M. 1g ivwk I 4 a3 Gi ¸Ydj = 27 n‡j a Gi gvb KZ? 4
x+1 2x – 1 7x + 1
DËi : K. 3 2 , 3 3 ; L. 3 6 ; M. 1 DËi : L. 9; M. a = 3
3m+1 (3m−1)m + 1 36
3 6 6 3
œ 19  P = 81  256, Q = 9  2 Ges R = 5  6.
cÖk-
3 œ 21  (3m)m−1  9m + 1 Ges 33.35 ; [m  Q]
cÖk-
K. P Gi mijgvb wbY©q Ki| 2 `yBwU m~PKxq ivwk|
L. PQR Gi gvb KZ? 4 1
K. †`LvI †h, cÖ_g ivwk = 9 2
M. †`LvI †h, RP − Q R
=1 4
4 L. wØZxq ivwk gvb wbY©q Ki| 4
3
DËi : K. 6 ; L.180 2m − 1 3m + 1 (3m − 1)m + 1
m+
1
4 3
M. mgvavb Ki : ( 3)m + 1 = 3
3
. m m−1 
(3 )
( ) 9m + 1
4
œ 20  3a
cÖk- 4
 a 2 − 2m
I a `yBwU m~PKxq ivwk| 1
5 DËi : L. 9; M. m = 17
K. †`LvI †h, cÖ_g ivwk 3a4. 2
L. cÖ_g ivwk‡K wØZxq ivwk Øviv fvM K‡i fvMd‡ji mijgvb
wbY©q Ki| †hLv‡b a = 9| 4

A b yk xj b x 4 .2

cvV m¤úwK©Z MyiæZ¡c~Y© welqvw`

 jMvwi`g (Logarithm)
n‡j, x = logaN †K N Gi a wfwËK jM ejv nq|
ax = N, (a > 0, a  1)
m~PKxq ivwki gvb †ei Ki‡Z jMvwi`g e¨envi Kiv nq| jMvwi`g‡K ms‡ÿ‡c jM (Log) †jLv nq| eo eo msL¨v ev ivwki ¸Ydj,
fvMdj BZ¨vw` log Gi mvnv‡h¨ mn‡R wbY©q Kiv hvq|
Avgiv Rvwb, 23 = 8; GB MvwYwZK Dw³wU‡K j‡Mi gva¨‡g †jLv nq log28 = 3 Avevi, wecixZµ‡g, log28 = 3 n‡j, m~P‡Ki gva¨‡g
1 1
†jLv hv‡e 23 = 8; A_©vr 23 = 8 n‡j log28 = 3 Ges wecixZµ‡g, log28 = 3 n‡j 23 = 8 GKBfv‡e 2−3 = 23 = 8 †K j‡Mi gva¨‡g
1
†jLv hvq, log2 8 = − 3

Abykxjbxi cÖkœ I mgvavb

cÖkœ \ 1 \ gvb wbY©q Ki : (M) log42
(K) log381 mgvavb : log4 2
mgvavb : log381
= log4 4
= log334 1
= 4log33 [ logaMr = rlogaM] = log4(4)2
=41 [ logaa = 1]
1
= 4 (Ans) = log44 [ logaMr = rlogaM]
2
3
(L) log5 5 1
= 1 [ logaa = 1]
3
2
mgvavb : log5 5 1
1 = (Ans)
2
= log553
(N) log2 5400
1
= 3 log55 [ logaMr = rlogaM] mgvavb : log2 5400
1 = log2 5(2 5)4
=31 [ logaa = 1]
1 = 4 log2 52 5 [ logaMr = rlogaM]
= 3 (Ans)
=41 [ logaa = 1]
= 4 (Ans)
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : mvaviY MwYZ  143
50
3
(O) log5( 5 5)  log10 147 = log102 + 2log105 − log10 3 − 2log107
mgvavb : log5( 5 5) = log5 53. 52
1
(†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
1
3
 
(M) 3log102 + 2log103 + log105 = log10360
= log5 5  = log5 5 6 
1 1 2+3
3 +2
    mgvavb : evgcÿ = 3log102 + 2log103 + log105
5
5 = log1023 + log1032 + log105
= log5 5 6 = log55
6 = log10 (2332.5)
5 5
=  1 = (Ans) = log10 (8 . 9 . 5)
6 6
cÖkœ \ 2 \ x Gi gvb wbY©q Ki : = log10360 = Wvbcÿ
(K) log5x = 3  3log102 + 2log103 + log105 = log10360 (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
mgvavb : log5x = 3 cÖkœ \ 4 \ mij Ki :
3
 x = (5) [msÁvbyhvqx] 10 25 81
= 125 (Ans)
(K) 7 log10 9 – 2 log10 24 + 3 log10 80
(L) logx25 = 2 10 25 81
mgvavb : 7 log 10 9 – 2 log10 24 + 3 log10 80
mgvavb : log x 25 = 2 7 2 3
 x2 = 25 10 25 81
ev, x2 = (5)2 [msÁvbyhvqx]
= log10 ( ) ( ) ( )
9
− log10
24
+ log10
80
 x = 5 (Ans)  10 25 7
81  2 3
= log10 ( 9 )  (24)  (80) 
 
1
(M) logx 16 = − 2  10 24 7
81  2 3
= log10 ( 9 )  (25)  (80) 
1  
mgvavb : logx 16 = −2  5  2  3  8   3  3  3  3  
= log10
7 2 3
  
1 3  3  5  5 2  2  2  2  5 
ev, x−2 = 16 [msÁvbyhvqx]
 52 3  23
 
= log10  2    2    4
7 2 3
34
1
ev, x−2 = 42  3   5  2  5 
57  27 32  26
= log10  14 
312 
 12
ev, x−2 = 4−2  3 5 4
2  53
 x = 4 (Ans) [hw` x  0 Ges ax = bx nq Z‡e a = b] 2 7 + 6 . 32 + 12 . 57
cÖkœ \ 3 \ †`LvI †h, = log10 (
212 . 314 . 5 4 + 3 )
(K) 5log105 − log1025 = log10125 13 . 314 . 57
mgvavb : evgcÿ = 5log105 − log1025
= log10 (22 12 . 314 . 57 )
2
= log10 ( 213 − 12 .314 − 14 .57 − 7)
= log1055 − log105 = log10(2 . 30 . 50)
= log10 (2 . 1 . 1)
= log10  2
5
5 M
[ loga = logaM − logaN] = log102 (Ans)
5  N

(L) log7 ( 7. 7)− log3 3 + log42

= log105 (5 − 2)
= log1053 = log10125 = Wvbcÿ
5 3
[ am  an = am − n]
mgvavb : log7 ( 7. 7)− log3 3 + log42
5 3

= log7 75.72 − log333 + log4 4

1 1 1
 5log105 − log1025 = log10125 (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
 
= log7 75 2 − log33 + log442
1 1 1
50 + 1
(L) log10 147 = log102 + 2log105 − log103 − 2log107   3
mgvavb : GLv‡b, 50 = 2  25 = 2  5  5 = 2  52 2+5
1 1
= log7 7 − log33 + log44
10
Ges 147 = 3  49 = 3  7  7 = 3  72 7
3 2
50 1 1
evgcÿ = log10 147 = log7 710 − . 1 + . 1
3 2
M 7 1 1
= log1050 − log10147 [ loga
N
= logaM − logaN] = log7 7 − +
10 3 2
= log10 (2  52) − log10 (3  72) 7 1 1 7 1 1
= .1− + = − +
= log102 + log1052 − (log103 + log1072) 10 3 2 10 3 2
21 − 10 + 15 11 + 15 26 13
= log102 + 2log105 − log103 − 2log107 =
30
=
30
= =
30 15
(Ans.)
= Wvbcÿ a3b3 b3c3 c3d3
(M) loge c3 + loge d3 + loge a3 – 3 loge b2c
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : mvaviY MwYZ  144
a3b3 b3c3 c3d3 = loge (b2c)3 – 3 logeb2c
mgvavb : loge 3 + loge 3 + loge 3 – 3 logeb2c
c d a = 3 loge b2c – 3 logeb2c = 0 (Ans.)
a3b3 b3c3 c3d3
= loge ( .
c3 d3 a3
. )
– 3 logeb2c [loge Gi m~Îvbymv‡i]
= logeb6c3 – 3 logeb2c

¸iæZ¡c~Y© enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi

1. 3 3 Gi 3 wfwËK jM KZ? 1
12. logx 27 = − 3 n‡j, x Gi gvb KZ?
4 3 3 2
K  M N 1 1
3 2 4 3 K −3 L− M 3
2. logx 9 = 2, x Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? 3 3
K 2 L 3
3. log 16 Gi gvb KZ?
3 N 18
(p)
13. log10 q = KZ?
2 K log10 (p − q)  log10 p − log10 q
K2 L3 M4 8 M logp 10 − logq 10 N log (p10 − q10)
4. 2 2 Gi 2 wfwËK jM KZ? 14. 3 log10 2 + 2 log10 2 Gi gvb †KvbwU?
3 2 3 4  log10 32 L log10 16
 L M N
2 3 4 3 M log10 8 N log10 4
1 15. 7 7 Gi 7 wfwËK jM KZ?
5. log3 ()
9
Gi gvb KZ?
K
1

3
M2 N3
K3 L −3  −2 N2 2 2
6. loga 200 = 2 n‡j a Gi gvb KZ n‡e? 16. loga a = 1 †hLv‡bÑ
3 i. a > 0 ii. a  0
 10 2 L5 2 M5 3 N 10 5 iii. a  1
7. log10x = − 3 n‡j, x Gi gvb KZ? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K 30 L 10 M x− 3  10− 3 K i I ii  i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
8. log 7 Gi gvb KZ? 17. a > 0, b > 0 Ges a, b  R n‡jÑ
7
1 i. loga Mr = M loga r ii. loga b  logb a = 1
K 2 M 7 N7
2
9. 729 Gi jM 4 n‡j, wfwË KZ? [ w`. †ev. Õ15 ] iii. loga ( 3
a. a =
5
6
)
K6 3 L6 3 3 N3 wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
3 K i I ii L i I iii  ii I iii N i, ii I iii
10. 3 3 Gi 9 wfwËK jM KZ?
2 8 18. 10 wfwËK log Gi †ÿ‡ÎÑ

3
L1 M
3
N4 i. log1 = 0 ii. log 0 = AmsÁvwqZ
11. log2 + log4 + log8 + .......... avivwUi mvaviY AšÍi iii. log 100 = 2
†KvbwU? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K2 L4  log2 N 2 log2 K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii

AwZwi³ enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi

24. log381 = KZ? (mnR)
44 : jMvwi`g K 3 4 M34 N 34
4
e¨vL¨v : log381 = log33 = 4log33 = 4
mvaviY enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
25. loge1 = KZ? (ga¨g)
19. loga1 Gi gvb KZ? (mnR) Ke 0 M e N 1
 0 L1 M3 N4
26. log2 5 400 = x n‡j x Gi gvb KZ? (ga¨g)
e¨vL¨v : loga1 = loga a0 = 0  logaa = 0  1 = 0
20. ax = N, (a > 0, a  1)n‡j N Gi a wfwËK jM KZ? (mnR) K2 5  4 M2 N2 3
 x = logaN L a = logx N e¨vL¨v : 400 = 16  25 = 24  52 = 24  ( 5)4 = (2 5)4
M N = loga x N N = logxa  log2 5 400 = x
ev, log2 5 (2 5)4 = x ev, 4 log2 5(2 5) = x
21. M = ax, N = ay n‡j loga(MN) = KZ? (mnR) ev, 41= x  x = 4
K xy L ax+y x+y N ax−y 27. log1010 = KZ? (mnR)
e¨vL¨v : M = ax  logaM = x K1010 L 102 M 10 1
N = ay  logaN = y
 logaM + logaN = loga(MN) = x + y
28. log10100 Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (mnR)
22. a = 1 n‡j wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK mgxKiY?
0
(mnR) K 10 L8 2 N1
 loga1 = 0 L log1= 0 M loga = 1 N loga = 0 e¨vL¨v : log10100 = log10(10)2 = 2log1010 = 2
23. x abvZ¥K ev FYvZ¥K hvB †nvK, ax me©`v Ñ (mnR) 1
29. log39 Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
 abvZ¥K L FYvZ¥K M fMœvsk N `kwgK
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : mvaviY MwYZ  145
1 K0 L1 M5  25
K3 L M –3  –2 e¨vL¨v : log5x = 2 ev, 52 = x  x = 25
3
1
2
−1
2
43. logx25 = 4 n‡j x Gi gvbÑ (ga¨g)
−2
(1)
e¨vL¨v : log3 9 = log3 3 = log3(3 )
K2 L2 2  5 N4
= log33 = − 2log33 = −21 = − 2 e¨vL¨v : logx25 = 4
ev, x4 = 25
1
30. loga a Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g) ev, (x2)2 = 52
ev, x2 = 5
1
Ka L
a
 –1 N1 x= 5
1
1
1 44. logx27 = – 3 n‡j x Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
e¨vL¨v : a−1 = a  logaa = − 1 K1 L2 3 N4
31. logax = 1 n‡j wb‡Pi †KvbwU mZ¨? (mnR) 45. logx3y2 = a n‡j xa Gi gvb KZ? (ga¨g)
x=a L x=1 M a=1 N x=− a K3 L2  3y2 N 3y
e¨vL¨v : logax = 1 msÁvbymv‡i, a1 = x  x = a e¨vL¨v : logx3 y = a  x = 3y2
2 a

32. †Kvb k‡Z© loga1= 0? (ga¨g)

46. logaa4 Gi gvb KZ? (mnR)
1 4
Ka>0 L a1 K
2
4 M2 N
3
 a > 0, a  1 N a > 1, a  2
47. log864 Gi gvb KZ? (mnR)
33. 5 5 Gi 5 wfwËK jM KZ? (ga¨g)
K1 2 M3 N4
3 5

2
L 5 M
2
N5 48. log7 + log3 = ? (mnR)
3 K log10 L log73 M 7log3  log21
3 3 3
e¨vL¨v : log55 5 = log552 = 2 log55 = 21 = 2 e¨vL¨v : log7 + log3 = log (7  3) = log21
49. 5log3 – log9 Gi mwVK gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
3 K log3 L log9  log27 N log2
34. wb‡Pi †KvbwUi mwVK gvb 2
? (ga¨g)
35 243
e¨vL¨v : 5log3−log9 = log3 − log9 = log 9 = log 9 = log27
5
K log216  log66 6 M logaa4 N log4 2
3 50. 4 log5 – log125 = ? (ga¨g)
3
e¨vL¨v : Avgiv Rvwb, 62 = 6 6  log66 6 = 2  log5 L log4 M log23 N log25
54 625
log M e¨vL¨v : 4log5−log125 = log5 − log125 = log 125 = log125 = log5
4

35. logb a Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (mnR)

b enyc`x mgvwßm~PK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
 logaM L logbM M logab N1
36. loga(MN) Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (mnR)
51. wb‡Pi Z_¨¸‡jv jÿ Ki :
i. m~PKxq ivwki gvb †ei Ki‡Z jMvwi`g e¨envi Kiv nq
 loga M + loga N L loga M – loga N
ii. jMvwi`g‡K ms‡ÿ‡c logx †jLv nq
M loga M  loga N N loga M ÷ loga N
iii. x abvZ¥K ev FYvZ¥K hvB †nvK bv †Kb, ax me©`v abvZ¥K
37. loga M
N
Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (mnR) wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g)
K loga M ÷ loga N L loga M  loga N K i I ii  i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
 loga M – loga N N loga M + loga N 52. wb‡Pi Z_¨¸‡jv jÿ Ki :
i. ïay abvZ¥K msL¨vi jMvwi`g Av‡Q
3
38. log5 5 Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (mnR) ii. k~b¨ ev FYvZ¥K msL¨vi jMvwi`g †bB
1 5 iii. an G n †K wfwË ejv nq
K3  M N5
3 3 wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g)
1  i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
3 3 1 1
e¨vL¨v : log5 5 = log5(5) = 3 log55 = 3 53. wb‡Pi Z_¨¸‡jv j¶ Ki :
i. logaM = logbM  logab ii. logaMn = nlogaM
39. log3 3 Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (mnR) logbM
iii. logaM =
1 1 logba
K  M1 N0
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g)
3 2
1
2 1 1 1 i I ii Li I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
e¨vL¨v : log3 3 = log3(3) = 2 log33 = 2 1 = 2 54. wb‡Pi Z_¨¸‡jv jÿ Ki :
1
40. 3log 2 + log 5 Gi gvb KZ? (ga¨g) i. a − G a -†K n-Gi m~PK ejv nq ii. logx
n
9
= –2 n‡j x = 3
K log30  log40 M log20 N log50
iii. 3 = 27 n‡j x = 3
x
e¨vL¨v : 3log2+ log5 = log23 + log5 = log(23  5) = log40
41. log10x = 2 n‡j x Gi gvbÑ (ga¨g) wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g)
K 10  102 M 10–2 N1 K i I ii L i I iii  ii I iii N i, ii I iii
e¨vL¨v : log10 x = 2 ev, 102 = x 55. logaa Gi gvbÑ
42. log5x = 2 n‡j x Gi gvbÑ (ga¨g) i. 1
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : mvaviY MwYZ  146
ii. logaa  logbb Gi gv‡bi mgvb
iii. logbb Gi gv‡bi mgvb (x)
e¨vL¨v : loga y = logax − logay = 3 − 2 = 1
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g) 66. log x = KZ?
y
(KwVb)
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii 1 3 2
56. wb‡Pi Z_¨¸‡jv jÿ Ki : K
2

2
M
3
N2
i. j‡Mi wfwË †`qv bv _vK‡j me©Î GKB wfwË a‡i †bqv nq 1 3
ii. log 25 =2 log 5
e¨vL¨v : logyx = logax  logya = logax  log y = 2
a
iii. log 100 = 2
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g)  wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 67 - 69 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii 3
57. wb‡Pi Z_¨¸‡jv jÿ Ki : P = log216, Q = log66 6, R = log5 5 Ges S = log42
i. 2 log 10 = 2 ii. log 10 = log 5  log 2 PviwU m~PKxq ivwk|
iii. log 01 = − 1 67. Q Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g) 1 3 2 3
K i I ii  i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K L M 
2 4 3 2
58. wb‡Pi Z_¨¸‡jv jÿ Ki : 68. R Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
1 1 3 1 1
i. log = − 2 log 3 ii. log 9 − log 3 = log 6 K L  N
9 2 2 3 6
iii. log 4 − log 2 = log 2 1
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g) 3 3 1 1 1
e¨vL¨v : log5 5 = log5(5) = 3log55 = 3 1 = 3
K i I ii  i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
59. wb‡Pi Z_¨¸‡jv jÿ Ki : 69. P  Q  R Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
i. hw` ax = n nq Z‡e, x = logan ii. log 27 = x n‡j x = 6 2 1 4
3 2 L M N
log 16 3 2 5
iii. =8 3 3 1
log 2 e¨vL¨v : P  Q  R = log216  log66 6  log5 5 = 4  2  3 = 2
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g)
 i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
 wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 70 - 72 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
60. wb‡Pi Z_¨¸‡jv jÿ Ki : logaa2, log42, log5 3 5 Ges log12 12 PviwU ivwk|
i. log 3 + log 4 = log 12 ii. 3 log 2 + log 5 = log 30
iii. log 21 = log 7 + log 3
70. wØZxq ivwki gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
1 1
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g)  L M2 N4
2 4
K i I ii  i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
71. cÖ_g wZbwU ivwki mgwó wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
e¨vL¨v : i. mwVK KviY, log3 + log4 = log(3  4) = log12
17 9 3 21
ii. mwVK bq, KviY 3log2  log5  L M N
6 4 2 6
= log23  log5 = log(8  5) = log40
iii. mwVK KviY, log21 = log(7  3) = log7 + log3 72. ivwk PviwUi mgwó wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
13 9 10 19
Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi K
6
L
5

3
N
9
 wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 73 - 75 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
 wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 61 - 63 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
x = log1012
P = log2 4 Ges Q = log28
61. P Gi gvb KZ? (ga¨g)
73. x Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwUi mgvb? (ga¨g)
1
1 K  log1012 L 10 log1012
K 1 M2 N3 10
2
M log101  log102 N  log1012− log1010
62. Q Gi gvb KZ? (ga¨g)
12
1 e¨vL¨v : x = log1012 = log1010 = log1012 − log1010
K L2 3 N4
2
63. (P + Q) Gi gvb KZ? 74. x + 1 wb‡Pi †KvbwUi mgvb? (KwVb)
K log22 L 2 log22 M 3 log22  4 log22 K log103 + log102  log103 + 2 log102
M log103 + 2 log102+1 N log103 + log102+1
 wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 64 - 66 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
e¨vL¨v : x + 1 = log1012 +1 = log1012 − log1010 +1
logax = 3 I logay = 2
= log10(3  22) −1 + 1 = log103 + 2 log102
64. loga(xy) = KZ? (ga¨g)
3
75. (log1032 + log102 )  (x + 1) = KZ?
3
K2 L3 M4 5 (ga¨g)
e¨vL¨v : loga(xy) = logax + logay = 3 + 2 = 5
2 3 1 1
x K  M N
65. loga ( ) = KZ?
y
(ga¨g) 3
3
2
2
3
3 2

3 e¨vL¨v : (log103 + log 2 )  (x + 1)

1 L5 M6 N 10
2
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : mvaviY MwYZ  147
3 3 3
= 2 (log103 + 2 log102)  (x + 1) = 2 (x +1)  (x + 1) = 2

wbe©vwPZ enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi

76. hw` logx324 = 4 nq Z‡e x Gi gvb KZ? 94. x2 = 3 27 n‡j x = KZ?
K 32 L4 2 3 2 N1  3 L 2 M3 N 2
e¨vL¨v : x4 = 324 = 3422 = 34( 2)4 = (3 2)4 1
x=3 2
95. wfwË †ei Ki : hLb log a = −1
3 1
77. log5{( 5)( 5 )} Gi gvb KZ? K L −1 M1 a
a
7 6 5 6
K
6
L
5

6
N
5
96. log5( 5 5)2 ( 5 5)2 Gi gvb †KvbwU?
78. log 381 = KZ? 3 5 4 6
K L  N
5 3 5 5
K3 L9 8 N 27
79. 400 Gi jM 4; wfwË KZ?
97. "x2 Gi a wfwËK jMvwi`‡gi gvb N GKwU MvwYwZK evK¨|
hw` a = 4, N = 3 nq, Z‡e x = KZ?
K5 2 L2 5 3 2 N2 3
K−8 L +8 8 N 9
80. log2128 = KZ?
98. a, b, M, N > 0, a  1, b  1 n‡j,
K6 7 M8 N9 logbM
81. log3 27 Gi gvb KZ? i. b loga M = ii. logbM = logaM  logba
logab
2 3 r
iii. logaM = r logaM
K1 L  N3
3 2 wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
82. log1 Gi gvb †KvbwU? K i I ii L i I iii  ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K1 L2 M3 0 99. ¯^vfvweK jMvwi`‡gi Ñ
83. log 7 + log 3 Gi gvb †KvbwU? i. wfwË e
K 21 L37 M73  log 21
ii. loge x †K In x AvKv‡i cÖKvk Kiv nq
1
84. 2
log24 Gi gvb KZ? iii. loge x †K †b‡cwiqvb jMvwi`g e‡j
1 wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K0 L 1 N2 K i I iii L i I ii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
2
1
100. wb‡Pi Z_¨¸‡jv jÿ Ki :
85. log x = −2 n‡j x = KZ?
16
i. logaM = logbM  log ab ii. log1000 − log 10 = 2
iii. log1010 =1
1 1
K
6
L 2
4 −2
4 N 16 wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
86. logab Gi wfwË KZ? K i L i I ii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
a Lb M 10 N ab 101. wb‡Pi Z_¨¸‡jv jÿ Ki :
87. log16913 Gi gvb KZ? i. logamp = p loga m ii. 24 = 16 n‡j, log2 16 = 4
1 iii. loga(m+ n) = logam + logan
K 13 L0 M 69  wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
2
88. log234 = 3 †K m~P‡Ki gva¨‡g wjL‡j wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?  i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii
 23 = 34 L 32 = 34 102. wb‡Pi Dw³¸‡jv jÿ Ki :
M 34 = log 3 N 3 log 2 = 34 i. ax = M n‡j, x = loga M
1 ii. loga1 = 0 hLb a > 0, a  1
89. log2 = KZ?
16
K2 L4 −4 N 32
iii. loga (M + N) = logaM + logaN
90. log93 = KZ? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
1 1  i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii
K  M2 N3 103. i. log216 = 4
3 2
91. logx (251 ) = − 2 n‡j x Gi gvb KZ? ii. log66 6 =
3
2
1 1 iii. log2 16 = 2
K L M5  5
5 5 wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
3 3 3 3 3 3
ab bc cd
92. log 3 + log 3 + log 3 = KZ?  i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii
c d a
 logb6c3 L logb3c3 M loga3b3 N log a2b6 104. i. px = qx n‡j p = q ii. log10x = − 2 n‡j x = 01
93. loga x = 1 n‡j wb‡Pi †KvbwU mZ¨?
iii. logx
1
= 2 n‡j x =
2
x=a Lx=1 16 3
Ma=1 N x Ges a mgvb n‡Z cv‡i bv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
 i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : mvaviY MwYZ  148
105. wb‡Pi Z_¨¸‡jv jÿ Ki : P = log3 218, q = log 2 3144, r = log24
i. logam  logbm  logab 106. q  r = KZ?
ii. log101000 −log1010 = 2 2 L4 M6 N8
iii. log1010 = 1 107. p  q + r = KZ?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 1 1
K i L ii  ii I iii N i, ii I iii 1 L
2
M
4
N0
 wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 106 I 107 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

A byk xj b g ~j K K v‡R i A v‡j v‡K m„R b kxj cÖk œ I mg vavb

œ 1  wb‡Pi QKwU jÿ Ki Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
cÖk- i. 102 = 100 i. log10100 = 2
1 1
Kjvg-1 Kjvg-2 Kjvg-3 ii. 3−2 = ii. log3 = − 2
9 9
i. 102 = 100 i. 10 = i. log101 = 1
1
1
1
1 ii. e = ii. loge1 iii. 2−2 = iii. log2 2= −
ii. 3−2 = 2 2
9 a = 1  = 
iv 24 = 4 iv log24 = 2
1
1 iii. 101=  iii. log1010 = 
−2
iii. 2 = L. 2q Kjv‡gi duvKv RvqMv m~P‡Ki wbq‡g c~iY Kiv n‡jv :
2
i. 100 = 1 iii. 101 = 10
iv 24 = 4 iv e1= =  iv  =  logaa = 1 ii. e0 = 1 iv e1 = e
K. 1g Kjv‡gi gvb¸‡jv‡K j‡Mi gva¨‡g cÖKvk a0 = 1 a1 = a
Ki| 2 M. 3q Kjv‡gi duvKv RvqMv j‡Mi wbq‡g c~iY Kiv n‡jv :
L. m~PK wbqg AbymiY K‡i 2q Kjv‡gi duvKv RvqMv i. log10 1 = 0 iii. log1010 = 1
c~iY Ki| 4 ii. loge1 = 0 iv logee = 1
M. Kjvg 3 Gi duvKv RvqMv¸‡jv j‡Mi wbq‡g c~iY loga1 = 0
Ki| 4
 1bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
K. 1g Kjv‡gi gvb¸‡jv‡K j‡Mi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv n‡jv :

AwZwi³ m„R bkxj cÖkœ I mgvavb

œ 2
cÖk- 5
 p = 6 (Ans.)
i. log10x = 2 M. cÖ`Ë ivwk, q = log42  log12 12
ii. log5 ( ) 3
5 ( 5) = p
= log4 4  log12 12
1 1
iii. log42  log12 12 = q = log4(4)2  log12 (12)2
K. (i) bs n‡Z x Gi gvb wbY©q Ki| 2 1 1
L. p Gi gvb KZ? 4 = log44  log1212
2 2
M. q Gi gvb wbY©q Ki| 4 1 1
=  [ log44 = 1]
2 2
 2bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  1
= (Ans.)
4
K. cÖ`Ë ivwk, log10x = 2
ev, 102 = x
œ 3
cÖk-
 x = 100 (Ans.) i. loga9 = 2
ii. logx144 = 4
L. (ii) bs n‡Z cvB, p = log5( 5) ( 5) 3

iii. log 400 + log3 2324 + log66 6

ev, 5p = 3 5 5 2 5
1 1 K. (i) bs n‡Z a Gi gvb wbY©q Ki| 2
ev, 5p = 53 52 L. (ii) bs n‡Z x Gi gvb wbY©q Ki| 4
1 1
ev, 5p = 53 + 2 M. (iii) bs mij Ki| 4
2+3  3bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
ev, 5p = 5 6
5 K. †`Iqv Av‡Q, loga9 = 2
ev, 5p = 56
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : mvaviY MwYZ  149
ev, = 9 a2 [ logaN = x n‡j ax = N] 3 8 + 3 11
=4+ = = (Ans.)
 a =  3 (Ans.) 2 2 2

L. cÖ`Ë ivwk, logx144 = 4 œ 5  jM¸‡jvi wfwË GKB n‡j, jMvwi`‡gi m~Îvewj cÖ‡qvM
cÖk-
ev, x4 = 144 K‡i mij Ki :
ev, x4 = (2 3)4 K. 3 log 2 + log 5 2
10 25 81
 x = 2 3 (Ans.) L. 7 log
9
− log + 3 log
24 80
4
M. log2 5 400 + log3 2324 + log6 6 6 16 25 81
1
M. log 5 + 16 log
15
+ 12 log
24
+ 7 log
80
4
4 4
= log
2 5
(2 5) + log
3 2
(3 2) + log66(6)2  5bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
1
= log2 5
(2 5)4 + log3 2(3 2)4 + log66( )
1+2 K. cÖ`Ë ivwk = 3 log 2 + log 5
= log 23 + log5
3 = log8 + log5 = log (8  5) = log 40 (Ans)
= 4log (2 5) + 4log (3 2) + log66 10 25 81
2
2 5
3
3 2
L. cÖ`Ë ivwk = 7 log 9 − 2 log 24 + 3 log 80
=4+4+ [ logaa = 1]
2 10 7 25 2 81 3
=8+ =
3 19
2 2
(Ans)
= log ( ) ( ) ( )
9
− log
24
+ log
80
 10 7
25 2
81  3

œ 4  p = log2
cÖk- 8000 = x, q = log5 5  log5
3
( 5) (
3
5) +
= log 
 9( ) ( ) ( ) 
24

80 
 10 7
24 2
81 3 
5
log12 12, r = log3 2324 + log5 5 5
= log 
 9( ) ( ) ( ) 
25

80 
 25 2223 3333 
7 2 3

K. x Gi gvb wbY©q Ki|

L. q Gi gvb wbY©q Ki|
2
4
= log ( )(
 33 )(
 ) 55

2  2  2  2  5 
 25 23  3 2 34 3 
= log  2    2    4
7

M. r Gi gvb wbY©q Ki| 4   3   5  2  5 
 4bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  27 . 57 26 . 32 312
K. †`Iqv Av‡Q, log2 5
8000 = x
= log ( 314

54
 12 3
2 .5 )
27 + 6 . 32 + 12 . 57
ev, (2
x
5) = 8000
x
= log ( 212 . 314 . 54 + 3 )
ev, (2 5 ) = 26  53 213 . 314 . 57
ev, (2
x
5) = 26  ( 5)6
= log (212 . 314 . 57 )
x = log (213 −12 . 314 − 14 . 57−7)
ev, (2 5) = (2 5)6 = log (21 . 30 . 50)
 x = 6 (Ans.) = log (2 . 1 . 1) [ a0 = 1]
L. cÖ`Ë ivwk, = log 2 (Ans)
16 25 81
M. cÖ`Ë ivwk = log5 + 16 log 15 + 12 log 24 + 7 log 80
3
q = log5 5  log5 ( 3 5) ( 5) + log12 12
16 16 25 12 81 7
1 1 1
= log5(5)3  log5 (5)3 (5)2 + log12(12)2
1
= log5 + log () () ()
15
+ log
24
+ log
80
1 1  16 12
81  7
1
( )
=  log55 3 + 2 +
3
1
2
= log 5 

16
( ) ( ) ( )
15

25
24

80 
2+3 1
 (34)7 
4 16 2 12
1 (2 ) (5 )
=  log55 6 + = log 5   3  4 
3 2  (3  5) 16 (2  3) 12 (2  5)7
1 5 1 64
5.2 .5 .3 24 28
=  log556 +
3 2
= log { 316 . 516 . 236 . 312 . 228 . 57 }
1 5 1 264 . 328 . 51 + 24
=  log55 +
3 6 2 = log { 236 + 28 . 316 + 12 . 516 + 7 }
1 5 1 264 328 525
=36+2 [ logaa = 1] = log { .
264 328 523
−
. }
1 6 1 2 1 4+5
=  + = + =
9
= (Ans.) = log {2 64 64 . 3 − 28 . 525 − 23}
28

3 5 2 5 2 10 10 2
= log {2 . 3 . 52} = log 5 = 2 log 5 (Ans)
0 0

M. cÖ`Ë ivwk, r = log3 2324 + log5 5 5 M

1
œ 6
cÖk- log
N
= log M − log N, jMvwi`‡gi m~θ‡jv e¨envi
= log3 2
(3 2)4 + log5552 K‡i cÖgvY Ki †h,
1 a3 b3 b3 c3 c3 d3
= 4log3 2
(3 2) + log5 51 + 2 K. log c3 + log d3 + log a3 − 3 logb2c = 0 2
3 3
3 36
= 41 + log552 = 4 + log55
2 L. 3 log 25 + log 9 (2) − 2 log
16
125
= log 2 4
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : mvaviY MwYZ  150
16 25 81 = log 50 − log 147
M. 7 log
15
+ 5 log
24
+ 3 log = log 2
80
4 = log (522) − log (723)
 6bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  = log 52 + log 2 − (2 log 7 + log 3)
a3 b3 b3 c3 c3 d3 = 2 log 5 + log 2 − (2 log 7 + log 3)
K. evgcÿ = log c3 + log d3 + log a3 − 3logb2 c = 2 log 5 + log 2 − 2 log 7 − log 3
a3 b3 b3 c3 c3 d3 = p log q + log p − p log r − log s
= log ( c3
 3  3
d a ) − log (b c )
2 3
= Wvbcÿ
= log b 3 + 3 c − logb6 c3
3
 evgcÿ = Wvbcÿ (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
= log b6c3 − log b6c3
= 0 = Wvbcÿ pq q2 81
M. cÖ`Ë ivwk = rlog s2 − plog p3s + s log 80
 evgcÿ = Wvbcÿ (cÖgvwYZ) 2.5 52 81
36 3 = 7log 2 − 2 log 3 + 3log
L. evgcÿ = 3 log 25 + log 9 (2) − 2 log 125 16 3 2 .3 80

+ log  4 
2.5 7 52 2 34 3
36
25
3
2
= log ( ) + log ( ) − log ( )
9
16
125
3 2 = log ( )
3 2 − log ( ) 3
2 .3 2  5
27. 57 54 312
 36 2 3
2  3 4 2 = log 14 − log 6 2 + 12 3
= log ( )  ( )  ( )  2 3
3 2 .3 2 .5
 25 3 5 
27. 57 26 . 32 312
 2 .3
= log (

2
2
2
5 ) 3 (5 )
 
2 2 
3 3
6
8
6
= log ( 3 14 
5 4  12 3
2 .5 )
6 6 3 6 9
27 + 6 . 57 . 32 + 12 213 . 57 . 314
2 . 3 . 2 .5 2 = log 14 4 + 3 12 = log 14 7 12
= log (
5 .3 .2 )
6 = log ( )
6 8 8
3 .5 .2 3 .5 .2
2
= log 2 13 − 125 3
7 − 7 14 −14
= log (29 − 8) = log 2 = Wvbcÿ
= log 215030 = log 211 = log 2 (Ans.)
 evgcÿ = Wvbcÿ (cÖgvwYZ)
16 25 81 œ 8  x = 2, y = 3, z = 5
cÖk-
M. evgcÿ = 7 log 15 + 5 log 24 + 3 log 80
K. †`LvI †h, ylogx + logz = log40 2
= 7 log 16 − 7 log 15 + 5 log 25 4 2
− 5 log 24 + 3 log 81 − 3 log 80 x z 81
L. 7log zy + z log x3. y + y log 80 Gi gvb wbY©q Ki| 4
= 7 log 24 − 7 log (3  5) + 5 log 52
− 5 log (23  3) + 3 log 34 − 3 log (24  5) log y3 + logx3 − log (xz)3
= (7  4) log 2 − (7 log 3 + 7 log 5) M. logx2y − logxz
Gi gvb wbY©q Ki| 4
+ (5  2) log 5 − (5 log 23 + 5 log 3) + (3  4)
log 3 − (3 log 24 + 3 log 5)  8bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
= 28 log 2 − 7 log 3 − 7 log 5 + 10 log 5 − K. †`qv Av‡Q, x = 2, y = 3, z = 5
15 log 2 − 5 log 3 + 12 log 3 − 12 log 2 − 3 log 5
= 28 log 2 − 15 log 2 − 12 log 2 − 7 log 3 evgcÿ = y log x + log z
− 5 log 3 + 12 log 3 − 7 log 5 + 10 log 5 − 3 log 5 = 3 log 2 + log 5
= (28 − 15 − 12) log 2 + (−7 − 5 + 12) log 3 + = log 23 + log 5
(− 7 + 10 − 3) log 5 = log 8 + log 5
= 1  log 2 + 0  log 3 + 0  log 5 = log (8  5)
= log 2 + 0 + 0 = log 40 = Wvbcÿ (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
= log 2 = Wvbcÿ
x4 z2 81
 evgcÿ = Wvbcÿ (cÖgvwYZ) L. cÖ`Ë ivwk = 7 log zy + z log x3. y + y log 80
œ 7  p = 2, q = 5, r = 7, s = 3
cÖk- = 7 log
24 52
+ 5 log 3 + 3log
81
35 2 .3 80
K. †`LvI †h, log 21 = log r + log s 2
24 7 5
= log   + log  35  + 3log  43 
2 4
50
L. †`LvI †h, log 147 = log p + p log q − log s − p logr 4 3  5 2  3 2  5
24 7 52 5 3
= log   + log  3  + log  43 
4
pq q2 81
M. r log 2 − p log 3 + s log
s ps 80
Gi gvb wbY©q Ki 4 3  5 2  3 2  5
 7bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  = log 7
228 510
+ log 15 5 + log 12
312
3 5 7 2 .3 2  53
K. †`Iqv Av‡Q, p = 2, q = 5, r = 7, s = 3 2 28 5 10 312
evgcÿ = log 21 = log (7  3) = log 7
3 5 7 + log 15 5 + log 12
2 .3 2  53
= log 7 + log 3 = log r + log s 28
2 .5 .310 12 228.510.312
= Wvbcÿ = log 7 + 5 15 + 12 7 + 3 = log 12 27 10
3 .2 .5 3 .2 .5
 evgcÿ = Wvbcÿ (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv) = log 228 − 27. 510 − 10312 − 12
50 = log 21. 5030 = log 211 = log 2 (Ans.)
L. evgcÿ = log
147
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : mvaviY MwYZ  151
log y3
+ − log
logx3 (xz)3 K. 5 log 5 − log 25 2
M. cÖ`Ë ivwk = logx2y − logxz 3 3 6
L. log5 5 + log5 ( 5 ) ( 5 ) + log6 6 + log216 4
log 33 + log 23 − log (2.5)3
= log 27 + log8 − log 1000
log(22.3) − log(2.5)
M. log 1.2
4
1 1

=
log (33)2 + log 8 − log {(10)3}2  9bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
log12 − log10
3 3 K. cÖ`Ë ivwk = 5 log 5 − log 25
= log 55 − log52
log 32 + log 64 − log (10)2
= 55
3
log (12  10)
1 3
= log
52 ()
log 32 + log (64)2 − log (10)2 = log 5(5 − 2) = log 53 = log 125 (Ans)
= 3 3 6
log (1.2)
L. log5 5 + log5 ( 5 ) ( 5 ) + log6 6 + log216
1
3 3 1 1 1 1
log 3 + log (43)2 − log 10
2 2 = log (5)3 + log (5)3 (5)2 + log (6)6 + log 24
= 5 5 6 2
log 1.2 1 1
3 1 + 1
3 3 =  log 5 + log (5)3 2 + 6  log 6 + 4  log 2
log 3 + log 42 − log 10 3 5 5 6 2
2 2 5
= 1 1
log1.2 =  1 + log 56 +  1 + 4  1 [ log a = 1]
3 3 3 3 5 6 a
log 3 + log 4 − log 10 1 5 1
2 2 2 = +  log 5 + + 4
= 3 6 5 6
log 1.2
3 3 1 5 1 2 + 5 + 1 + 24 32 16
log (3  4  10) log 1.2 = + + +4= = = (Ans.)
2 2 3 3 6 6 6 6 3
= = = (Ans.)
log 1.2 log 1.2 2 M. cvV¨eB‡qi 80bs c„ôvi D`vniY 11bs mgvavb †`L|
œ 9  jM¸‡jvi wfwË GKB n‡j, jMvwi`‡gi m~Îvewj cÖ‡qvM
cÖk-
K‡i mij Ki :

wbe©vwPZ m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I mgvavb

m+1 m+1 2m + 1 22m + 2
œ 10  A = (22m)m−1 , B = (2m−1
4 3
 2
cÖk- )m+1
, C = 400, D = 7. 7 =
2m − m 2m − 1
2

Ges E = 2. = 2m+1− m +m  22m+2 − m

2 2
+1

= 21+2m − m  23+2m−m
2 2

K. loga9 = E n‡j a Gi gvb wbY©q Ki| 2

= 2(1+2m − m ) − (3+2m+m )
2 2

L. A  B Gi gvb wbY©q Ki| 4

1
M. mij Ki : log C + log7D + log4E 4 = 2 −2 = 2
2
2 5
1
 10bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  = (Ans.)
4
K. †`Iqv Av‡Q, loga9 = E 3
M. †`Iqv Av‡Q, C = 400, D = 7 7, E = 2
ev, loga9 = 2 [ E = 2]
cÖ`Ë ivwk = log C + log7D + log4E
ev, 9 = a2 [ x = logaN n‡j ax = N] 2 5

ev, a2 = (3)2 = log 400 + log7

3
7. 7 + log42
 a = 3 (Ans.) 2 5
1 1 1
2m+1 4m+1
L. †`Iqv Av‡Q, A = (2m)m−1 , B = (2m−1)m+1 = log (20)2 + log773.72 + log442
2 5
2m+1 4m+1 1 1
GLb, A  B = (2m)m−1  (2m−1)m+1 + 1
= log (2  2  5)2 + log773 2 + log44
2 5 2
2m+1 (22)m+1
= m m−1  (m−1)(m+1) 1
2+3
(2 ) 2 = log {(2 5)2}2 + log77 6 + log44
2 5 2
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : mvaviY MwYZ  152
5
1 K. †`Iqv Av‡Q, a = 1000
= log {(2 5)4 + log776 + .1 [ logaa = 1]
2 5 2 evgcÿ = log10a
5 1 = log10 1000
= 4log 2 5 + log77 +
2 5 6 2 = log10 (10)3
5 1 5 1 3
= 4.1 + . 1 + = 4 + + 2 3
6 2 6 2 = log10(10) = log1010
24 + 5 + 3 32 16 2
= = = (Ans.) 3 3
6 6 3 = . 1 = = Wvbcÿ
2 2
œ 11  p = 2, q = 3 Ges r = 5 n‡j,
cÖk- 3
50  log10a = (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
2
K. †`LvI †h, log 81 = log p + 2log r = 4log q 2
L. †`Iqv Av‡Q,
L. log3 
p
 + log3  r + log3q q − log3 r Gi
15 24 80
 q p x=
16
,y= ,z=
25 81
mijxKiY Ki| 4 GLb, 16 log10x + 12 log10y + 7log10z
15 24 80
log q3 + logp3 − log (pr)3 = 16 log10 + 12 log10 + 7log10
M. log1.2
Gi gvb wbY©q Ki| 4 16 25 81
15 16 24 12 80 7
 11bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  = log10 ( )
16 ( ) ( )
+ log10
25
+ log10
81
K. †`Iqv Av‡Q, p = 2, q = 3 Ges r = 5 = log10  
15 16 24 12 80 7

evgcÿ = log81
50 ( ) ( ) ( )
 16 . 25 . 81 
= log10 
3516 3812 5167
= log50 − log81  16  .  25  . 81  
= log(52  2) − log34 316.516 312(23)12 57.167
= log52 + log2 − 4log3
= log10 [ (16)16
.
(5)24
. ]
(3)28
= 2log5 + log2 − 4log3 3 .3 .5 .5 .(2) .167
16 12 16 7 36
= log2 + 2log5 − 4log3
= log p + 2log r − 4log q
= log10 [ (16)16.(5)24.328 ]
3 12.516 + 7.(24)9.167
16 +

50
= Wvbcÿ = log10 [ −
(3)28.(5)24.(6)16 ]
 log = log p + 2log r − 4log q (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv) = log10[3 28 28 .523 − 24.169 + 7 − 16] [ (24)9 = (16)9]
81
= log10[3.5−1.160]
log3   + log3   + log3q q − log3 r
p r
L. 1
 q  p  [ ]
= log10 1. .1
5
= log3  + log3  + log33 3 − log3 5 [gvb
2 5 1
 3 2 ewm‡q] = log10 ()
5
(Ans.)

= log3  2  3 3 − log3 5
2 5 15 24 80
M. †`Iqv Av‡Q, x = 16 , y = 25 , z = 81
 3  5 1
= log33 5 − log3 5  log6 + log6 + log3 3
xy xz
= log3
3 5 1
= log33 = 1 (Ans.)
 5 = log6
5
+ log6
1 2
+ log3(3) [gvb ewm‡q]
15 24 15 80
log q + logp3 − log (pr)3 . .
M. log12
16 25 16 81
5 1 1
log 33 + log23 − log 2.53 = log6
33
+ log6
55 2
+ log33
=
log 12 25 27
log 27 + log8 − log 1000 5 1 1
= = log6 + log6 + log33
log 12 9 25 2
Abykxjbx 4.2 Gi, D`vniY 11 bs mgvavb †`L| 10 27
5  10 27 1
œ 12  x = 15 24 80
cÖk- 16
,y= ,z=
25 81
Ges a = 1000 = log6
9
+ log6 + [ logaa = 1]
25 2

= log6   1
5 10 27 1 1
 9  25 + 2 = log6 6 + 2 = 1 + 2
3
K. †`LvI †h, log10a = 2 2
3
L. 16log10x + 12log10y + 7log10z Gi gvb wbY©q Ki| 4 = (Ans.)
2
(5) (1)
M. log6 xy + log6 xz + log3, 3 = KZ? 4
 12bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : mvaviY MwYZ  153

m„R bkxj cÖk œe¨vsK DËimn

x y bx+1 (3b)x +1
œ 13 
cÖk- + = 3 n‡j, M. (bx)x − 1  (bx +1)x+1  b− 2 Gi gvb KZ? 4
y x
K. †`LvI †h, (x + y)2 = 9xy. 2 3
1 1
DËi : K. 12 ; L. 2; M. 1
L. †`LvI †h, log(x + y) = log3 + 2 logx + 2 logy. 4
x  a2+ b 2

M. †`LvI †h, 4 log(x − y) = 2log5 + 2logx + 2logy. œ 18  a3 + b3 + c3 = 1 Ges (a + b) log2  xab  + (b +

4 cÖk-
œ 14  p = 2, q = 3, r = 5
cÖk- xb + c 
2 2
xc + a 
2 2

c)log2 bc  + (c + a)log2 ca  GKwU jM msewjZ ivwk|

K. †`LvI †h, qlogp + plogq + plogr = log1800 2  x   x 
2 2
pr r2 q4 x a + b

()
L. †`LvI †h, 7log q2 − plog p3q + qlog p4r = log2 4 K. (a + b)log2 xab  mijxKiY Ki| 2
qlog q + qlogp −qlog r − qlog p
M. logp2 + logq − log p − logr
Gi gvb wbY©q Ki| 4 L. cÖ`Ë jM msewjZ ivwkwUi gvb KZ? 4
3
DËi : M. q
p M. hw` x = 4 2 nq Z‡e ÔLÕ Gi cÖvß gvb KZ n‡e? 4
7
œ 15  a = 2, b = 3, c = 5 Ges d = 7 n‡j,
cÖk- DËi : K. (a3 + b3) log2x ; L. 2log2x; M. 3
K. b loga + log c Gi gvb wbY©q Ki| 2 16 25 81
ac c2 b4 œ 19  a = 15 , b = 24, c = 80 Ges d = 1000
cÖk-
L. †`LvI †h, d log b2 − a loga3b + b log a4c = log2 4
a4 c2 b4
K. d Gi 10 wfwË jMvwi`g KZ? 2
M. logc + a4log bc + a2b log a3b + d log a4c Gi gvb †ei Ki| 4 L. 16 log a + 12 log b + 7 log c Gi gvb wbY©q Ki| 4
10 10 10
DËi : K. log40; M. alogc M. †`LvI †h, log6(5ab) + log6(ac) + log3 3 = log10d 4
œ 16  logaM = x Ges logb M = y
cÖk- 7
2 DËi : K. (a + b ) logx ; L. 2logx; M. 3
3 3
K. a I b Gi g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vcb Ki|
L. logab Gi gvb KZ? 4 cÖk-
œ 20  wb‡Pi Z_¨¸‡jv co Ges mgm¨v¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
1
M. †`LvI †h, logba = logab 4 a = 2, b = 3 Ges c = 5
K. †`LvI †h, log(a3b2c) = bloga + alogb + logc 2
x a4 c2 b4
DËi : K. ax = by; L. y L. a4logbc + a2blog a3b + (a + b) log a4c − logc Gi gvb †ei Ki| 4
œ 17  a = 2; b = 3, c = 4 Ges d = 5
cÖk- log b3 + bloga −
b
log(ac)
a
K. a − {a−1 + (b−1 − a)−1}−1 Gi gvb wbY©q Ki| 2 M. Gi gvb wbY©q Ki| 4
logab − logc
log b3 + loga3 − log (ad)3 4 5 3
L. log ad Gi gvb KZ? 4 DËi : L. 41log
9
; M. |
2

A b yk xj b x 4 .3

cvV m¤úwK©Z MyiæZ¡c~Y© welqvw`

 msL¨vi ˆeÁvwbK iƒc
m~P‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ Avgiv A‡bK eo ev A‡bK †QvU msL¨v‡K †QvU I mnR AvKv‡i cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvwi| †hgb,
Av‡jvi MwZ = 300000 wK.wg./†m. = 300000000 wgUvi/†m.
= 3  100000000 wg/†m. = 3  108 wg/†m.
myweavi Rb¨ A‡bK eo ev A‡bK †QvU msL¨v‡K a  10n AvKv‡i cÖKvk Kiv nq, †hLv‡b, 1  a < 10 Ges n  Z †Kv‡bv msL¨vi
a  10 iƒc‡K ejv nq msL¨vwUi ˆeÁvwbK iƒc|
n

 jMvwi`g c×wZ
jMvwi`g c×wZ `yB ai‡bi :
(K) ¯^vfvweK jMvwi`g (Natural Logarithm) : ¯‹Uj¨v‡Ûi MwYZwe` Rb †bwcqvi (John Napier : 1550-1617) 1614 mv‡j e †K wfwË
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : mvaviY MwYZ  154
a‡i cÖ_g jMvwi`g m¤úwK©Z eB cÖKvk K‡ib| e GKwU Ag~j` msL¨v, e = 271828| Zuvi GB jMvwi`g‡K †bwcwiqvb jMvwi`g ev e
wfwËK jMvwi`g ev ¯^vfvweK jMvwi`gI ejv nq| loge x †K ln x AvKv‡iI †jLv nq|
(L) mvaviY jMvwi`g (Common Logarithm) : Bsj¨v‡Ûi MvwYZwe` †nbwi weªMm (Henry Briggs : 1561−1630) 1624 mv‡j 10 †K
wfwË K‡i jMvwi`‡gi †Uwej (jM †Uwej ev jM mviwY) ˆZwi K‡ib| Zuvi GB jMvwi`g‡K weªMm jMvwi`g ev 10 wfwËK jMvwi`g ev
e¨envwiK jMvwi`gI ejv nq|
`ªóe¨ : jMvwi`‡gi wfwËi D‡jøL bv _vK‡j ivwki (exRMwYZxq) †ÿ‡Î e †K Ges msL¨vi †ÿ‡Î 10 †K wfwË wn‡m‡e aiv nq| jM
mviwY‡Z wfwË 10 ai‡Z nq|
 mvaviY jMvwi`‡gi c~Y©K I AskK
(K) c~Y©K (Characteristics) : awi, GKwU msL¨v N †K ˆeÁvwbK AvKv‡i cÖKvk K‡i cvB, N = a  10n, †hLv‡b N > 0, 1  a < 10 Ges
n  Z| Dfq c‡ÿ 10 wfwˇZ jM wb‡q cvB, log10N = log10(a  10 )
n

 log10N= log10a + log1010n wfwË 10 Dn¨ †i‡L cvB, log N = n + log a; n †K ejv nq logN Gi c~Y©K|
`ªóe¨ : 1 c~Y©K abvZ¥K ev FYvZ¥K n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ AskK me©`v abvZ¥K|
`ªóe¨ : 2 †Kv‡bv c~Y©K FYvZ¥K n‡j, c~Y©KwUi ev‡g Ô−Õ wPý bv w`‡q c~Y©KwUi Dc‡i ÔÑÕ (evi wPý) w`‡q †jLv nq|
†hgb, c~Y©K − 3 †K †jLv nq −3 w`‡q| Zv bv n‡j AskKmn j‡Mi m¤ú~Y© AskwU FYvZ¥K †evSv‡e|
(L) AskK (Mantissa) : †Kv‡bv msL¨vi mvaviY j‡Mi AskK 1 A‡cÿv †QvU GKwU AFYvZ¥K msL¨v| GwU g~jZ Ag~j` msL¨v| Z‡e GKwU
wbw`©ó `kwgK ¯’vb ch©šÍ Ask‡Ki gvb †ei Kiv nq|
†Kv‡bv msL¨vi j‡Mi AskK jM ZvwjKv †_‡K †ei Kiv hvq| Avevi Zv K¨vjKz‡jU‡ii mvnv‡h¨I †ei Kiv hvq|

Abykxjbxi cÖkœ I mgvavb

cÖkœ \ 1 \ †Kvb k‡Z© a0 = 1?  225  10−2 N. 225  10−1
K. a = 0  a0 M. a > 0 N. a  1 e¨vL¨v : 00225 = 225  10−2
3 3
cÖkœ \ 2 \ 5 5 Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (3) msL¨vwUi mvaviY j‡Mi c~Y©K KZ?
− −
K. 5
6
L. ( 5)
3 3
M. ( 5)3 
3
25
2 L. 1 M. 0 N. 2
e¨vL¨v : 00225 = 225  10−2
3 3 3 3 −
e¨vL¨v : 5 5= 55= 25  00225 Gi mvaviY j‡Mi c~Y©K = −2 ev 2
cÖkœ \ 3 \ †Kvb k‡Z© logaa = 1?
K. a > 0 L. a  1  a > 0, a  1 N. a  0, a > 1 cÖkœ \ 9 \ ˆeÁvwbKiƒ‡c cÖKvk Ki :
cÖkœ \ 4 \ logx 4 = 2 n‡j, x Gi gvb KZ? (K) 6530
2 L.  2 M. 4 N. 10 mgvavb : cÖ`Ë ¯^vfvweK ivwk = 6530
e¨vL¨v : logx4 = 2 ev, x2 = 4 ev, x2 = 22  x = 2 = 653  10
n
cÖkœ \ 5 \ GKwU msL¨v‡K a  10 AvKv‡i †jLvi Rb¨ kZ© †KvbwU? =
653
 100  10
K. 1 < a < 10 L. 1  a  10 100
 1  a < 10 N. 1 < a  10 =
653
 102  10
cÖkœ \ 6 \ wb‡Pi Dw³¸‡jv jÿ Ki : 100
i. loga (m)p = ploga m = 653  103
ii. 24 = 16 Ges log216 = 4 mgv_©K wb‡Y©q ˆeÁvwbKiƒ‡c cÖKvwkZ ivwk 653  103
iii. loga (m + n) = loga m + loga n (L) 60831
Dw³¸‡jvi †cÖwÿ‡Z wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? mgvavb : cÖ`Ë ¯^vfvweK ivwk = 60831
 i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii 60831 60831
= =  10
cÖkœ \ 7 \ 00035 Gi mvaviY j‡Mi c~Y©K KZ? 1000 10000
1
= 60831  10
K. 3 L. 1 M. −2 3
−
wb‡Y©q ˆeÁvwbKiƒ‡c cÖKvwkZ ivwk 60831  101
e¨vL¨v : 00035 = 35  10 −3

− (M) 0000245
 00035 Gi mvaviY j‡Mi c~Y©K = −3 ev 3
cÖkœ \ 8 \ 00225 msL¨vwU we‡ePbv K‡i wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : mgvavb : cÖ`Ë ¯^vfvweK ivwk = 0000245
245 1
(1) msL¨vwUi an AvKvi wb‡Pi †KvbwU? = = 245  6
1000000 10
K. (25)2 L. (015)2 =
245
 100  6
1
M. (15) 2
 (15)
2 100 10
102
e¨vL¨v : 00225 = 015  015 = (15)2 = 245  6 = 245  (10)2 − 6
10
(2) msL¨vwUi ˆeÁvwbKiƒc wb‡Pi †KvbwU? = 245  10−4
K. 225  10−4 L. 225  10−3 wb‡Y©q ˆeÁvwbKiƒ‡c cÖKvwkZ ivwk 245  10− 4
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : mvaviY MwYZ  155
(N) 37500000 4820msL¨vwU‡Z A‡¼i msL¨v 4 wU
mgvavb : cÖ`Ë ¯^vfvweK ivwk = 37500000  msL¨vwU‡Z j‡Mi c~Y©K = 4 − 1 = 3 (Ans.)
= 375  100000
= 375  105 (L) 72245
375 mgvavb : 72245 = 72245  101
=  100  105  msL¨vwUi j‡Mi c~Y©K 1
100
=
375
 102  105 Ab¨fv‡e, msL¨vwUi `kwg‡Ki ev‡g A_©vr c~Y© As‡k 2wU A¼ Av‡Q|
100
 msL¨vwU‡Z j‡Mi c~Y©K = 2 − 1 = 1 (Ans.)
= 375  107
wb‡Y©q ˆeÁvwbKiƒ‡c cÖKvwkZ ivwk 375  107 (M) 1734
(O) 000000014 mgvavb : 1734 = 1734  100
mgvavb : cÖ`Ë ˆeÁvwbK ivwk = 000000014  msL¨vwUi c~Y©K 0
14 1 Ab¨fv‡e, msL¨vwUi `kwg‡Ki ev‡g A_©vr c~Y© As‡k 1wU A¼ Av‡Q|
= = 14  8
100000000 10  msL¨vwU‡Z j‡Mi c~Y©K = 1 − 1 = 0 (Ans.)
14 1 10
=
10
 10  8 = 14 
10 8
(N) 0045
10 mgvavb : 0045 = 45  10−2
= 14  (10)1 − 8
−
= 14  10−7  msL¨vwU‡Z j‡Mi c~Y©K − 2 ev, 2
wb‡Y©q ˆeÁvwbKiƒ‡c cÖKvwkZ ivwk 14  10−7 Ab¨fv‡e, msL¨vwUi `kwgK we›`y I Gi cieZ©x cÖ_g mv_©K
cÖkœ \ 10 \ mvaviY `kwgKiƒ‡c cÖKvk Ki : A¼ 4 Gi gv‡S 1wU 0 (k~b¨) Av‡Q|
(K) 105 −
 msL¨vwU‡Z j‡Mi c~Y©K = − (1 + 1) = − 2 ev, 2 (Ans.)
mgvavb : cÖ`Ë ˆeÁvwbK ivwk = 105
= 10  10  10  10  10 = 100000 (O) 0000036
wb‡Y©q mvaviY `kwgKiƒ‡c cÖKvwkZ ivwk 100000 mgvavb : 0000036 = 36  10−5
−
(L) 10 − 5  msL¨vwUi c~Y©K − 5 ev, 5
mgvavb : cÖ`Ë ˆeÁvwbK ivwk = 10−5 Ab¨fv‡e, msL¨vwUi `kwgK we›`y I Gi cieZ©x cÖ_g mv_©K
1 1 A¼ 3 Gi gv‡S 4wU 0 (k~b¨) Av‡Q|
= 5 = 100000 = 000001
−
wb‡Y©q mvaviY `kwgKiƒ‡c
10
cÖKvwkZ ivwk 000001  msL¨vwU‡Z j‡Mi c~Y©K = − (4 + 1) = − 5 ev, 5 (Ans.)
(M) 253  104 cÖkœ \ 12 \ K¨vjKz‡jUi e¨envi K‡i wb‡Pi msL¨v¸‡jvi mvaviY
j‡Mi c~Y©K I AskK wbY©q Ki :
mgvavb : cÖ`Ë ˆeÁvwbK ivwk = 253  104
253
(K) 27
= 100  10000 = 25300 mgvavb : K¨vjKz‡jUi e¨envi Kwi :
wb‡Y©q mvaviY `kwgKiƒ‡c cÖKvwkZ ivwk 25300 AC log 27 = 143136
(N) 9813  10−3  log 27 Gi c~Y©K 1 Ges AskK 43136
mgvavb : cÖ`Ë ˆeÁvwbK ivwk = 9813  10−3 (L) 63147
9813 1 9813
= 1000  103 = 1000  1000
1 mgvavb : K¨vjKz‡jUi e¨envi Kwi :
AC log 63.147 = 180035
9813
= 1000000 = 0009813  log 63147 Gi c~Y©K 1 Ges AskK 80035
wb‡Y©q mvaviY `kwgKiƒ‡c cÖKvwkZ ivwk 0009813 (M) 1405
(O) 312  10−5 mgvavb : K¨vjKz‡jUi e¨envi Kwi :
mgvavb : cÖ`Ë ˆeÁvwbK ivwk = 312  10−5 AC log 1.405 = 014765
312 1
= 100  105  log 1405 Gi c~Y©K 0 Ges AskK 014765
312 1 (N) 00456
=  mgvavb : K¨vjKz‡jUi e¨envi Kwi :
100 100000
312
= 10000000 AC log 0.0456 = − 265896
−
= 00000312  log 00456 Gi c~Y©K − 2 ev, 2 Ges AskK 65896
wb‡Y©q mvaviY `kwgKiƒ‡c cÖKvwkZ ivwk 00000312 (O) 0000673
cÖkœ \ 11 \ wb‡Pi msL¨v¸‡jvi mvaviY j‡Mi c~Y©K †ei Ki mgvavb : K¨vjKz‡jUi e¨envi Kwi :
(K¨vjKz‡jUi e¨envi bv K‡i) : AC log 0.000673 = − 482802
(K) 4820 −
mgvavb : 4820 = 4820  1000 = 4820  103  log 0000673 Gi c~Y©K − 4 ev, 4 Ges AskK 82802
 msL¨vwU‡Z j‡Mi c~Y©K 3 cÖkœ \ 13 \ ¸Yd‡ji/fvMd‡ji mvaviY jM (Avmbœ cuvP `kwgK ¯’vb
Ab¨fv‡e, †`Iqv Av‡Q, msL¨vwU = 4820 ch©šÍ) wbY©q Ki :
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : mvaviY MwYZ  156
(K) 534  87 mgvavb : log 28 = log (2  2  7)
mgvavb : log (534  87) = log 2 + log 2 + log 7
= 030103 + 030103 + 084510
= log 534 + log 87 [K¨vjKz‡jUi e¨envi K‡i] [ log 2 = 030103, log 7 = 084510]
= 0727541 + 0939519
= 144716 (Ans)
= 166706 (Ans) [cuvP `kwgK ¯’vb ch©šÍ]
(M) log 42
(L) 079  056
mgvavb : log (079  056) mgvavb : log 42
= log (2  3  7)
= log 079 + log 056 [K¨vjKz‡jUi e¨envi K‡i] = log 2 + log 3 + log 7
= − 0102373 + (−0251811)
= 030103 + 047712 + 084510 = 162325 (Ans)
= − 0102373 − 0251811
= − 035418 cÖkœ \ 15 \ †`Iqv Av‡Q, x = 1000 Ges y = 00625
− K. x †K anbn AvKv‡i cÖKvk Ki, †hLv‡b a I b †gŠwjK msL¨v|
= 035418 (cuvP `kwgK ¯’vb ch©šÍ) (Ans)
L. x I y Gi ¸Ydj‡K ˆeÁvwbK AvKv‡i cÖKvk Ki|
(M) 222642  342
M. xy Gi mvaviY j‡Mi c~Y©K I AskK wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb : log (222642  342)
= log 222642 − log 342 mgvavb :
= 1347607 − 05340261 K. x = 1000
= 08135808 ev, x = 103
= 081358 (Ans) [cuvP `kwgK ¯’vb ch©šÍ] ev, x = (2  5)3
(N) 019926  324 ev, x = 23  53
mgvavb : log (019926  324)
 x Gi a b AvKv‡i cÖKvk 2  5 (Ans)
n n 3 3
= log 019926 − log 324
= −07005798 −1570545 L. xy = 1000  00625
= −221112 (cuvP `kwgK ¯’vb ch©šÍ) = 625 = 625  101
−  x I y Gi ¸Yd‡ji ˆeÁvwbK AvKvi 625  101 (Ans.)
= 2 21112 (Ans)
M. log (xy)
cÖkœ \ 14 \ hw` log 2 = 030103, log 3 = 047712 Ges log 7 = log x + log y
= 084510 nq, Z‡e wb‡Pi ivwk¸‡jvi gvb wbY©q Ki : = log1000 + log 00625
(K) log 9 = log103 + log00625
= 3log10 + (−1204119983)
mgvavb : log 9 = log (3  3) = 3  1− 1204119983
= log 3 + log 3 = 3 −120412
= 047712 + 047712 [ log 3 = 047712] = 179588
= 095424 (Ans)  log(xy) Gi c~Y©K 1 Ges AskK 79588 (Ans.)
(L) log 28

¸iæZ¡c~Y© enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi

1. 0.000345 msL¨vwUi mvaviY j‡Mi c~Y©K KZ? 4. a  10n n‡jv †Kv‡bv msL¨v‡K ˆeÁvwbK AvKv‡i cÖKvwkZ
− − iƒc, †hLv‡bÑ
K5 4 K 1 < a < 10 L 1 < a  10
M3 N4 M 1  a  10  1  a < 10
2. GKwU msL¨v p  10m AvKv‡i †jLvi Rb¨ kZ© †KvbwU? 5. jMvwi`g c×wZ‡ZÑ
K 1 < p < 10  1  p < 10 i. exRMwYZxq ivwki †ÿ‡Î e wfwËK jM nq
M 1  p  10 N 1 < p  10
ii. msL¨vi †ÿ‡Î 10 †K wfwË wn‡m‡e ai‡Z nq
iii. jM mviwY‡Z j‡Mi wfwË 10 ai‡Z nq
3. 62.542 Gi mvaviY j‡Mi c~Y©K KZ?
K0 1 M2 N3
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii

AwZwi³ enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi

6. †Kv‡bv msL¨vi ˆeÁvwbK ev Av`k©iƒc †jLv nq wb‡Pi
45 : msL¨vi ˆeÁvwbKiƒc †KvbwU? (mnR)
mvaviY enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi K n  10a  a  10n M a  10n N 10  an
7. ˆeÁvwbK msL¨vi Av`k©iƒc a  10n GLv‡b n Gi mxgv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (mnR)
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : mvaviY MwYZ  157
K n R  nℤ M n N L n Q wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (mnR)
8. a  10n AvKv‡i cÖKvwkZ †Kv‡bv ˆeÁvwbK msL¨vi †ÿ‡Î  i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (mnR) 21. 00000000037 †m.wg.-
K 1 ≤ a ≤ 10 L 1  a  10 i. 37  10-10 †m.wg. ii. 37  10-9 †m.wg.
 1 ≤ a  10 N a8
iii. 37  10 †m.wg.
-9
9. a  10n AvKv‡i cÖKvwkZ ˆeÁvwbK msL¨vi †ÿ‡Î n Gi gvb
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g)
Kxiƒc? (mnR)
K i I ii  i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
 c~Y©msL¨v L g~j` M Ag~j` N ¯^vfvweK
22. wb‡Pi Z_¨¸‡jv jÿ Ki :
10. Av‡jvi †eM cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 300000000 wg n‡j Gi ˆeÁvwbK i. 735 Gi ˆeÁvwbKiƒc = 735  102
iƒ‡c cÖKvk wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (mnR) ii. 00176 Gi ˆeÁvwbKiƒc = 176  10-4
K 3  10 wg L 3  10 wg M 3  10 wg  3  10 wg
5 6 7 8
iii. 00245 Gi ˆeÁvwbKiƒc = 245  10-2
11. GKwU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYyi e¨vmva© 00000000037 †m.wg. wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (KwVb)
n‡j wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g) K i I ii  i I iii M ii I iii N ïay iii
K 37  10−10 †m.wg.  37  10−9 †m.wg. 735
e¨vL¨v : i. mwVK KviY, 735 = 100  100 = 735  102
M 037  10 †m.wg.
−10 N 037  10−9 †m.wg.
37 ii. mwVK bq, KviY, 00176 = 176  10
-2

e¨vL¨v : 00000000037 †m.wg. = 10000000000 †m.wg. 245 245

iii. mwVK KviY, 00245 = 10000 =  100
= 37  10−10 †m.wg. 100  10000
= 245  10−2
= 37  10  10−10 †m.wg.
= 37  10−9 †m.wg.
23. wb‡Pi Z_¨¸‡jv jÿ Ki :
12. 735-Gi ˆeÁvwbKiƒc wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g) i. m~h© n‡Z i `~iZ¡ 10560,00,00 wK.wg n‡j Gi
K 735  10–2 L 735  10–1
ˆeÁvwbK iƒc 1056  108
 735  10 2 N 735  103
ii. mKj abvZ¥K ev¯Íe msL¨v‡K ˆeÁvwbKiƒ‡c cÖKvk Kiv hvq
735 iii. 705 Gi ˆeÁvwbKiƒc 705  103
e¨vL¨v : 735 = 100  100 = 735  102
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g)
13. 58953-Gi ˆeÁvwbKiƒc wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g)  i I ii M i I iii L ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K 5895  10–4  5895  104 e¨vL¨v : iii mwVK bq, KviY 705 = 705  102
M 58953  105 N 58953  10–5
58953 Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
e¨vL¨v : 58953 = 10000  10000 = 58953  104
14. 0000325-Gi ˆeÁvwbKiƒc wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 24 - 26 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
 325  10– 4 L 325  104 x = 58000000 wK.wg., y = 450000000 wK.wg.
M 325  106 N 325  10–6 24. x Gi ˆeÁvwbKiƒc wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
15. 000000000174-Gi ˆeÁvwbKiƒc wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g) K 58  105 L 58  106  58  107 N 58  108
K 174  10–8 L 174  10–7 25. y Gi ˆeÁvwbKiƒc wgUvi GK‡K wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
 174  10–9 N 174  10–10 K 45  1011 L 45  109  45  108 N 45  107
16. 37560000000000-Gi ˆeÁvwbKiƒc wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g) 26. y − x Gi ˆeÁvwbKiƒc KZ? (KwVb)
K 375  10–12 L 3756  1012  392  108 L 392  109
M 375  10–13  375  1013 M 392  1010 N 392  1011
17. 00176 Gi ˆeÁvwbKiƒc wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g) wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 27 - 29 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
 176  10-2 L 176  103 x = 365  10-3, y = 00075
M 176  10-3 N 176  10-4 27. y Gi ˆeÁvwbK iƒc wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (mnR)
176
e¨vL¨v : 00176 = 10000 = 176  102  10−4 = 176  10−2  75  10-3 L 75  10-4 M 75  10-4 N 075  10-2

18. 0000000125 Gi ˆeÁvwbKiƒc wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g)

28. x + y †K ˆeÁvwbKiƒ‡c cÖKvk Ki‡j wb‡Pi †KvbwU n‡e? (ga¨g)
K 1115  10-3 L 1015  10-2
K 0125  10–6 L 125  10–8
M 1115  10-4  1115  10-2
M 125  10–9  125  10–7
e¨vL¨v : x + y = 365  10 −3 + 75  10 −3 = 1115  10 −3 = 1115  10 −2
19. m~h© †_‡K †bcPz‡bi `~iZ¡ 4500000000 wK.wg| Gi 29. y − x Gi ˆeÁvwbKiƒc KZ? (ga¨g)
ˆeÁvwbKiƒc †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
K 315  10-4 L 315  10-2  35  10-3 N 315  10-1
 45  10
9 L 45  10
–9

M 45  108 N 45  107 46 : jMvwi`g c×wZ

e¨vL¨v : 4500000000 = 45  109
enyc`x mgvwßm~PK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi mvaviY enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
30. jMvwi`g c×wZ KZ ai‡bi? (mnR)
20. m~P‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ Avgiv mnR AvKv‡i cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvwi−  `yB L wZb M Pvi N Qq
i. A‡bK eo msL¨v‡K ii. A‡bK †QvU msL¨v‡K
31. Rb †bwcqvi †Kvb †`‡ki MwYZwe`? (mnR)
iii. ïay FYvZ¥K msL¨v‡K K Bsj¨v‡Ûi L fvi‡Zi M †bcv‡ji  ¯‹Uj¨v‡Ûi
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : mvaviY MwYZ  158
32. e †K wfwË a‡i jMvwi`g cÖKvk K‡ib †K? (mnR) a Ln M log n N log a
 Rb †bwcqvi L †b‡cvwjqvb M wbDUb N Rb †MÖMwi 47. 4 A¼wewkó †Kv‡bv msL¨vi jMvwi`‡gi c~Y©K KZ? (mnR)
33. †Kvb weÁvbx me©cÖ_g jM mviwY cÖeZ©b K‡ib? (mnR) K 0 L 1 M2 3

K †i‡b †`Kv‡Z©  †nbwi weªMm M Rb †fb N RR© K¨v›Ui 48. 8350-Gi j‡Mi c~Y©K wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (mnR)
K2 L1 M0 3
34. e = 271828 †Kvb ai‡bi msL¨v? (mnR)
e¨vL¨v : log 8 350 Gi c~Y©K, 4 − 1 = 3
K g~j` msL¨v  Ag~j` msL¨v
49. 6237-Gi j‡Mi c~Y©K wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
M FYvZ¥K msL¨v N fMœvsk msL¨v
K4 L3 M2 1
35. ¯^vfvweK jMvwi`g wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g) e¨vL¨v : 6237 msL¨vwU 1 †_‡K eo| Gi `kwgK we›`yi c~‡e© `yBwU A¼
K log 2 L log e M log   loge x Av‡Q| myZivs log 6237 Gi c~Y©K, 2 − 1 = 1
36. mvaviY jMvwi`g wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g) 50. 842 Gi c~Y©K KZ? (mnR)
K In x L loge x  log 2 N loge a
K1 2 M3 N 4
37. logex †K Kx iƒ‡c †jLv hvq? (mnR) e¨vL¨v : 842 Gi c~Y©K (3 − 1) = 2
K xe  lnx M logxe N loge
51. 04305 Gi jMvwi`‡gi c~Y©K KZ? (mnR)
38. jM mviwY‡Z wfwË KZ ai‡Z nq? (mnR)
−
K1  10 M 100 Ne K4 L3 1 N 1
39. jMvwi`‡gi wfwËi D‡jøL bv _vK‡j msL¨vi †ÿ‡Î wb‡Pi 52. 75249 Gi c~Y©K KZ? (mnR)
†KvbwU‡K wfwË wn‡m‡e aiv nq? (mnR) 0 L1 M2 N 3
Ka Le M 100  10 e¨vL¨v : 75249 Gi c~Y©K (1 − 1) = 0
40. weªMm jMvwi`‡gi wfwË KZ? (mnR) 53. 000021 Gi c~Y©K KZ? (mnR)
Ke L M0  10 −
4 L4 M3 N 2
enyc`x mgvwßm~PK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi −
e¨vL¨v : 000021 Gi c~Y©K (3 + 1) = 4
41. wb‡Pi Z_¨¸‡jv jÿ Ki 54. 0000435 Gi j‡Mi c~Y©K KZ? (mnR)
i. jMvwi`g c×wZ `yB ai‡bi − −
K4 4 M3 N 3
ii. e = 271828 GKwU Ag~j` msL¨v
55. 6754 Gi jMvwi`‡gi c~Y©K KZ? (mnR)
iii. weªMm jMvwi`‡gi wfwË 100
− −
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (mnR) K3 2 M3 N 2
 i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 56. N = 10n n‡j log N Gi AskK KZ? (ga¨g)
42. wb‡Pi Z_¨¸‡jv jÿ Ki : 0 L1 Me N 3
i. loge X †K xn x AvKv‡iI †jLv nq 57. †Kv‡bv msL¨vi j‡Mi AskK †ei Kiv hvq wb‡Pi †Kvb ZvwjKv
ii. jMvwi`‡gi wfwËi D‡jøL bv _vK‡j exRMwYZxq ivwki †_‡K? (mnR)
†ÿ‡Î e †K wfwË wn‡m‡e aiv nq  jM ZvwjKv L cÖwZjM ZvwjKv
iii. jMvwi`‡gi wfwËi D‡jøL bv _vK‡j msL¨vi †ÿ‡Î 10 M ms‡hvM ZvwjKv N AšÍi ZvwjKv
†K wfwË wn‡m‡e aiv nq 58. log 4857 Gi AskK− (ga¨g)
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (mnR)  068637 L 067549 M 045321 N 054329
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii 59. K¨vjKz‡jUi e¨envi Ki‡j 2717 Gi AskK KZ n‡e? (ga¨g)
Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi  043408 L 10043408 M 43408 N 43408
60. log0000456 Gi AskK-
wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 43 - 45 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : K 054321 L 034972  065896 N 097347
log x I log 100 `ywU jMvwi`wgK ivwk 61. 03826 Gi j‡Mi AskK KZ? (ga¨g)
K 41725 L 041725  05828 N 00041725
43. 2q ivwk Kx ai‡bi jMvwi`g? (mnR) e¨vL¨v : 03826 = 3826  10−1
K ¯^vfvweK  mvaviY M e- wfwËK N †b‡cvwjqvb  AskK = log3826 = 5828
44. 1g ivwkwUi wfwË wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (mnR) 62. loge 10 = KZ? (ga¨g)
1  230259 (cÖvq) L 23259 (cÖvq)
K Lx M 10 e
2 M 330259 (cÖvq) N 33259 (cÖvq)
e¨vL¨v : logx ¯^vfvweK jMvwi`g nIqvq Gi wfwË e|
63. 324 Gi jM wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
45. 2q ivwkwUi mvaviY jMvwi`g Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (mnR) K 254321  251054 M 235972 N 274932
1
K 1 M 5 N 10 e¨vL¨v : AC log 324 = 251054
2
e¨vL¨v : 2
log10 100 = log10 10 = log1010 = 1 64. 927 Gi jM wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
 096708 L 058932 M 075292 N 032195
47 : mvaviY jMvwi`‡gi c~Y©K I AskK 65. log 7 = KZ? (ga¨g)
K 091929 L 071419  042255 N 0211275
mvaviY enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi 66. log6 = KZ? (ga¨g)
46. log N = a + logn n‡j, log N Gi c~Y©K KZ? (mnR)  0 77815 L 063093 M 017609 N 0143627
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : mvaviY MwYZ  159
e¨vL¨v : log6 = log(2  3) = log2 + log3 = 030103 + 047712 = 077815 i. †Kv‡bv msL¨vi mvaviY j‡Mi AskK 1 A‡cÿv †QvU GKwU
enyc`x mgvwßm~PK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi AFYvZ¥K msL¨v
ii. N = 10n n‡j, log N Gi AskK k~b¨
67. wb‡Pi Z_¨¸‡jv jÿ Ki : iii. log 281 Gi c~Y©K k~b¨
i. logN = n + log-G, n †K ejv n‡jv logN Gi c~Y©K wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (mnR)
ii. c~Y©K abvZ¥K ev FYvZ¥K n‡Z cv‡i K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
iii. AskK me©`v abvZ¥K
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (mnR) Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 72 - 74 cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
68. †Kv‡bv msL¨vi c~Y© Ask bv _vK‡j `kwgK we›`y I Gi c‡ii N = a  10n
cÖ_g mv_©K A‡¼i gv‡S hZ¸‡jv 0 (k~b¨) _vK‡e, msL¨vwUi 72. log N Gi c~Y©K KZ? (ga¨g)
jMvwi`‡gi c~Y©K n‡e− K log a L log n n Na
i. k~‡b¨i msL¨vi †P‡q 1 Kg 73. log N Gi AskK KZ? (ga¨g)
ii. k~‡b¨i msL¨vi †P‡q 1 †ewk Kn La M log n  log a
iii. Zv n‡e FYvZ¥K 74. log 10 Gi gvb KZ? (ga¨g)
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g) K0 1 M2 N3
Ki L ii M iii  ii I iii wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 75 - 77 cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
69. wb‡Pi Z_¨¸‡jv jÿ Ki : log3 = 047712 Ges log 7 = 084510
i. 73459 msL¨vwUi j‡Mi c~Y©K 1 75. 2 + log3 = KZ? (ga¨g)
− K 250103 L 310103 M 430103  247712
ii. 0043 msL¨vwUi j‡Mi c~Y©K 2
iii. 856 msL¨vwUi c~Y©K 3
76. log4 Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
 060206 L 247712 M 069897 N 130417
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (mnR)
 i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
77. log28 Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
K 044716 L 084510  144716 N 244716
70. 0000235 = 235  10-4 n‡j− wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 78 - 80 cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
i. Gi j‡Mi AskK abvZ¥K
log x = log 2
ii. Gi j‡Mi c~Y©K FYvZ¥K
78. log x Gi c~Y©K KZ? (ga¨g)
iii. m~PK I c~Y©‡Ki gvb mgvb
K3 L2 M1 0
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (mnR) 79. log x Gi AskK KZ? (ga¨g)
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii  log 2 L3 M1 N0
71. wb‡Pi Z_¨¸‡jv jÿ Ki : 80. log x Gi wfwË KZ? (mnR)
Ke  10 M 100 N 1000

wbe©vwPZ enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi

81. 00000000037 Gi ˆeÁvwbKiƒc †KvbwU? 86. 06237 j‡Mi c~Y©K KZ?
37 K0  −1 M2 N 01
K 10 L 37  1010
10 87. 00875 Gi jMvwi`‡gi c~Y©K KZ?
M 37  10-10  37  10−9 K−4  −2 M1 N2
82. 000000123 Gi ˆeÁvwbKiƒc wb‡Pi †KvbwU? wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 88 - 90 cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
K 123  10−5  123  10−6 M 123  105 N 123  106 GKwU msL¨v : 58000 00
83. 000000043 msL¨vwUi ˆeÁvwbKiƒc †KvbwU? 88. msL¨vwUi ˆeÁvwbKiƒc wb‡Pi †KvbwU?
 43  10−7 L 43  10−6 M 43  10−8 N 43  10−9 K 0058  109 L 058  108 M 58  107  58  106
84. 000000014 Gi ˆeÁvwbKiƒc †KvbwU? 89. msL¨vwUi mvaviY j‡Mi c~Y©K wb‡Pi †KvbwU?
K 14  106 L 14  107 M 14  10-7  14  10−8 6 L7 M8 N9
n
85. N = 10 n‡j log N Gi c~Y©K KZ? 90. msL¨vwUi mvaviY j‡Mi AskK KZ?
K 100 L 10 M1 n K 07632  07634 M 07642 N 07644

G A a¨v‡q i c vV mg wš ^Z e nyw b e©v Pwb cÖ‡ kœv Ëi

enyc`x mgvwßm~PK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi i. a = b n‡j an = bn
ii. ¯^vfvweK j‡Mi wfwË n‡jv 10
91. wb‡Pi Z_¨¸‡jv jÿ Ki : iii. 3 A¼wewkó msL¨vi jMvwi`‡gi c~Y©K 2
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : mvaviY MwYZ  160
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (mnR) 95. GLv‡b j‡Mi wfwË KZ? (ga¨g)
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii K 5 5 M
3
5 N
4
5
92. wb‡Pi Z_¨¸‡jv jÿ Ki : 3
96. ( 5)( 5)G 5 Gi kw³ KZ? (ga¨g)
i. k~b¨ ev FYvZ¥K msL¨v j‡Mi ev¯Íe gvb †bB 5 5 5
 L 5 M N4
ii. AskK me©`v FYvZ¥K 6 3
97. j‡Mi gvb KZ?
iii. 0.4305 msL¨vwUi c~Y©K −1 5
K5  M 5 N 25
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (mnR) 6

K i I ii  i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii  wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 98 I 99 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

93. i. logex = ln x P = log 22, Q = log5(5
3
5), R = logx400
ii. e GKwU Ag~j` msL¨v 98. P + Q Gi gvb KZ? (mnR)
iii. Rb †bwcqvi e wfwˇZ jMvwi`g m¤úwK©Z eB cÖ_g cÖKvk 10 4 3
 L2 M N 10
K‡ib 3 3
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (mnR) 99. R = 4 n‡j x Gi gvb †KvbwU? (ga¨g)
K i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii  i, ii I iii K2 3 L3 2  2 5 N5 2
 wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 100 I 101 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
94. i. x4 = 625 n‡j, x = 5
P = 3  104
ii. logx 25 = 2 n‡j, x =  5 100. wb‡Pi †Kvb m¤úK©wU mwVK? (mnR)
iii. px = qx n‡j, p = q [ q  1] K log P = 4 + log 3  logP = 3 + log 4
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (ga¨g) 4
M logP = + log 10 N 4 = P + log 3
Ki L i I ii M i I iii  i, ii I iii 3
101. log P Gi c~Y©K KZ? (ga¨g)
Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi K3 4 M
4
N
3
3 10
 wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 95 Ñ 97 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
3
log5( 5) ( 5)

A byk xj b g ~j K K v‡R i A v‡j v‡K m„R b kxj cÖk œ I mg vavb

œ 1  2550 Ges 04145 `yBwU msL¨v|
cÖk- AC log 0.4145 = − 0382475
K. ˆeÁvwbKiƒc Kv‡K e‡j? 2  04145 Gi 10 wfwËK jM − 0382475 (Ans.)
L. K¨vjKz‡jUi e¨envi K‡i msL¨v `yBwUi 10 wfwËK M. ÔLÕ n‡Z cvB,
jM wbY©q Ki| 4
log2550 = 340654
M. cÖ_g msL¨vi j‡Mi c~Y©K I AskK wbY©q Ki Ges
 msL¨vwUi j‡Mi c~Y©K 3 Ges AskK 40654 (Ans.)
msL¨v `yBwUi e wfwËK jM wbY©q Ki| 4
 1bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
K. †Kv‡bv msL¨vi a  10n iƒc‡K ejv nq msL¨vwUi
ˆeÁvwbKiƒc|
myweavi Rb¨ A‡bK eo ev A‡bK †QvU msL¨v‡K a  10n
AvKv‡i cÖKvk Kiv nq, †hLv‡b 1 ≤ a  10 Ges n  Z
L. 1g msL¨v, 2550 = 255  10
255
=  100  10
100
= 255  102  10
= 255  103
4145
2q msL¨v, 04145 =
10000
= 4145  10− 4
= 4145  1000  10− 4
= 4415  103  10− 4
= 4415  10-1
K¨vjKz‡jUi e¨envi K‡i,
AC log 2550 = 340654
2550 Gi 10 wfwËK jM 340654 (Ans.)
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : mvaviY MwYZ  161
Avevi, K¨vjKz‡jUi e¨envi K‡i, −
Ges AC log 0.4145 = − 088068 = 088068
AC log 2550 = 784385 −
 2550 Gi e wfwËK jM 784385  04145 Gi e wfwËK jM 088068 (Ans.)

AwZwi³ m„R bkxj cÖkœ I mgvavb

œ 2  m~h© †_‡K ey‡ai `~iZ¡ 58000000 wK.wg. m~h© †_‡K i
cÖk- 2
= 637  10  10
9

11
`~iZ¡ 105600  106 wg Ges m~h© †_‡K †bcPz‡bi `~iZ¡ = 637  10 (Ans)
4500000000 wK.wg. œ 4  Av‡jv GKwU ZvwoZ‡PŠ¤^K Zi½| GwU mij‡iLvq
cÖk-
K. m~h© n‡Z eya Ges †bcPz‡bi `~iZ¡‡K ˆeÁvwbK 300000 wK‡jvwgUvi†m‡KÛ †e‡M mÂvwjZ nq| c„w_ex †_‡K m~‡h©i
AvKv‡i cÖKvk Ki| 2 `~iZ¡ 15 †KvwU wK.wg.| Av‡jv GK eQ‡i hZUzKz c_ AwZµg K‡i
L. m~h© n‡Z i `~iZ¡‡K ¯^vfvweK AvKv‡i wK.wg. Zv‡K GK Av‡jvKel© e‡j|
GK‡K cÖKvk Ki| 4 K. Av‡jvi †eM wgUvi/†m.-G wbY©q Ki Ges
M. m~h© n‡Z DcwiD³ wZbwU MÖ‡ni `~i‡Z¡i †hvMdj wbY©q ˆeÁvwbKiƒ‡c cÖKvk Ki| 2
Ki Ges †hvMdj‡K 10 Gi AóK Nv‡Z cÖKvk Ki| 4 L. m~h© †_‡K c„w_ex‡Z Av‡jv Avm‡Z KZ NÈv jvM‡e
 2bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  ˆeÁvwbKiƒ‡c †`LvI| 4
K. m~h© †_‡K ey‡ai `~iZ¡ = 58000000 wK.wg. M. GK Av‡jvKe‡l© Av‡jv KZ wK.wg. c_ AwZµg
= 58  107 wK.wg. K‡i? ˆeÁvwbKiƒ‡c cÖKvk Ki| 4
m~h© n‡Z †bcPz‡bi `~iZ¡ = 4500000000  4bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
= 45  10 wK.wg.
9

 m~h© n‡Z eya I †bcPz‡bi `~iZ¡ h_vµ‡g, K. †`Iqv Av‡Q,

58  107 wK.wg. Ges 45  10 wK.wg.| (Ans)
9 Av‡jvi †eM = 300000 wK.wg./ †m.
L. m~h© †_‡K i `~iZ¡ = (300000  1000) wg/†m.
= 105600  10 wg
6 = 300000000 wg/†m. (Ans)
= 1056  100000000 wK.wg. (Ans) ˆeÁvwbKiƒ‡c cÖKvk, 300000000 wg/†m.
M. m~h© †_‡K ey‡ai `~iZ¡ = 58000000 wK.wg. = 3  108 wg/†m. (Ans)
m~h© †_‡K i `~iZ¡ = 105600  106 wK.wg. L. †`Iqv Av‡Q,
= 105600000000 wK.wg. c„w_ex †_‡K m~‡h©i `~iZ¡ = 15 †KvwU wK.wg.
m~h© †_‡K †bcPz‡bi `~iZ¡ = 4500000000 wK.wg. =150000000 wK.wg.
 m~h© †_‡K wZbwU MÖ‡ni `~i‡Z¡i †hvMdj Av‡jvi †eM = 300000 wK.wg./†m.
= 110158000000 wK.wg. Gevi Av‡jv 300000 wK.wg. c_ AwZµg K‡i 1 †m‡K‡Û
Gevi, †hvMdj 10 Gi AóK Nv‡Z cÖKvk 1
" " 1 " " " " " 300000 "
= 110158  108 wK.wg.| (Ans)
1  150000000
œ 3  ˆeÁvwbKiƒ‡c cÖKvk Ki :
cÖk-  " " 150000000 " " " " "
300000
"
K. 830 2 = 500 †m‡K‡Û
L. 000000512 4 †h‡nZz, 3600 †m‡KÛ = 1 NÈv
M. 637,000,000,000 4 1
 1 " = NÈv
 3bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  3600
500  1
K. cÖ`Ë msL¨v = 830 = 830  100 = 83  102 (Ans.)  500 " =
3600
NÈv
L. cÖ`Ë msL¨v = 000000512 = 01388888 NÈv
00000512 1388888
=
100000000 =
10000000
NÈv
1 = 1388888  10−7 NÈv
= 512 
100000000
1 = 1388888  10−1 NÈv (Ans)
= 512  100  8 M. Avgiv Rvwb,
10
= 512  102  10−8 1 eQi = 365 w`b
= 512  10−6 (Ans) = 365  24 NÈv
M. cÖ`Ë ivwk, 637,000,000,000 = 365  24  60 wgwbU
= 637  1000,000,000 = 365  24  60  60 †m‡KÛ
1 †m‡K‡Û Av‡jv 300000 wK.wg. c_ AwZµg K‡i
9
= 637  100  10
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : mvaviY MwYZ  162
 365  24  60  60 Ó (300000  365  24  60  60) wK.wg. = 32  10−2
= 9460800000000 wK.wg.  logb = log (32  10−2)
= 94608  10 wK.wg.
12
= log32 + log 10−
2

 GK Av‡jvK e‡l© Av‡jv 94608  1012 wK.wg. AwZµg = 0505149 − 2

Ki‡e| (Ans)  − 2 + 05052
œ 5  wnwjqv‡gi AvYweK fi
cÖk- 68  10−27 †KwR| GKwU K‡ÿ  log b Gi AskK 05052 Ges c~Y©K −2 (Ans.)
9 1026wU wnwjqvg AYy i‡q‡Q| Avevi, c = 324  10 2

K. wnwjqv‡gi AvYweK fi‡K MÖvg GK‡K

 logc = log 324 + 2
¯^vfvweKiƒ‡c cÖKvk Ki| 2
= 2 + 051054501
L. K‡ÿ KZ MÖvg wnwjqvg M¨vm i‡q‡Q? 4
 2 + 05105
M. Aci GKwU K‡ÿ 39  1028 wU wnwjqvg AYy _vK‡j
Zvi AvYweK fi ¯^vfvweKiƒ‡c †jL| 4  logc Gi AskK 05105 Ges c~Y©K 2 (Ans.)
 5bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  M. logxc = loga logb
K. 1 †KwR = 1000 MÖvg ev, logx 324 = (log 00021) (log 0032)
−27
 628  10 †KwR ev, logx 324 = (− 267778) (−149485)
−27 ev, logx 324 = 4002879
= 628  10  103 MÖvg
−27 + 3 ev, logx 324  4
= 628  10 MÖvg GLb, logx 324 = 4
−24
= 628  10 MÖvg ev, x4 = 324
−24
 628  10 Gi ¯^vfvweKiƒc ev, x4 = (3 2)4
= 000000000000000000000000628 MÖvg| (Ans)
 x = 424 (cÖvq) (Ans)
L. †`Iqv Av‡Q, wnwjqv‡gi AvYweK fi = 628  10−24 MÖvg
 1wU wnwjqvg AYyi fi = 628  10−24 MÖvg œ 7  6530 Ges 245  10−4 `yBwU msL¨v|
cÖk-
 9  1026 wU Ó Ó 9  1026  628  10−24 MÖvg K. cÖ_g msL¨vwUi j‡Mi c~Y©K wbY©q Ki| 2
= 5652  1026−24 MÖvg L. wØZxq msL¨vwU‡K ¯^vfvweK AvKv‡i cÖKvk Ki| 4
= 5652  102 MÖvg M. cÖ`Ë msL¨v `yBwUi ¸Yd‡ji c~Y©K I AskK wbY©q
= 5652 MÖvg (Ans) Ki| 4
M. wnwjqv‡gi AvYweK fi = 628  10− 24 MÖvg  7bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
1 wU wnwjqvg AYyi fi = 628  10− 24 MÖvg
 39  1028 Ó Ó = 628  10−24  39  1028 MÖvg K. cÖ`Ë cÖ_g msL¨v = 6530
= 628  39  10 MÖvg
4 = 6530  1000
= 24492  10 MÖvg
6 = 6530  103
 6530 Gi j‡Mi c~Y©K 3. (Ans.)
 Aci K‡ÿ wnwjqv‡gi AvYweK fi = 24492  106 MÖvg
L. cÖ`Ë wØZxq msL¨v = 245  10−4
 AZGe, Aci K‡ÿ wnwjqv‡gi AvYweK f‡ii ¯^vfvweKiƒc 1 245 1
= 2449200 MÖvg| (Ans) = 245  4 = 
10 100 104
œ 6  a = 00021, b = 0032 Ges c = 324
cÖk- =
245 1 245
 =
102 104 106
K. a I c †K ˆeÁvwbKiƒ‡c cÖKvk Ki| 2
245
L. logb I logc Gi AskK I c~Y©K wbY©q Ki| 4 =
1000000
= 0000245
M. logxc = loga logb n‡j x Gi gvb wbY©q Ki| 4
wb‡Y©q msL¨vwUi ¯^vfvweK AvKvi 0000245 (Ans.)
 6bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  M. cÖ_g msL¨v = 6530
21
K. a = 00021 = 10000 = 21  10– 4 L-n‡Z cÖvß, 245  10−4 = 0000245
21  wØZxq msL¨v = 0000245
=  10  10−4 = 21  10− 3
10 msL¨v `ywUi ¸Ydj = 6530  0000245 = 159985
324 K¨vjKz‡jUi e¨envi K‡i,
Avevi, c = 324 = 100  100 = 324  102
32 AC log 1.59985 = 0204079
L. b = 0032 =
1000
= 32  10-3
 log 159985 Gi c~Y©K 0 Ges AskK 0204079 (Ans.)
32
=  10  10-3
10

m„R bkxj cÖk œe¨vsK DËimn

 beg-`kg †kÖwY : mvaviY MwYZ  163
œ 8  †h‡Kv‡bv msL¨vi ¯^vfvweK j‡Mi gvb, H msL¨vi mvaviY M. K¨vjKz‡jUi e¨envi K‡i ÔLÕ Gi gvb wbY©q Ki Ges D³
cÖk-
j‡Mi log1 e ¸Y| †hLv‡b, e = 271828 gvb‡K log 04 Øviv ¸Y K‡i c~Y©K I AskK wbY©q Ki| 4
50
10
DËi : K. 5; L. log10 147; M. −046834, I 018637, c~Y©K 0
K. log10e Gi gvb wbY©q Ki| 2
L. †`LvI †h, loge100 = log10100  log10e 4 Ges AskK 01863
M. 100 Gi 2 wfwËK j‡Mi gvb KZ n‡e? 4 cÖk-
œ 12  wb‡Pi ivwk¸‡jv jÿ Ki :
DËi : K. 0434; M. 6644 36 8 3 128
œ 9  6a + 2b  12− a + b  202a + b GKwU m~PKxq ivwk|
cÖk-
3 log
25
, log (9) , 2 log 125, log 2
K. †`LvI †h, cÖ_g ivwk = 6 log 2 + 6 log 3 − 6 log 5 2
K. cÖ`Ë ivwk‡K †gŠwjK msL¨vi m~P‡Ki ¸Ydj AvKv‡i cÖKvk Ki| 2
L. †`LvI †h, cÖ_g I wØZxq ivwki mgwó n‡Z Z…Zxq I PZz_©
L. a = 1 I b = −1 n‡j cÖ`Ë ivwki gvb wbY©q Ki| 4
ivwki we‡qvMdj k~b¨| 4
M. ÔLÕ Gi cÖvß msL¨vi mvaviY j‡Mi gvb ˆeÁvwbK AvKv‡i cÖKvk Ki| 4
5
M. hw` x2 + y2 = 7xy nq, Z‡e cÖgvY Ki †h,
DËi : K. 23a + 6b  33b  52a + b; L. 216; M. −16 1 1
log (x + y) = log 3 + log x + log y
2 2
4
œ 10  3x = 27 GKwU m~PKxq mgxKiY|
cÖk-
K. 27 †K 3 Gi m~PKxq ivwk‡Z iƒcvšÍi Ki| œ 13  p = xya−1. q = xyb−1, r = xyc−1 wZbwU ivwk|
2 cÖk-
L. j‡Mi mvnv‡h¨ mgxKiYwUi mgvavb Ki| 4 K. †`LvI †h, p c  q a  r b = 1
M. x Gi gv‡bi mßg NvZ‡K ˆeÁvwbK AvKv‡i †jL| 4 q r p () () () 2
3 L. (b − p)logp + (c − a)logq + (a − b)logr Gi gvb wbY©q Ki|4
3
DËi : K. 32; L. 2; M. 171  10 p q

œ 11  KwZcq jM msewjZ ivwk logx 25, log10x, log10 3, log10 7

cÖk-
M. †`LvI †h, (b + c) log q + (c + a) log r + (a + b) () ()
r
K. 1g ivwki gvb 2 n‡j x, Gi gvb wbY©q Ki| 2 log
p
+ log216 + log
3 2()324 + log 81.
3
4
L. mij Ki : log10 2 + 2log10 5 − log10 3 − 2log10 7 4 DËi : L. 0

Aa¨vq mgwš^Z m„R bkxj cÖkœ I mgvavb

œ 14  L, M, N wZbwU exRMvwYwZK ivwk †hLv‡b,
cÖk- =x
ca − bc + ab − ca + bc − ab
abc
xa xb xc 0
L= ,M= , N= = x abc = x0 = 1 = Wvbcÿ
xb xc xa
K. L=1 n‡j †`LvI †h, a = b 2 ab bc ca
∴ L  M  N = 1 (cÖgvwYZ)
ab bc ca
L. cÖgvY Ki †h, L  M  N = 1 4 M †`Iqv Av‡Q,
M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K †`LvI †h, logkLa + b + logkMa + b + xa xb xc
L= b,M= c, N= a
logkNc + a = 0 4 x x x
 14bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  evgcÿ = log k L a + b + log Mb + c + log Nc + a
k k
a a+b b b+c c c+a
K †`Iqv Av‡Q, L = 1
xa
= logk (xx ) b + logk (xx )c + logk (xx )
a

ev, xb = 1 [gvb ewm‡q] = logk(xa − b)a + b + logk(xb − c)b + c + logk(xc − a)c + a

= logk x(a − b) (a + b) + logk x(b − c) (b + c) + logk x(c − a) (c + a)
ev, xa − b = x0 = logk xa − b + logk xb − c + logk xc − a
2 2 2 2 2 2

ev, a − b = 0 = logk (x a 2
− b 2
.x b 2
− c2
.x c2
− a2
)
= logk (xa − b + b − c + c − a )
2 2 2 2 2 2
∴ a = b (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
xa xb xc = logk (x0) = logk 1 = 0 = Wvbcÿ
L †`Iqv Av‡Q, L = xb , M = xc , N=
xa ∴ logkLa + b + logkMa + b + logkNc + a = 0 (cÖgvwYZ)
ab bc ca
evgcÿ = L M N œ 15  A = 6p + q, B = 6q + r, C = 6r + p n‡jÑ
cÖk-
ab xa bc xb ca xc K. log3 2324 Gi gvb wbY©q Ki| 2
=  
xb xc xa

=
ab
xa − b 
bc
xb − c 
ca
xc − a
L. (AB ) p+r
 (BC ) q+p
 (AC ) r+q
Gi gvb wbY©q
1 1 1 Ki| 4
= (xa − b)ab  (xb − c)bc  (xc − a)ca M. †`LvI †h, (AB)p − r  (BC)q − p  (CA)r − q = 1| 4
a−b b−c c−a
=x ab x ab x ab  15bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
a−b b−c c−a 4
+ +
= x ab bc ca K cÖ`Ë ivwk, log 324 = log (3 2)
3 2 3 2
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : mvaviY MwYZ  164
= 4log 3 2 = 4.1 = 4 (Ans.) = 0 = Wvbcÿ
3 2
(a − b) log(pq) + (b − c) log(qr) + (c − a) log(rp)
L †`Iqv Av‡Q, A = 6p + q, B = 6q + r, C = 6r + p.  =0
a− b  b− 1c  c− 1a
(A)  (BC) (AC)
p+r q+p r+q
cÖ`Ë ivwk = B  (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
 p a+b−c q b+c−a r c + a − b
=
Ap + r

Bq + p

Bp + r Cq + p Ar + q
Cr + q M. 2abc 
 q()  ()
r
 ()p 

= Ap + r − r − q Bq + p − p − r Cr + q − q − p  a−3b−2c  c−3a
= Ap − q Bq − r Cr − p  xa a+b−c xb b+c−a xc c + a − b

= (6p + q)
p−q
(6q + r)
q−r
(6r + p) [gvb
r−p
ewm‡q]
= 2abc  b
 x ()  ()
xc
 ()
xa 

=6 p 2 − q2 q 2 − r 2 r 2 − p2
6 6  a b c. c−3a
−3 −2

= 6p2 − q2 + q2 − r2 + r2 − p2 = 60 = 1 (Ans.) = 2abc {(xa − b)a + b − c  (xb − c)b + c − a  (xc − a)c + a − b}

M evgcÿ = (AB)p − r  (BC)q − p  (CA)r − q  a−2b−2c−2
2 + ab − ac − ab − b2 + bc 2 + bc − ab − bc − c2 + ac
p−r q−p = 2abc{x a x b
= (6p + q . 6q + r)  (6q + r . 6r + p) 2 2
r−q  xc + ac − bc − ac − a + ba}  (abc)−1
 (6r + p . 6p + q) 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
= (6p + 2q + r)
p−r
 (6q + 2r + p)
q−p = 2abc {xa − ac − b + bc  xb − ab − c + ac  xc − bc − a + ab}
r − q
abc
 (6r + 2p + q) 2 2 2 2 2 2 1
2 2 = 2abc {xa − ac − b + bc + b − ab − c + ac + c − bc − a + ab}
= 6p + 2pq + rp −rp −2qr − r abc
 6q + 2rq + pq − pq − 2rp − p2  6r2 + 2rp + rq − rq − 2pq − q2
2 = 2.x0 = 2 (Ans.)
œ 17  a = 2, b = 3 Ges c = 5 n‡j,
cÖk-
2 2 2 2 2 2
= 6p + 2pq − 2qr − r + q + 2rq − 2rp − p + r + 2rp − 2pq − q
= 6 = 1 = Wvbcÿ (†`Lv‡bv n‡jv)
0
K. log5x = b n‡j x Gi gvb KZ? 2
œ 16  p = xa, q = xb, r = xc
cÖk- ap + 1. b2p − q. cp + q (ab)p
L. (ab)q.(bc)q.(ca)p + 2
Gi gvb KZ? 4
p c q a r b
K. ( ) ( ) ( )
q r p
Gi gvb wbY©q Ki| 2
log b3 + bloga − log(ac)
b
a
L. †`LvI †h, M. Gi gvb KZ? 4
log(ab) − logc
(a − b) log(pq) + (b − c) log(qr) + (c − a) log(rp)
a− b  b− 1c  c− 1a
=0 4  17bs cª‡kœi mgvavb 
M. mij Ki : K. †`Iqv Av‡Q, log5x = b
 p a+b−c q b+c−a r c + a − b ev, 5b = x
2abc 
 q () ()r
 ()p 
 ev, x = 5b
 a−3b−2c  c−3a 4 ev, x = 53
 16bs cª‡kœi mgvavb   x = 125 (Ans.)
L. †`Iqv Av‡Q, a = 2, b = 3 Ges c = 5
K. †`Iqv Av‡Q,
ap + 1. b2p − q. cp + q (ab)p
p = xa, q = xb Ges r = xc cÖ`Ë ivwk = (ab)q.(bc)q.(ca)p + 2
p c q a r b 2p + 1.32p − q.5p + q.2p.3p
 () () ()
q

r

p = q q q q p + 2 p + 2 [ gvb ewm‡q]
2 .3 .3 .5 .5 .2
xa c xb a xc b = 2p + 1 + p − q − p − 2.32p − q + p − q − q.5p + q − q − p − 2
= () () ()
xb

xc

xa = 2p − q − 1.33(p − q).5− 2
= (x )  (x )  (xc − a)b
a − b c b − c a 2p − q − 1.33(p − q)
=
= xac − bc  xab − ac  xbc − ab 52
= xac − bc + ab − ac + bc − ab 1 p − q − 1 3(p − q)
= x0 = .2 .3 (Ans.)
25
= 1 (Ans.) b
(a − b) log(pq) + (b − c) log(qr) + (c − a) log(rp) log b3 + bloga − log(ac)
a
L. evgcÿ = M. cÖ`Ë ivwk =
a− b  b− 1c  c− 1a log(ab) − logc
(a − b) log(xa.xb) + (b − c) log(xb.xc) + (c − a) log(xc.xa) 3
= log 33 + 3log2 − log(2  5)
a− b  b− 1c  c− 1a 2
=
log(xa + b)a − b + log(xb + c)b − c + log(xc + a)c − a log(2  3) − log5
= 3
a−1.b.b−1.c.c−1.a 3
log32 + 3log2 − log 10
log(x a 2 − b2 2 2 2
) + log(xb − c ) + log(xc − a )
2 2
=
=
1 log3 + log2 − log5
3 3 3
log3 + log4 −
2 2 2 2 2 2
log(xa − b . xb − c . xc − a ) 2 2 2
=
1 =
2 2 2 2 2 2 log3 + log2 + log2 − log5 − log2
= log(xa − b + b − c + c − a )
0
= log(x ) = log 1
 beg-`kg †kÖwY : mvaviY MwYZ  165
3 3.2n − 2n 2n(3 − 1) 2
(log3 + log4 − 1) = = = =4
2 2 n
1 1
=
log3 + log(2  2) − log(5  2)
3
2 −
n
2 ( )
2n 1 −
2 2
(log3 + log4 − 1) 2 − 4.2
n+4 n+1
2 Avevi, Q = 2n+2  2
=
(log3 + log4 − log10) 2n.24 − 22.2n.2 2n.23(2 − 1) 2n.23
3 = = = =4
(log3 + log4 − 1) 2n.22  2 2n.4 2.2n
2 2
= [  log10 = log1010 = 1 ]
log3 + log4 − 1 1
3  evgcÿ = P + Q  3−2
= (Ans.)
2 P
=  32
œ 18  P, Q, X, Y, Z K‡qKwU exRMvwYwZK ivwk|
cÖk- Q
4
3.2n − 4.2n−2 2n+4 − 4.2n+1 16 25 = 9
4
[gvb ewm‡q]
†hLv‡b, P = 2n − 2n−1 , Q = 2n+2  2
, X= , Y=
15 24 = 9 = Wvbcÿ
81
Ges Z = 80 1
 P  Q  3−2 = 9 (cÖgvwYZ)
K. 4x+1 = 32 n‡j, x Gi gvb wbY©q Ki| 2 16 25 81
1 M. †`Iqv Av‡Q, X = 15 , Y = 24 Ges Z = 80
L. cÖgvY Ki †h, (P  Q)  3−2 = 9 4
GLb, C = 7logX + 5logY + 3logZ − log2
M. C = 7logX + 5logY + 3logZ − log2 n‡j, C Gi 16 25 81
gvb wbY©q Ki| 4 = 7log ( )
15
+ 5log + 3log
24 80
− log2

 18bs cª‡kœi mgvavb  16 7 25 5 81 3

K. †`Iqv Av‡Q, 4x+1 32

= log ( ) ( ) ( )
15
+ log
24
+ log
80
− log2
 16 7
25 5 81  3
ev, (22)x+1 = 25
ev, 22x+2 = 25
= log  ( ) ( ) ( )
 15

24

80 
− log2
 2   5   3 3
7
= log 
4 2 5 4

ev, 2x + 2 = 5    − log2
3  5 23  3 24  5 
ev, 2x = 3
= log  7 
228 510 312
3
 x = (Ans.)
3  57  215  35  212  53 − log2
2 = log(228−15−12.312−7−5.510−7−3) − log2
3.2n − 4.2n−2 = log(21.30.50) − log2
L. GLb, P=
2n − 2n−1 = log2 − log2
3.2n − 22.2n−2 3.2n − 22+n−2 =0
=
2n − 2n−1
= n
2 − 2n−1  C = 0 (Ans.)