Chemistry 2nd Part Potential Book Final

Chemistry 2nd Paper Potential Book
Aa¨vq 01: cwi‡ek imvqb

HSC cixÿvi Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welqvewj
*** i. Av`k© M¨v‡mi mKj m~Î + Math (Pvj©m e‡qi, Pv=nRT)
ii. RMS ‡eM wbY©q
iii. ev¯Íe I Av`k© M¨v‡mi Zzjbv (†jLwPÎ)
** i. GwmW ÿvi m¤úwK©Z ZË¡ mg~n
ii. AYyeÜx GwmW-ÿvi
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
01.
Av`k© M¨vm Pvc ZvcgvÎv AvqZb fi

A 100 𝐾𝑃𝑎 20° 𝐶 500 𝑚𝐿 0.82
B 92 𝐾𝑃𝑎 20° 𝐶 300 𝑚𝐿 1.02 𝑔
(K) 𝑷𝑷𝒎 Kx?

(L) †Wwm‡gvjvi `ªeY‡K cÖgvY `ªeY ejv nq †Kb?
(M) DÏxc‡Ki DwjøwLZ WvUv eënvi K‡i M¨vm wgkÖ‡Yi †gvU Pvc wbY©q Ki|
(N) 𝑨 I 𝑩 M¨vmØ‡qi g‡a¨ †KvbwUi e¨vcb nvi AwaK? MvwYwZKfv‡e we‡kølY K‡i †`LvI|
DËi:
(K)
𝑃𝑃𝑚 (𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑃𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑜𝑛 n‡jv cÖwZ 𝑀𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑜𝑛 A_v©r `k jÿ¨ fvM `ªe‡Y cÖwZ 106 Ask `ªe‡Y hZ fvM Ask `ªe
`ªexf~Z _v‡K|
(L)
‡h `ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv wbw`©ófv‡e Rvbv _v‡K, Zv‡K cÖgvY `ªeY e‡j| †Wwm‡gvjvi `ªeY GKwU cÖgvY `ªeY| KviY, †Wwm‡gvjvi `ªe‡Yi
cÖwZ wjUvi `ªe‡Y 0.1 ‡gvj `ªe `ªexf‚Z _v‡K hv Avgv‡ì Rvbv| †hgb- 0°1 𝑀 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 `ªe‡Yi cÖwZ wjUv‡i 4𝑔 `ªe `ªexf‚Z
_v‡K| ZvB, GwU GKwU cÖgvY `ªeY|
(M)
Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
𝐴 M¨v‡mi Pvc 𝑃1 = 100 𝐾𝑝𝑎
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑃1 𝑉1 + 𝑃2 𝑉2 AvqZb 𝑉1 = 500 𝑚𝐿
𝑃1 𝑉1 +𝑃2 𝑉2
𝐵 M¨v‡mi Pvc, 𝑃2 = 92 𝐾𝑝𝑎
ev, 𝑃 = GK AvqZb 𝑉2 = 300 𝑚𝐿
𝑉
wgkÖ‡Yi †gvU AvqZb, 𝑉 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 = 500 + 300
(100×500)+(92+300) = 800 𝑚𝐿
= 800 wgkÖ‡Yi †gvU Pvc, 𝑃 =?
= 97 𝐾𝑝𝑎
𝐴 I 𝐵 M¨vm wgkÖ‡Yi †gvU Pvc 97 𝐾𝑝𝑎
(N)
GLv‡b,
𝐴 M¨v‡mi †ÿ‡Î,
1000
Pvc, 𝑃 = 100 𝐾𝑝𝑎 = 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 0.987 𝑎𝑡𝑚
101.325
AvqZb, 𝑣 = 500 𝑚𝐿 = 0.5 𝐿
fi, 𝑤 = 0.82 𝑔
‡gvjvi M¨vm aªæeK, 𝑅 = 0.0821 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝐾 −1
1
ZvcgvÎv, 𝑇 = 20° 𝐶 = (20 + 273)𝐾

= 293 𝐾
AvYweK fi, 𝑀𝐴 =?
Avgiv Rvwb,
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
𝑊
ev, 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑀𝐴 𝑅𝑇
𝑊𝑅𝑇
ev, 𝑀𝐴 = 𝑃𝑉
0.82×0.0821×2930
= 0.987×0.5
𝑀𝐴 = 40𝑔
𝐵 M¨v‡mi †ÿ‡Î,
GLv‡b,
92
Pvc, 𝑃 = 92 𝐾𝑃𝑎 = 101.325 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 0.91 𝑎𝑡𝑚
AvqZb, 𝑉 = 300 𝑚𝐿 = 0.3 𝐿
fi, 𝑊 = 1.02 𝑔
ZvcgvÎv, 𝑇 = 20° 𝐶
= (20 + 273)𝑘
= 293 𝑘
AvYweK fi, 𝑀𝐵 =?
Avgiv Rvwb,
𝑤
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 = 𝑀 𝑅𝑇
𝐵
1.02×0.0821×293
ev, 𝑀𝐵 = 0.1×0.3
= 89.87 𝑔
GLv‡b, 𝑀𝐵 > 𝑀𝐴
MÖvnv‡gi M¨vm e¨vcb m~Î n‡Z Avgiv Rvwb,
‡h †Kv‡bv M¨v‡mi e¨vcb nvi Gi Nb‡Z¡i eM©g~‡ji e¨¯ÍvbycvwZK| Avevi †Kv‡bv M¨v‡mi NbZ¡ Dnvi AvYweK f‡ii mgvbycvwZK|
†h‡nZz 𝑀𝐵 > 𝑀𝐴 ‡m‡nZz 𝐵 M¨v‡mi Zzjbvq 𝐴 Gi e¨vcb nvi ‡ewk n‡e|
02. mgAvqZ‡bi `ywU wmwjÛvi 𝑨 I 𝑩 | 𝑨 -wmwjÛvi 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒌 ZvcgvÎvq 𝑯𝟐 M¨vm Av‡Q Ges GKB ZvcgvÎvq mgf‡ii 𝑪𝑯𝟒
M¨vm 𝑩 -wmwjÛvi i‡q‡Q|
(K) jyBm A¤ø Kx?
(L) Li cvwb mvev‡bi mv‡_ †dbv ˆZwi K‡i bv †Kb?
(M) ‡`LvI †h, 𝑯𝟐 Gi Pvc, 𝑪𝑯𝟒 Gi Pv‡ci AvU¸Y|
(N) †Kvb wmwjÛv‡i M¨vmxq AYyi msL¨v ‡ewk? we‡kølY Ki|
DËi:
(K)
‡hme c`v_© gy³‡Rvo B‡j±ªb MÖn‡Y mÿg Zv‡ì‡K jyBm gZev` Abyhvqx GwmW e‡j|
(L)
cvwb‡Z mvaviYZ 𝐶𝑎 , 𝑀𝑔 Gi wewfbœ jeY `ªexf‚Z _vKvi Rb¨ cvwb Li nq| 𝐶𝑎2+ , 𝑀𝑔2+ QvovI
2+ 2+
𝑆𝑟 2+ , 𝐹𝑒 2+ , 𝑀𝑛2+ cÖf…wZ jeY `ªexf‚Z _vK‡jI cvwb Li nq|

Li cvwb‡Z mvevb w`‡q Kvco cwi®‹vi Ki‡j mvev‡bi mv‡_ 𝐶𝑎2+ , 𝑀𝑔2+ cÖf„wZ wewµqv K‡i A`ªeYxq Mv` m„wó K‡i| d‡j,
Li cvwb‡Z mvev‡bi †dbv m„wó nq bv| cvwb‡Z Dcw¯ÍZ 𝐶𝑎2+ , 𝑀𝑔2+ `ªe 𝐹𝑒 2+ cvwb †_‡K Aatwÿß n‡q m¤ú~Y© AcmvwiZ
nIqvi ci †dbv Drcbœ nq|
2
(M)
DÏxcK Abymv‡i mgAvqZ‡bi A I B wmwjÛv‡i GKB ZvcgvÎvq mgf‡ii 𝐻2 I 𝐶𝐻4 M¨vm i‡q‡Q| awi, M¨v‡mi f‡ii
cwigvY 𝑥 wmwjÛv‡ii AvqZb 𝑦|
𝐻2 Gi †ÿ‡Î:- AvqZb, 𝑣 = 𝑦
𝑤 𝑥
𝑃𝐻 2 𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 ‡gvjmsL¨v, 𝑛 = 𝑀 = 2
𝑥×8.316×300
ev, 𝑃𝐻 2 = 2×𝑦
‡gvjvi M¨vm aªyeK 𝑅 = 8.316 𝐽𝐾 −1 𝑚𝑜 −1
ev, 𝑃𝐻 2 =
1247.4𝑥
........... (i) ZvcgvÎv, 𝑇 = 300𝑘
𝑦
GLv‡b,
𝐶𝐻4 Gi †ÿ‡Î: GLv‡b,

𝑤 𝑤
𝑃𝐶𝐻4 𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝑛 = 𝑀 = 16
𝑥×8.316×300
ev, 𝑃𝑐𝐻4 = ................ (ii)
16×𝑦
(𝑖) ÷ (𝑖𝑖)
𝑃𝐻2 1247.4𝑥 𝑦
= × 155.925𝑥 = 8
𝑃𝑐𝐻4 𝑦
𝑃𝐻 2 = 8 × 𝑃𝑐𝐻4
myZivs, 𝐻2 Gi Pvc, 𝐶𝐻4 Gi Pv‡ci AvU¸Y|
(N)
DÏxcK Abymv‡i 𝐴 I 𝐵 wmwjÛv‡i mgf‡i M¨vm i‡q‡Q|

awi, M¨v‡mi fi = 𝑥 nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi ‡ÿ‡Î,
𝑤
Avgiv Rvwb, †gvjmsL¨v 𝑛 = 𝑀 𝐻2 Gi fi, 𝑤 = 𝑥𝑔
𝐻2 Gi †gvjvm fi 𝑀 = 2𝑔
𝑊 𝑥
𝑛𝐻 2 = =2
𝑀
Avevi,
𝐶𝐻4 Gi †ÿ‡Î, 𝐶𝐻4 Gi fi, 𝑤 = 𝑥𝑔 = 16𝑔
𝑊 𝑥 𝐶𝐻4 Gi †gvjvi fi, 𝑀 = 10𝑔
𝑛𝑐𝐻4 = = 16
𝑀
𝑥 𝑥
‡h‡nZz, 2 > 16 †m‡nZz 𝐻2 Gi †gvjmsL¨v †ewk| A_©vr 𝐻2 Gi AYyi msL¨v ‡ewk|
myZivs, 𝐴 wmwjÛv‡ii M¨vmxq AYy ‡ewk i‡q‡Q|
3
03. ÷cKK©
300 𝐶 300 𝐶
300𝑚𝑛 (𝐻𝑔) 250𝑚𝑛 (𝐻𝑔)
800𝑚𝐿 500𝑚𝐿
𝑋 − M¨vm 𝑌 − M¨vm
(K) cig k~b¨ ZvcgvÎv Kx?
(L) 𝑺𝑰 GK‡K 𝑹 Gi gvb wnmve K‡iv|
(M) DÏxc‡Ki 𝑿 M¨v‡mi AYyi msL¨v wbY©q K‡iv|
(N) ÷cKK©wU Ly‡j w`‡j †gvU Pvc GKB ZvcgvÎvq Ges 𝟒𝟎° 𝑪 ZvcgvÎvq wbY©q K‡iv|
DËi:
(K)
‡h ZvcgvÎvq †Kv‡bv M¨v‡mi AvqZb ZvwË¡Kfv‡e k~Y¨ nq Zv‡K cigk~b¨ ZvcgvÎv e‡j|
(L)

𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝑆𝑇𝑃 ‡Z M¨v‡mi AvqZb, 𝑉 = 22.414 𝐿
𝑃𝑉
⇒ 𝑅 = 𝑛𝑇 = 22.414 × 10−3 𝑚3
101325 ×22.414×10−3 Pvc, 𝑃 = 101.325 𝐾𝑝𝑎
⇒𝑅= 1×273.15 = 101325 𝑃𝑎
= 8.314 𝑁𝑚𝑘 −1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 = 101325 𝑁𝑚−2
= 8.314 𝐽𝑘 −1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 ZvcgvÎv 𝑇 = 273.15 𝐾
= 8.314 𝑗𝑘 −1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 ‡gvj msL¨v 𝑛 = 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
myZivs, 𝑆𝐼 GK‡K 𝑅 Gi gvb 8.314 𝐽𝑘 −1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
(M)
Avgiv Rvwb, Pvc, 𝑃 = 300 𝑚𝑚(𝐻𝑔)

𝑁
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 = 𝑁𝐴 𝑅𝑇 = 0.395 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑁𝐴 𝑃𝑉 AvqZb, 𝑉 = 800 𝑚𝐿
⇒𝑁= 𝑅𝑇 = 0.8𝐿
6.022×1023 ×0.395×0.8
= ZvcgvÎv, 𝑇 = 30° 𝐶
0.0821×303
𝑁 = 76.42 × 1020 = 303 𝑘
𝑁𝐴 = 6.022 × 1023
(N)
30° 𝐶 ZvcgvÎvq wgkÖ‡Yi †gvU Pvc 𝑃 n‡j, GLv‡b,
𝑃 𝑉 +𝑃 𝑉
𝑃1 = 1 𝑉1 +𝑉2 2 𝑋 M¨v‡mi Pvc,
1 2
300×800+250×500 𝑃1 = 300𝑚𝑚(𝐻𝑔)
= 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 AvqZb, 𝑉1 = 800 𝑚𝐿
800+500
= 280.77 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 𝑌 -M¨v‡mi Pvc, 𝑃2 = 250𝑚𝑚(𝐻𝑔)
𝑌 -M¨v‡mi AvqZb, 𝑉2 = 500 𝑚𝐿
4
Avevi, 40° 𝐶 ZvcgvÎvq †gvU Pvc 𝑃2 n‡j, Avw` ZvcgvÎv

𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑇1 = 303𝑘
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
𝑇2 313
‡kl ZvcgvÎv,
⇒ 𝑃2 = 𝑇 × 𝑃1 = 303 × 280.77 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
1 𝑇2 = 40° 𝐶 = 313𝑘
𝑃2 = 290.04 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 ‡kl Pvc, 𝑃2 =?
Avw` Pvc 𝑃1 = 280.77 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
myZivs, 30° 𝐶 I 40° 𝐶 ZvcgvÎvi wgkÖ‡Y †gvU Pvc h_vµ‡g, 280.77𝑔𝑔 (𝐻𝑔) I 290.04 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔|
04.
LPG
wmwjÛvi
m‡e©v”P Zvc mn¨ ÿgZv
116 𝑎𝑡𝑚 k~b¨ Ae¯’vq
𝑤 = 16 𝑘𝑔
𝑣 = 120 𝐿
[𝑳𝑷𝑮 (𝑪𝟒 𝑯𝟏𝟎 ) M¨vm wdwjs †÷kb †_‡K 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒂𝒕𝒎 Pv‡c 𝟐𝟓° 𝑪 ZvcgvÎvq wmwjÛv‡i M¨vm fwZ© Kiv nq|]
(K) e¨vcb Kx?
(L) AvB‡mv_vg© ej‡Z Kx †evS?
(M) DÏxcK g‡Z, M¨vmfwZ© Ae¯’vq wmwjÛv‡ii fi wbY©q K‡iv|
(N) M¨vmfwZ© wmwjÛvi iwÿZ K‡ÿi ZvcgvÎv 𝟖𝟓𝟎 𝑪 n‡q †M‡j wmwjÛviwU we‡ùvwiZ n‡e wKbv - MvwYwZfv‡e we‡kølY
K‡iv|
(K)
c`v‡_©i AYymg~‡ni †ewk Nb‡Z¡i ¯’vb †_‡K Kg Nb‡Z¡i ¯’v‡bi w`‡K ¯^Zù‚Z©fv‡e Qwo‡q covi NUbv‡K e¨vcb e‡j|
(L)
ZvcgvÎv w¯’i †i‡L 𝑃 ebvg 𝑉 Aw¼Z †jLwPÎ‡K AvB‡mv_vg© (𝐸𝑠𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚) e‡j|
wb‡¤œ wewfbœ AvB‡mv_v‡g©i wPÎ cÖ`wk©Z n‡jv|
𝑇3
𝑇2 𝑇3
𝑣 ↑ 𝑇1 𝑣 𝑇2
↑ 𝑇3 𝑣 ↑
𝑇2 𝑇1
𝑇1
𝑃→ 1 𝑃
→
𝑃 →
5
(M)
Avgiv Rvwb,
𝑤 𝐶4 𝐻10 Gi AvYweK Gi 𝑀 = 58
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑀 𝑅𝑇
𝑀𝑃𝑉
Pvc, 𝑃 = 100 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑊= AvqZb, 𝑉 = 120𝐿
𝑅𝑇
58×100×120
= 0.0821×298 ‡gvjvi M¨vm aªæeK, 𝑅 =
= 28447.874 𝑔 0.0821 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑘 −1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
= 28.45 𝑘𝑔 fi 𝑤 =?
ZvcgvÎv, 𝑇 = 25° 𝐶 = (25 + 273)𝐾
= 298𝐾
‡Ìqv Av‡Q, wmwjÛv‡ii fi 16 𝑘𝑔|

myZivs, M¨vm fwZ© Ae¯’vq wmwjÛv‡ii fi = (28.45 + 16)𝑘𝑔
= 44.45 𝑘𝑔
(N)
Avgiv Rvwb,
𝑃1 𝑇1 Avw` Pvc, 𝑃1 = 100 𝑎𝑡𝑚
=
𝑃2 𝑇 2 Avw` ZvcgvÎv, 𝑇1 = 25° 𝐶 = (25 + 273)𝐾
𝑃1 𝑇2
ev, 𝑃2 = = 25° 𝐶 = 298 𝐾
𝑇1
100×358 PzovšÍ ZvcgvÎv, 𝑇2 = 85° = (85 + 273)𝑘 =
=
298 358𝐾
= 120.134 𝑎𝑡𝑚 PzovšÍ Pvc, 𝑃2 = ?
AZGe PzovšÍ 120°134 𝑎𝑡𝑚 hv wmwjÛv‡ii mnbxq Pvc 116𝑎𝑡𝑚 Gi Zzjbvq †ewk| ZvB wmwjÛviwU †d‡U hv‡e|
÷cKK©
05.
270 𝐶
𝐴 M¨vm 0.50𝑔 𝐵 M¨vm 0.75𝑔
550𝑚𝐿 800𝑚𝐿 650 𝑚𝐿
105 𝑘𝑝𝑎 107 𝑘𝑝𝑎
25𝑐𝑚
(K) Av`k© M¨vm Kv‡K e‡j?
(L) 𝑯𝑺𝑶− 𝟒 Avqb Dfagx© e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
(M) GKB mg‡q ÷cKK© Ly‡j w`‡j M¨vmØq KZ `~i‡Z¡ wgwjZ n‡e?
(N) wgwkÖZ Ae¯’vq †Kvb M¨vm ‡ewk Pvc w`‡e? MvwYwZKfv‡e we‡kølY K‡iv|
DËi:
(K)
‡hme M¨vm me Ae¯’vq e‡q‡ji m~Î I Pvj©‡mi m~Î †g‡b P‡j Zv‡ì‡K Av`k© M¨vm e‡j|
6
(L)
‡cÖvUbxq gZev` Abymv‡i, †h me AYy ev Avq‡b Ae¯’v‡f‡` †cÖvUb `vZv I MÖnxZv Dfq cÖKvi AvPiY K‡i Zv‡ì‡K Dfagx© c`v_©
e‡j| 𝐻𝑆𝑂4− GKwU Dfag©x c`v_©| KviY GwU Ae¯’v‡f‡` †cÖvUb`vZv I MÖnxZv Dfq wn‡m‡e AvPiY K‡i|
2−
‡cÖvUb `vZv: 𝐻𝑆𝑂4− + 𝑂𝐻 − ⇌ 𝑆𝑂 4 + 𝐻2 𝑂
‡cÖvUb MÖnY: 𝐻𝑆𝑂4− + 𝐻2 𝑂 ⇌ 𝐻2 𝑠𝑜4 + 𝑂𝐻 −
(M)
𝐴 M¨v‡mi ‡ÿ‡Î- 𝑃 = 105 𝐾𝑝𝑎
Avgiv Rvwb, 𝑉 = 550 𝑚𝑙 = 0.55 × 10−3 𝑚3
𝑤
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑀 𝑅𝑇 𝑊 = 0.50 𝑔
𝐴
𝑊𝑅𝑇 𝑅 = 8.314 𝑁 𝑚𝑘 −1 𝑚𝑜 −1
ev, 𝑀𝐴 = 𝑇 = 27° 𝐶 = (27 + 273)𝑘
𝑃𝑉
8.314×0.50×300
ev, 𝑀𝐴 = 105×103×0.55×10−3 = 300𝐾
𝑀𝐴 = AvYweK (𝐴 N¨v‡mi)= ?
𝑀𝐴 = 21.59
𝐵 M¨v‡mi ‡ÿ‡Î, 𝑃 = 107 × 103 𝑃𝑎
Avgiv Rvwb, 𝑉 = 650 𝑚𝐿
𝑤
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑀 𝑅𝑇 = 065 × 10−3 𝑚3
𝐵
𝑊𝑅𝑇 𝑊 = 0.75 𝑔
ev, 𝑀𝐵 = 𝑇 = 27°𝐶 = (27 + 273)𝐾
𝑃𝑉
0.75×8.314×300
ev, 𝑀𝐵 = 107×103×0.65 ×10−3 = 300 𝐾
𝑅 = 8.314 𝐽𝐾 −1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
𝑀𝐵 = 26.89
𝑀𝐵 = 𝐵 M¨v‡mi AvYweK fi|
𝑀𝐴 = 21.59 GK 𝑀𝐵 = 26.89

MÖvnv‡gi e¨vcb m~Î n‡Z cvB,
𝑟𝐴 𝑀 26.89
= √𝑀𝐵 = √21.59 = 1.12
𝑟𝐵 𝐴
ev, 𝑟𝐴 = 1.12 × 𝑟𝐵
awi, 𝐴 M¨vm †_‡K 𝑥 `~i‡Z¡ M¨vmØq wgwjZ n‡e|
cÖkgœ ‡Z, 𝑥 + 1.12𝑥 = 25
ev, 2.12𝑥 = 25
25
𝑥 = 2.12 = 11.79 𝑐𝑚
myZivs, 𝐴 cÖvß †_‡K 11.79 𝑐𝑚 `~i‡Z¡ M¨vmØq wgwjZ n‡e|
(N)
Avgiv Rvwb, †h M¨v‡mi AvswkK Pvc ‡ewk n‡e wgwkÖZ Ae¯’vq ‡m M¨vm †ewk Pvc cÖ`vb Ki‡e|
𝐴 M¨v‡mi †ÿ‡Î,
Avgiv Rvwb,
𝑃1 𝑉1 Pvc 𝑃1 = 105 𝐾𝑝𝑎
𝑃𝐴 = 𝑉 AvqZb, 𝑉1 = 550 𝑚𝐿
105×550
= 800
𝐾𝑝𝑎 wgkÖ‡Yi †gvU AvqZb, 𝑉 = 800 𝑚𝐿
= 72.187 𝐾𝑝𝑎 AvswkK Pvc, 𝑃𝐴 =?
7
Avevi,
𝐵 M¨v‡mi †ÿ‡Î,
Avgiv cvB, GLv‡b,
𝑃 𝑉
𝑃𝐵 = 2𝑉 2 Pvc, 𝑃2 = 107 𝐾𝑝𝑎
107×650 AvqZb, 𝑉2 = 650 𝑚𝐿
= 800 𝐾𝑝𝑎 ‡gvU AvqZb, 𝑉 = 800 𝑚𝐿
= 86.937 𝐾𝑝𝑎 AvswkK Pvc, 𝑃𝐵 = ?
myZivs, †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, 𝐵 M¨v‡mi AvswkK Pvc 86.937 𝐾𝑝𝑎

𝐴 M¨v‡mi AvswkK Pvc 72.187 𝐾𝑝𝑎 A_©vr 𝐵 M¨vm‡K AvswkK Pvc †ewk| ZvB wgwkÖZ Ae¯’vq 𝐵 M¨vmwU AwaK Pvc w`‡e|
06.
AvqZb (𝑽)𝒄𝒎𝟑 Pvc (𝑷)𝒂𝒕𝒎 AvqZb (𝑽)𝑳 ZvcgvÎv (𝑻)𝒌

10 2.1 22.40 273
7 3 24.45 298
5.25 4 25.10 303
mviwY-1 mvwiwY-2
(K) †Kjwfb ‡¯‹j Kv‡K e‡j?

(L) cigk~Y¨ ZvcgvÎvq M¨v‡mi AvqZb k~Y¨ nq †Kb?
(M) DÏxc‡K mviwY-2 n‡Z cigk~Y¨ ZvcgvÎvi aviYv cÖwZôv K‡iv|
(N) M¨vm wmwjÛvi RvZKi‡Y DÏxc‡Ki mviwYmg~‡ni cÖ‡qvM i‡q‡Q wKbv? we‡kølY Ki|
DËi:
(K)
cigk~Y¨ ZvcgvÎv‡K (−273° 𝐶) k~Y¨ a‡i cÖwZ wWwMÖ‡K GK wWwMÖ †mjwmqv‡mi mgvb a‡i weÁvbx jW© †Kjwfb ZvcgvÎvi †h
bZzb †¯‹j cÖYqb K‡ib, Zv‡K ZvcgvÎvi †Kjwfb †¯‹j ev cig ‡¯‹j e‡j|
(L)
‡h ZvcgvÎvq †Kv‡bv M¨v‡mi AvqZb ZvwË¡Kfv‡e k~Y¨ nq, Zv‡K cigk~Y¨ ZvcgvÎv e‡j| Pvj©‡mi m~Îvbyhvqx w¯’iPv‡c wbw`©ó f‡ii
1
†Kv‡bv M¨v‡mi AvqZb cÖwZ wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm ZvcgvÎv e„w× ev n«v‡mi Rb¨ Zvi 0° 𝐶 ZvcgvÎvi wbYx©Z AvqZ‡bi 273 Ask e„w× ev
n«vm N‡U| Pvj©‡mi m~Îvbyhvqx,
𝜃
𝑉𝜃 = 𝑉𝑜 (1 + 273)
𝜃 = −273° 𝐶 n‡j
−273
𝑉𝜃 = 𝑉1 {1 + ( 273 )} = 𝑉𝑜 (1 − 1) = 0
myZivs, −273° 𝐶 ZvcgvÎvq †h †Kv‡bv M¨v‡mi AvqZb k~b¨ n‡e|
(M)
w¯’i Pv‡c wbw`©ó f‡ii †Kv‡bv M¨v‡mi AvqZb cÖwZ wWMÖx †mjwmqvm ZvcgvÎv e„w× ev n«v‡mi Rb¨ 𝑂° 𝐶 ZvcgvÎvq wbYx©Z
1
AvqZ‡bi 273 Ask e„w× ev n«vm N‡U|
𝑡
m~Îvbyhvqx, 𝑉1 = 𝑉1 (1 + 273)
1
1° 𝐶 ZvcgvÎvq AvqZb, 𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑜 (1 + 273)
−273
−273° 𝐶 ZvcgvÎvq AvqZb, 𝑉 − 273 = 𝑉𝑜 (1 − 273 )
= 𝑉𝑜 (1 − 1) = 0
8
A_©vr, −273° 𝐶 ZvcgvÎvq M¨v‡mi AvqZb ZË¡xqfv‡e k~Y¨ n‡q hvq| G‡KB cigk~Y¨ ZvcgvÎv e‡j|
mviwY-2 n‡Z †`Lv hvq †h, ZvcgvÎv e„w× †c‡j AvqZb e„w× cvq| A_©vr cig ZvcgvÎvi mv‡_ M¨v‡mi AvqZ‡bi cÖZ¨ÿ m¤úK©
i‡q‡Q| myZivs, 𝑉 ∝ 𝑇|
mviwY-2 n‡Z Gi DcvË‡K †jLwP‡Î 𝑌 Aÿ eivei AvqZb I 𝑋 Aÿ eivei ZvcgvÎv emv‡j wb‡¤œv³ †jLwPÎ cvIqv hvq|
25.10
24.45 𝐵
22.4
𝑣
𝐶
00 𝐶 25 270 𝐶 ev
−2730 𝐶
273 𝑘 বা 298 𝑘
ZvcgvÎv 𝑇
‡jLwP‡Î 𝐵𝐶 ‡jLv‡K wcQb w`‡K ewa©Z Ki‡j Zv ZvcgvÎv †iLvi 𝐴 we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i| †jLwPÎ n‡Z †`Lv hvq, −273° 𝐶
ZvcgvÎvq AvqZb k~Y¨ n‡q hvq| myZivs, −273° 𝐶 ZvcgvÎv‡K cigk~b¨ ZvcgvÎv e‡j|
(N)
M¨vm wmwjÛviRvZ Kivi Rb¨ M¨vm‡K Zij Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| wewfbœ M¨vmm~Î cÖ‡qvM K‡i AšÍtKYv AvKl©Y ej e„w× ØvivB M¨vm‡K
Zij Kiv nq| GLv‡b, mviwY-1 e‡q‡ji m~Î I mviwY-2 Pvj©‡mi m~Î‡K mg_©b K‡i|
1
mviwY-1 †Z w¯’i ZvcgvÎvq Pvc e„w× Kiv nq| Pvc e„w× Ki‡j e‡q‡ji m~Î Abymv‡i (𝑉 ∝ 𝑃) M¨v‡mi AvqZb n«vm cvq| d‡j
M¨vm AYymg~n ci¯ú‡ii KvQvKvwQ Av‡m| G‡Z Zv‡ì g‡a¨ AvšÍtKYv AvKl©Y ej e„w× cvq Ges M¨vm Zi‡j cwiYZ nq|
mviwY-2 ‡Z w¯’i ZvcgvÎv n«vm Kiv nq| AwaKvsk ‡ÿ‡Î Pvc cÖ‡qv‡Mi cvkvcvwk M¨v‡mi ZvcgvÎv n«vm Ki‡Z nq| ZvcgvÎv n«vm
K‡i M¨vm‡K GKwU wbw`©ó wb¤œ ZvcgvÎvq Avbv n‡j MwZZË¡ Abymv‡i M¨vm AYymg~‡ni MwZkw³ n«vm cvq| d‡j AvšÍtAvYweK
AvKl©Y ej Kvh©Kifv‡e e„w× ‡c‡q M¨vm Zi‡j iƒcvšÍwiZ nq|
myZivs ejv hvq, M¨vm wmwjÛviRvZKi‡Y DÏxc‡Ki mviwYmg~‡ni cÖ‡qvM h‡_ô hyw³hy³|
07. (𝒊)𝑪𝒖𝑺𝑶 + 𝑵𝑯𝟒 𝑶𝑯 (AwZwi³) → 𝑨 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶

(𝒊𝒊) 𝑨𝒍𝑪𝒍𝟑 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 → 𝑩
(K) 𝑺𝑻𝑷 Kx?
(L) `ye©j A‡¤øi AbyeÜx ÿviK kw³kvjx nq †Kb?
(M) (𝒊) Ges (𝒊𝒊) bs wewµqv m¤ú~Y© K‡i cÖavb Drcv`mg~‡ni bvg †j‡Lv|
(N) 𝑨 Ges 𝑩 ‡hŠ‡M A¤ø-ÿvi‡Ki †Kvb gZev`wU AbymiY Kiv nq? we‡kølY Ki|
DËi:
(K)
cÖgvY ZvcgvÎv (𝑜° 𝐶) I Pvc (1 𝑎𝑡𝑚) ‡K 𝑆𝑇𝑃 (𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒) e‡j|
(L)
`ye©j A‡¤øi AbyeÜx© ÿviK kw³kvjx nq| †hgb GKwU DfgyLx wewµqv n‡jv-
𝐻𝐵 ⇌ 𝐻 + + 𝐵 −
A¤ø †cÖvUb ÿviK
9
hw` 𝐻𝐵 `ye©j A¤ø nq, Z‡e DcwiD³ wewµqv mvg¨ve¯’vq evg w`‡K Ae¯’vb Ki‡e| myZivs wecixZ wewµqvwU A_©vr ÿviK 𝐵 −
Gi mv‡_ ‡cÖvUb ms‡hv‡Mi gvÎv †ewk n‡e| Avgv‡ì Rvbv Av‡Q, †h ÿviK hZ †ewk gvÎvq 𝐻 + Avqb MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i †mwU ZZ
Zxeª ÿviK| ZvB 𝐵 kw³kvjx ÿviK n‡e| myZivs, `ye©j A‡¤øi AbyeÜx© ÿviK kw³kvjx nq|
(M)
DÏxc‡Ki (𝑖) bs wewµqvwU n‡jv-
𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑜4 + 𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻 (AwZwi³) ⟶ 𝐴 + 𝐻2 𝑂
𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4 Gi m‡½ mvgvb¨ 𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻 `ªeY †hvM Ki‡j ÿvixq 𝐶𝑢(𝑂𝐻)2 Gi nvjKv bxj e‡Y©i Aat‡ÿc m„wó nq|
𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4 + 𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻 (mvgvb¨) → 𝐶𝑢 (𝑂𝐻)2 ∙ 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑜4 + (𝑁𝐻4 )2 𝑆𝑜4
G Aat‡ÿ‡ci g‡a¨ AwZwi³ 𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻 `ªeY †hvM Ki‡j †UUªvwgb wKDwcÖK mvj‡d‡Ui Mvp bxj `ªeY ˆZwi nq|
𝐶𝑢(𝑂𝐻)2 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4 + (𝑁𝐻4 )2 𝑆𝑜4 + 𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻 (AwZwi³)
→ [𝐶𝑢(𝑁𝐻3 )4 ]𝑆𝑜4 + 𝐻2 𝑂
Mvp bxj `ªe‡Y (𝐴)
(‡UªUvwgb wKDwcÖK mvj‡dU)
myZivs DÏxc‡Ki (𝑖) bs wewµqvi cÖavb Drcv` n‡jv ‡UUªvwgb wKDwcÖK mvj‡dU, hv‡K ‡mv‡qURvi weKviK ejv nq|
(𝑖𝑖) bs wewµqvwU n‡jv,
𝐴𝑙𝑐𝑙3 + 3𝐻2 𝑂 → [𝐴𝑙(𝐻2 𝑂)6 ]3+ + 𝐻𝐶𝑙
(𝐵)
myZivs G‡ÿ‡Î cÖavb Drcv` n‡jv (𝐴𝑙(𝐻2 𝑂)6 ]3+
(N)
jyBm gZev` Abymv‡i A¤ø n‡”Q Ggb GKwU c`v_©, hv Ab¨ †Kv‡bv c`v_© †_‡K B‡j±ªb hyMj MÖnY K‡i| Aciw`‡K ÿviK n‡”Q
Ggb GKwU c`v_©, hv Ab¨ c`v©_‡K B‡j±ªb hyMj cÖ`vb K‡i| ]
DÏxc‡Ki (𝑖𝑖) bs wewµqvq nvB‡Wª‡UW avZzi Avqb [𝐴𝑙(𝐻2 𝑂)6 ]3+ MwVZ nq|
3+
. . . .
𝐴𝑙 3+ + 6 (: 𝑂 − 𝐻) → [𝐴𝑙 (: 𝑂 − 𝐻) ]
| |
𝐻 𝐻 6
jyBm GwmW jyBm ÿviK
. .
GLv‡b, (: 𝑂 − 𝐻)B‡j±ªb hyMj `vb K‡i| ZvB GwU jyBm ÿviK|
|
𝐻
3+
Avevi, 𝐴𝑙 B‡j±ªb hyMj MÖnY K‡i| ZvB jyBm gZev` Abymv‡i GwU GwmW|
Avevi, (𝑖) bs wewµqv‡Z cÖavbZ 𝑁𝐻3 I 𝐶𝑢2+ Avq‡bi wewµqvq [𝐶𝑢(𝑁𝐻3 )4 ]2+ Avqb Drcbœ nq|
𝐶𝑢2+ + 4𝑁̈𝐻3 → [(𝐶𝑢(𝑁𝐻3 )4 ]2+
G‡ÿ‡Î PviwU 𝑁𝐻3 AYyi cÖ‡Z¨KwUi GKwU K‡i B‡j±ªb †Rvo 𝐶𝑢2+ Avqb‡K `vb K‡i| ZvB G‡ÿ‡Î 𝑁𝐻3 jyBm ÿviK I
𝐶𝑢2+ jyBm GwmW wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
10
08. 𝐵 𝑔𝑎𝑠
𝐴 𝑔𝑎𝑠
𝑃𝑣
(𝑎𝑡𝑚𝐿)
(K) cigk~b¨ ZvcgvÎv Kv‡K e‡j?

(L) cvwbi ¯’vqx LiZvi KviY Kx?
(M) 𝟐𝟓° 𝑪 ZvcgvÎv 𝟎. 𝟗𝟕𝒂𝒕𝒎 Pv‡c 𝑨 M¨v‡mi 𝟐. 𝟓 𝒈 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒎𝑳 AvqZb `Lj K‡i| M¨vmwUi AvYweK fi wbY©q
Ki|
(N) ′𝑨 ও 𝑩 M¨vmØ‡qi g‡a¨ †KvbwU Av`k© M¨v‡mi Ae¯’vi mgxKiY AbymiY K‡i bv? KviYmn we‡kølY Ki|
DËi:
(K)
‡h ZvcgvÎvq M¨v‡mi AvqZb ZvwË¡Kfv‡e k~Y¨ nq Zv‡K cigk~Y¨ e‡j|
(L)
2+ 2+ 2+
cvwb‡Z 𝐶𝑎 , 𝑀𝑔 , 𝐹𝑒 Avqb `ªexf‚Z _vK‡j H cvwb‡K Li cvwb e‡j| mvaviYZ †mvwWqvg mvevb Li cvwb‡Z
K¨vjwmqvg g¨vM‡bwmqvg Avq‡bi A`ªeYxq mvevbiƒ‡c †f‡m D‡V|
∆
2𝐻𝐶𝑂3− ⇌ 𝐶𝑂2 (𝑔) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) + 𝐶𝑂32−(𝑎𝑞)
𝐶𝑎2+ (aq)+𝐶𝑜32− (aq) → 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑜3 𝑠 ↓
𝑀𝑔2+ (aq) +𝐶𝑜32− (aq)→ 𝑀𝑔𝐶𝑜3 (𝑠) ↓
hv Mvu` ev ¯‹¨vg wn‡m‡e cvwb‡Z †f‡m D‡V| G Kvi‡YB cvwb ¯’vqxfv‡e Li nq|
(M)
cÖ`Ë DÏxc‡K †`qv Av‡Q,
𝐴 M¨v‡mi ZvcgvÎv, 𝑇 = (25 + 273)𝐾 = 298 𝐾
Pvc, 𝑃 = 0.97𝑎𝑡𝑚
= 0.97 × 101.325 𝐾𝑝𝑎
= 98285.25𝑝𝑎
AvqZb, 𝑉 = 400 𝑚𝐿
= 400 × 10−3 𝐿
2.5
Avj, 𝑛 = [‡hLv‡b, 𝑀, 𝐴 M¨v‡mi AvYweK fi]
𝑀
Avgiv Rvwb,
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
𝑃𝑉
ev, 𝑛 = 𝑅𝑇
𝑃𝑇
⇒ 𝑀 = 𝑃𝑉 × 2.5
8.314×298×2.5
𝑀 = 98285.25×400×10−3
= 0.15754 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 1−1
= 157.54 𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
 myZivs, 𝐴 M¨v‡mi AvYweK fi 157.54
11
(N)
𝐴 M¨v‡mi †ÿ‡Î wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎvq 𝑃𝑉 ebvg 𝑃 Gi †jLwPÎ 𝑃 A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj nq Ges †h‡Kv‡bv Pv‡c 𝑃𝑉 Gi gvb 𝑅𝑇 Gi
mgvb nq| ZvB 𝐴 M¨vmwU Av`k© M¨v‡mi mgxKiY AbymiY Ki‡e| wKš‘ 𝐵 M¨v‡mi ‡ÿ‡Î, Pvc e„w×i d‡j 𝑃𝑉 Gi gvb cÖ_gw`‡K
Kg‡Z _v‡K Ges Pv‡ci GKwU wbw`©ó gv‡b 𝑃𝑉 Gi gvb me©wb¤œ nq| Gici Pvc evo‡Z _vK‡j 𝑃𝑉 Gi gvb µgk evo‡Z _v‡K
Ges GKmgq 𝑅𝑇 Gi gvb‡K Qvwo‡q hvq| G ai‡bi †iLv¸‡jv‡Z GKwU AeZj Ask _v‡K| 𝐵 M¨v‡mi †ÿ‡Î Pvc e„w×i mv‡_
mv‡_ AvšÍtAvYweK AvKl©Y ej e„w× cvq Ges AvqZb n«vm cvq| G AvqZ‡b AvšÍ:AvYweK AvKl©Y ej cÖvavb¨ jvf K‡i| Pvc
Av‡iv e„w× Ki‡j AYymg~‡ni g‡a¨ weKl©Y ej Kvh©Ki n‡Z ïiæ K‡i| weKl©Y ej AvKl©Y e‡ji †P‡q cÖvavb¨ jvf Ki‡j mgPvcxq
†iLv 𝐴 M¨v‡mi †iLv‡K AwZµg K‡i Dc‡ii w`‡K e„w× cvq| A_v©r 𝐵 M¨vm Av`k© M¨v‡mi mgxKiY †g‡b P‡j bv|
myZivs DÏxc‡Ki ′𝐴′ 3′ 𝐵′ M¨vmØ‡qi g‡a¨ ′𝐵′ M¨vmwU Av`k© M¨v‡mi Ae¯’vi mgxKiY AbymiY K‡i bv|
09. GKwU M¨v‡mi 𝑶° 𝑪 ZvcgvÎvq wewfbœ Pvc I AvqZb wb¤œiƒc:-

Pvc (𝒂𝒕𝒎) 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓
AvqZb (𝑳) 𝟐. 𝟖𝟎 𝟏. 𝟒𝟎 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑
(K) 𝑻𝑫𝑺 Kx?
(L) ev¯Íe M¨v‡mi Pvc Av`k© M¨v‡mi Pvc A‡cÿv Kg ‡Kb?
(M) DÏxc‡Ki M¨vmwUi AYyi msL¨v wbY©q K‡iv|
(N) DÏxc‡Ki M¨vmwU wK e‡q‡ji m~Î AbymiY Ki‡e? hyw³mn we‡kølY K‡iv|
DËi:
(K)
cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z KwVb c`v‡_©i †gvU cwigvY‡K 𝑇𝐷𝑆 (𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑) e‡j|
(L)
M¨v‡mi MZxqZË¡ ‡h mg¯Í ¯^xKv‡h©i Dci cÖwZwôZ, Zvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jv, M¨v‡mi AYymg~n mij‰iwLK c‡_ BZ¯ÍZfv‡e m`v
mÂiYkxj| AYy¸‡jv ci¯ú‡ii m‡½ Ges cv‡Îi †Ìqv‡jii m‡½ AweiZ av°v Lvq| M¨vm AYy¸‡jvi cv‡Îi †Ìqv‡j AweiZ
av°vi d‡j M¨v‡mi Pvc m„wó nq| Av`k© M¨v‡mi AYymg~‡ni g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv AvKl©Y ev weKl©Y ej ‡bB e‡j we‡ePbv Kiv nq| Z‡e,
ev¯Íe M¨v‡mi Abymg~‡ni g‡a¨ GB mg¯Í ej we`¨gvb| GKvi‡Y Av`k© ev¯Íe Ae¯’vq AvKl©Ygy³ AYy¸‡jvi †h cwigvY av°v †Ìqv‡j
†Ìqvi K_v, Zv ev¯Íe M¨v‡mi AYymg~n w`‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j ev¯Íe M¨v‡mi Pvc Av`k© M¨v‡mi Pvc A‡cÿv Kg nq|
(M)
Avgiv Rvwb,
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 Pvc, 𝑃 = 0.25 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑁 AvqZb 𝑉 = 2.8𝐿
⇒ 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑁 𝑅𝑇
𝑃𝑉
𝐴
ZvcgvÎv 𝑇 = 273 𝑘
𝑁 = 𝑅𝑇 × 𝑁𝐴 AYyi msL¨v, 𝑁 =?
0.25×2.5×6.023×1023
= 𝑁𝐴 = 6.023 × 1023
0.0821×273
= 1.88 × 1022 wU 𝑅 = 0.0821 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝑘 −1
myZivs, DÏxc‡Ki M¨vmwUi AYyi msL¨v 1.88 × 1022 wU|

(N)
e‡q‡j m~Îvbymv‡i, Avgiv Rvwb w¯’i ZvcgvÎvq (𝑇) wbw`©ó f‡ii †Kv‡bv M¨v‡mi AvqZb (𝑉) I Pvc (𝑃) ci¯ú‡ii
e¨v¯ÍvbycvwZK|
1
A_©vr, 𝑉 ∝ 𝑃 [hLb 𝑇 w¯’i]
ev, 𝑃𝑉 = 𝐾 ...................(𝑖)
12
GLb, 𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝐾1 , 𝑃2 𝑉2 = 𝐾2 ................. 𝑃𝑛 𝑉𝑛 = 𝐾𝑛 n‡j e‡q‡ji m~Îvbymv‡i 𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 = .......... = 𝑃𝑛 𝑉𝑛 |

A_©vr Pvc I AvqZ‡bi ¸Ydj aªæe _vK‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î Pvc A_ev AvqZb cwieZ©b Ki‡jI 𝑃𝑉Gi gvb GKB _vK‡e|
Pv
A_ev P
DÏxc‡K M¨v‡mi Pvc I AvqZ‡bi cwieZ©b †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q,

𝐾1 = 𝑃1 𝑉1 Pvc, 𝑃1 = 0.25 𝑎𝑡𝑚
= 0.25 × 2.8 AvqZb, 𝑉1 = 2.80 𝐿
= 0.7 𝑃2 = 0.5𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝐾2 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 = 0.5 × 1.4 𝑉2 = 1.4𝐿
= 0.7 𝑃3 = 0.75 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝐾3 = 𝑃3 𝑉3 = 0.75 × 0.93 𝑉3 = 0.93 𝐿
= 0.7
DÏxc‡Ki Z_¨ Abyhvqx, 𝐾1 = 𝐾2 = 𝐾3 A_©vr 0° 𝐶 ZvcgvÎvq M¨vmwUi Pvc A_ev AvqZ‡bi cwieZ©b Ki‡j 𝑃𝑉 Gi gvb
w¯’i _vK‡e|
ZvB DÏxc‡Ki M¨vmwU e‡q‡ji m~Î‡K AbymiY Ki‡e|
Shadow Aide Special

10. [300 ]
𝑣 Xvj = 20 mLatm
𝑝−1
(K) †M-jym¨v‡Ki Pvcxq m~ÎwU Kx?

(L) mve©Rbxb M¨vm aªyeK‡K †gvjvi M¨vm aªæeK ejv nq †Kb?
(M) 𝟐. 𝟓 𝒂𝒕𝒎 Pv‡c DÏxc‡Ki M¨vmwUi AvqZb †ei K‡iv|
(N) 𝑺𝑻𝑷 ‡Z M¨vmwUi AvqZb KZ n‡e- we‡kølY K‡iv|
DËi:
(K)
Òw¯’i AvqZ‡b wbw`©ó fi wewkó †Kv‡bv M¨v‡mi Pvc Zvi cig ZvcgvÎvi mgvbycvwZKÓ GwU †M-jym¨v‡Ki Pvcxq m~Î|
(L)
Avgiv Rvwb, hw` wewfbœ M¨v‡mi Pvc 𝑃, ZvcgvÎv 𝑇 w¯’i _v‡K, ZLb GK‡gvj mKj M¨v‡mi AvqZb ev †gvjvi AvqZb 𝑉 mgvb
n‡e|
myZivs, 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 n‡Z †evSv hvq †h, GK †gvj M¨v‡mi 𝑅 Gi gvb mgvb| G Kvi‡Y GK me©Rbxb M¨vm ev †gvjvi M¨vm
aªæeK ejv nq|
13
(M)
1
DÏxc‡Ki wPÎbymv‡i 𝑉 ebvg 𝑃 Gi †jLwP‡Îi Xvj = 20 𝑚𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑚
Avgiv cvB,
1
𝑉 = 𝐾𝑃
ev, 𝑃𝑉 = 𝐾
ev, 𝑃𝑉 = 20 𝑚𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑚
GLb, Pvc, 𝑃 = 2.5 𝑎𝑡𝑚 n‡j M¨vmwUi AvqZb 𝑉 wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e |
GLv‡b,
𝑃𝑉 = 20
ev, 2.5 × 𝑉 = 20
20
ev, 𝑉 = 2.5
𝑉 = 8𝑚𝐿
AZGe, 2.5 𝑎𝑡𝑚 Pv‡c M¨v‡mi AvqZb 8 𝑚𝐿
(N)
ÔMÕ bs cÖ‡kœvËi †_‡K cvIqv hvq,
M¨vmwUi ZvcgvÎv 30° 𝐶 I Pvc 2 ∙ 5 𝑎𝑡𝑚 n‡j AvqZb 8 𝑚𝐿 nq|
Avgiv Rvwb, = 𝑉1 = 18.02 𝑚𝐿
𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2
= 𝑇 Pvc, 𝑃2 = 2.5 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑇1 2
𝑃 𝑉𝑇 AvqZb 𝑉2 = 8 𝑚𝐿
ev, 𝑉1 = 𝑇2 𝑃2 1 𝑇2 = 303𝐾
2 1
2.5×8×273
ev, 𝑉1 = 303×1 𝑆𝑇𝑃 ‡Z, Pvc, 𝑃1 = 1𝑎𝑡𝑚
5460 ZvcgvÎv 𝑇1 = 273 𝐾
ev, 𝑉1 = 303
𝑉 =?
AZGe, 𝑆𝑇𝑃-‡Z M¨v‡mi AvqZb = 18.02 𝑚𝐿
14
‰bwe©¨w³K cÖkœ
1. ‡gvjvi M¨vm aªæe‡Ki gvÎv mgxKiY n‡jv- 8. wb‡Pi †Kvb M¨vmwUi e¨vcb nvi mev©waK?
(K) KvR-1 k-1 †gvj-1 (L) KvR k-1 †gvj-1 (K) 𝑁𝐻3 (L) 𝐶𝐻4
(M) KvR k-1 ‡gvj (N) KvR-1k †gvj-1 (M) 𝑁2 (N) 𝐶𝑜
DËi: L DËi: L
𝑃𝑉 e¨vL¨v: AvYweK fi
e¨vL¨v: 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 ⇒ 𝑛𝑇 = 𝑇
𝑤
𝑁𝐻3 → 17
⇒ 𝑛𝐾 = 𝑅 ⇒ KvR 𝐾 −1 ম োল = 𝑅
−1
𝐶𝐻4 → 16
2. 𝟏 𝒂𝒕𝒎 mgvb KZ 𝑲𝒑𝒂? 𝑁2 → 28 𝐶𝐻4 > 𝑁𝐻3 > 𝑁2 = 𝐶𝑜
𝐶𝑜 → 28
(K) 760 (L) 101.325 × 103 9. 𝟓𝟎𝟎 wU ¯^vÿi w`‡Z MÖvdvBU †cwÝ‡ji 𝟓𝟓. 𝟔 𝒎𝒈 ÿq
(M) 101.325 (N) 10.1 × 105 nq| cÖwZwU ¯^vÿ‡i KZwU Kve©b cigvYy LiP nq?
DËi: M (K) 5.58 × 1015
3. wb‡¤œi †Kvb ZvcgvÎvq M¨v‡mi AvqZb k~Y¨ n‡e? (L) 5.58 × 1016
(K) 0° 𝐶 (L) 25° 𝐶 (M) 5.58 × 1017
(M) 273 𝐾 (N) −273° 𝐶 (N) 5.58 × 1018
DËi: N DËi: (N)
e¨vL¨v: Pvj©‡mi m~Î Abymv‡i, Pvc w¯’i _vK‡j ZvcgvÎv e¨vL¨v: 500 wU ¯^vÿ‡i ÿq nq 0.0556 𝑔
n«v‡mi mv‡_ mv‡_ M¨v‡mi AvqZb n«vm cvq| Pvj©‡mi m~Î 1 wU ¯^vÿ‡i ÿq nq 1.11 × 10−4 𝑔
n‡Z Avgiv cvB, 0° 𝐶 ZvcgvÎvq †Kv‡bv M¨v‡mi 12 𝑔 Kve©‡Y cigvYy msL¨v = 6.023 × 1023 wU
AvqZb 𝑉𝑂 Ges 𝑡° 𝐶 ZvcgvÎvq 𝑉1 n‡j 𝑉𝑡 = 1.11 × 10−4 cigvYy msL¨v = 5.58 × 1018 wU
𝜃 10. 𝟏. 𝟎𝟑𝟐𝒈 Aw·‡Rb I 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟑 𝒈 KwVb WvBA·vBW
𝑉𝑜 (1 + 273 𝑡) GLv‡b, 𝑡 = −273° 𝐶 n‡j 𝑉𝑡 = M¨vm wgkÖ‡Y Kve©b WvB A·vB‡Wi †gvj fMœvsk KZ?
0 n‡e| (K) 0.713 (L) 0.833
A_v©r, −273° 𝐶 ev cig k~b¨ ZvcgvÎv M¨v‡mi (M) 0.287 (N) 0.1677
AvqZb k~b¨| DËi: M
4. Pv‡ci mv‡_ M¨v‡mi AvqZb cwieZ©b nq †KvbwU‡Z? e¨vL¨v:
𝑊2 𝑁𝐴
(K) e‡q‡ji m~Î (L) Pvj©‡mi m~Î 𝑀2
𝑥= 𝑊1 𝑁𝐴 𝑊2 𝑁𝐴 =
(M) MÖvnv‡gi m~Î (N) d¨viv‡Wi m~Î 𝑀1
+
𝑀2
DËi: (K) 0.573×6.023×1023
44
e¨vL¨v: eB 1.032×6.023×1023 0.573×6.023×1023
+
5. 𝟏𝟎𝟎° 𝑪 ZvcgvÎvq I 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓𝟐𝟔 𝒂𝒕𝒎 Pv‡c 𝑪𝒐𝟐 32 44
= 0.287
M¨v‡mi NbZ¡ KZ? 11. e‡q‡ji m~‡Îi cÖKvk-
(K) 0.0091 (L) 0.0149 (𝑖) 𝑃𝑣 = 𝑘
(M) 1.512 (N) 1.49 × 1022 (𝑖𝑖)𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2
DËi: M (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑃1⁄𝑉 = 𝑃2⁄𝑉
𝑤 𝑊 1 2
e¨vL¨v: 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑀 𝑅𝑇 ⇒ 𝑃𝑀 = 𝑉 𝑅𝑇 = 𝜌𝑅𝑇 wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
⇒𝜌=
𝑃𝑀 1.0526×44
= 0.084×373 = 1.512 𝑔/𝐿 (K) 𝑖 (L) 𝑖𝑖
𝑅𝑇
𝑽 𝒕 𝑽 𝒕
(M) 𝑖 I 𝑖𝑖𝑖 (N) 𝑖𝑖 I 𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝒐 𝒐
6. 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑽𝟎 + 𝟐𝟕𝟑 GB mgxKi‡Y 𝟐𝟕𝟑 ‡K e‡j- DËi: (M)
(K) Zvc cÖmviv¼ (L) AvqZb cÖmviv¼ e¨vL¨v: eB|
(M) cig AvqZb (N) cig ZvcgvÎv 12. ZË¡xfv‡e GKwU M¨v‡mi AvqZb k~Y¨-
DËi: L (𝑖) −270 wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm
(𝑖𝑖) − 273 wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm
7. 𝑺𝑻𝑷 ‡Z 𝟏𝑳 M¨v‡mi fi 𝟏. 𝟒𝟑 𝒈 n‡j M¨vmwU-
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 0 ‡Kjwfb
(K) 𝐻2 (L) 𝑂2
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(M) 𝑁2 (N) 𝐶𝑙2
DËi: L (K) 𝑖 (L) 𝑖𝑖
e¨vL¨v: 22.42 Gi fi (22.4 × 1.43) (M) 𝑖𝑖 I 𝑖𝑖𝑖 (N) 𝑖𝑖 I 𝑖𝑖𝑖
= 32 𝑔 hv 𝑂2 Gi DËi: (M)
15
13. M¨v‡mi e¨vcb nv‡ii Ici cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix wbqvgK¸‡jv- 21. 𝟐𝟕° 𝑪 ZvcgvÎvq †Kvb M¨vmwUi 𝑹𝑴𝑺 MwZ‡eM ‡ewk?
(𝑖) Pvc (K) 𝑁2 (L) 𝐻2
(𝑖𝑖) ZvcgvÎv (M) 𝑂2 (N) 𝐶𝑙2
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) AvYweK fi DËi: L
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) 𝑖 (L) 𝑖𝑖 22. 𝑺𝑨𝑻𝑷 ‡Z-𝟒𝟖𝒈 𝒐𝟐 Gi MwZkw³ KZ Ryj?
(M) 𝑖 I 𝑖𝑖𝑖 (N) 𝑖𝑖 I 𝑖𝑖𝑖 (K) 5.574 × 103 (L) 3.716 × 103
DËi: (N) (M) 3.404 × 103 (N) 1.115 × 10−3
14. 𝟏𝟖° 𝑪 ZvcgvÎv I 𝟎. 𝟖 𝒂𝒕𝒎 Pv‡c †Kv‡bv M¨v‡mi DËi: (K)
NbZ¡ 𝟐. 𝟐𝟓 𝒈⁄𝑳 n‡j Gi AvYweK fi KZ? 3
(K) 67.19 (L) 36.24 𝐸𝑘 = 2 𝑛𝑅𝑇
(M) 24.36 (N) 36.63 = 5.574 × 103
DËi: K 𝑛=
4𝑃
e¨vL¨v: 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 12
𝑊 𝑅 = 8.314 𝐽𝑘 −1 𝑚𝑜𝑙1
⇒ 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑀 𝑅𝑇
𝑇 = 298
⇒ 𝑃𝑀 = 𝜌𝑅𝑇
𝜌𝑅𝑇 2.25 × 0.0821 × 291 23. 𝟑𝟑° 𝑪 ZvcgvÎvq 𝑵𝟐 Gi 𝒓𝒎𝒔 KZ 𝒎𝒔−𝟏 ?
⇒𝑀= = (K) 16 ∙ 33 (L) 51 ∙ 58
𝑃 0.8
= 67.19 (M) 522 (N) 772
15. 𝑪𝑮𝑺 GK‡Î 𝑹 Gi gvb †KvbwU?
DËi: (M)
(K) 8.316 𝐾 −1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
(L) 8.316 𝑒𝑟𝑔 𝐾 −1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 3𝑅𝑇 3 × 8.314 × 306
⇒𝐶=√ = √( ) = 522 ∙ 092
(M)8.316 × 107 𝑒𝑟𝑔 𝐾 −1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝑀 28 × 10−3
(N) 8.316 𝑒𝑟𝑔 𝐾 −1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 24. w¯’i DòZv I Pv‡c GKwU Av`k© M¨v‡mi Mo eM©‡e‡Mi
DËi: M eM©g~jÑ
16. M¨v‡mi MwZZ‡Ë¡i ¯^xKv‡h© D‡jøL bvB †KvbwU?
(K) AwfKl© e‡ji cÖfve (L) eM©g~j Mo eM©‡eM (𝑖) √
3𝑅𝑇
(M) Mogy³ cv_ (N) msNl© evj 𝑀
DËi: (K) 3𝑃
e¨vL¨v: M¨v‡mi MwZZ‡Ë¦i ¯^xKvh©¸‡jv| (𝑖𝑖) √
𝑉
17. Av`k© M¨v‡mi MZxq mgxKiY cÖwZôv K‡ib †K?
3𝑃
(K) g¨v·I‡qj (L) K¬wmqvm (𝑖𝑖𝑖) √
(M) †evëRg¨vb (N) A¨v‡fv‡M‡Wªv 𝑑
DËi: L wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
18. 𝟏𝑲 DòZv e„w×i Rb¨ cÖwZ †gvj Av`k© M¨vm †_‡K ‡h (K) 𝑖 I 𝑖𝑖 (L) 𝑖 I 𝑖𝑖𝑖
cwigvY KvV ev kw³ cvIqv hvq, Zvi gvb KZ? (M) 𝑖𝑖 I 𝑖𝑖𝑖 (N) 𝑖, 𝑖𝑖 I 𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑅
(K) 𝑅 (L) 2 DËi: (L)
(M) 2𝑅 (N) 3𝑅 25. 𝟑𝟐𝟎 𝒌 ZvcgvÎvq 𝟑𝒈 𝑵𝟐 Gi MwZkw³ KZ?
DËi: (K)
19. w¯’i ZvcgvÎvq 𝒓𝒎𝒔 ‡e‡Mi mwVK µg †KvbwU? (K) 427 𝐽 (L) 806 𝐽
(K) 𝐻2 > 𝑁2 > 𝐶𝑂2 (L) 𝐶𝑜2 > 𝑁2 > 𝐻2 (M) 831 𝐽 (N) 161 𝐽
(M) 𝑁2 > 𝐶𝑜2 > 𝐻2 (N) 𝑁2 > 𝐻2 > 𝐶𝑜2 DËi: (K)
DËi: (K) 3 3
⇒ 𝐸𝑘 = 2 × 28 × 8.34 × 320
20. 𝟐𝟕° 𝑪 ZvcgvÎvq 𝟐𝟐𝒈 𝑪𝑶𝟐 Gi MwZkw³ KZ Ryj?
(K) 1870.65 (L) 168.36 = 427.57
(M) 82.30 (N) 18.47 26. ev¯Íe M¨vm KLb Av`k© M¨vm Gi b¨vq AvPiY K‡i?
DËi: (K) (K) 0° 𝐶 (L) wb¤œ ZvcgvÎv
3𝑛𝑅𝑇
⇒ 𝑛𝑚𝑜𝑙 M¨vm AYyi Mo MwZkw³ = 2 | GLv‡b, (M) ev®ú ZvcgvÎv (N) LyeB D”P ZvcgvÎv
22𝑔 𝐶𝑜2 = 0.5𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑜2 DËi: L
3
Mo MwZkw³ = 2 × 0.5 × 𝑅𝑇 = 1870.65 e¨vL¨v: eB|
16
27. 𝟒𝒈 nvB‡Wªv‡Rb M¨v‡mi Rb¨ Av`k© M¨vm mgxKiY †KvbwU? 40. GwmW e„wó‡Z bvBwUªK Gwm‡Wi cwigvY KZ?
(K) 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 (L) 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑅𝑇 (K) 25 − 35% (L) 30 − 35%
(M) 𝑃𝑉 = 2𝑅𝑇 (N) 𝑃𝑉 = 4𝑅𝑇 (M) 35 − 40% (N) 40 − 45%
DËi: (M) DËi: L
28. Av`k© M¨v‡mi †ÿ‡Î 𝑷𝑽 ebvg 𝑷 ‡jLwP‡Îi cÖK…wZ †Kgb? 41. cÖPzi cwigvY 𝑺𝑶𝟐 evqy‡Z wg‡k hvq Kxfv‡e?
(K) g~jwe›`yMvgx (L) 𝑃𝑉 A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj (K) f‚wgK¤ú (L) R‡jv”Qvm
(M) Aa©e„Ë (N) 𝑃 Aÿ mgvšÍivj (M) AMœy¨rcvZ (N) NywY©So
DËi: N DËi: M
29. A¨vgvMv cixÿvi g~j wfwË Kx wQj? 42. †KvbwU gv‡Qi k¦vmh‡š¿ AvµgY K‡i?
(K) e‡q‡ji m~Î (L) Pvj©‡mi m~Î (K) 𝐶𝑙 (L) 𝑁𝑎+
(M) A¨v‡fvM‡Îi m~Î (N) †M jymv‡ek m~Î 2−
DËi: (K) (M) 𝐴𝑙 3+ (N) 𝑠𝑜 4
30. A¨vgvMv eµ‡iLvi g~jwfwË †KvbwU? DËi: M
(K) 𝑉 ∝ 𝑃
1
(L) 𝑉 ∝ 𝑇 43. Gme Rjxq ev®ú `ªe‡Y 𝑯+ `vb K‡i GwU Kvi gZev`?
1 (K) jyBm (L) Avi‡nwbqvg
(M) 𝑟 ∝ (N) 𝑃 ∝ 𝑇 (M) eªb‡÷W jvDix (N) Wvëb
√𝑑
DËi: (K) DËi: L
31. f¨vbWvi Iqvjm mgxKi‡Yi aªæeK ′𝒂′ Øviv eySvq? e¨vL¨v: 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) → 𝐻 + + 𝐶𝑙 −
(K) M¨v‡mi MwZkw³ (L) AvšÍ: AvYweK AvKl©Y GwmW
(M) M¨v‡mi AvqZb (N) AvšÍ: AvYweK weKl©Y
DËi: L
44. 𝑲𝒂 I 𝑲𝒃 Gi gvc‡bi g~jbxwZ-
32. ms‡KvPkxjZv ¸Yv¼𝟕 > 𝟏 M¨v‡mi Rb¨ †KvbwU mwVK? (K) Avi‡nwbqvm gZev`
(K) AwaK ms‡KvPbkxj (L) Kg ms‡KvPbkxj (L) eªb‡óW jvDwiW gZev`
(M) Av`k© (N) Ams‡KvPb †hvM¨ (M) jyBm gZev`
DËi: L (N) cvDwj gZev`
DËi: K
33. wb‡Pi †Kvb M¨vmwUi ms‡KvPbkxjZv ¸Yv¼, 𝒛 < 𝟏 nq?
45. AbyeÜx GwmW I ÿviK hyM‡ji g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kx?
(K) 𝐻2 (L) 𝐻𝑒 (K) GKwU 𝐻 cigvYy (L) GKwU 𝐻 + Avqb
(M) 𝐶𝐻4 (N) 𝑁𝑒 (M) GK AYy cvwb (N) GKwU 𝑂𝐻 −
DËi: (M) DËi: L
34. ‡KvbwU Av`k© AvPiY †_‡K ρ ‡ewk wePÿwZ †`Lvq? 46. eªb‡÷W-jvDix gZev` Abyhvqx, wb‡Pi †KvbwU ÿviK?
(K) 𝐻𝑒 (L) 𝐶𝐻4 (K) 𝑁𝐻4+ (L) 𝑁𝐻3
(M) 𝑁2 (N) 𝐻𝐶𝑙 (M) 𝐴𝑙𝑐𝑙3 (N) 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑁𝑎
DËi: (N) DËi: L
35. ev¯Íe M¨v‡mi Av`k© AvPi‡Y gy³¯’vb †KvbwU? 47. 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝟑 Gi AbyeÜx GwmW †Kvb †KvbwU?
(K) 𝑉 (L) 𝑉 − 𝑛𝑏 (K) 𝑁𝑜2 𝑙𝑜3 (L) 𝐶𝑜32−
−
(M) 𝑉 + 𝑛𝑏 (N) 𝑛𝑏 (M) 𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂3 (N) 𝐻𝐶𝑂3
DËi: (L) DËi: M
36. ¯^vfvweK e„wói cvwbi 𝒑𝑯 KZ? 48. wb‡Pi †KvbwU jyBm ÿviK?
(K) 1.8 − 5.5 (L) 5 − 6 (K) 𝐴𝑙𝑐𝑙3 (L) 𝑁𝐻3
(M) 6 − 7 (N) 7.5 − 8.5 (M) 𝐵𝐹3 (N) 𝐶2 𝐻4
DËi: (L) DËi: L
37. ¯^vfvweK e„wói cvwb‡Z _v‡K- e¨vL¨v: jyBm ZË¡ Abymv‡i †h me AvqY, AYy ev cigvYy
(K) Kve©wbK GwmW (L) dmdvwiK GwmW Ab¨ †Kvb c`v_©‡K B‡j±ªb †KvP `vb K‡i, Zv‡ì‡K
(M) nvB‡Wªv‡RvwqK (N) mvBwUªK GwmW ÿviK ejv 𝑁𝐻3 𝐶𝑂, 𝐴𝑅, 𝐶𝐻3 − 𝑂𝐻, 𝐹 − , 𝐶𝑁
DËi: (K) cÖf…wZ jyBm ÿviK|
38. ‡KvbwUi cÖfv‡e GwmW e„wói m„wó nq? 49. 𝑭𝒆𝟐 𝑶𝟑 Gi A¤øZ¡ KZ?
(K) 𝑆𝑂𝑥 (L) 𝑁𝑂𝑥 (K) 4 (L) 5
(M) 𝐶𝐹2 𝑈2 (N) 𝑆𝑜𝑥 , 𝑁𝑜𝑥 (M) 6 (N) 7
DËi: (N) DËi: M
39. GwmW e„wói Rb¨ `vqx bq? 50. cvYxq R‡j 𝑾𝑯𝑶 KZ…©K Aby‡gvw`Z 𝒑𝑯 gvb KZ?
(K) 𝑂2 (L) 𝑁𝑜 (K) 3.5 n‡Z 6.4 (L) 6.5 n‡Z 8.5
(M) 𝐶𝑂2 (N) 𝑆𝑜2 (M) 7.5 n‡Z 12.0 (N) 9.5 n‡Z 12.0
DËi: (K) DËi:L
17
At a Glance
1. 𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2
𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃 𝑉
2. = 2𝑇 2
𝑇 1 2
3. 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
𝑛2 𝑎
4. (𝑃 + ) (𝑉 − 𝑛𝑏) = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 → ev¯Íe M¨vm
𝑉2
5. ‡gvU Pvc, 𝑃 = 𝑃𝐴 + 𝑃𝐵 + 𝑃𝑐
6. 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑃1 𝑉1 + 𝑃2 𝑉2
𝑃1 𝑃
7. = 12
𝑇1 2
𝑛𝐴 𝑃𝐴
8. 𝑋𝐴 = = ; 𝑃𝐴 = 𝑋𝐴 × 𝑃 [𝑋𝐴 = 𝐴 Gi †gvj fMœvsk]
𝑛 𝑃
𝑟1 𝑑2 𝑀2 𝑡2 𝑉1
9. =√ =√ = =
𝑟2 𝑑1 𝑀1 𝑡1 𝑉2
3𝑃𝑉 3𝑅𝑡
10. 𝑟𝑚𝑙 ‡eM 𝑐 = √ =√𝑀
𝑀
3 3
11. 𝐸𝑘 = 2 𝑃𝑉 = 2 𝑛𝑅𝑇
𝑉×𝑀×8×1000
12. 𝐶𝑂𝐷 = 𝑋
(𝐷𝑜 −𝐷5 )−(𝐵𝑜 −𝐵𝑟 )
13. 𝐵𝑂𝐷 = ×𝜑
𝑃
18
Aa¨vq 02: ˆRe †hŠM

*** i. Av‡jvK mwµq mgvYy
ii. gviKwbK‡fi m~Î + Gw›UgviKwbKf
iii. ‡ebwRb cÖ¯‘wZ + †ebwR‡bi 𝐸𝑝 cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqvmg~n + †i‡Rv‡bÝ mg~n
(‡eªvwg‡bkb, mvj‡dv‡bkb, A¨vjKvB‡jkb BZ¨vw`)
iv. wMÖMbvW© weKviK †_‡K wfbœ wfbœ Kvh©Kix g~jK ˆZwi
v. 10 , 20 I 30 A¨vj‡Kvnj kbv³KiY
vi. K¨vwbRv‡iv I A¨vj‡Wvj Nbxfeb wewµqv
vii. 𝑆𝑁1 I 𝑆𝑁 2 wewµqvi ‡KŠkj cv_©K¨
** i. bvgKiY
ii. mgvYyZv (†gŠgvwiR, †U‡UvgvwiRg)
iii. ‡KŠkj:- 𝐸𝑝 , 𝑁𝑝 ms‡hvRRb + cÖwZ¯’vcb
iv. wewfbœ Kvh©Kix g~jK cÖ¯‘wZ + G‡ì mvaviY ag©
v. Am¤ú„³Zvi cixÿv
vi. Av‡qv‡Wvdg© cixÿv
* i. TNT cÖ¯‘wZ
ii. 2, 4 DNP Test
iii. A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
1| (i) 𝑹𝟑 𝑪𝑿 + 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 (jNy)→ 𝑨,

(ii) 𝑹𝑪𝑯𝟐 𝑿 + 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 (Mvp) → 𝑩 ; 𝑿 = n¨v‡jv‡Rb
(K) KvBivj Kve©b Kx?
(L) A¨vj‡Kvnj cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq †Kb?
(M) wewµqvmn A I B †hŠ‡Mi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ eY©bv K‡iv|
(N) DÏxc‡Ki B †hŠM cÖ¯‘wZi wµqv‡KŠkj we‡kølY K‡iv|
DËi:
(K)
†Kv‡bv †hŠ‡M GKB Kve©b cigvYy‡Z PviwU wfbœ cigvYy ev g~jK hy³ _vK‡j G Kve©b cigvYyi mv‡c‡ÿ †hŠMwU AcªwZmg n‡q
_v‡K, ZLb H Kve©b‡K KvBivj Kve©b e‡j|
(L)
A¨vj‡Kvnj cvwb‡Z `ªexf~Z nq| KviY A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji AYyi KvVv‡gv n‡Z †`Lv hvq †h, Gi AYy‡Z -OH g~jK eZ©gvb| −𝑂𝐻
g~j‡Ki H cigvYyi cvwbi O cigvYyi mv‡_ mn‡RB H-eÜb H-eÜb MVb K‡i| H-eÜ‡bi Kvi‡Y m„ó AvK…ó ej A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji
AYy¸‡jv‡K cvwb‡Z `ªexf~Z Ki‡Z gyL¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
(M)
𝑅 𝑅
| |
𝑅 − 𝐶 − 𝑋 + 𝑂𝐻 − (jNyÿvi)→ 𝑅 − 𝐶 − 𝑂𝐻 + 𝑋 −
| |
𝑅 𝑅
3° A¨vj‡Kvnj (𝐴)
𝑅 − 𝐶𝐻2 − 𝑋 + 𝑂𝐻 (Zxeªÿvi) → 𝑅 − 𝐶𝐻2 − 𝑂𝐻 + 𝑋 −

1° A¨vj‡Kvnj (𝐵)
19
DÏxc‡K Drcbœ A I B †hŠMØq 3° I 1° A¨vj‡Kvnj|

cv_©K¨m~PK wewµqv: (i) Uviwmqvwi ev 3° Kÿ ZvcgvÎvq jyKvm weKvi‡Ki HCl Gi mv‡_ ZrÿYvr wewµqv K‡i A¨vj‡Kvnj
†K¬vivBW Gi ˆZjv³ ¯Íi m„wó K‡i|
𝑅 𝑅
| 𝑍𝑛𝐶𝑙2 |
𝑅 − 𝐶 − 𝑂𝐻 + 𝐻 − 𝐶𝑙 → 𝑅 − 𝐶 − 𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻2 𝑂
| |
𝑅 𝑅
𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑡 -weDUvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑡 − weDUvBj †K¬vivBW
GB wewµqv Øviv A †hŠM kYv³ Kiv hvq|
𝑍𝑛𝐶𝑙2
Avevi, 𝑅 − 𝐶𝐻2 − 𝑂𝐻 + 𝐻 − 𝐶𝑙 → †Kv‡bv wewµqv nq bv|
wewµqv bv n‡j eyS‡Z n‡e GwU 1° A¨vj‡Kvnj|
(N)
DÏxc‡K (ii) bs wewµqvwU‡Z A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvB‡Wi mv‡_ Rjxq ÿvi `ªe‡Yi wewµqv NUv‡bv n‡q‡Q| G wewµqvq A¨vj‡Kvnj
Drcbœ nq|
(ii) bs wewµqvwU wØ AvYweK †K›`ªvK©x cÖwZ¯’vcb †KŠkj ev 𝑆𝑁 2 †KŠkj Aej¤^b K‡i msNwUZ nq|
𝐻 𝐻
𝑅 𝑅
|
𝐻𝑂− : +𝐻 − 𝐶 − 𝑋 𝛿− → ൥𝐻𝑂𝛿− … . 𝐶 … . . 𝑋൩ → 𝐻𝑜 − 𝐶 + 𝐻
| |
𝐻 𝐻 𝐻
wbDwK¬IdvBj (: 𝑂𝐻) n¨v‡jv‡Rbhy³ AvswkK abvZ¥K Kve©‡bi w`K hZB AMÖmi n‡Z _v‡K ZZB wbDwK¬IdvBj I Kve©‡bi m‡½
GKwU bZzb eÜb M‡o DV‡Z _v‡K|
GB Ae¯’vq X cigvYy Ges wbDwK¬IdvBj (: 𝑂𝐻) DfqB AvswkK FYvZ¥K PvR© (𝛿 −) jvf K‡i|
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvq GUv ¯úó †h, DÏxc‡Ki (ii) bs wewKªqv 𝑆𝑁 2 †KŠkj AbymiY K‡i|
2| wb‡Pi wewµqv¸‡jvi Z_¨ eënvi K‡i mswkøó cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vIt

𝐹𝑒
(i) 𝐶𝐻 ≡ 𝐶𝐻 → 𝐴;
4500 𝐶
𝑁𝑂2
গোঢ় 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂2
(ii) 𝐴 + 𝐻𝑁𝑂3 → + 𝐻2 𝑂
600 𝐶
(K) Kv‡e©vK¨vUvqb Kx?

(L) weDU-2-Bb R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZv cÖ`k©b Ki‡e wK? e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
(M) DÏxc‡Ki A†hŠMwU A¨v‡iv‡gwUK wKbv? e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
(N) (ii) bs wewµqvi wµqv‡KŠkj we‡kølY K‡iv|
DËi:
(K)
ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi mg‡hvRx e›`‡bi mylg wefvR‡bi m„ó abvZ¥K Avavbhy³ Kve©b cigvYy wewkó Avqb‡K Kv‡e©vK¨vUvqb e‡j|
(L)
†Kv‡bv AYy‡Z gy³ AveZ©b m¤¢e bv n‡j GKB AvYweK ms‡KZ I MvVwbK ms‡KZ wewkó `ywU KbwdMv‡ik‡bi m„wó nq| G‡ì‡K
ci¯ú‡ii R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZv e‡j|
20
𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻3
𝐶=𝐶 𝐶=𝐶
𝐻 𝐻 𝐻 𝐻
wmm mgvYy UªvÝ mgvYy
myZivs wØ eÜ‡b Ave× cigvYy `ywUi gy³ N~Y©b m¤¢e bq| ZvB †hŠMwU R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZv cÖ`k©b K‡i|
(M)
cÖ`Ë DÏxcK Abyhvqx, B_vBb‡K Zß †jŠn b‡ji wfZi w`‡q 450℃ ZvcgvÎvq Pvjbv Ki‡j wZb AYy B_vBb hy³ n‡q †ebwRb
Drcbœ nq|
450℃
3𝐻𝐶 ≡ 𝐶𝐻 → (𝐴)
myZivs A †hŠMwU n‡jv †ebwRb (𝐶6 𝐵6 )| †ebwRb GKwU A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM| wb‡P Zv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv-
‡hme mgZjxq ejqvKvi ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z 4𝑛 + 2 msL¨K cvB (𝜋) B‡jKUªb _v‡K Zv‡ì‡K A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM e‡j|
nv‡Kj wbqg Abymv‡i †ebwRb GKwU A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM| G‡ÿ‡Î,
4n + 2 = 6  4n = 6 − 2 = 4
ev  n =1
‡ebwRb
∴ ‡ebwRb GKwU A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM|
(N)
DÏxc‡K B_vBb M¨vm‡K D”P ZvcgvÎv Fe b‡ji ga¨w`‡q cÖevwnZ Ki‡j A †hŠM †ebwRb Drcbœ nq| †ebwR‡bi bvB‡Uªk‡bi
gva¨‡g bvB‡Uªv‡ebwRb Drcbœ nq|
‡ebwRb †_‡K bvB‡Uªv‡ebwRb wewµqv †KŠkj wZb av‡c m¤úbœ nq|
cª_g avc t Mvp HNO 3 Gi mv‡_ Mvp H 2 SO4 Gi wewµqvq abvZ¥K bvBwUªK  N O 2  B‡j‡UªvdvBj Drcbœ nq|
+
 
+
H 2SO 4 + HO − NO 2 → N O 2 + H 2 O + HSO −4
B‡jK‡UªvdvBj wbDwK¬IdvBj
wØZxq avct B‡jKUªbAvKl©x bvB‡Uªvwbqvg Avqb  N O 2  †ebwR‡bi 𝜋 B‡jKUªb Øviv AvK…ó nq|
+
 
𝐻 𝑁𝑂2
+
+𝑁𝑂2 → +
𝜎 −RwUj
Z…Zxq avct 𝜎-RwUj †_‡K GKwU †cÖvUb (𝐻 + ) wewµqvi cwi‡e‡k Dcw¯’Z evBmvj‡dU Avqb (𝐻𝑆𝑂4− ) ÿvi wn‡m‡e MÖnY
K‡i|
𝑁𝑂2
𝑂2 𝑁 𝐻
+ 𝐻𝑆𝑂4− → +𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
𝜎 −RwUj
21
3|
𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑯𝟑
| |
𝑪𝟐 𝑯𝟓 − 𝑪 = 𝑪𝑯𝑪𝒍 + 𝑯𝑪𝒍 → 𝑪𝟐 𝑯𝟓 − 𝑪 − 𝑪𝑯𝟐 𝑪𝒍
(𝑨) |
𝑪𝒍
(𝑩)
(K) †iwmwgK wgkÖY Kx?
(L) wWKv‡e©vw·‡bkb wewµqvi mvnv‡h¨ wg‡_b cÖ¯‘Z Kivi wewµqvwU e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
(M) DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvwU †h bxwZi gva¨‡g msNwUZ n‡q‡Q Zv e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
(N) “A I B Df‡qB †÷wiI mgvYyZv †`L‡jI D³ mgvYyZvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ we`¨gvbÓ-Dw³wU g~j¨vqb K‡iv|
DËi:
(K)
ÎbvbwmIgvi Gi mg‡gvjvi wgkÖYB n‡jv †iwmwgK wgkÖY|
(L)
B_vqwbK Gwm‡Wi †mvwWqvg jeY‡K †mvWvjvBg (𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 + 𝐶𝑎𝑂Gi wgkÖY) Øviv DËß Ki‡j wg‡_b cvIqv hvq|
CH 3 − COONa + NaOH (CaO ) ⎯⎯→
Δ
CH 4 + Na 2 CO 3 (CaO )
(M)
DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvwU gvK©wbKf bxwZi gva¨‡g msNwUZ n‡q‡Q| wb‡P G bxwZwU e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv:
Ò AcªwZmg Am¤ú„³ ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi m‡½ AcÖwZmg weKvi‡ì hyZ wewµqvq weKviK AYyi FYvZ¥K Ask mvaviYZ Kg msL¨K
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy wewkó Am¤ú„³ Kve©b cigvYy‡Z hy³ nq|Ó
𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻3
| |
𝐶2 𝐻5 − 𝐶 = 𝐶𝐻𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻𝐶𝑙 → 𝐶2 𝐻5 − 𝐶 − 𝐶𝐻2 𝐶𝑙
(𝐴) |
𝐶𝑙
(𝐵)
wewµqvwU‡Z 𝐻𝐶𝑙 Gi FYvZ¥K I abvZ¥K Ask n‡jv 𝐶𝑙 − I 𝐻 + | Kv‡RB AcÖwZmg Kve©‡bi †hwU‡Z H Gi msL¨v †ewk †mLv‡b
weKvi‡ì H + Ges †h Kve©‡bi H Gi msL¨v Kg †mLv‡b weKvi‡K 𝐶𝑙 − hy³ n‡e|
(N)
Avgiv Rvwb, †÷wiI mgvYyZv `yB ai‡bi (i) R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZv, (ii) Av‡jvK mwµq mgvYyZv|
DÏxc‡Ki A I B DfqB †÷wiI mgvYyZv †`Lv‡jI A R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZv Ges B Av‡jvK mwµq mgvYyZv †`Lvq|
R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZvi kZ©-
(i) wØ-eÜb hy³ A_ev PvwµK †hŠM n‡Z n‡e|
(ii) Kve©b-Kve©b eÜ‡bi gy³ N~Y©b ewnZ n‡Z n‡e|
(iii) ‡hŠ‡Mi MVb 𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 𝑐𝑎𝑏 A_ev 𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 𝑐𝑎𝑑 n‡Z n‡e|
𝐶𝐻3 𝐻
𝐶=𝐶 AYy‡Z, 𝑎 ≠ 𝑏: 𝑏 ≠ 𝑑
𝐶2 𝐻5 𝐶𝑙
Av‡jvK mgvYyZvi kZ©-
(i) AcÖwZmg Kve©b cigvYyi KvBivj †K›`ª _v‡K|
22
(ii) Dfq mgvYyi KbwdMv‡ikb ci¯ú‡i `c©Y cÖwZwe¤^ nq|

(iii) Dfq KbwdMv‡ikb ci¯ú‡ii Dci AmgcvwZZ nq|
𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻3
| |
𝐶2 𝐻5 − 𝐶 − 𝐶𝐻2 𝐶𝑙 𝐶𝐻2 𝐶 − 𝐶 − 𝐶2 𝐻5
| |
𝐶𝑙 𝐶𝑙
𝑪𝑯𝟑 `c©b
|
4| (𝒊) 𝑪𝑯𝟑 − 𝑪 − 𝑪𝒍 + 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯(𝒂𝒒) → 𝑷 + 𝑵𝒂𝑪𝒍
|
𝑪𝑯𝟑
𝐶𝐻3 𝐻
(𝑖𝑖) 𝐶=𝐶 𝐶𝐶𝑙4

+ 𝑂3 → 𝐴+𝐵
𝑍𝑛,𝐻2 𝑂
𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻2
(L) 𝟏° A¨vwgb I 𝟐° A¨vwg‡bi g‡a¨ †KvbwU AwaK ÿviag©x e¨vL¨v K‡iv?
(M) P ˆZwii wewµqvwUi wµqv‡KŠkj Av‡jvPbv Ki|
(N) A I B †hŠMØ‡qi g‡a¨ †KvbwU n¨v‡jvdig wewµqv cÖ`k©b K‡i? e¨vL¨v K‡iv wewµqvmn|
DËi:
(K)
†Kvb †hŠ‡M GKB Kve©b cigvYy‡Z PviwU wfbœ cigvYy ev g~jK hy³ _vK‡j G Kve©b cigvYyi mv‡c‡ÿ ‡hŠMwU AcÖwZmg n‡q _v‡K,
ZLb H Kve©b‡K KvBivj Kve©b e‡j|
(L)
A¨vwgbmg~‡ni A¨vwg‡bv MÖæ‡ci bvB‡Uªv‡Rb cigvYy‡Zhy³ †Rvo B‡jKUªb _v‡K hv †m `vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB A¨vwgb mg~‡ni ÿviag©x
e„w× cvq|
𝑅2 𝑁𝐻 > 𝑅𝑁𝐻2
cÖvBgvwi A¨vwgb A‡cÿv †m‡KÛvwi A¨vwg‡bi (2°) ÿvi ag© †ewk|
(M)
DÏxc‡Ki (ii) bs wewµqv 3° A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvB‡Wi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i P †hŠM Uviwkqvix weDUvbj Drcbœ nq| GwU GKwU GK
AvYweK wbDwK¬IwdwjK cÖwZ¯’vcb ev 𝑆𝑁 1 wewµqv|
𝐶𝐻3
| 𝐶𝐻3
𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶 − 𝐶𝑙 + 𝐾𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) → 𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶 − 𝑂𝐻
| |
𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻3
Uviwkqvix weDUvBj †K¬vivBW 1-weDUvbj

1
GK AvYweK wbDwK¬IwdwjK cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv (𝑆𝑁 )wewµqv `yB av‡c N‡U|
cÖ_g avct cÖ_g av‡c n¨vjvBW AYywU we‡qvwRZ n‡q Kv‡e©vK¨vUvqb Avqb MVb K‡i|
23
𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻3
| |
𝛿 − ধীর গতি
H3 C − 𝐶 𝛿− − → H3 C − C ⨁ + X⊝
| 𝑋 |
𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻3
wØZxq avct wØZxq av‡c Kve©wbqvg Avqb `ªæZ 𝑂𝐻 − Gi mv‡_ hy³ nq|
𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻3
| দ্রুিগতি |
H3 C − 𝐶 ⊕ + 𝑂𝐻 − → H3 C − C + OH
| |
𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻3
(N)
DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvwU m¤ú~Y© K‡i cvB-
𝐶𝐻3 𝐻
𝑂 𝑂
𝐶𝐶𝑙4 || ||
𝐶=𝐶 𝑂3 → 𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶 − 𝐶𝐻3 (𝐴) + 𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶𝐻2 − 𝐶 − 𝐻 (𝐵)
𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻3

“A I B †hŠMØq h_vµ‡g †cÖvcv‡bvb I cÖcvb¨vj| A_©vr “A” †hŠMwU wK‡Uvb I †hŠMwU A¨vjwWnvBW| n¨v‡jvdig wewµqvq
𝑂 𝑂
|| ||
AskMÖnYKvix †hŠMwUi (𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶 −) g~jK _vKv Avek¨K| DÏxc‡Ki “A” †hŠMwU‡Z(𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶 − 𝐶𝐻3 ) , 𝐶𝐻3 −
𝑂 𝑂
|| ||
𝐶 −g~jKwU we`¨gvb| ZvB GwU n¨v‡jvdig wewµqv w`‡e| wKš‘ “B” †hŠ‡M cÖ_‡gB 𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶 − g~jKwU †bB, ZvB GwU
n¨v‡jvdig wewµqv w`‡e bv|
𝑂
||
𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶 − 𝐶𝐻3 + 𝑋2 + 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 → 𝐶𝐻𝑋3 + 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝑁𝑎 + 𝑁𝑎𝐼 + 𝐻2 𝑂
𝑂
||
𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶𝐻2 − 𝐶 − 𝐻 + 𝑋2 + 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 → 𝑁𝑜 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑌
5|
𝐻𝑁𝑂3
∆
𝐶2 𝐻5 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝑁𝑎 + 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝐶𝑎𝑂) → 𝑋 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑙
ï®‹ 𝐴𝑙𝐶𝑙3
𝑍
(K) jyKvm weKviK Kx?
(L) − NH 2 †K Av‡_v©-c¨viv wb‡`©kK ejv nq †Kb?
(M) DÏxc‡Ki X †_‡K Kxfv‡e A¨vwbwjb cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡e? mgxKiYmn e¨vL¨v `vI|
(N) DÏxc‡Ki Y Ges Z Gi g‡a¨ †KvbwU B‡jKUªbKl©x cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqvq AwaK mwµq? Abyibmn we‡kølY K‡iv|
24
DËi:
(K)
Abv`ª© ZnCl 2 Ges Mvp HCl Gi wgkÖY‡K jyKvm weKviK e‡j|
(L)
− NH 2 g~j‡Ki bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi GK †Rvov gy³ B‡jKUªb i‡q‡Q| GB g~jK †ebwR‡bi Kve©‡bi mv‡_ eÜ‡b Ave× †_‡K †ebwRb
P‡µ gy³ †Rvo B‡jKUªb cÖ`vb K‡i| d‡j gy³ †Rvo B‡jKUª‡bi bvB‡Uªv‡Rb abvZ¥K Avavb Ges †ebwRb Pµ FYvZ¥K Avavb cÖvß
nq| d‡j wb¤œiƒc †iv‡Rvb¨vÝ N‡U|
(M)
DÏxc‡K msNwUZ wewµqvwU:
C 6 H 5 COONa + NaOH (CaO ) ⎯⎯→
Δ
C6 H 6
‡mvwWqvg †ebR‡qU †mvWvjvBg †ebwRb
myZivs X †hŠMwU †ebwRb | †ebwR‡bi bvB‡Uªk‡b bvB‡Uªv‡ebwRb Drcbœ nq|
HNO3
C6 H 6 C6 H 5 − NO2 + H 2O
H 2 SO4
bvB‡Uªv‡ebwRb‡K 𝑆𝑛/𝐻𝐶𝑙 ev 𝐿𝑖𝐴𝑙𝐻4 Øviv weRvwiZ Ki‡j A¨vwbwjb cvIqv hvq|
𝑁𝑂2 𝑁𝐻2
𝑆𝑛/𝐻𝐶𝑙
+ 6 [𝐻] → +2𝐻2 𝑂
wdbvBj A¨vwgb
(N)
𝑁𝑂2
DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvwUi m¤ú~Y© iƒc n‡jv:
𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
∆
𝐶6 𝐻5 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝑁𝑎 + 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝐶𝑎𝑂) → (𝑌)
𝐶𝐻3
(𝑋)
𝐴𝑙𝐶𝑙3 ï®‹
(𝑍)
wewµqv Abymv‡i X n‡j †ebwRb Ges Y n‡jv UjyBb| Y I Z n‡jv h_vµ‡g bvB‡Uªv‡ebwRb I UjyBb| UjyBb I bvB‡Uªv‡ebwR‡bi
g‡a¨ UjyBb AwaK mwµq| KviY UjyB‡bi †ebwRb P‡µ we`¨gvb wg_vBj g~jK − CH 3  abvZ¥K Av‡ekxq dj wewkó| wg_vBj
g~j abvZ¥K Av‡ekx dj wewkó
wPÎ: UjyB‡bi †iv‡Rvb¨vÝ KvVv‡gv
25
Aciw`‡K, − NO2 g~jK FYvZ¥K †g‡mvgvwiK dj wewkó| bvB‡Uªv g~j‡ì FYvZ¥K †g‡mvgvwiK d‡ji cÖfv‡e †ebwRb ej‡qi
𝜋 B‡jKUªb †`q wb‡Ri w`‡K †U‡b †bq|
d‡j Abyib KvVv‡gv (II − IV) g‡Z A‡_©v-c¨viv Ae¯’v‡b B‡jKUªb NbZ¡ n«vm cvq|
𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻3
𝑁𝑂2
2 +2𝐻𝑁𝑂3 → + +2𝐻2 𝑂
30 𝐶,∆
UjyBb Av‡_©vbvB‡Uªv UjyBb c¨viv bvB‡Uªv UjyBb
𝑁𝑂2 𝑁𝑂2
+ 𝐻𝑁𝑂3 → +𝐻2 𝑂
1000 𝐶,∆
bvB‡Uªv‡ebwR 𝑁𝑂2
b 1, 3- WvB bvB‡Uªv‡ebwRb
450 0 C CH 3COCl
6| C 2 H 2 ⎯⎯→
Fe
A ⎯⎯ ⎯→ B
AlCl 3
(K) ‡g‡mv †hŠM Kx?

(L) wd¬‡Wj µ¨vdU wewKªqvq ï®‹ AlCl 3 eënvi Kiv nq †Kb?
(M) DÏxc‡Ki †hŠM †_‡K ÔM¨vgvw·bÕ cÖ¯‘wZ mgxKiYmn wjL|
(N) wµqv‡KŠkjmn DÏxc‡Ki ‘B’ †hŠ‡Mi cÖ¯‘wZ e¨vL¨v K‡iv
DËi:
(K)
GKvwaK KvBivj Kve©bwewkó ‰Re AYyi GK-Ask Aci As‡ki Ici Dcwi¯’vcbxq `c©Y we¤^ n‡j †hŠMwU Av‡jvK wbw®Œq nq G
†hŠM‡K †g‡mv †hŠM e‡j|
(L)
wdª‡Wj µvdU wewµqvq ï× AlCl 3 eënvi Kiv nq| KviY, AlCl 3 GKwU jyBm GwmW hv B‡jKUªbag©x c`v_©| wewµqvwU
wb¤œiƒc- AlCl 3 + CH 3Cl → AlCl 4− + CH 3
B‡jK‡UªvdvBj

AlCl 3 eënvi Kiv nq †hb CH 3 ˆZwi nq| wKš‘ Av`ª© Ae¯’vq AlCl 3 cvwbi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i AlCl 3 ˆZwi K‡i|
(M)
DÏxc‡K m¤ú~Y© wewµqvwU: 𝐶𝑂𝐶𝐻3
4500 𝐶
𝐶2 𝐻2 → →
𝐹𝑒
‡ebwRb (A)
26
myZivs A n‡jv †ebwRb|

D¾¡j m~h©v‡jv‡K A_ev AwZ‡e¸wb iwk¥i Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †ebwRb wZb AYy †K¬vwi‡bi mv‡_ ms‡hvwRZ n‡q †ebwRb †n·v‡K¬vivBW
Drcbœ K‡i|
(N)
Abv`ª© AlCl 3 Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †ebwRb (𝐴) I A¨vwmUvBj †K¬vivBW (CH 3COCl ) wewµqv K‡i A¨vwm‡Uv‡d‡bvb Drcbœ
K‡i| 𝐶𝑂𝐶𝐻3
অনোর্দ্র 𝐴𝑙𝐶𝑙3
+𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝐶𝑙 → +𝐻𝐶𝑙
‡ebwRb (A) A¨vwm‡Uv‡d‡bvb

A¨vwm‡Uv‡d‡bvb cÖ¯‘wZi wµqv‡KŠkjt
cÖ_g avct Abv`ª© AlCl 3 I A¨vwmUvBj †K¬vivBW wewµqv K‡i A¨vmvBj K¨vUvqb MVb K‡i|
H 3C − CO − Cl + AlCl 3 → H 3C − C + = O + AlCl −4
wØZxq avct †ebwRb 𝜋-B‡jKUª‡bi Øviv 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶 + = 0 K¨vUvqb AvK…ó n‡q ej‡qi †h‡Kv‡bv Kve©‡bi mv‡_ abvZ¥K Avqb MVb
K‡i|
𝐻 𝐶𝑂𝐶𝐻3
+
+𝐶𝐻3 𝐶 𝑂 → +
𝜎 −RwUj
Z…Zxq avct †k‡l 𝜎 −RwUj GKwU †cÖvUb Z¨vM K‡i wg_vBj wdbvBj MVb K‡i|
𝐶𝑂𝐶𝐻3
𝐻 𝐶𝑂𝐶𝐻3
+ +𝐴𝑙𝐶𝑙4− → +𝐻𝐶𝑙
A¨vwm‡Uv‡d‡bvb
mgvYy 𝑂3
𝐴→ 𝑃 +𝑄
𝐻2 𝑂
7|
𝐶4 𝐻8
mgvYy 𝑂3
𝐵→ 2𝑀
𝐻2 𝑂/𝑍𝑛
(K) 𝑪𝑪𝒍𝑵𝟑 𝑵𝑶𝟐 Gi 𝑰𝑼𝑷𝑨𝑪 c×wZ‡Z bvg wK?

(L) Kve©wbj g~j‡Ki kYv³Kvix cixÿvwU †j‡Lv|
(M) DÏxc‡Ki †hŠMwU †Kvb ai‡bi †÷wiI mgvYyZv cÖ`k©b K‡i -e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
(N) Dchy³ wewµqvmn DÏxc‡Ki P Ges Q †hŠ‡Mi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ eY©bv K‡iv|
27
DËi:
(K)
CClN 3 NO 2 Gi 𝐼𝑈𝑃𝐴𝐶 bvg UªvB‡K¬v‡iv bvB‡Uªvwg‡_b|
(L)
2,4 − 𝐷𝑁𝑃𝐻 `ªeY cixÿvi gva¨‡g Kve©wbj g~jK kYv³ Kiv hvq| GKwU cixÿvbj 2 − 3𝑚𝑙 2,4 − 𝐷𝑁𝑃𝐻 `ªeY wb‡q
Gi g‡a¨ 5-6 †duvUv cwigvY A¨vjwWnvBW ev wK‡Uvb †hvM Kiv nq|
𝑁𝑂2 𝑁𝑂2
∆
> 𝐶 = 𝑂 + 𝐻2 𝑁 = 𝑁𝐻 𝑁𝑂2 → > 𝐶 = 𝑁 + 𝑁𝐻 𝑁𝑂2 + 𝐻2 𝑂
(M)
DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvwU m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c n‡jv:-

𝐶𝐻3
| 𝑂3
𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶 = 𝐶𝐻2 → 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝐶𝐻3 + 𝐻𝐶𝑃𝑂
(𝐴) 𝐻2 𝑂/𝑍𝑛 (𝑃) (𝑄)
𝐶4 𝐻8
𝑂3
𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶𝐻 = 𝐶𝐻 − 𝐶𝐻3 → 2𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻𝑂
(𝐵) 𝐻2 𝑂/𝑍𝑛 (𝑀)
myZivs DÏxc‡Ki B mgvYywU n‡jv weDwUbj −2|

‡hŠ‡Mi cigvYy‡Z g~j‡Ki wÎgvwÎK web¨v‡mi cv_©K¨ †nZz Zv‡ì †fŠZ I ivmvqwbK a‡g© cv_©K¨ cwijwÿZ n‡j Zv‡ì‡K †÷wiI
mgvYy e‡j| †÷wiI mgvYy 2 cÖKvi| h_v-
(i) R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZv|
(ii) Av‡jvK mgvYyZv|
weDwUb-2 †Z †Kv‡bv AcÖwZmg Kve©b bv _vKvq GwU Av‡jvK mgvYyZv cÖ`k©b K‡i bv|
weDwUb-2-‡Z wØeÜb _vKvq GwU R¨vwgwZK ev wmg-UªvÝ mgvYyZv †`Lvq|
wmm&-UªvÝ mgvYyZv †`Lvq|
wmm&-UªvÝ mgvYyZvi kZ©:
1| †hŠM‡K Aek¨B PvwµK ev wØ-eÜb hy³ n‡Z n‡e|
2| wØ-eÜb hy³ †hŠ‡Mi MVb KvVv‡gv C = C (ab ) n‡e †hLv‡b|
𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻3
𝐶=𝐶 𝐶=𝐶
𝐻 𝐻 𝐻 𝐻
wmm-2-weDwUb UªvÝ-2-weDwUb
28
(N)
ÔMÕ bs cÖ‡kœvËi †_‡K cvIqv hvq P I Q †hŠMØq n‡jv h_vµ‡g †cÖvcv‡bv I wg_vb¨vj|
(𝑖) U‡jb-cixÿv [Tollen’s test]: wg_¨vb¨vj‡K wmjfvi bvB‡Uª‡Ui A¨v‡gvwbqvhy³ `ªe‡Y wgwkÖZ K‡i cixÿv bjwU‡K 2 −
3wgwbU DËß Ki‡j wmjfvi Avqb weRvwiZ n‡q avZe wcjfv‡ii D¾¡j PKP‡K `c©Y b‡ji Mv‡q Drcbœ K‡i|
𝐻 − 𝐶𝐻𝑂 + 𝐴𝑔(𝑁𝐻3 )2 𝑂𝐻 → 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝑁𝐻4 + 𝐴𝑔 ↓ 𝑁𝐻3 + 𝐻2 𝑂
‡cÖvcvbj †hŠMwU †dnwjs `ªe‡Yi mv‡_ †Kv‡bv wewµqv †`q bv|
(𝑖𝑖) ‡dnwjs `ªeY cixÿv: wg_vb¨vj‡K †dnwjs `ªe‡Ki mwnZ wgwkÖZ K‡i DËß Ki‡j †dnwjs `ªeY weRvwiZ n‡q B‡Ui g‡Zv
jvj e‡Y©i wKDcÖvm A·vB‡Wi jvj‡P Aat‡ÿc Drcbœ K‡i|
60−70℃
𝐻 − 𝐶𝐻𝑂 + 𝐶𝑢(𝑂𝐻)2 + 𝑁𝑂 − 𝑂𝐻 → 𝐻𝐶𝑂𝑂𝑁𝑎 + 𝐶𝑢2 𝑂 ↓ 𝐻2 𝑂
‡cÖvcv‡bvb GB wewµqv †`q bv|
8| P ⎯⎯→
Q3
Q ⎯⎯ ⎯→ R + S
H 2O/Zn
B_vb¨vj †cÖvcv‡bvb
(K) Kve©vbvqb Kx?
(L) wMÖMbvW© weKviK cvwbi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z ˆZwi Kiv nq †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki|
(M) P †hŠ‡Mi îwLK mgvby¸‡jvi bvg †j‡Lv|
(N) 𝒔 †hŠM †_‡K Uviwkqvix A¨vj‡Kvnj ˆZwi Kiv m¤¢e wK? e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
(K)
FYvZ¥K Pwe©hy³ Kve©b cigvYy msewjZ ˆRe AvqbB n‡jv Kve©vbvqb
(L)
n¨v‡jv‡R‡bv A¨vj‡Kbmg~n ï× B_vixq `ªe‡Y g¨vM‡bwmqvg n¨vjvBW (𝑀𝑔) ¸ovi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i A¨vjKvBj g¨vM‡bwmqvg
n¨vjvBW bvgK wMÖMbvW© weKviK ˆZwi K‡i|
শুষ্ক ইথোর
𝑅 − X + Mg → RMg X
RMgX + H2 O → RH + Mg(OH) 𝑋
Giv cvwbi mv‡_ AwZ`ªæZ wewµqv K‡i weKviK‡K we‡køwlZ K‡i †d‡j|
(M)
DÏxc‡K Drcv` R n‡jv B_vb¨vj hv `yB Kve©b wewkó Ges s n‡jv †cÖvcv‡bvb hv wZb Kve©b ewwkó †hŠM I‡RvbxKiY wewKªqvi
gva¨‡g Drcbœ nq| myZivs P Aek¨B cuvP Kve©b wewkó A¨vjwKb n‡e 𝐶5 𝐻10 |
𝐶𝐻3 𝑂
𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻3
𝐶 𝐶
𝐶=𝐶 𝑂3 𝐻2 𝑂/𝑧𝑛
→ 𝐻 → 𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶𝐻𝑂 + B_vb¨vj (R)
𝑂 𝑂 𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶𝑂 − 𝐶𝐻3
𝐻 𝐻
‡cÖvcv‡bvb (𝑠)
(𝑃) (𝑄)
𝑃(𝐶5 𝐻10 ) ‡hŠ‡Mi `ywU îwLK mgvYy n‡jv

𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶𝐻2 − 𝐶𝐻2 − 𝐶𝐻 = 𝐶𝐻2 (𝑃)
‡cw›Ub-1
𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶𝐻2 − 𝐶𝐻 = 𝐶𝐻 − 𝐶𝐻3
‡cw›Ub-2
29
(N)
DÏxc‡Ki s †hŠMwU n‡jv †cÖvcv‡bvb| †cÖvcv‡bvb †_‡K Uviwkqvix (3°) A¨vj‡Kvnj ˆZwi m¤¢e|
wMÖMbvW© weKviK †hgb wg_vBj g¨vM‡bwmqvg Av‡qvWvB‡Wi mv‡_ †cÖvcv‡bv‡bi wewµqvq cÖ_‡g hyZ †hŠM ˆZwi nq| Drcbœ hyZ
†hŠM‡K cvwbi ms¯ú‡k© Av`ª© we‡køwlZ Ki‡j Uviwkqvix A¨vj‡Kvnj (3° A¨vj‡Kvnj) Drcbœ nq|
𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻3
| | +
𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶 = 𝑂 + 𝐶𝐻3 𝑀𝑔𝐼 → 𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶 − 𝑂− M gI
(𝑆) |
|
𝐶𝐻_3
𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻3
| + 𝐻2 𝑂 |
CH3 − 𝐶 − 𝑂− 𝑀gI → CH3 − 𝐶 − OH + Mg (OH) I
| 𝛥 |
𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻3
Uviwkqvix A¨vj‡Kvnj (3°)

9| ⎯→(A ) + Ca (OH )2
CaC 2 + H 2 O ⎯
 H 2 (pd + BaSO 4 )
(B)
(K) KbwdMv‡ikb Kv‡K e‡j?
(L) CH 3 − CH = CH 2 †hŠMwU R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZv cÖ`k©b Ki‡e wKbv hw³ `vI|
(M) ‘A’ n‡Z Kxfv‡e GKwU A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM cÖ¯‘Z K‡i eY©bv Ki|
(N) ‘A’ I ‘B’ Gi g‡a¨ †KvbwU AwaK A¤øxq? we‡kølY K‡iv|
(K)
†Kv‡bv AYy‡Z cigvYyi Av‡cwÿK †h bZzb eÜb MVb ev fv½‡bi gva¨‡g cwieZ©b Kiv hvq, Zv‡K KbwdMv‡ikb e‡j|
(L)
CH 3 − CH = CH 2 †hŠMwU R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZv cÖ`k©b Ki‡e bv| KviY:
𝐶𝐻3 𝐻
𝐶=𝐶 KviY, GKB MÖæc (H) Dcw¯’Z|

𝐻 𝐻
(M)
DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvwU wb¤œiƒct
⎯→ HC  CH + Ca (OH )2
CaC 2 + H 2 O ⎯
(A )
myZivs A †hŠMwU n‡jv B_vBb|
B_vBb n‡Z A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM cÖ¯‘wZ:
400 − 500℃ ZvcgvÎvq DËß †jŠn b‡ji †fZi w`‡q B_vBb M¨vm Pvjbv Ki‡j wZb AYy B_vBb hy³ n‡q †ebwRb Drcbœ K‡i
hv GKwU A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM| 400−5000 𝐶
3𝐻𝐶 ≡ 𝐶𝐻 →
মলৌহ নল
‡ebwRb
30
(N)
DÏxc‡Ki m¤ú~Y© wewµqvwU wb¤œiƒc:
CaC2 + 𝐻2 𝑂 → HC ≡ CH(𝐴) + Ca(𝑂𝐻)2 ↓ 𝐻2 ┬ (Pd + BaSO4 )
𝐶𝐻2 =𝐶𝐻2
(𝐵)
myZivs DÏxc‡Ki A I B †hŠMØq h_vµ‡g B_vBb I Bw_b|
B_vwb I Bw_‡bi g‡a¨ B_vBb A¤øag©x| KviY Bw_b I B_vBb †hŠ‡M C-H eÜ‡b µgvš^‡q s AiweUvj Pwi‡Îi AbycvZ 𝑝 −
AiweUvj wPÎ †_‡K e„w× †c‡q‡Q Ges 𝑝 −AiweUvj Pwi‡Îi AbycvZ K‡g †M‡Q|
HC  CH + 2Ag (NH 3 )2 NO 3 → Ag − C  C − Ag  + NH 4 NO 3 + NH 3
B_vBb cÖvšÍxq H-cigvYy _vKvq B”Q A¤øag©x Ges A¨v‡gvwbqvhy³ AgNO3 Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i| ZvB ejv hvq B_vBb Bw_‡bi
Zzjbvq AwaK A¤øxq|
Shadow Aide Special:
𝟐𝟑𝟎℃
10| (𝒊)𝑹 − 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑵𝑯𝟒 → 𝒀 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
∆
(𝒊𝒊) 𝒀 + 𝑩𝒓𝟐 + 𝟒𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 → 𝒁 + 𝟐𝑵𝒂𝑩𝒓 + 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝟑 + 𝟐𝑯𝟐 𝑶
(K) mg‡MvÎxq †kÖwY Kx?
(L) A¨v‡iv‡gwUwmwU e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
(M) DÏxc‡Ki 𝒁 †hŠ‡Mi kYv³KiY cixÿv wewµqvmn e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
(N) wMÖMbvW© weKviK n‡Z DÏxc‡Ki Y †hŠM cÖ¯‘Z Kiv m¤¢e wKbv wewµqvmn we‡kølY K‡iv|
(K)
GKB Kvh©Kvixg~jK Ges GKB ai‡bi ag©wewkó ˆRe †hŠMmg~n‡K GK‡Î mg‡MvÎxq †kÖwY e‡j|
(L)
A¨v‡iv‡gwUK ej‡Z mylg lofzRvKvi PvwµK I mgZjxq †hŠ‡M nv‡Kj wbqg wfwËK mÂiYkxj (4n + 2) msL¨K 𝜋
B‡jKUª‡bi we`¨gvb _vKv eySvq|
ag©mg~nt (i) we‡kl ai‡bi Am¤ú„³Zv ; (ii) cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv ; (iii) Abyibb
(M)
D³ wewµqvØ‡q Y †hŠMwU n‡jv A¨vjKvBj A¨vgvBW A_©vr R − CONH 2 | GwU cieZ©x‡Z Br2 I NaOH Gi mv‡_ wewµqv
K‡i †hŠM Drcbœ K‡i hv 1° A¨vwgb (R − NH 2 )
CH 3 NH 2 + CHCl 3 + KOH ⎯⎯→
Δ
CH 3 N = C + 3KCl + 3H 2 O
wg_vBj A¨vwgb †K¬v‡ivdg© wg_vBj Kvwe©j A¨vwgb
‡K¬v‡ivdg© I A¨vj‡Kvnjxq (KOH ) `ªe‡Yi mv‡_ 1° A¨vwgb‡K DËß Ki‡j Zxeª MÜhy³ Kvwe©j A¨vwgb Drcbœ nq|
(N)
wMÖMbvW© weKvi‡ì mv‡_ CO 2 Gi wewKªqv Ki‡j ˆRe GwmW Drcbœ nq| cieZ©x‡Z A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji mv‡_ Drcbœ ˆRe GwmW
wewKªqv K‡i G÷vi ˆZix K‡i|
𝐻+
RMgX + CO2 → 𝑅 − 𝐶 − omg × → 𝑅 − 𝐶 − OH
|| 𝐻2 𝑂 ||
wMÖMbvW© weKviK 𝑂 𝑂
‡Re GwmW
𝑅 − 𝐶 − 𝑂𝐻 + 𝑅 ′ 𝑂𝐻 → 𝑅 − 𝐶 − 𝑂𝑅 ′ + 𝐻2 𝑂
|| ||
𝑂 𝑂
এস্টোর প
Drcbœ G÷vi A¨v‡gvwbqvi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i G¨vmvBW ˆZwi K‡i|
𝑂
||
𝐶
𝑅 − 𝐶 − 𝑂𝑅 ′ + 𝑁𝐻3 → 𝑅 − − 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝑅′𝑂𝐻
|| অযো োইড
𝑂
31
‰bwe¨©w³K cÖkœ
1. ‡KvbwU nvB‡WªvKve©b?
𝐻
(K) †c‡Uªvj (L) wPwb
(M) †mjy‡jvR (N) wcwfwm 10. 𝑪 = 𝟎 ‡hŠMwU GKwU-
DËit (K) 𝐻
e¨vL¨vt cvV¨ eB (i) A¨vj‡Kvnj
2. ‰Re imvq‡bi RbK †K? (ii) GwmW
(K) †dªWwiL Dnjvi (L) ev‡R©wjqvm (iii) weRviK
(M) †KKzb (N) †g‡Ûwjd ‡KvbwU mwVK?
DËit (K) (K) 𝑖, 𝑖𝑖 (L) 𝑖, 𝑖𝑖𝑖
3. A¨vwbwj‡b wmMgv eÜb msL¨v KZ?
(M) 𝑖𝑖, 𝑖𝑖𝑖 (N) 𝑖, 𝑖𝑖, 𝑖𝑖𝑖
(K) 6 (L) 8 DËit (M)
(M) 10 (N) 14 11.
DËi: (N) 𝑪𝑯𝟑
|
4. ‡KvbwU A¨vwj‡dwUK †hŠM? CH𝟑 CH𝟐 𝑪𝑯 − 𝑪𝑯𝑶 †hŠMwUi IUPAC bvg Kx?
(K) Bw_wjb A·vBW (L) A¨vwbwjb (K) 2-wg_vBj weDUvb¨vj
(M) UjyBb (N) †dbj (L) 3-wg_vBj-weDUvb¨vj
DËit (K) (M) 2-wg_vBj weDUvb¨vj-2
5. wb‡Pi †Kvb ˆRe †hŠMwU‡Z nvB‡WªvKve©b bvB? (N) 2-wg_vBj weDUv‡bvwqK GwmW
(K) WvB‡K¬v‡iv wg‡_b (L) Av‡qv‡Wvdg© DËit (K)
(M) †n·v †K¬v‡i‡ebwRb (N) mvB‡K¬v‡n‡·b 12.
𝑪𝑯𝟑
DËit (M) |
6. A¨vjKvBj g~j‡Ki mvaviY ms‡KZ †KvbwU? CH𝟐 − 𝑪𝑯 − 𝑪𝑯 − 𝑪𝑯𝟑 Gi IUPAC c×wZ‡Z
(K) Cn H 2n +2 (L) C n H 2n +1 bvg Kx?
(M) C n H 2n (N) C n H 2n -2 (K) weDU-1-Bb-2-Aj
DËit (L) (L) weDU-3-Bb-2-Aj
e¨vL¨v: 𝐶𝑛 𝐻2𝑛+2n‡”Q A¨vj‡Kb (M) 2-nvB‡Wªvw·-1-weDwUb
(N) 3-nvB‡Wªvw·-1-weDwUb
𝐶𝑛 𝐻2𝑛 n‡”Q A¨vjwKb
DËit (L)
𝐶𝑛 𝐻2𝑛−2 n‡”Q A¨vjKvBb
13. ‡Kvb †hŠMwUi †PBb mgvYy e¨ZxZ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv mgvYy †bB?
7. AMÖMY¨ g~jK †KvbwU?
(K) 𝐶5 𝐻10 (L) 𝐶4 𝐻6
(K) - NH 2 (L) - COOH (M) 𝐶3 𝐻8 (N) 𝐶7 𝐻12
(M) - CHO (N) DËit (M)
DËit (L) 14. WvBwg_vBj B_vi I B_vbj ci¯ú‡ii wK ai‡bi mgvYy?
8. ‡Kvb †hŠ‡M ÔbvBUªvBjÕ Kvh©Kix g~jKwU we`¨gvb? (K) R¨vwgwZK mgvYy (L) Ae¯’vb mgvYy
(K) CH 3 NH 2 (L) CCl 3 NO 2 (M) Kvh©Kix g~jK mgvYy (N) U‡UvgvwiRg
DËit (M)
(M) CH 3CN (N) NH 4CNO 15. ‡KvbwU R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZv cÖ`k©b K‡i?
DËit (M) (K) CH 3 − CH 2 − CH = CH 2
9. wb‡Pi †KvbwU A‡_©v-cïv wb‡`©kK g~jK? (L) CH 3 − CH = CH − CH 3
(K) - COOH (L) - CHO
(M) CH 3 − CH 2 − CH = CCl 2
(M) - NO 2 (N) - NHCOCH 3
(N) CH 3 − CH = C (CH 3 )2
DËit (N) DËit (L)
32
16. n-‡c‡›U‡bi mgvYy msL¨v KZwU? 25. Kve©vbvq‡bi myw¯’wZi µg †KvbwU?

(K) 3 (L) 4 (K) 30  20  10 Kve©vbvqb
(M) 5 (N) 6 (L) 1° > 2° > 3° Kve©vbvqb
DËit (K) (M) 1° > 3° > 2° Kve©vbvqb
e¨vL¨vt (i) n-†c‡›Ub; (ii) iso- †c‡›Ub
(N) 20  10  30 Kve©vbqvb
(iii) neo-†c‡›Ub
DËit (L) Kve©vbvqb
17. wb‡Pi †Kvb †hŠMwU Av‡jvK mwµq †hŠM?
26. 𝑿 + 𝑶𝟑 → 𝑪𝑯𝑶 − 𝑪𝑯𝑶 †KvbwU ′𝑿′?
(K) CH 3CH = CHCH 3
(K) Bw_b (L) B_vBb
(L) (CH 3 )3 C = OH (M) weDwUb-1 (N) weDwUb-2
(M) CH 3CH (NH 2 ) COOH DËit (L)
(N) NO 2 CH − Cl 27. CH 2 = CHBr + HBr → A; A †KvbwU?
DËit (M) (K) CH 3 − CHBr
18. Av‡jvK mwµq wKš‘ G‡K Ac‡ii `c©Y cÖwZwe¤^ bq; Giƒc
†hŠM‡K Kx e‡j? (L) 𝐶𝐻 − 𝐶𝐻
| |
(K) Wvqv‡÷wiIgvi (L) †g‡mv †hŠM 𝐵𝑟 𝐵𝑟 𝐶𝐻3
(M) †iwmwgK wgkÖY (N) GbvbwbIgvi
DËit (K) (M) 𝐶𝐻𝐵𝑟 = 𝐶𝐻2
19. wMømvivjwWnvB‡W KvBivj Kve©b KhwU?
(K) 1wU (L) 2wU (N) 𝐶𝐻2 𝐵𝑟 − 𝐶𝐻2 𝐵𝑟
(M) 3wU (N) 4wU DËit (K)
DËit (K) 28. wb‡Pi †Kvb †hŠM wbDwK¬IwdwjK ms‡hvRb wewµqv †`q?
e¨vL¨vt (K) CH 2 = CH 2 (L) CH  CH
𝐶𝐻𝑂
| (M) CH 3OOH (N) CH 3CHO
𝐻𝑂 − 𝐶 − 𝐻
| DËit (N)
𝐶𝐻2 𝑂𝐻 29. †Kvb c×wZ‡Z Kve©b-wkKj n«vm Kiv hvq?
20. CH 3 H 6 O 2 ‡hŠ‡Mi m¤¢ve¨ mgvYy KqwU? (K) DU©R wewµqv (L) wWKve©w·‡jkb wewKªqv
(K) 1 (L) 2 (M) DU©R-wdwUM wewµqv (N) Kvwe©j-A¨vwgb wewµqv
(M) 3 (N) 4 DËit (L)
DËit (L)
30. ‡Kvb cixÿv Øviv wg_vBj I B_vb‡ji g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kiv
21. ‡ebwR‡b Kve©b-Kve©b ˆ`N©¨ KZ?
0 0 hvq?
(K) 1.30 A (L) 1.33 A (K) Av‡qv‡Wvdg© (L) Kvwe©j A¨vwgb
0 0
(M) †eqvi (N) jyKvm weKviK
(M) 1.39 A (N) 1.54 A
DËit (M) DËit (K)
22. M¨vgvw·‡bi ms‡KZ ‡KvbwU? 31. RCOONa + NaOH (CaO ) ⎯⎯→ Δ
A + Na 2 CO 3
(K) C 6 Cl 6 (L) C 6 H 6Cl 6 ; A †hŠMwU Kx?
(M) C 6 H 5Cl (N) CHCl 3 (K) A¨vjwKb (L) Kv‡e©vw·wjK GwmW
DËit (L) (M) A¨vj‡Kb (N) A¨vjwWnvBW
23. ‡KvbwU B‡jKUªb AvKl©x? DËit (M)
(K) PH 3 (L) NH 3 32. DU©R wewµqv cÖ`k©b K‡i bv †Kvb A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW?
(M) BF3 (N) H 2 O (K) 1° (L) 2°
DËit (M) (M) 3° (N) 𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐼
24. ‡K›`ªvKl©x weKviK n‡”Q- DËit (M)
+ 33. cvB‡ivwjMb‡m Gwm‡W B_v‡bvwqK Gwm‡Wi cwigvY-
(K) BH 3 (L) N O 2
(K) 0.1-05% (L) 2-4%
+ -
(M) C H 3 (N) C H 3 (M) 8-10% (N) 30-40%
DËit (N) DËit (M)
33
34. wb‡Pi †KvbwU †dnwjs `ªe‡Yi Cu 2O Gi jvj e‡Y©i 42. 𝑹 − 𝑪𝑯𝟐 𝑩𝒓 + 𝑲𝑶𝑯(𝒂𝒒) Drcv` wewµqvwUi
Aat‡ÿc †`q? †KŠkj wK?
(K) wf‡bMvi (L) digvwjb (K) B‡jK‡UªvwdwjK cÖwZ¯’vcb
(M) wMømvwib (N) †cÖvcv‡bvb (L) ZvcmviY
DËit (L) (M) †K›`ªvKl©x cÖwZ¯’vcb
35. Am¤ú„³ ˆRe †hŠM kYv³Ki‡Y wb‡Pi †Kvb wewµqvwU (N) †K›`ªvKl©x ms‡hvRb
eëüZ nh? DËit (M)
43. ‡KvbwU AwaK mwµq?
(K) NaHCO3 `ªeY (L) FeCl 3 `ªeY
(K) CH 3+
(M) Br2 `ªeY (N) BaCl 2 `ªeY
DËit (N) (L) CH 3 − CH 2+
36. ‰Re †hŠ‡M g~jK kYv³Ki‡Y wb‡¤œi †Kvb weKviKwU eëüZ (M) CH 3 − CH 2 − CH 3
nq? (N) (CH 3 )3 − C +
(K) NaOH (L) Na DËit (K)
(M) Na 2CO3 (N) HCl 44. ‡Kvb †hŠMwU B‡jK‡UªvwdwjK hyZ wewµqvq †ewk mwµq?
DËit (L) (K) weDwUb (L) †c›UBb
37. ‡KvbwU AwaKZi mej GwmW? (M) †c›UvBb-2 (N) weD‡Ub
DËit (K)
(K) C6 H 5COOH (L) Cl 2CHCOOH
45. 𝑿 + 𝑶𝟑 → 𝑪𝑯𝑶 − 𝑪𝑯𝑶 †KvbwU ‘X’ ?
(M) HCOOH (N) ClCH 2COOH (K) Bw_b (L) B_vBb
DËit (L) (M) weDwUb-1 (N) weD‡Ub-2
38. R − COOH + ROH ⎯⎯⎯→ A + H 2O ; G
H 2 SO4
DËit (L)
wewµqvq A wK? 46. me©vwaK ¯’vwq‡Z¡i Kve©vbvqb †KvbwU?
(K) G÷vi (L) wK‡Uvb (K) CH3 (L) CH 3 CH2
(M) A¨vwgb (N) A¨vjwnWvBW (M) (CH 3 )2 CH (N) (CH 3 )3 C
DËit (K) DËit (L)
39. ‡Kvb †hŠMwU Kvwe©j A¨vwgb cixÿv Øviv kYv³ Kiv hvq? 47. A¨v‡iv‡gwUK ejq mwµqKvix MÖæc †KvbwU?
(K) A¨vgvBW (L) 1° A¨vwgb (K) − NO2 (L) − CHO
(M) 2° A¨vwgb (N) 3° A¨vwgb (M) − CH 3 (N) − COOH
DËit (L) DËit (M)
40. 𝟐, 𝟒 − 𝑫𝑵𝑷𝑯 wewµqv K‡i- 48. ‡ebwRb P‡µ − NO2 g~jK _vK‡j †Kvb Kve©‡b
(i) RCOR Gi mv‡_ B‡jKUªb NbZ¡ †ewk _v‡K?
(ii) ROR Gi mv‡_ (K) 2 (L) 3
(iii) ROH Gi mv‡_ (M) 4 (N) 6
‡KvbwU mwVK? DËit (L)
49. A¨vwj‡dwUK cÖvBgvwi A¨vwgb I bvBUªvm Gwm‡Wi wewµqvq
(K) 𝑖, 𝑖𝑖 (L) 𝑖𝑖, 𝑖𝑖𝑖
†Kvb M¨vm Drcbœ nq?
(M) 𝑖𝑖𝑖 (N) 𝑖
(K) H 2 (L) O2
DËit (N)
𝑁𝐻2 (M) NH 3 (N) N 2
DËit (N)
41. 𝐻 𝑆𝑂
𝑋 + 𝐻2 𝑂; 𝑋 Gi KZ 50. 𝐶𝐻 3𝐶 𝑂𝑂𝐻 kYv³KiY wewµqvq †Kvb M¨vm Drcbœ nq?
2 4
+𝐻𝑁𝑂3 (Mvp) →
b¤î Kve©‡b hy³ Av‡Q? (K) H 2 (L) O2
(K) 2 (L) 3 (M) CO2 (N) CO
(M) 4 (N) 6 DËit (M)
DËit (L)
34
At a Glance
1| A¨v‡µvwjb : CH 2 = CH − CHO
2| †µvUvb¨vjwWnvBW : CH 3 − CH = CH − CHO
3| †n·vwgw_wjb †UUªvwgb : (CH 2 )6 N 4
𝐶𝐻2
4| mvB‡K¬vbvBU : 𝑂2 𝑁 𝑁 𝑁 − 𝑁2
𝐶𝐻2 𝐶𝐻2
𝑁
5| †mwgKve©vRvBW : NH 2 − NH − CO − NH 2
𝐶𝐻𝑂
𝐻𝑂
6| m¨vjmvBjwWnvBW :
𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
𝐻𝑂
7| m¨vwjmvBwjK GwmW :
𝑂
||
𝐶
8| †eb‡Rv‡d‡bvb/WvBwdbvBj wK‡Uvb :
𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
9| ‡Uid_vwjK A¨vwmW :
𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
10| mvevb : 𝑅 − 𝐶𝑂𝑂− 𝑁𝑎+
35
𝐻 𝑂 𝐻
||
11| BDwiqv : 𝑁−𝐶−𝑁
𝐻 𝐻
𝐶𝐻𝑂
12| f¨vwbwjb :
𝑂 − 𝐶𝐻3
𝑂𝐻
13| c¨viv-‡eb‡RvKzB‡bvb : 𝑂 𝑂
14| mvKwmwbK GwmW : 𝐻𝑂𝑂𝐶 − 𝐶𝐻2 − 𝐶𝐻2 − 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
15| UviUvwbK GwmW : 𝐻𝑂𝑂𝐶 − 𝐶𝐻 − 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻

|
𝑂𝐻
At a glance:
wb¤œwjwLZ †ekwKQz mg‡MvÎxq †kÖwYi Kvh©Kvix g~j‡Ki ms‡KZ I MvVwbK ms‡KZ †Ìqv n‡jv:-
mg‡MvÎxq †kÖwY Kvh©Kix g~jK
bvg mvaviY ms‡KZ MvVwbK ms‡KZ bvg
1. A¨vj‡Kb 𝑅3 𝐶 − 𝐶𝑅3 GKK eÜb
2. A¨vjwKb 𝑅2 𝐶 = 𝐶𝑅3 Kve©b-Kve©b wØ eÜb
3. A¨vjKvBb 𝑅−𝐶 ≡𝐶−𝑅 −𝐶 ≡ 𝐶 − Kve©b-Kve©b wÎeÜb

4. A¨vj‡Kvnj 1° A¨vj‡Kvnj
𝑅 − 𝐶𝐻2 𝑂𝐻
5. A¨vjwWnvBW A¨vjwWnvBWg~jK
𝑅 − 𝐶𝐻𝑂
6. Kve©w·wjK GwmW Kve©w·wjK g~jK

𝑅 − 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
7. B_vi B_vig~jK
𝑅 − 𝑂 − 𝑅′
8. A¨vwgb 𝑅 − 𝑁𝐻2 A¨vwg‡bv g~jK
9. G÷vi O G÷vig~jK
𝑅 − 𝐶𝑂 − 𝑂𝑅′ ||
−𝐶 − 𝑂 − 𝑅′
10. A¨vjKvBj −𝐶 ≡ 𝑁 bvBUªvBj
𝑅 − 𝐶𝑁
mvqvbvBW
36
Kvh©Kixg~j‡Ki AMÖMY¨ µg:

AMÖMY¨ wb‡`©kK wPý mg‡MvÎxq †kÖwYi bvg Kvh©Kvix g~jK bv‡gi c~e©c` bv‡gi ci c`
1| Kve©w·wjK GwmW −𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 − IwqK GwmW
2| mvj‡dvwbK GwmW −𝑆𝑂3 𝐻 − -mvj‡dvwbK GwmW
3| A¨vjwWnvBW −𝐶𝐻𝑂 A¨vjKv‡bvwqj -A¨vj
4| wK‡Uvb −𝐶𝑂 A‡·v -Ib
5| A¨vj‡Kvnj −𝑂𝐻 nvBWªw· -Aj
6| A¨vwgb −𝑁𝐻2 A¨vwg‡bv -A¨vwg‡bv
7| A¨vjwKb −𝐶 = 𝐶 − -Bb
| |
8| A¨vjKvBb −𝐶 ≡ 𝐶 − − AvBb
9| A¨vj‡Kb | | -Gb
−𝐶 = 𝐶 −
| |
MvVwbK mgvYyZv
wkKj Ae¯’vb Kvh©Kix g~jK U‡UvgvwiRg ‡gUvgvwiRg

Related
Related
‡÷vwiI mgvYyZv
R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZv Av‡jvK mgvYyZv
wmm UªvÝ GbvbwkIgvi Wvqv‡÷vwiIgvi ‡g‡gv †hŠM

i
 ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi Dci nv‡Kj wbq‡bi cÖ‡qvM:
‰Re AYy ev Avq‡bi MvVwbK ms‡KZ AYy‡Z 𝝅- Avq‡bi Dci nv‡Ki gšÍe¨
B‡jKUªb msL¨v wbq‡gi cÖ‡qvM
1. 6 4𝑛 + 2 = 6 A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b
ev, 4𝑛 = 6 − 2 = 4
‡ebwRb ev, 𝑛 = 1
ev, 4𝑛 = 10 − 2 =
b¨vc_vwjb 8
ev, 𝑛 = 2
37
‰Re AYy ev Avq‡bi MvVwbK ms‡KZ AYy‡Z 𝝅- Avq‡bi Dci nv‡Ki gšÍe¨
B‡jKUªb msL¨v wbq‡gi cÖ‡qvM
ev, 4𝑛 = 4 − 2 = 2 bq
mvB‡K¬vweDUvWvBb 1
ev, 𝑛 = 2
ev, 4𝑛 = 4
A¨vb_ªvwmb ev, 𝑛 = 1
ev, 4𝑛 = 4
ev, 𝑛 = 1
_v‡qvwdb
 †ebwR‡bi wewKªqvmg~n:
𝐶𝑙
𝐶𝑙2
‡K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb
ï®‹ −𝐴𝑙𝐶𝑙3
𝐶𝐻3
𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑙
UjyBb
𝐶𝑂𝐶𝐻3
𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂+ 𝐶𝑙 −
(A¨vwm‡Uv‡dbb)
𝐶𝑙 −
(WvB wdbvBj)
𝑁𝑂2
𝐻𝑁𝑂3 900 𝐶
bvB‡Uªv‡ebwRb
ï®‹ −𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
𝑆𝑂3 𝐻
𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
mvj‡dv‡bkb
𝑆𝑂3 Zvc
38
bvgavix wewµqvmg~n:
(i) wWwRU cÖ¯‘wZ:
𝐶𝑙 𝐶𝑙
𝐶𝐻3 𝐻 𝐶𝑙
| | |
𝐻 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
𝐶𝑙 − 𝐶 − 𝐶 − 𝑂 + → 𝐶𝑙 − 𝐶 − 𝐶 − 𝐻 + 𝐻2 𝑂
𝐻 ∆ |
𝐶𝐿
𝐶𝑙 𝐶𝑙
𝐷𝐷𝑇 ev, 4, 4 − WvB‡K¬v‡iv WvBwdbvBj UªvB †K¬v‡iv B‡_b
(ii) DBwjqvgmb ms‡kølY Øviv:

2𝑁𝑎 𝑅′𝑋
𝑅 − 𝑂𝐻 + 𝑅 − 𝑂𝐻 → 𝑅 − 𝑂𝑁𝑎 → 𝑅 − 𝑂 − 𝑅 ′ + 𝑁𝑎𝑋
B_vi
(iii) wKDwgb c×wZ:
𝐶𝐻3
𝐶𝐻
𝐶𝐻3
𝐻3 𝑃𝑂4 2500 𝐶
+𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶𝐻 = 𝐶𝐻2 →
30𝑎𝑡𝑚
‡cÖvwcb wKDwgb
𝐶𝐻3
𝑂𝐻 𝐶 − 𝑂𝑂𝐻
𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻3 +𝑂2
+
| 𝐻 , 𝐻2 𝑂 0
130 𝐶
𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶 = 0 +
jNy 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 . 𝑂 𝐶𝑂, 𝐷
A¨vwm‡Uvb ‡dbj
(iv) WvD c×wZ:
𝐶𝑙 𝑂𝑁𝑎 𝑂𝐻
3000 −4000 𝐶 𝐻𝐶𝑙

+2𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 → → +𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
150−200 বোয়ুচোপ পোিন
‡mvwWqvg †d‡bU †dbj
(v) ivBgvi UvBg¨vb wewKªqv:
𝑁𝑓 𝑂𝐻
𝐶𝐻𝑂
600 −700 𝐶
+𝐶𝐻𝐶𝑙3 + 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 → + 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻2 𝑂
m¨vwjmvjwWnvBW
39
(vi) K¨vwbRv‡iv wewµqv:
𝐻
𝐶 = 𝑂 + 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 → 𝐻 − 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝑁𝑎 + 𝐶𝐻3 𝑂𝐻
𝐻
(vii) nd&g¨vb ÿz`ªvskKiY wewµqv:

𝑂
|| ∆
𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶 − 𝑁𝐻2 + 𝐵𝑟2 + 4𝐾𝑂𝐻 → 𝐶𝐻3 − 𝑁𝐻2 + 2𝐾𝐵𝑟 + 𝐾2 𝐶𝑂3 + 2𝐻2 𝑂
wg_vBj A¨vwgb
(viii) ndg¨vb ÿz`ªvskKiY wewKªqv (A¨vgvBW):

𝑂
||
𝑅 − 𝐶 − 𝑁𝐻2 + 𝐵𝑟2 + 𝑁𝑎𝑜𝐻 → 𝑅 − 𝑁𝐻2 + 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑂3 + 2𝑁𝑎𝐵𝑟 + 2𝐻2 𝑂
GwmW A¨vgvBW
40
Aa¨vq 03: cwigvYMZ imvqb

*** i. Drcv` → wewµq‡Ki cwigvY MYbv Ki|
ii. NbgvÎv + ppm GK‡K cÖKvk
iii. RviY-weRviY mgZv Avqb-B‡jKUªb c×wZ‡Z
iv. ‡jvnvi cwigvY wbY©‡qi Math
** i. wjwgwUs wewµqK
ii. wb‡`©kK Gi wµqv‡KŠkj
* i. cÖvBgvwi, †m‡KÛvwi ÷¨vÛvW© c`v_©
ii. Av‡qv‡WvwgwZ, Av‡qvwWwgwZ
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
1| 𝟒𝟗% 𝟓𝟎𝒎𝑳 𝟏𝟎𝒎𝑳 ‡Wwm‡gvjvi

𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 `ªeY 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 `ªeY
cvÎ-1 cvÎ-2
(K) `k©K Avqb Kx?
(L) cvwbi BOD 5mg/L ej‡Z wK eyS?
(M) DÏxc‡Ki A cv‡Îi `ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv‡K ppb GK‡K iƒcvšÍi K‡iv|
(N) DÏxc‡Ki A I B cvÎ wgwkÖZ Ki‡i wgkÖ‡Yi cÖK…wZ wK n‡e? MvwYwZK e¨vL¨v `vI|
DËi:
(K)
†hme Avqb wewµqvq AcwiewZ©Z Ae¯’vq †_‡K hvq, Kv‡iv mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i bv Zv‡ì‡K `k©K Avqb e‡j|
(L)
cvwbi BOD 5mg/L ej‡Z ‡evSvq H bgybv cvwbi 1 wjUv‡i `ªexf~Z _vKv ˆRe `~lK c`v_©‡K AYyRxe (e¨vK‡Uwiqv) Øviv RvwiZ
Ki‡Z 5mg Aw·‡Rb cÖ‡qvRb|
(M)
A cv‡Îi `ªe‡Yi AvqZb, 𝑉 = 50𝑚𝐿
4.9×50𝑔
`ª‡ei fi, 𝜔 = 100 = 2.45𝑔
𝑊 2.45𝑔 2.45×100𝑔
NbgvÎv, 𝑠 = = 50𝑚𝐿 = = 49000000𝜇𝑔/𝐿 = 49000000𝑝𝑝𝑏
𝑉 1𝐿
= 49 × 106 𝑝𝑝𝑏
6
∴ 𝐴 cv‡Îi `ªe‡Yi `ªeYwUi NbgvÎv 49 × 10 𝑝𝑝𝑏
(N)
𝑊
A cv‡Î, H 2 SO4 Gi cwigvY 4.9% [ 𝑉 ]
100𝑚𝐿 AvqZ‡bi `ªe‡Y H 2 SO4 Av‡Q 4.9g
4.9  1000 49
∴ 1000𝑚𝐿 AvqZ‡bi `ªe‡Y H 2 SO4 Av‡Q g = 49g = mol = 0.5mol
100 98
∴ 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 Gi NbgvÎv = 0.5𝑀
50 𝑚𝐿 0.5𝑀 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 ≡ 25 𝑚𝐿 1𝑀 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
100𝑚𝐿 0.1M NaOH ≡ 10mL 1M NaOH
A I B cv‡Îi wgkÖ‡Y,
H 2 SO4 + 2 NaOH = Na2 SO4 + 2H 2O
wewµqv Abymv‡i, 2mol NaOH  1mol H 2 SO4
10mL 1M NaOH `ªeY‡K cÖkgb Gi Rb¨ 5𝑚𝐿 1𝑀 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 cÖ‡qvRb|
AZGe, wgkÖ‡Y wewµqvi ci (25 − 5)𝑚𝐿 ev 20mL 1M H 2 SO4 `ªeY| ZvB wgkÖYwU A¤øxq n‡e|
41
2|
0.1𝑀 0.04𝑀
wØ-ÿvix A¤ø → 𝐴+𝐵 ← 𝑀𝑂𝐻
150 𝑚𝐿 600𝑚𝐿
`ªeY
`ªeY `ªeY
𝐴 cvÎ 𝐶 cvÎ 𝐵 cvÎ
M Gi fi = 39
(K) ppm Kx?
(L) Kxfv‡e 250mL 0.1M 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝟑 `ªeY ˆZwi Kiv nq?
(M) B-cv‡Îi `ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv 𝒑𝒑𝒎 GK‡K wbY©q Ki|
(N) cvÎ-A I cvÎ-B Gi `ªeY cvÎ-C G wgwkÖZ Ki‡j `ªe‡Yi `ªeYwU wjUgvm †ccv‡ii eY© wKfv‡e cwiewZ©Z Ki‡e e¨vL¨v `vI|
DËi:
(K)
ppm (parts per million) n‡jv cÖwZ million A_©vr `k jÿ fvM `ªe‡Y ev cÖwZ 106 Ask `ªe‡Y hZ fvM Ask `ªe `ªexf~Z
_v‡K|
(L)
𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3Gi AvYweK fi = (2 × 23 + 12 + 16 × 3)𝑔 = 106𝑔
1000mL 1M `ªe‡Y 106g 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 _v‡K
106×250×0.1
∴ 250𝑚𝐿 0.1𝑀 `ªe‡Y 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 CO3 ev 2.65𝑔𝑁𝑎Ñ2 𝐶𝑂3 _v‡K
1000
∴ 250𝑚𝐿 cvwb‡Z 2.65𝑔 NaCO 3 wgkv‡j 250𝑚𝐿 0.1𝑀 NaCO 3 `ªeY ˆZwi n‡e|
(M)
MOH Gi AvYweK fi, 𝑀𝑀𝑂𝐻 = (39 + 16 + 1)𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 56𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
GLb, 𝑀𝑂𝐻 Gi NbgvÎv = 0.04M = 0.04mol / L = (0.04  56)g / L = 2.24  1000mg / L
= 2240mg/L
= 2240ppm
∴`ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv 2240ppm
(N)
cvÎ -AGi †ÿ‡Î,
150𝑚𝐿 0.1𝑀 wØ-ÿvixq A¤ø = 15𝑚𝐿 1𝑀 2𝐻 + Avqb
≡ 30𝑚𝐿 1𝑀 𝐻 + Avqb
B cvÎ Gi †ÿ‡Î, 600𝑚𝐿 0.04𝑀 𝑀𝑂𝐻 = 24𝑚𝐿 1𝑀 𝑂𝐻 − Avqb
30𝑚𝐿 > 24𝑚𝐿
‡h‡nZz `ªe‡Y H + Avqb Aewkó Av‡Q, ZvB `ªeYwU A¤øxq n‡e| A_©vr `ªeYwU bxj wjUgvm‡K jvj Ki‡e|
3| 50𝑚𝐿 20𝑚𝐿 40𝑚𝐿

0.5𝑀 0.1𝑀 0.05𝑀
𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 `ªeY 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 `ªeY 𝐻𝐶𝑙 `ªeY
A B C
(K) wb‡`©kK Kv‡K e‡j?
(L) ClCH 2 COOH I CH 3COOH Gi g‡a¨ †KvbwU AwaK A¤øxq? e¨vL¨v Ki|
(M) DÏxc‡Ki A cv‡Îi `ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv 0.01M G iƒcvšÍwiZ Ki‡Z KZUzKz cvwb‡ hvM Ki‡Z n‡e?
(N) DÏxc‡Ki A,B,C `ªeY wgwkÖZ Ki‡j wgkÖ cÖK…wZ †Kgb n‡e?
42
DËi:
(K)
†h mKj c`v_© UvB‡Uªk‡bi mgq wb‡R‡ì eY© cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g A¤ø-ÿvi UvB‡Uªk‡bi †kl we›`y wb‡`©k K‡i Zv‡ì‡K wb‡`©kK
e‡j|
(L)
ˆRe GwmW¸‡jv `ªe‡Y AvswkK we‡qvwRZ H + n‡q Avqb Z¨vM K‡i| ˆRe Gwm‡Wi we‡qvRb:
− +
CH 3COOH + H 2 O ⇌ CH 2 COO + H 3O
‰Re Gwm‡Wi 𝛼- Kve©‡b hZ †ewk B‡jKUªb AcmviYKvix MÖæc _vK‡e GwmW ZZ †ewk kw³kvjx n‡e| †K¬vwib GKwU B‡jKUªb
AcmiYKvix MÖæc nIqvq 𝐶𝑙 CH2 COOHGi GwmWwU 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 Gi †P‡q †ewk A¤øxq|
(M)
jNyKi‡Yi m~Îvbymv‡i, Avw` AvqZb, 𝑣1 = 50𝑚𝐿
v1si = v2 s2 Avw` NbgvÎv, 𝑆2 = 0.5𝑀
v1s1 50  0.5 ‡kl AvqZb, 𝑣2 =?
 v2 = = = 2500mL
s2 0.01 ‡kl NbgvÎv, 𝑠2 = 0.01𝑀
cvwb †hvM Ki‡Z n‡e = (2500 - 50)mL = 2450mL
(N)
B cv‡Î 20mL 0.1M 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 `ªeY Ges C cv‡Î 40𝑚𝐿 0.05𝑀 𝐻𝐶𝑙 `ªeY Av‡Q| GLb, B I C wgkv‡j H+ Gi Zzj¨
†gvjvi NbgvÎv:
20𝑚𝐿 0.1𝑀 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 ≡ 20𝑚𝐿 0.2𝑀𝐻 +
= (20 × 0.2)𝑚𝐿 1𝑀 𝐻 +
= 4𝑚𝐿 1𝑀 𝐻 +
40𝑚𝐿 0.05𝑀 𝐻𝐶𝑙 ≡ (40 × 0.05)𝑚𝐿 1𝑀 𝐻 + = 2𝑚𝐿 1𝑀 𝐻 +
∴ 𝐻 + Gi cwigvY ≡ (4 + 2) ev 6𝑚𝐿 1𝑀 𝐻 +
50𝑚𝐿 0.05𝑀 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑂3 `ªeY ≡ 25𝑚𝐿 1𝑀 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 `ªeY
GLb, 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 (Acv‡Îi `ªeY) Gi mv‡_ H+ (B I C cv‡Îi `ªeY) Gi wewµqv:

Na 2CO3 + 2 H + → 2 Na + + H 2O + CO2
GLb, 2mol HCl  1mol Na 2 CO 3
1
1mol HCl ≡ 2 mol Na2 CO3
6
6mL 1M HCl ≡ 2 বো 3mL 1M Na2 CO3
∴ wgkÖ‡Y Aewkó 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 = (25 - 3) mL 1M Na 2 CO 3 = 22mL 1M 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3
ZvB, `ªe‡Yi cÖK…wZ I ÿvixq n‡e|
43
4|
(K) Kv‡e©vK¨vUvqb Kx?

(L) Av`k© cvwbi 𝑻𝑫𝑺 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝒑𝒑𝒎 ej‡Z Kx eyS?
(M) DÏxc‡Ki ey¨‡iU ivLv `ªeY I CuSO 4 `ªe‡Yi g‡a¨ RviY weRviY mgZv †`LvI|
(N) DÏxc‡Ki UvB‡Uªk‡b ey¨‡i‡Ui m¤ú~Y© cwigvY †hvM Kiv nj| KwbK¨vj d¬v‡¯‹ Na 2S2 O3 Gi fi KZ wQj? wnmve Ki|
DËi:
(K)
ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi mg‡hvRx eÜ‡bi welg wefvR‡bi d‡j m„ó abvZ¥K Avavbhy³ Kve©b cigvYy wewkó AvqbB Kv‡e©vK¨vUvqb|
(L)
TDS ev Total Dissolved soild n‡jv cvwb‡Z `ªexf~Z KwVb c`v‡_©i †gvU cwigvY| cvwb‡Z `ªexf~Z KwVb Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jv 𝐶𝑎2+ , 𝑀𝑔2+ , 𝐴𝑙 3+ , 𝑁𝑎 + , 𝐾 + | GQvovI CO 3- , HCO 3− , Cl − , SO 24− , NO 3− Ges Pb 2+ , Cd 2+ , As +
BZ¨vw`| Av`k© cvwbi TDS Value 500ppm ej‡Z eySvq cvwbi Rb¨ Av`k© ev my‡cq cvwb‡Z GB¸wj `ªexf~Z KwVb c`v‡_©i
†gvU cwigvY cÖwZ wjUv‡i 500𝑚𝑔 Gi wb‡P Z_v 500𝑝𝑝𝑚 Gi wb‡P _vK‡Z n‡e|
(M)
ey¨‡i‡U ivLv `ªeYwU I 2 n‡”Q `ªeY I 2 `ªeY I CuSO4 Gi g‡a¨ RviY-weRviY wewµqv m¤¢e bq| Gi KviY wb‡¤œ e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv-
CuSO4 Gi Cu 2+ I I 2 Df‡qB RviK c`v_©| G‡ì †KvbwUB B‡jKUªb `vb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ïaygvÎ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| d‡j
GLv‡b wewµqØ‡qi Df‡qiB ‡KejgvÎ weRviY nIqv m¤¢e| wKš‘ †h‡nZz RviY-weRviY GKB mv‡_ N‡U| ZvB GLv‡b †Kvb RviY-
weRviY wewµhv nq bv|
(N)
Na 2 S 2O3 I I 2 g‡a¨ wewµqv-
2Na 2S2 O3 (aq ) + I 2 (aq ) → Na 2S4 O 6 (aq ) + 2NaI (aq )
2mol 1 mol
KwbK¨vj d¬v‡¯‹ I 2 Gi cwigvY 100mL I NbgvÎv 0.5M
mgxKiY Abyhvqx, 2𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆2 𝑂3 ≡ 1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐼2
ev, 1000mL 1M I2 `ªeY  2(23  2 + 32  2 + 16  3)g Na 2 S2 O3 = 316 g Na 2S2 O3
316.05×100
ev, 100mL 0.5M I2 ≡ 𝑔 ⇒ 15.8g Na2 𝑆2 𝑂3
1000
KwbK¨vj d¬v‡¯‹ 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆2 𝑂3 Gi fi 15.8g |
44
5| KMnO 4 + H 2O2 + H 2SO4 → K 2SO4 + MnSO 4 + H 2O + O2

(K) Zwor ivmvqwbK Zzj¨v¼ Kx?
(L) Av‡ekxq dj I nvBcviKbRy‡Mk‡bi cv_©K¨ wjL|
(M) DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvwUi Avqb c×wZ‡Z mgZv weavb K‡iv|
(N) 𝟐𝟓𝒄𝒄 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝑴 𝑯𝟐 𝑶𝟐 †K weRvwiZ Ki‡Z 𝟏𝟎𝒄𝒄 𝑲𝑴𝒏𝑶𝟒 Gi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j 𝑲𝑴𝒏𝑶𝟒 Gi NbgvÎv KZ?
DËi:
(K)
Zwor we‡køl‡Yi mgq GK Kzj¤^ we`y¨r cÖev‡ni d‡j †Kv‡bv c`v‡_© hZ cwigvY A¨v‡bv‡W `ªexf~Z ev K¨v‡_v‡W mwÂZ nq Zv‡K †mB
c`v‡_©i Zwor ivmvqwbK Zzj¨v¼ ejv nq|
(L)
Av‡ekxq dj I nvBcviKbRy‡Mk‡bi cv_©K¨ †Ìqv n‡jv-
Av‡ekxq dj nvBcviKbRy‡Mkb
(i) wmMgv eÜ‡bi ga¨ w`‡q B‡jKUª‡bi mÂviY‡K Av‡ekxq (i) wmMgv eÜ‡bi B‡jKUªb hw` eÜb †f‡½ ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq,
dj e‡j ZLb Zv‡K nvBcviKbRy‡Mkb e‡j|
(ii) abvZ¥K (+I) FYvZ¥K (-I)GB `yB cÖev‡ni Av‡ekxq dj (ii) Kv‡e©vK¨vUvq‡bi w¯’wZkxjZvi Rb¨ GK ai‡YiB
n‡Z cv‡i nvBcviKbRy‡Mkb we`¨gvb|
(iii) wmMgv eÜ‡bi ga¨ w`‡q N‡U| (iii) eÜbwenxb gy³ Ae¯’v‡bi ga¨ w`‡q N‡U
(M)
DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvwU n‡jv:
𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 + 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 + 𝐻2 𝑂2 → 𝐾2 𝑆𝑂4 + 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4 + 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝑂2

RviK weRviK
GB wewµqvq O 22− Avqb Z¨vM K‡i Aw·‡R‡b cwiYZ nq| MnO4− Gi Mn 7+ Avqb 5wU B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i Mn 2+ n‡q‡Q|
RviY Aa©wewµqv: 𝑂22− − 2𝑒 − ⎯
⎯→ 𝑂2
weRviY Aa©wewµqv: 𝑀𝑛𝑂4− + 5𝑒 − + 8𝐻 + ⎯
⎯→ 𝑀𝑛2+ + 4𝐻2 𝑂
5O2− −
2 − 10e → 5O2
2MnO− − +
4 + 10e + 16H → 2Mn2+ + 8H2 𝑂
5O 22− + 2MnO −4 + 16H + ⎯
⎯→ 5O 2 + 2Mn 2+ + 8H 2 O
∴mgZvK…Z mgxKiY, 2𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 + 3𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 + 5𝐻2 𝑂2 → 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4 + 𝐾2 𝑆𝑂4 + 5𝑂2 + 8𝐻2 𝑂
(N)
DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvwU: 2𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 + 3𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 + 5𝐻2 𝑂2 → 𝑘2 𝑆𝑂4 + 2𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4 + 5𝑂2 + 8𝐻2 𝑂
A_©vr 2𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 ≡ 5𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2 𝑂2
2𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 ≡ 5𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2 𝑂2 Given,
GLb, 2𝑣1 𝑆2 = 5𝑣2 𝑠2 H 2O2 Gi AvqZb v1 = 25cm3
2v s 2  25  0.003 H 2O2 Gi NbgvÎv, 𝑠1 = 0.003𝑀
 s2 = 1 1 = M
5v 2 5  10 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 Gi AvqZb, v = 10cm3 2
= 3  10 -3 M 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 Gi NbgvÎv, 𝑠2 =?
−3
∴ cÖ`Ë 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 Gi NbgvÎv 3 10 M |
45
6|
0.1𝑀 0.024𝑀
wØ-ÿviYxq A¤ø → 𝐴+𝐵 ← 𝑀𝑂𝐻
100 𝑚𝐿 600𝑚𝐿
𝐴 cvÎ 𝐶 cvÎ 𝐵 cvÎ

(K) cig k~Y¨ ZvcgvÎv Kv‡K e‡j?
(L) †iwmwgK wgkÖY Av‡jvK wbw®Œq ‡Kb?
𝑀 Gi cvigvYweK fi = 39
(M) DÏxc‡Ki B cv‡Îi `ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv ppm GK‡K wnmve K‡iv|
(N) C cv‡Îi `ªeY‡K m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c cÖkgb Ki‡Z Kx cwigvY A¤ø ev ÿvi †hvM Ki‡Z n‡e?
DËi:
(K)
†h ZvcgvÎvq M¨v‡mi AvqZb ZvË¡xKfv‡e k~Y¨ nq Zv‡K cigk~Y¨ ZvcgvÎv e‡j|
(L)
†iwmwgK wgkÖY n‡jv GK aiYi GbwmIgvi hv‡Z 𝑑 I 𝑙 †hŠMmg~n †hgb j¨vKwUK Gwm‡Wi †ÿ‡Î (d-j¨vKwUK GwmW I l-
j¨vKwUK GwmW) mgcwigvY wgkÖY _v‡K| hv‡Z GK mgZjxq Av‡jvi †ÿ‡Î G‡ì N~Y©veZ©b Gi gvb k~Y¨ n‡q hvq| d‡j †iwmwgK
wgkÖY Av‡jvK wbw®Œq nq|
(M)
MOH Gi MÖvg AvYweK fi = (39 + 16 + 1) ev 56g
`ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv = 0.02𝑀
1.12 1.12×103 𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔
∴ 1𝐿 `ªe‡Y (0.02 × 56)𝑔 𝑀𝑂𝐻 = 1𝐿 𝑔 = = 1120 = 1120𝑝𝑝𝑚
1𝐿 1𝐿
∴ 𝐵 cv‡Îi `ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv = 1120𝑝𝑝𝑚
(N)
−3 −3
A cv‡Îi †gvj msL¨v = 100  0.110 mol = 10 10 mol
B cv‡Îi †gvj msL¨v = 600 × 0.02 × 10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 12 × 10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙
A cv‡Î i‡q‡Q wØÿviKxq GwmW
12×10−3
12 10−3 mol ÿviK cÖkgb Ki‡Z cÖ‡qvRb ( ) বো 6 × 10−3 mol GwmW
2
∴ cv‡Î Aewkó ivBj (10 × 10−3 − 6 × 10−3 )
বো4 × 10−3 mol GwmW
Av‡iv (2 × 4 × 10−3 )বো 8 × 10−3 mol MOH ev cÖ‡qvRb n‡e m¤ú~Y© C cv‡Îi wgkÖY‡K cÖkwgZ Ki‡Z|
7| 8% 𝐻2 𝐶2 𝑂4 ‡mw›U‡gvjvi
500mL 250mL
KOH
A B
(K) ppb Kv‡K e‡j?
(L) DÏxc‡Ki †KvbwU cÖvBgvix ÷¨vÛvW© c`v_© Ges †Kb?
(M) A cv‡Î KZUzKz cvwb †hvM Ki‡j Zv †mwg‡gvjvi `ªe‡Y cwiYZ n‡e?
(N) A+ B wgkÖ‡Yi pH KZ n‡e MvwYwZKfv‡e wbY©q K‡iv|
DËi:
(K)
ppb (parts per billion) n‡jv cÖwZ billion A_©vr 100‡KvwU fvM `ªe‡Y ev cÖwZ 109 Ask `ªe‡Y hZ fvM Ask `ªe `ªexf~Z
_v‡K |
46
(L)
†hme ivmvqwbK c`v_© evZv‡mi ms¯ú‡k© Rjxq ev®ú ev O2 Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i bv Ges `xN©Kvj NbgvÎv AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K |
ZvB GwU cÖvBgvwi ÷¨vÛvW© c`v_©| Ab¨w`‡K KOH Zxeª ÿvi hv Rjxq ev‡®úi ms¯ú‡k© G‡m mv‡_ mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i| ZvB GwU
†m‡KÛvwi ÷¨vÛvW© c`v_©|
(M)
DÏxc‡Ki A cv‡Î 500mL `ªe‡Y 8% 𝐻2 𝐶2 𝑂4 i‡q‡Q |
𝐻2 𝐶2 𝑂4 Gi †gvjvi fi
= ((2 ⨯ 1) + (2 ⨯ 12) + (4 ⨯ 16))𝑔
= 90𝑔
8% `ªeY A_©vr,
100mL `ªe‡Y `ªe _v‡K 8g
8×1000
∴ 1000𝑚𝐿 `ªe‡Y `ªe _v‡K = 100 𝑔 ev, 80g
80
∴ 𝐴 cv‡Î 𝐻2 𝐶2 𝑂4 Gi NbgvÎv 𝑀 = 0.88𝑀
90
s1v1 = s2 v2 cÖv_wgK NbgvÎv, s1 = 0.88M
s1v1 0.88  500 cÖv_wgK AvqZb, v1 = 500mL
 v2 = = mL = 888.88mL
s2 0.5 cwiewZ©Z NbgvÎv, s2 = 0.5M
cwiewZ©Z AvqZb, v2 = ?
AwZwi³ cvwb jvM‡e (888.88 − 500) mL = 388.88mL
 A cv‡Î 388.88mL cvwb †hvM Ki‡i `ªeYwU †mwg‡gvjvi n‡e|
(N)
ÔMÕ n‡Z cvB,
H 2 C 2 O 4 Gi †gvjvwiwU, s = 0.88 M
AvqZb v = 500mL = 0.5L
 H 2C2O4 Gi †gvjmsL¨v = 0.88 − 0.5 = 0.44 mol
Avevi, &DÏxc‡Ki B cv‡Î KOHGi 250𝑚𝐿 †mw›U‡gvjvi `ªeY i‡q‡Q|
∴ 𝐵 cv‡Î KOH Gi †gvj msL¨v = (250  10 −3  0.01) mol = 0.0025 mol
2KOH + HOOC-COOH → KOOC − COOK + 2H2 𝑂
2mol KOH ≡ 1mol H2 𝐶2 𝑂4
1
⇒ 0.0025mol KOH ≡ 2 × 0.0025mol H2 𝑆2 𝑂4 = 0.00125mol
Aewkó H 2C2O4 = (0.44 − 0.00125) mol = 0.434875 mol
A I B cv‡Îi wgkÖ‡Yi AvqZb = (500 + 250) mL = 750 mL
750𝑚𝐿 `ªe‡Y 0.43875 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2 𝐶2 𝑂4 we`¨gvb
We know,
100 0mL `ªe‡Y 1mol `ªe _vK‡j NbgvÎv = 1𝑀
0.43875  1000
∴ 750𝑚𝐿 `ªe‡Y 0.43875 mol `ªe _vK‡j NbgvÎv = M = 0.585M
750
47
COOH 𝐶𝑂𝑂−
| ⇌ | + 2𝐻 +
COOH 𝐶𝑂𝑂−
𝐶 − (1 − 𝛼) 𝐶𝛼 2𝐶𝛼
Ka =
C O  H 
2
2−
4
+ 2
 5.9  10 −2
=
C  (2C )
2

4C 2 3
= 5.9  10 −2
H 2C2O4  C (1 −  ) 1−
5.9  10 −2 5.9  10 −2
 = 3 =3 = 0.35
4  (0.585)
2
40C 2
 
∴ wgkÖ‡Y H + = 2Cα = 2  0.585  0.35M = 0.41M
 
 pH = − log H + = − log (0.41) = 0.387 (Ans )
8| (i ) Cu 2+ + I − ⎯⎯→ Cu + + I 2
(ii ) I 2 + S2O32− ⎯⎯→ S4O 62− + I −
(K) cÖgvY `ªeY wK?

(L) jeY †mZzi ¸iæZ¡ wK?
(M) (i) bs wewKªqv GKwU †iW· wewKªqv e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
(N) DÏxc‡Ki wewµq `ywUi Av‡jv‡K Cu 2+ Gi cwigvY wbY©‡qi gvwÎK m¤úK© cÖwZôv K‡iv|
DËi:
(K)
†h `ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv wbw`©ófv‡e Rvbv _v‡K Zv‡K cÖgvY `ªeY e‡j|
(L)
jeY †mZzi ¸iæZ¡-
(i) jeY‡mZz Aa©‡KvlØ‡qi Dfq `ªe‡Yi g‡a¨ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i †Kv‡li eZ©bx c~Y© K‡i|
(ii) jeY‡mZzi ga¨¯’ Zwor we‡køl¨ †hgb, KNO 3 Dfq Aa©‡Kv‡li `ªe‡Yi mv‡_ †Kv‡bv ivmvqwbK wewµqv K‡i bv, eis Dfq
Zi‡ji g‡a¨ cÖ‡qvRbgZ abvZ¥K I FYvZ¥K Avqb wewbg‡qi e¨vcb cÖwµqvi gva¨giƒ‡c KvR K‡i|
(iii) jeY‡mZz Dfq Aa©‡Kv‡li `ªe‡Yi Zwor wbi‡cÿZv eRvq ivL‡Z KvR K‡i&
(iv) jeY‡mZzi Afv‡e Dfq Aa©‡Kv‡l RviY-weRviY wµqv evavcÖvß n‡q Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨ †Kvl wewµqv Z_v we`y¨r cÖevn eÜ n‡q
hvq|
(M)
2+ − +
(i) bs wewµqvq, 2Cu + 2I ⎯ ⎯→ 2Cu + I 2
wewµqvwU RviY-weRviY wewµqv|

RviY Aa©wewµqv: 2 I − ⎯
⎯→ I 2 + 2e −
weRviY Aa©wewµqv: 2Cu 2+ + 2e− ⎯
⎯→ 2Cu +
RviY weRviY wewµqv → 2Cu 2+ + 2I − → 2Cu + + I 2
−
( )
2wU Av‡qvWvBW Avqb I `ywU e− Z¨vM K‡i I 2 Aby‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| GwU GKwU RviY wewµqv| Aciw`‡K `yBwU Kcvi Avqb
(Cu ) `yBwU B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i Cu
2+ +
K‡i Avq‡b cwiYZ nq, hv GKwU weRviY wewµqv|
AZGe, DÏxc‡Ki (i) bs wewµqvwU GKwU RviY weRviY ev †iW· wewµqv|
48
(N)
†Kv‡bv RviK c`v‡_©i wbw`©ó Avq‡bi mv‡_ Av‡qvWvBW jeY (‡hgb-𝐾𝐼) Gi wewµqvq Drcbœ Av‡qvwWb‡K cÖgvY _v‡qvmvj‡dU
`ªeY Øviv Uv‡Uªkb K‡i gy³ Av‡qvwW‡bi cwigvY wba©vi‡bi c×wZ‡K Av‡qv‡WvwgwZ ejv nq| DÏxc‡Ki wewK¨qv `ywU mvnv‡h¨
Av‡qv‡WvwgwZi g~jbxwZ cÖ‡qvM K‡i Cu 2+ Gi cwigvY wbY©q Kiv hvq| UvB‡Uªk‡bi gva¨‡g Av‡qvwW‡bi cwigvY wbY©q Kwi|
2Cu 2+ + 2I − → 2Cu + + I 2
I 2 + 2S2 O32− → S4 O 62− + 2I −
wewµqv `ywU‡K wb‡¤œv³fv‡e †jLv hvq-
2CuSO4 + 4KI = Cu 2 I 2 + 2K 2 SO4 + 𝐼2
𝐼2 + 2Na 2S2 O3 = Na 2S4 O6 + 2NaI
mgxKiY †`Lv hvq,
2mol Na2 SO3 ≡ 1 mol I2 ≡ 2mol Cu2+ বো 1mol Na2 𝑆2 𝑂3 ≡ 1mol Cu2+
বো, 1000mL ⥂ 1M Na2 𝑆2 𝑂3 `ªeY  63.5 g Cu 2+
63.5×𝑥×𝑦
বো, x mL Y M Na2 𝑆2 𝑂3`ªeY ≡ ( ) 𝑔 𝐶𝑢2+
1000
Gfv‡e DÏxc‡Ki wewµqv `yÕwUi Av‡jv‡K Cu 2+ Gi cwigvY wbY©q Kiv nq|
9| 3.04 MÖvg weøwPs cvDWvi‡K wb‡q 400gL `ªeY ˆZwi K‡i Zv 25mL wb‡q Av‡qv‡WvwgwZK c×wZ‡Z UªvB‡Ukb Ki‡Z
𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟓𝑴 †mvwWqvg _v‡qvmvj‡dU `ªe‡Yi 𝟒𝟎𝒎𝑳 cÖ‡qvRb n‡jv|
(K) Aat‡ÿcb UªvB‡Ukb Kv‡K e‡j?
(L) cvwbi BOD mg/L ej‡Z wK eyS?
(M) DÏxc‡Ki weøwPs cvDWv‡i †K¬vwi‡bi cwigvY wbY©q K‡iv|
(N) DÏxc‡Ki Av‡qv‡WvwgwZK c×wZ‡Z Fe3+ Gi cwigvY wbY©‡qi gvwÎK m¤úK© cÖwZôv K‡iv|
DËi:
(K)
†h UªvB‡Ukb c×wZ‡Z †Kv‡bv cixÿvaxb `ªe‡Yi Dcv`vb c`v_© Ges cÖgvY `ªe‡Yi Dchy³ Dcv`vb c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ ZvrÿwYK msMwVZ
wewµqvq gvwÎKfv‡e †Kv‡bv A`ªeYxq Aat‡ÿ‡ci m„wó nq, Zv‡K Aat‡ÿcY UvB‡Uªkb e‡j|
(L)
†Kv‡bv bgybv cvwbi BOD 5mg/L ej‡Z eySvq H bgybv cvwbi 1L G `ªexf~Z _vKv ˆRe `~lK c`v_©‡K AYyRxe (e¨vK‡Uwiqv)
Øviv RvwiZ Ki‡Z 5mg Aw·‡Rb cÖ‡qvRb|
(M)
weøwPs cvDWvi Ca (OCl ) Cl †K cvwb‡Z wb‡q `ªeY ˆZwi Ki‡j wb‡¤œv³ wewµqv N‡U|
Ca (OCl )Cl + H 2 O → Ca (OH )2 + 2Cl ...............(i )
GLb cÖvß `ªe‡Y Av‡qv‡WvwgwZK UvB‡Uªk‡bi Rb¨ KI †hvM Ki‡j,
Ca (OH ) + 2 Cl  + 2KI → CaCl 2 + 2KOH + I 2 ...............(ii )
wegy³ Av‡qvwW‡bi m‡½ †mvwWqvg _v‡qvmvj‡dU Na 2 S 2O3 Gi UvB‡Uªk‡b msNwUZ wewKªqv n‡jv-
I 2 + 2Na 2S2 O3 → Na 2S4 O 6 + 2NaI..........(iii )
(ii) bs I (iii) bs wewµqv Abymv‡i cvB,
2𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆2 𝑂3 ≡ 1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐼2
≡ 1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑙2
 2000 mL 1M Na 2S2 O3  1mol Cl 2
40  0.075
 40mL 0.075 M Na 2S2 O3  mol Cl 2 = 1.5  10 −3 mol Cl 2
2000
GLb, 25mL `ªe‡Y Cl 2 _v‡K = 1.510-3 mol
49
1.5  10-3  400

∴ 400𝑚𝐿 `ªe‡Y Cl 2 _v‡K = mol = 0.024mol = (0.024  71)g = 1.704g [𝐶𝑙2 Gi AvYweK fi
25
= 71𝑔]
∴ weøwPs cvDWv‡i †K¬vwi‡bi cwigvY 1.704𝑔
(N)
DÏxc‡Ki Av‡qv‡WvwgwZK c×wZ‡K Fe3+ (‡dwiK Avqb) RviY iƒ‡c Av‡qvWvBW Avq‡bi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i gy³ Av‡qvwWb (I 2 )
ˆZwi K‡i|
2Fe3+ + 8I − → 2 FeI 3 + I 2 ................(i )
gy³ Av‡qvwWb‡K cÖgvY †mvwWqvg _v‡qvmvj‡dU `ªeY Øviv UvB‡Uªkb K‡i Av‡qvwW‡bi cwigvY wbY©‡qi gva¨‡g Fe3+ Avq‡bi
cwigvY wbY©q Kiv hvq|
2S2O32− + I 2 → 2I − + S4O62−
 2Na 2S2O3 + I 2 → 2NaI + Na 2S4O6 ...........(ii )
(i) bs I (ii) bs wewµqvg‡Z,
2𝐹𝑒 3+ ≡ 𝐼2 ≡ 2𝑁𝑎2 𝑆2 𝑂3
 1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆2 𝑂3 ≡ 1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐹𝑒 3+ Avqb
 1000mL 1M Na 2 S 2O3 `ªeY  0.05585g Fe3+
∴ 𝑋 𝑚𝐿 0.075𝑀 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆2 𝑂3 = (0.05585 × 0.075 × 𝑋) 𝑔
GwUB n‡”Q Av‡qv‡WvwgwZK c×wZ‡Z Fe3+ Gi cwigvY wbY©‡qi gvwÎK m¤úK©|
Shadow Aide Special
10.
200 𝑚𝐿 300 𝑚𝐿 5𝑔 𝐹𝑒
0.2 𝑀 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 AvKwiK
𝐻2 𝐶2 𝑂4 `ªeY `ªeY (𝑜𝑛𝑒) + 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
(1) (2) (3)

A¤øxq gva¨‡g (1) bs `ªeY Øviv (2)bs `ªeY m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c cÖkwgZ nq|
(K) GwmW GbnvBWªvBW Gi Kvh©Kix g~j‡Ki MvVwbK ms‡KZ wjL|
(L) B_vB‡bi kYv³Kvix cixÿvwU mgxKiYmn eY©bv K‡iv|
(M) (2) bs I (2) bs cv‡Îi `ªe‡Yi g‡a¨ msNwUZ RviY-weRviY wewµqvwUi mgZvK…Z mgxKiY wbY©q K‡iv|
(N) (2) bs `ªeY (3) bs `ªeY‡K m¤ú~Y© cÖkwgZ Ki‡j AvKwi‡K Fe Gi weï×Zv MvwYwZKfv‡e e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
DËi:
(K)
𝑂 𝑂
|| ||
GwmW A¨vbnvBWªvB‡Wi Kvh©Kix g~jK −𝐶𝑂 − 𝑂 − 𝐶𝑂 −Gi MvVwbK ms‡KZ −𝐶 − 𝑂 − 𝐶 −
(L)
A¨v‡gvwbqvhy³ wKDcÖvm †K¬vivB‡Wi `ªe‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q B_vBb M¨vm Pvjbv Ki‡j Kcvi B_vbvBW (Kcvi A¨vwmwUjvBW) Gi jvj
Aat‡ÿc c‡o|
CH  CH + Cu (NH 3 )2 Cl → Cu − C  C − Cu  + NH 4 Cl + NH 3
Kcvi GwmwUjvBW (jvj)
50
(M)
(1) bs cv‡Î Av‡Q H 2C2O4 (A·vwjK GwmW) `ªeY Ges (2) bs cv‡Î Av‡Q KMnO 4 `ªeY| GLv‡b, KMnO 4 `ªeY RviK
wn‡m‡e Ges H 2C2O4 weRviK wn‡m‡e wµqv K‡i|
(1) I (2) bs `ªeY‡K A¤øxq gva¨‡g wgwkÖZ Ki‡j RviY-weRviY wewµqv nq|
RviY Aa©wewµqv: C 2O42− → 2CO2 + 2e − .............(i )
weRviY Aa©wewµqv: MnO -4 + 5e − + 8H + → Mn 2+ + 4H 2 O.........(ii )
(𝑖) × 5 + (𝑖𝑖) × 2 
⎯→10CO 2 + 10e − ...........(iii )
5C 2 O 24− ⎯
⎯→ 2Mn 2+ + 8H 2 O + 10CO 2 .......(iv )
2MnO −4 + 10e − + 16H + ⎯
‡hvM K‡i, 5C 2 O −4 + 2MnO −4 + 16H + → 2Mn 2+ + 8H 2 O + 10CO 2 ................(v )
(v) ‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq `k©K Avqb †hvM K‡i cvB,
5H 2C2O4 + 2MnO 4 + 3H 2SO4 → K 2SO4 + 2MnSO 4 + 8H 2O + 10CO 2
(N)
DÏxc‡KiFe I H2SO 4 Gi g‡a¨Kvi wewµqvwU n‡jv
Fe + H 2SO4 → FeSO4 + H 2
A¤øxq `ªe‡Y FeSO4 এবং KMnO4Gi wewKªqv ‡_‡K cvB-
2𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 + 8𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 + 10𝐹𝑒𝑆𝑂4 → 𝐾2 𝑆𝑂4 + 5𝐹𝑒2 (𝑆𝑂4 )3 + 2𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4 + 8𝐻2 𝑂
GLb (2) bs `ªeY (KMnO 4 ) , 3bs `ªeY‡K (Fe + H 2 SO4 ) c~Y cÖkwgZ Ki‡j mgxKiY Abymv‡i,
1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 ≡ 5𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐹𝑒𝑠𝑂4
⇒ 1000 𝑚𝐿 1𝑀 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 ≡ 5𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐹𝑒 2+
≡ 5 ⨯ 55.85𝑔 𝐹𝑒 2+
5×55.85×300×𝑦
∴ 300𝑚𝐿 𝑦 𝑀 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 ≡ 𝑔 𝐹𝑒 2+ [awi 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 Gi NbgvÎv y M]
1000
ÔMÕ n‡Z cvB,
2𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 A·vwjK GwmW (H 2C2O4 ) Ges cUvwmqvg cvig¨v½v‡bU (KMnO 4 ) Gi ga¨Kvi RviY-weRviY wewµqv-
2𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 + 3𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 + 5𝐻2 𝐶2 𝑂4 = 𝑘2 𝑆𝑂4 + 2𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4 + 8𝐻2 𝑂 + 10𝐶𝑂2
mgxKiY Abymv‡i, GLv‡b,
v1s1 5 2  v1s1 H 2C2O4 Gi AvqZb, 𝑣1 = 200𝑚𝐿
= y=
v2 y 2 5  v2 H 2C2O4 Gi NbgvÎv, 𝑠1 = 0.2𝑀
2  200  0.2
= M = 0.0533M 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 Gi AvqZb v 2 = 300mL
5  300
𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 Gi NbgvÎv, 𝑦 =?
5×55.85×300×0.0533
AZGe, 300𝑚𝐿 0.0533𝑀 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 `ªeY c~Y© cÖkwgZ Ki‡Z cv‡i = ( 1000
) g Fe †K
= 4.468𝑔 𝐹𝑒 ‡K
4.468
∴ AvKwi‡K Fe Gi weï×Zvi kZKiv cwigvY 5
× 100% = 89.36%
51
‰bwe©¨w³K cÖkœ
1. 1cm3 1M A¤øxq k 2Cr2O7 `ªeY‡K RvwiZ Ki‡Z KZ  DÏxcKwU c‡o 7 I 8bs Gi DËi `vIt
MÖvg Fe(II) Avqb cÖ‡qvRb? 𝟏𝟎𝒎𝑳 𝑯𝟐 𝑨 ‡K 𝟎. 𝟏𝑴 𝑴𝑶𝑯 Øviv UvB‡Uªk‡bi
(K) 33.5 10 -2 g (L) 5.55g †jLwPÎ wb¤œiƒc:-
(M) 33.50g (N) 3.35 103 g 10
DËit (K) 6
e¨vL¨v: 1mol k 2 Cr2 O7  7mol Fe
⇒ 1000cm3 1M k 2 Cr2 𝑂7 ≡ 6 × 55.85g Fe 3
6  55.85
 1cm3 1M k 2 Cr2 O 7  g Fe
1000
0
 33.5  10 -2 g Fe 10.6𝑚𝐿
2. 𝟏𝟎𝒈 𝑭𝒆𝑺𝑶𝟒 ‡K RvwiZ Ki‡Z KZ MÖvg cUvwmqvg 𝑀𝑂𝐻 `ªe‡Yi AvqZb
WvB‡µv‡gU jvM‡e? 7. 𝑯𝟐 𝑨 Gi NbgvÎv KZ?
(K) 3.22g (L) 3.87g (K) 0.053M (L) 0.094M
(M) 4.12g (N) 6.44g (M) 0.1M (N) 0.106M
DËit (K) DËit (K)
3. 5.0 gm Fe 2+ ‡K RvwiZ Ki‡Z KZ MÖvg kMnO 4 8. UvB‡UªkbwU‡Z Dchy³ wb‡`©kK †KvbwU?
cÖ‡qvRb n‡e? (K) wg_vBj A‡iÄ (L) wg_vBj †iW
(K) 1.04g (L) 2.83g (M) †dbd_¨vwjb (N) _vBgj eøy
(M) 2.04g (N) 4.02g DËit (M)
DËit (L)  DÏxcKwU c‡o cieZ©x `ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
4. 500mL ‡Wwm‡gvjvi `ªe‡Y `ªexf~Z †mvwWqvg Kve©‡b‡Ui 2KMnO 4 + 8H 2SO 4 + 10FeSO 4 → 5Fe 2 (SO 4 )3 +
cwigvY KZ? 2MnSO 4 + K 2SO 4 + 8H 2 O
(K) 2.65g (L) 5.30g 9. DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvq KZ †gvj B‡jKUªb Av`vb-cÖ`vb n‡q‡Q?
(M) 6.30g (N) 10.60g (K) 1 (L) 3
DËit (L) (M) 6 (N) 10
5. Na 2CO3 3HCl `ªe‡Yi UvB‡Uªk‡b Dchy³ wb‡`©kK DËit (N)
n‡jv- 10. wewµqvwU‡Z H 2 SO4 Gi f~wgKv †KvbwU?
(i) wg_vBj A‡iÄ (K) RviK (L) weRviK
(ii) ‡dbd_¨vwjb (M) A¤øxq gva¨g (N) wbiæ`K
(iii) wg_vBj †iW DËit (M)
‡KvbwU mwVK? 11. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU‡Z Kve©‡bi RviY msL¨v I †hvRbx mgvb?
(K) 𝑖, 𝑖𝑖 (L) 𝑖𝑖, 𝑖𝑖𝑖 (K) C 2 H 6 (L) CHCI 3
(M) 𝑖, 𝑖𝑖𝑖 (N) 𝑖, 𝑖𝑖, 𝑖𝑖𝑖 (M) CH 2Cl 2 (N) CCl 4
DËit (M) DËit (N)
6. wg_vBj A‡iÄ- 12. WHO KZ…©K Aby‡gvw`Z cvbxq Ry‡ji pH gvb-
(i) A¤øxq gva¨‡g jvj eY© †`q (K) 6.5-8.5 (L) 6.5-9.2
(ii) ÿvixq gva¨‡g bxj eY© †`q (M) 4.5-9.5 (N) 4.5-9.8
(iii) Zxeª A¤ø I g„`y ÿv‡ii UvB‡Uªk‡b eëüZ nq DËit (K)
‡KvbwU mwVK? 13. wewµqvKv‡j K 2Cr2O7 KZwU B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i?
(K) 𝑖, 𝑖𝑖 (L) 𝑖, 𝑖𝑖𝑖 (K) 4 (L) 5
(M) 𝑖𝑖, 𝑖𝑖𝑖 (N) 𝑖, 𝑖𝑖, 𝑖𝑖𝑖 (M) 6 (N) 7
DËit (M) DËit M
52
14. IO3- + 5I − + 6H + → 2Mn 2+ + 8H 2 O GLv‡b 20. B cv‡Îi m¤ú~Y© `ªeY‡K †Wwm‡gvjvi `ªe‡Yi cwiYZ Ki‡Z
RviY- cvwb †hvM Ki‡Z Ki‡Z n‡e?
(K) IO3- (L) I - (K) 250cm3 (L) 200cm3
(M) 100cm3 (N) 50cm3
(M) H+ (N) IO3- I I - Df‡qi
DËit (L)
DËit (L) 21. 10mL 0.5M Na 2CO3 `ªeY cÖkwgZ Ki‡Z
15. wb‡Pi †Kvb wewµqvwU‡Z RviY-weRviY wewµqv wn‡m‡e MY¨
Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i? 12.6mL H 2 SO4 `ªeY cÖ‡qvRb n‡j GwmW `ªe‡Yi
(K) Cu 2+ + 4NH 3 = Cu (NH 3 )4 
2+ NbgvÎv KZ n‡e?
(K) 0.396M (L) 0.387M
(L) NH 3 + H + = NH 4+
(M) 0.358M (N) 0.333M
(M) Ca 2+ + 2 F − = CaF2 DËit (K)
(N) Cl 2 + OH − = Cl − + ClO − + H 2O 22. mgAvqZ‡bi 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 Ges H 2 SO4 `ªe‡Yi cÖK…wZ wK
DËit (N) n‡e?
16. ‡KvbwU RviY-weRviY wewµqv? (K) Dfag©x (L) wbi‡cÿ
(K) CaCO 3 → CaO + CO2 (M) A¤øxq (N) ÿvixq
(L) 2H 2 F + SO2 → 2H 2O + 3S DËit (M)
(M) HF + KOH → KF + H 2O 23. ‡KvbwU g„`y GwmW?
(N) NaCl + AgNO 3 → NaNO 3 + AgCl (K) HClO 4 (L) H 2 SO4
DËit (L) (M) HNO 3 (N) H 2 CO3
17. ‡KvbwU RviY-weRviY wewµqv? DËit (N)
(K) HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaHCl(aq) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) 24. wØ-ÿviKxq GwmW †KvbwU?
(L) NaSO4 (aq ) + BaCl2 (aq ) → BaSO4 (s ) + (K) HBr (L) H 2CO3
2NaCl (aq ) (M) HNO 3 (N) HCOOH
(M) 𝑍𝑛(𝑠) + 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 (𝑎𝑞) → 𝑍𝑛𝑆𝑂4 (𝑎𝑞) +
DËit (L)
𝐻2 (𝑎𝑞)
25. Al 2O3 Gi A¤øZ¡ KZ?
(N) AlCl 3 (s ) + H 2O(l ) → Al(OH )3 (s ) + 3HCl
+ 3HCl (aq ) (K) 6 (L) 4
DËit (M) (M) 3 (N) 2
18. cÖgvY Ae¯’vq 9g cvwb‡Z KqwU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy _v‡K? DËit (K)
e¨vL¨v: Al 2 O3 + 6HCl → 2AlCl 3 + 3H 2 O
(K) 6.023 ⨯ 1023 (L) 3.0115 ⨯ 1023
(M) 6.023 ⨯ 1021 (N) 7.17 ⨯ 1023 Al 2O3 6wU g‡bv‡ewmK GwmW [HCl] Gi mv‡_ wewµqv
DËit (L) K‡i| ZvB Al 2O3 A¤øZ¡ 6|
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 19 I 20bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vIt 26. cÖkgb wewµqvq cÖkgb we›`yi pH gvb KZ?
(K) pH  7 (L) pH  7
2% HCl 2% Kw÷K †mvWv (M) pH = 14 (N) pH = 7
3
50𝑐𝑚 50𝑐𝑚3 DËit (N)
A B 27. A·vwjK Gwm‡Wi ÿviKZ¡?
19. DÏxc‡Ki `ªeY `ywUi †ÿ‡Î-
(K) 1 (L) 2
(i) A I B cv‡Îi `ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv ppm GK‡K mgvb
(M) 3 (N) 4
(ii) A I B cv‡Îi wgwkÖZ `ªe‡Yi cÖK…wZ wbi‡cÿ
DËit (L)
(iii) A I B cv‡Îi †gvjvi NbgvÎv mgvb bq
‡KvbwU mwVK? GKwU A¤ø hZwU g‡bv GwmwWK ÿvi Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i,
HCOOC - COOH + 2NaOH → NaOOC - COONa +
(M) 𝑖, 𝑖𝑖𝑖 (N) 𝑖, 𝑖𝑖, 𝑖𝑖𝑖 2 H 2O
DËit (M) ∴ A·vwjK Gwm‡Wi ÿviKZ¡ 2|
53
28. 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒎𝑳 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝟑 `ªe‡Y 1.06g 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝟑 `ªexf~Z 34. 3mL 0.1M Kw÷K †mvWv `ªe‡Y 1mL 0.3M Kw÷K
_vK‡j `ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv n‡e- †mvWv `ªeY †hvM Kiv n‡jv| wgwkÖZ `ªe‡Yi ppm NbgvÎv
(i) 0.1M (ii) 1.06 × 104 𝑚𝑔𝐿−1 KZ?
(iii) 1.06 × 104 𝑝𝑝𝑚 (K) 12000 (L) 8000
‡KvbwU mwVK? (M) 6000 (N) 4000
(K) 𝑖, 𝑖𝑖 (L) 𝑖, 𝑖𝑖𝑖 (M) 𝑖𝑖, 𝑖𝑖𝑖 (N) 𝑖, 𝑖𝑖, 𝑖𝑖𝑖 DËit (M)
DËit (N) 35. 10% Na 2CO3 `ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv †gvjvwiwU‡Z KZ?
29. ‡gvjvi `ªe‡Yi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨- (K) 100M (L) 10M
(i) GwU GKwU cÖgvY `ªeY (M) 0.9434M (N) 0.4717
(ii) `ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv 1M DËit (M)
(iii) 1L `ªe‡Y 1mol cwigvY c`v_© `ªexf~Z _v‡K 36. GK wgwj‡gvj H 2 SO4 = KZ?
‡KvbwU mwVK? (K) 98g (L) 9.8g
(K) 𝑖, 𝑖𝑖, 𝑖𝑖𝑖 (L) 𝑖, 𝑖𝑖 (M) 0.98g (N) 0.098g
(M) 𝑖𝑖, 𝑖𝑖𝑖 (N) 𝑖𝑖𝑖 DËit (N)
DËit (K) 37. 250cc 0.1M H 2 SO4 `ªe‡Y KZ MÖvg 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒
30. 30 10-4 M Cu 2+ `ªeY = KZ 𝒑𝒑𝒎 ? we`¨gvb?
(K) 19.5 (L) 0.01905 (K) 2.45g (L) 2.98g
−7
(M) 3 × 10 (N) 0.30 (M) 4.52g (N) 5.42g
DËit (K) DËit (K)
31. 38. 100mL 0.1M Na 2CO3 `ªe‡Yi Rb¨ KZUzKz
20𝑚𝐿 20𝑚𝐿 20𝑚𝐿 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝟑 cÖ‡qvRb?
0.1𝑀 0.02𝑀 0.02𝑀 (K) 1.06g (L) 1.22g
𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 (M) 1.57g (N) 1.84g
1 bs cvÎ 2 bs cvÎ 3 bs cvÎ DËit (K)
`ªeYwU wZbwUi †ÿ‡Î- 39. 0.212g Na 2CO3 Gi 20mL `ªe‡Yi kw³gvÎv KZ
(i) 2bs cv‡Îi `ªeYwU cÖgvY `ªeY n‡e?
(ii) 1bs Ges 3bs cv‡Îi `ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv kZKiv GK‡K (K) 1.0𝑀 (L) 0.01𝑀
wfbœ (M) 0.01𝑀 (N) 0.1𝑀
DËit (N)
(iii) 2bs Øviv 3bs †K m¤ú~Y© cÖkwgZ Kiv hv‡e
40. 2L `ªe‡Yi 80 MÖvg NaOH `ªexf~Z n‡j `ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv
‡KvbwU mwVK?
KZ?
(K) 𝑖, 𝑖𝑖 (L) 𝑖𝑖, 𝑖𝑖𝑖 (K) 1M (L) 2M
(M) 𝑖, 𝑖𝑖𝑖 (N) 𝑖, 𝑖𝑖, 𝑖𝑖𝑖 (M) 0.5M (N) 0.25M
DËit(K) DËit (K)
32. 𝟎. 𝟏𝑴 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝟑 `ªeY- 41. 0.025M KOH `ªe‡Yi KOH Gi fi KZ n‡e?
(i) cÖvBgvix ÷¨vÛvW© c`v‡_©i cÖgvY `ªeY (K) 1g (L) 1.4g
(ii) `ªeYwUi NbgvÎv †Wwm‡gvjvi (M) 10g (N) 14g
(iii) 500mL `ªe‡Y 5.3𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 `ªexf~Z _v‡K DËit (L)
‡KvbwU mwVK? 42. 100mL †Wwm‡gvjvi `ªe‡Y KZ MÖvg H 2 SO4 `ªexf~Z
Av‡Q?
(K) 98g (L) 4.9g
(M) 𝑖, 𝑖𝑖𝑖 (N) 𝑖, 𝑖𝑖, 𝑖𝑖𝑖
(M) 49g (N) 0.98g
DËit (N)
DËit (N)
33. 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝑴 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 Gi NbgvÎv ppmGK‡K KZ? 43. GKwU †Wwm‡gvjvi `ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv KZ?
(K) 24300 (L) 24400 (K) 1M (L) 0.1M
(M) 24500 (N) 24600 (M) 0.5M (N) 0.001M
DËit (M) DËit (L)
54
50. 40.0g ‡mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW (NaOH ) G KZwU

 200mL Aw·‡Rb cigvYy Av‡Q?
1.89g
(K) 6wU (L) 8wU
𝐻𝑁𝑂3
(M) 6.02310 wU 23
(N) 3.611024 wU
44. DÏxc‡K `ªexf~Z †gvjvwiwU KZ? DËit (M) e¨vL¨v: 40g NaOH G i‡q‡Q 16g Aw·‡Rb
(K) 0.1M (L) 0.15M = 1𝑚𝑜𝑙 Aw·‡Rb cigvYy
(M) 0.2M (N) 0.25M ∴ 16𝑔 Aw·‡R‡b cigvYyi msL¨v, N A = 6.023  10 23
DËit (K) wU
45. 250mL †mw›U‡gvjvi `ªeY cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z KZ MÖvg A·vwjK
GwmW cÖ‡qvRb n‡e?
(K) 0.225g (L) 0.315g
(M) 11.25g (N) 15.75g
DËit (L)
46. `ªe‡Yi †gvjvwiwU †KvbwU?
N
(K) (L) mol/kg
V
(M) gm/L (N) mol/L
DËit (N)
47. cÖgvY `ªeY †KvbwU?
(K) 1M H 2 SO4 (L) 1gH 2 SO4
(M) 1mol H 2 SO4 (N) 1m H 2 SO4
DËit (K)
e¨vL¨vt †h `ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv Rvbv _v‡K Zv‡K cÖgvY `ªeY
e‡j|
48. 𝟎. 𝟔𝒈 cvwb‡Z AYyi msL¨v KZ?
(K) 2.011022 (L) 3.011022
(M) 2.011023 (N) 6.02 1023
DËit (K)
49. SATP †Z †Kv‡bv M¨v‡mi †gvjvi AvqZb KZ?
(K) 22.04L (L) 22.4L
(M) 24.04L (N) 24.789L
DËit (N)
At a glance:
cÖvBgvix ÷¨vÛvW©t ‡h mKj c`v_© ev `ªeY‡K `xN©w`b †i‡L w`‡jI `ªe‡Y NbgvÎvi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b N‡U bv|
‡m‡KÛvix ÷¨vÛvW© ‡h mKj c`v_© ev Zvi `ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv mg‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ cwiewZ©Z n‡q hvq|
c`v_©t
jkwgU msL¨v: cÖgvY ZvcgvÎv I Pv‡c 1𝑐𝑚3 AvqZ‡bi M¨v‡mi we`¨gvb AYy msL¨v‡K jkwgU msL¨v e‡j|
‡gvjvi AvqZbt †Kvb c`v‡_©i MÖvg AvYweK fi ev MÖvg †gvj ev 1 †gvj wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎvq †h AvqZb `Lj K‡i
Zv‡K †gvjvi AvqZb e‡j|
†gvjvwiwU t wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎvq †Kvb `ªe‡Yi cÖwZ wjUv‡i `ªexf~Z `ª‡ei †gvj msL¨v‡K ev MÖvg AvYweK fi‡K H
`ªe‡Yi †gvjvwiwU e‡j|
†gvjvwjwU t †Kv‡bv `ªe‡Yi cÖwZ 1000g `ªve‡K `ªexf‚Z `ª‡ei †gvj msL¨v‡K H `ªe‡Yi `ª‡ei †gvjvwjwU e‡j|
55
Aa¨vq 04: Zwor imvqb

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
01.
(K) Kve©vbvqb Kx?

(L) Kcv‡ii Zwor ivmvqwbK Zzj¨v¼ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟐𝟗 𝒈/𝒄 ej‡Z Kx eyS?
(M) hw` DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ Zwor cÖevn `ªe‡Yi g‡a¨ w`‡q 2 N›Uv 30 wgwbU a‡i cÖevwnZ nq Zvn‡j K¨v‡_v‡W Kx cwigvY
wb‡Kj Rgv n‡e? (wb‡K‡ji cvigvYweK fi 58.7|
(N) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ Zwor we‡køl‡Y 3F Zwor cÖevwnZ n‡j `ªe‡Y 𝑵𝒊𝟐+ Avq‡bi cwieZ©b wbY©q Ki|
DËi:
(K)
FYvZ¥K PvR©hy³ Kve©b cigvYy msewjZ ˆRe AvqbB n‡jv Kve©vbvqb|
(L)
Zwor we‡køl‡Yi mgq GKwU Zwor we‡køl¨ c`v‡_©i `ªe‡Y 1 Kzj¤^ we`yªr PvR© cÖevwnZ Ki‡j hZ MÖvg c`v_© ZworØv‡i mwÂZ
ev `ªexf‚Z nq Zv‡K H c`v‡_©i Zwor ivmvqwbK Zzj¨v¼ e‡j| myZivs, 𝐶𝑢 Gi Zwor ivmvqwbK Zzj¨v¼ 0.000329𝑔/𝑐
ej‡Z eySvq, 𝐶𝑢 Gi Zwor we‡køl¨ `ªe‡Y 1𝐶 PvR© cÖevwnZ Ki‡j 0.000329𝑔 Kcvi ZworØv‡i mwÂZ n‡e|
(M)
DÏxc‡Ki †KvlwU Zworwe‡køl¨ †Kvl|
‡Ìqv Av‡Q, mgq, 𝑡 = 2ℎ 30 𝑚𝑖𝑛
= (150 ⨯ 60)𝑆
𝑁𝑖 Zwor cÖevn gvÎv, 𝐼 = 1.5𝐴
𝑁𝑖 Gi Zwor ivmvqwbK Zzj¨v¼,
MÖvg cvigvYweK fi 58.7 𝑔
𝑍= = 2⨯96500𝐶
‡hvRbx ⨯ 96500C
= 0.000304 𝑔 /𝐶
GLb, K¨v‡_v‡W mwÂZ wb‡K‡ji cwigvY,
𝑤 = 𝑍𝐼𝑡 = 0.000304 𝑔/𝐶 ⨯ 1.5𝐴 ⨯ 150 ⨯ 60𝑆
= 4.104𝑔
(N)
DÏxc‡Ki Zworwe‡køl¨ 𝑁𝑖 (𝑁𝑂3 )2 Gi `ªe‡Y Zwor we‡køl‡Y 𝑁𝑖 2+ Avqb wb¤œiƒ‡c weRvwiZ nq|
𝑁𝑖 2+ + 2𝑒 − → 𝑁𝑖
2𝐹 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 58.7𝑔𝑁𝑖
mgxKiY g‡Z,
2 F Zwor Øviv mwÂZ nq 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ev, 58.7𝑔 𝑁𝑖
58.7⨯3
∴ 3𝐹 we`y¨r Øviv mwÂZ nq 2 𝑔 𝑁𝑖
= 88.05 𝑔 𝑁𝑖
Zwor we‡køl¨ `ªe‡Y 𝑁𝑖 2+ Gi †gvj msL¨v,
𝑛 = NbgvÎv ⨯ AvqZb (𝐿)
500
= 2 ⨯ 1000 = 1
88.05
3𝐹 Zwor cÖev‡ni d‡j mwÂZ 𝑁𝑖 Gi †gvj msL¨v = = 1.5
58.7
‡h‡nZz `ªe‡YB †Kej 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑖(𝑁𝑂3 )2 we`¨gvb, †m‡nZz 3𝐹 we`y¨r cÖev‡n MvwYwZKfv‡e cvIqv 1.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑖 mwÂZ
nIqv m¤¢e bq| ZvB, 3𝐹 we`y¨r cÖev‡n `ªe‡Yi m¤ú~Y© 𝑁𝑖 K¨v‡_v‡W mwÂZ n‡e|
56
02. + −
𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4
(K) GKK ZworØvi Kx?

(L) ZworØvi wefe Av‡cwÿK wKš‘ cig bq †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki|
(M) DÏxc‡Ki `ªeYwU hw` 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 wgwkÖZ 𝑷𝒕 ZworØv‡ii nq Zvn‡j KZ Kzj¤^ we`y¨r Pvjbv Ki‡j 𝑺𝑻𝑷 ‡Z K¨v‡_v‡W
𝟓𝟎𝟎𝒎𝑳 𝑯𝟐 M¨vm Drcbœ n‡e?
(N) DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K cÖ‡hvR¨ m~ÎwU we‡kølY Ki|
DËi:
(K)
hLb †Kv‡bv avZe `Û‡K H avZzi je‡Yi `ªe‡Y †Wvev‡bv nq, ZLb avZe `ÛwU `ªe‡Yi mv‡c‡ÿ abvZ¥K ev FYvZ¥K Avavb
cÖvß nq| GB avZe `ÛwU‡K GKwU GKK ZworØvi ejv nq|
(L)
0 2.303𝑅𝑇
bvb©ó Gi mgxKiY Abymv‡i, Aa©‡Kv‡li ZworØvi wefe 𝐸𝑀/𝑀 𝑛+ = log[𝑀+ ]
𝑛𝐹
0 0 𝑛+
GLv‡b, 𝐸𝑀/𝑀 𝑛+ Gi gvb wbw`©ó hv Av`k© Ae¯’v ev 25 𝐶 ZvcgvÎv I 1𝑀 NbgvÎvi 𝑀 `ªe‡Y| A_©vr Ab¨ †Kv‡bv
0
Ae¯’vq 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 ev Av`k© Zwor Øvi wefe Kg ev †ewk n‡Z cv‡i| GRb¨ ejv hvq ZworØvi wefe Av‡cwÿK wKš‘ cig bq|
(M)
Av`k© Ae¯’vq Z_v 𝑆𝑇𝑃 ‡Z,
22400𝑚𝐿 𝐻2 M¨v‡mi fi = 2𝑔
2⨯500
∴ 500𝑚𝐿 𝐻2 M¨v‡mi fi = 22400 = 0.0446 𝑔

𝑤
𝑍 = 𝑛𝐹 𝐻2 Gi fi, 𝑤 = 0.0446𝑔
Ges 𝑤 = 𝑍𝑄 AvYweK fi, 𝑀 = 2𝑔
𝑀 𝑛=2
= 𝑛𝐹 𝑄
𝑤 𝐹 0.0446⨯2⨯96500
𝐹 = 96500𝐶
𝑛
⇒𝑄= 𝑀 = = 4303.9𝐶 𝑄 =?
2
∴ cÖ‡qvRbxq Pv‡R©i cwigvY = 4303.9𝐶
(N)
DÏxc‡Ki †KvlwU‡Z 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4 Gi `ªeY‡K Zwor we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| †KvlwU‡Z Zworwe‡køl¨ †Kvl Gi Kvh©cÖYvjx AbymiY
Kiv n‡q‡Q| Zwor we‡køl¨ †Kv‡l evwni †_‡K we`y¨r kw³ mieivn K‡i ivmvqwbK wewµqv NUv‡bv nq| ivmvqwbK wewµhvq
Drcbœ c`v_© cwigvY Kivi Rb¨ d¨viv‡Wi 1g m~Î cÖ‡hvR¨| d¨viv‡Wi 1g m~Îvbyhvqx, ZworØv‡i mwÂZ ev `ªexf‚Z c`v‡_©i
cwigvY cÖevwnZ Pv‡R©i cwigv‡Yi mgvbycvwZK|
hw` K¨v‡_v‡W mwÂZ c`v‡_©i cwigvY GLv‡b,
𝑤 Ges cÖevwnZ Pv‡R©i cwigvY → 𝑄 w = Drcbœ c`v‡_©i cwigvY
Kzj¤^ nq Z‡e, 𝑤 ∝ 𝑄 Z = ‡gŠ‡ji Zwor ivmvqwbK Zzj¨v¼
ev, 𝑤 = 𝑍𝑄 M = c`v‡_©i cvigvYweK fi
𝑀 n = B‡jKUª‡bi msL¨v
hf, 𝑤 = 𝑛𝐹 𝑄 F = d¨viv‡Wi aªæeK = 96500 𝐶
𝑀 I = cÖevwnZ we`y¨r cÖevn
∴ 𝑤 = 𝑛𝐹 𝐼𝑡 [𝑄 = 𝑖𝑡]
t = mgq (S)
57
03.
weMwjZ 𝐶𝑎 𝐶𝑙2 (20𝑔)
(K) †Kv‡li Zwo”PvjK ej Kx?

(L) †`LvI †h, 𝟏𝑭 = 𝟗𝟔𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝑪
(M) DÏxc‡Ki wewµq‡Ki meUzKz we‡kølY Ki‡Z Kx cwigvY PvR© cÖevwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e?
(N) DÏxc‡Ki cv‡Îi `ªe‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q 𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝑨 Zwor 𝟐 𝐦𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝟎 𝒔𝒆𝒄 mgq K‡i Pvjbv Ki‡j A¨v‡bv‡W KZ wgwjwjUvi
†K¬vwib M¨vm Drcbœ n‡e?
DËi:
(K)
GK Kzj¤^ Avavb‡K †Kv‡li GK cÖvšÍ †_‡K m¤ú~Y© eZ©bx Nywi‡q Avevi H cÖv‡šÍ Avb‡Z †h cwigvY KvR Ki‡Z nq, Zv H
†Kv‡li Zwo”PviK ej|
(L)
Avgiv Rvwb, GK †gvj B‡jKUª‡bi †gvU Pv‡R©i cwigvY‡K GK d¨viv‡W e‡j|
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 − = 6.02 ⨯ 1023 wU 𝑒 −
1 wU 𝑒 − Gi PvR© = 1.6 ⨯ 10−19 𝐶
∴ 6.02 ⨯ 1023 wU 𝑒 − Gi PvR© = (1.6 ⨯ 10−19 ⨯ 6.02 ⨯ 1023 )𝐶 = 96320𝐶
≈ 96500 𝐶
∴ 1𝐹 = 96500 𝐶
(M)
`ªe‡Y 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 Gi †gvjmsL¨v,
𝑤
𝑛=𝑀 GLv‡b,
fi, 𝑤 = 20𝑔
20/111
AvYweK fi, 𝑀 = 111
= 0.18018
‡g‡j msL¨v, 𝑛 =?
myZivs, 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 → 𝐶𝑎2+ + 2𝐶𝑙 −

cÖv. Ae¯’v, 0.18018 0 0
‡kl Ae¯’v, 0 0.18018 2 ⨯ 0.18018
`ªe‡Y 0.18018 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑎2+ we`¨gvb

K¨v‡_v‡W wewµqv: 𝐶𝑎2+ + 2𝑒 − → 𝐶𝑎
A_©vr, 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑎2+ Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb 2𝐹 PvR©

0.18018 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝑎2+ Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb (2 ⨯ 0.18018)𝐹
= 0.36036 𝐹
= 34774.74𝐶
[∴ 1𝐹 = 96500 𝐶]
(N)
DÏxcK Abymv‡i,
A¨v‡bvW wewµqv: 2𝐶𝑙 − − 2𝑒 − → 𝐶𝑙2
= 2𝐹 1𝑚𝑜𝑙
= (2 ⨯ 96500)𝐶
58
2wU †K¬vivBW Avqb `yBwU 𝑒 − MÖnY K‡i GK AYy 𝐶𝑙2 G cwiYZ nq|
GLv‡b, we`y¨r cÖevn, 𝐼 = 50 𝑚𝐴
= 50 ⨯ 10−3 𝐴
mgq, 𝑡 = 2 min + 20𝑠 = (20 ⨯ 60) + 20
= 140𝑠
𝑛=2
d¨viv‡Wi aªæeK 𝐹 = 96500 𝐶
GLv‡b †gvU PvR©, 𝑄 = 𝐼𝑡
= (50 ⨯ 10−3 ⨯ 140)𝐶
= 7𝐶
wewµqv g‡Z,
2𝐹 ev (2 ⨯ 96500)𝐶 we`y¨r cÖevn 𝐶𝑙2 Drcbœ nq 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
1
∴ 1𝐶 we`y¨r cÖev‡n 𝐶𝑙2 Drcbœ nq = 2⨯96500 𝑚𝑜𝑙
7
∴ 7𝐶 we`y¨r cÖev‡n 𝐶𝑙2 Drcbœ nq = 2⨯96500 𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 3.6269 ⨯ 10−5 𝑚𝑜𝑙
A_©vr, A¨v‡bv‡W 3.6269 ⨯ 10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑙2 Drcbœ n‡e|
Avevi, Avgiv Rvwb,
STP ‡Z,
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 M¨v‡mi AvqZb 22400 𝑚𝐿
∴ 3.6269 ⨯ 10−3 M¨v‡mi AvqZb (22400 ⨯ 3.6269 ⨯ 10−3 )𝑚𝐿
= 81.24 𝑚𝐿
∴ 𝑆𝑇𝑃 ‡Z A¨v‡bv‡W Rgv nIqv 𝐶𝑙2 M¨v‡mi AvqZb 81.24 𝑚𝐿.
4.
0.1𝑀 𝑍𝑛2+
0.05𝑀 𝐴𝑔+
cvÎ-1 (1𝐿 `ªeY) cvÎ-2 (1𝐿 `ªeY)

GLv‡b, 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝑪 ZvcgvÎv 𝑬𝒛𝒏/𝒛𝒏𝟐+ = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔 𝑽
𝑬𝑨𝒈/𝑨𝒈+ = −𝟎. 𝟕𝟗𝑽
(K) Zwor ivmvqwbK †Kvl Kx?
(L) jeY †mZzi f‚wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki|
(M) DÏxc‡Ki cv‡Î-1 Gi avZe Avqb‡K m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c ZworØv‡i mwÂZ Ki‡Z KZ Kzj¤^ PvR© cÖ‡qvRb n‡e? e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
(N) DÏxc‡Ki cvÎØq‡K jeY †mZz Øviv mshy³ Ki‡j ¯^Ztù‚Z©fv‡e we`y¨r Drcv`b n‡e wKbv we‡kølY Ki|
DËi:
(K)
‡h mKj †Kv‡l ivmvqwbK kw³‡K eënvi K‡i Zwor kw³ Drcbœ Kiv nq Zv B n‡jv ivmvqwbK †Kvl|
(L)
jeY †mZzi ¸iæZ¡ n‡jv -
1. jeY †mZz Aa‡KvlØ‡qi Dfq `ªe‡Yi g‡a¨ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i †Kv‡li eZ©bx c~Y© K‡i|
2. jeY †mZzi ga¨¯’ Zworwe‡køl¨ 𝐾𝑁𝑂3 Dfq Aa©‡Kv‡li `ªe‡Yi mv‡_ †Kvb ivmvqwbK wewµqv K‡i bv; eis Dfq Zi‡j
g‡a¨ cÖ‡qvRbg‡Zv abvZ¥K I FYvZ¥K Avqb wewbg‡qi e¨vcb cÖwµqvi gva¨giƒ‡c KvR K‡i|
3. jeY‡mZz Dfq Aa©‡Kv‡li `ªe‡Yi Zwor wbi‡cÿZv eRvq ivL‡Z KvR K‡i|
4. jeY †mZzi Afv‡e Dfq Aa©‡Kv‡l RviY-weRviY wµqv evavcÖvß n‡q Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨ †Kvl wewµqv Z_v we`y¨r cÖevn eÜ
n‡q hvq|
59
(M)
2+
DÏxc‡Ki cvÎ1- G 0.1M 𝑍𝑛 Avq‡bi 1𝐿 `ªe‡Yi avZe Avq‡bi †gvU fi,
𝑤 = 𝑀𝑆𝑉 𝑍𝑛 Gi cvigvYweK fi, 𝑀 = 65.4𝑔
= 65.4 ⨯ 0.1 ⨯ 1 ‡gvjvwiwU, 𝑆 = 0.1𝑀
= 6.54𝑔 AvqZb, 𝑉 = 1𝐿
awi, m¤ú~Y© 𝑍𝑛2+ Avqb‡K ZworØv‡i mwÂZ Ki‡Z Q cwigvY PvR© jvM‡e|
wewµqvwU: 𝑍𝑛2+ + 2𝑒 − → 𝑍𝑛
𝑊 = 𝑍𝑄 GLv‡b,
𝑀𝑄 𝑊𝑛𝐹
= 𝑛𝐹 ⇒ 𝑄 = 𝑀 𝑊 = 6.54𝑔
6.54⨯2⨯96500
𝑀 = 65.4 𝑔
⇒𝑄= 𝑛=2
65.4
= 19300𝐶 𝐹 = 96500 𝐶
𝑄 =?
(N)
2+
DÏxc‡Ki cvÎØq‡K jeY †mZz Øviv hy³ K‡i Ges 𝑍𝑛 Gi `ªe‡Y 𝑍𝑛 Gi ZworØvi I 𝐴𝑔+ `ªe‡Y 𝐴𝑔 Gi ZworØvi wbgw¾Z
K‡i cwievnx Zvi Øviv mshy³ Kiv nq|
‡m‡ÿ‡Î, 𝑍𝑛 ZworØvi A¨v‡bvW Ges 𝐴𝑔 ZworØvi K¨v‡_vW wn‡m‡e wµqv K‡i|
A¨v‡bvW wewµqv: 𝑍𝑛 → 𝑍𝑛2+ + 2𝑒 −
K¨v‡_vW wewµqv: 𝐴𝑔+ + 𝑒 − → 𝐴𝑔
2𝑒 −
‡Kvl wewµqv: 𝑍𝑛 + 2𝐴𝑔+ → 𝑍𝑛2+ + 2𝐴𝑔
G‡ÿ‡Î †KvlwUi †Kvl wefe,

0 0 0 ‡Ìqv Av‡Q,
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝐸𝑧𝑛/𝑧𝑛 2+ + 𝐸𝐴𝑔+ /𝐴𝑔 0
𝐸𝑍𝑛/𝑧𝑛 2+ = 0.76𝑣
= (0.76 + 0.79)𝑣 0
𝐸𝐴𝑔/𝐴𝑔 + = −0.79 𝑣
= 1.55 𝑣 0
ev, 𝐸𝐴𝑔 + /𝐴𝑔 = +0.79 𝑣
wewµqvwUi 𝑬𝟎𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒍 > 𝟎 A_©vr G‡ÿ‡Î ¯^Ztù‚Z©fv‡e we`y¨r Drcv`b Kiv m¤¢e n‡e|
05. 𝑵𝒊/𝑵𝒊𝟐+ (𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝑴), 𝑬𝟎𝑵𝒊𝟐 +/𝑵𝒊 = −𝟎. 𝟏𝟖 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕

𝑨𝒈/𝑨𝒈+ (𝟎. 𝟐𝑴), 𝑬𝑨𝒈+/𝑨𝒈 = +𝟎. 𝟕𝟗𝟗 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕
(K) AbyeÜx GwmW Kx?
(L) cyKz‡ii cvwbi 𝑩𝑶𝑫 𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝒈𝑳−𝟏 eywS‡q †jL|
(M) cÖ`Ë ZworØviØq mgš^‡q †Kvl MVb K‡i Aa©‡Kvl I †Kvl wewµqv †jL|
(N) 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝑪 ZvcgvÎvq ZworØviØq mgš^‡q MwVZ †Kv‡li †Kvl wefe wbY©q Ki|
DËi:
(K)
‡Kv‡bv ÿvi‡Ki mv‡_ GKwU †cÖvUb ms‡hv‡Mi d‡j †h Gwm‡Wi m„wó nq Zv‡K H ÿvi‡Ki AbyeÜx GwmW e‡j|
(L)
−1
‡Kv‡bv bgybvi BOD Gi gvb 10𝑚𝑔𝐿 ej‡Z †fvRvq H bgybv cvwbi 1𝐿 G `ªexf‚Z _vKv ˆRe c`v_©‡K AYyRxe Øviv RvwiZ
Ki‡Z 10𝑚𝑔 Aw·‡Rb cÖ‡qvRb|
60
(M)
GLv‡b,
0
Ni ZworØv‡ii weRviY wefe, 𝐸𝑁𝑖 2+/𝑁𝑖 = −0.18𝑣
0
𝐴𝑔 ZworØv‡ii weRviY wefe, 𝐸𝐴𝑔+/𝐴𝑔 = +0.799𝑣
‡h‡nZz 𝑁𝑖 ZworØv‡ii weRviY wef‡ei gvb Kg 𝐴𝑔 ZworØviwU K¨v‡_vW wn‡m‡e eëüZ n‡e|
2+
A¨v‡bvW wewµqv (RviY): 𝑁𝑖(𝑠) → 𝑁𝑖(𝑎𝑞) + 2𝑒 −
+
K¨v‡_vW wewµqv (weRviY): 2𝐴𝑔(𝑎𝑞) + 2𝑒 − → 2𝐴𝑔 (𝑠)
mvgvwMÖK †Kvl wewµqv:
𝑁𝑖(𝑠) + 2 𝐴𝑔+ (𝑎𝑞) → 𝑁𝑖 2+ (𝑎𝑞) + 2𝐴𝑔(𝑠)
(N)
DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ ZworØvi `yBwU Øviv MwVZ †Kv‡l Ni ZworØviwU A¨v‡bvW wn‡m‡e Ges Ag ZworØviwU K¨v‡_vW wn‡m‡e eëüZ
n‡e|
0 0 0
D³ †Kv‡li cÖgvY †Kvl wefe, 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝐸𝐴𝑔 + /𝐴𝑔 − 𝐸𝑁𝑖 2+ /𝑁𝑖
= 0.799 − (0.18)
= +0.979 𝑣
2𝑒 −
‡Kvl wewµqvwU n‡e 𝑁𝑖 + 2𝐴𝑔+ → 𝑁𝑖 2+ + 2𝐴𝑔
Avgiv Rvwb, bvb©ó mgxKiY GLv‡b,

0 2.303𝑅𝑇 [𝑁𝑖 2+ ] 𝑛=2
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 − log [𝐴𝑔+ ]2
𝑛𝐹 𝐹 = 96500𝐶
2.303⨯8.314⨯298 0.15
= 0.979 − 2⨯96500
⨯ log 0.22 𝑅 = 8.314 𝐽𝑘 −1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
= 0.962 𝑣 𝑇 = 298 𝑘
[𝑁𝑖 2+ ] = 0.15 𝑀
[𝐴𝑔+ ] = 0.2 𝑀
AZGe, 250 𝐶 NbgvÎvq ZworØviØq mgš^‡q MwVZ †Kv‡li †Kvl wefe 0.962 𝑣
06.
(K) wmjfv‡ii Zwor ivmvqwbK Zzj¨v¼ 𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟖 ⨯ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒈/𝒄 ej‡Z Kx eyS?
(L) `¯Ívi (𝒁𝒏) cv‡Î 𝑪𝒖𝑺𝑶𝟒 `ªeY ivLv hvq bv †Kb?
(M) Dc‡ii cÖwµqvwU‡Z 𝒙 Gi ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Ki|
(N) h‡_vchy³ wewµqvi mvnv‡h¨ B‡j±ªb cÖev‡ni w`K wPwýZ K‡iv|
DËi:
(K)
wmjfv‡ii Zwor ivmvqwbK Zzj¨v¼ 1.118 ⨯ 10 𝑔𝑐 −1 ej‡Z eySvq Zwor we‡køl‡Yi mgq GK Kzj¤^ we`y¨r cÖev‡ni
−3
d‡j wmjfv‡ii 1.118 ⨯ 10−3 𝑔 A¨v‡bv‡W `ªexf‚Z ev K¨v‡_v‡W mwÂZ nq|
61
(L)
`¯Ívi cv‡Î 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4 ivL‡j 𝑍𝑛 wewµqv K‡i 𝑍𝑛𝑆𝑂4 Drcbœ K‡i| †Kbbv mwµqZvi wmwi‡R 𝑍𝑛, 𝐶𝑢 Gi Dc‡i Ae¯’vb
K‡i|
𝑍𝑛 + 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4 → 𝑍𝑛𝑆𝑂4 + 𝐶𝑢
myZivs, 𝑍𝑛 cv‡Î 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4 ivLv hv‡e bv|
(M)
DÏxc‡Ki cÖwµqvwU‡Z 𝑥 n‡jv jeY †mZz|
`ywU wfbœ Aa©‡Kv‡li ms‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î Zv‡ì g‡a¨ V AvK…wZi Kv‡Pi b‡ji g‡a¨ 𝐾𝐶𝑙, 𝐾𝑁𝑂3 , 𝑁𝐻4 𝑁𝑂3 ev, 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
Gi 0.1 𝑀 `ªeY wb‡q KvP b‡ji `yB gy‡L Zzjv w`‡q eÜ K‡i jeY †mZz ˆZwi Kiv nq|
DÏxc‡Ki jeY †mZzwU 𝑁𝑎𝑁𝑂3 Gi `ªeY wb‡q `ywU Avjv`v `ªe‡Y, 𝐶𝑢(𝑁𝑂3 )2 Ges 𝑍𝑛(𝑁𝑂3 )2 Gi g‡a¨ wbgw¾Z
Kiv nq| GB jeY †mZzi ms‡hv‡Mi d‡jB `ywU Aa©‡Kv‡li `ªeY mshy³ K‡i eZ©bx cyY© K‡i c~Y©v½ Zwor ivmvqwbK †Kvl
m„wó K‡i _v‡K| G‡ÿ‡Î Zwor we‡køl‡Yi mgq evg Aa©‡Kv‡l abvZ¥K 𝑐𝑢2+ Avq‡bi NbgvÎv K‡g hvq| mv‡_ mv‡_ jeY
†mZz †_‡K abvZ¥K 𝑁𝑎+ Avqb `ªe‡Y cÖ‡ek K‡i|
GKB mv‡_, Wvb Aa©‡Kvl abvZ¥K 𝑍𝑛2+ Gi NbgvÎv †e‡o hvq| mv‡_ mv‡_ jeY †mZz †_‡K `ªe‡Y 𝑁𝑂3− Avqb cÖ‡ek
K‡i Dfq `ªe‡Yi Zwor wbi‡cÿZv eRvq _v‡K| d‡j GKB mv‡_ eZ©bx‡Z c~Y© nq Ges †Kv‡l mve©ÿwYK ZworcÖevn eRvq
_v‡K|
(N)
DÏxc‡Ki †Kv‡l Wvb ZworØviwU 𝑍𝑛 Ges GwU 𝑍𝑛(𝑁𝑂3 )2 `ªe‡Y Ges evg ZworØviwU 𝐶𝑢, GwU 𝐶𝑢(𝑁𝑂3 )2 `ªe‡Y
wbgw¾Z Av‡Q| †h‡nZz 𝐶𝑢 Gi weRviY wef‡ei gvb 𝑍𝑛 A‡cÿv †ewk| myZivs 𝑍𝑛 ZworØviwU A¨v‡bvW Ges 𝐶𝑢
ZworØviwU K¨v‡_vW wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î,
A¨v‡bvW wewµqv: 𝑍𝑛 − 2𝑒 − → 𝑍𝑛2+
K¨v‡_vW wewµqv: 𝐶𝑢2+ + 2𝑒 − → 𝐶𝑢
mvwe©K †Kvl wewµqv: 𝑍𝑛 + 𝐶𝑢2+ → 𝑍𝑛2 + 𝐶𝑢
ev, 𝑍𝑛 + 𝐶𝑢 (𝑁𝑂3 )2 → 𝑍𝑛(𝑁𝑂3 )2 + 𝐶𝑢
A_©vr G‡·‡Î 𝑒 − Gi cÖevn †Kv‡li evg †_‡K Wv‡b|
→ we`y¨r cÖevn →
mvaviYZ, aiv nq, we`y¨r cÖevn B‡jKUªb cÖev‡ni wecixZ w`‡K| A_©vr †KvlwUi †ÿ‡Î we`y¨r cÖev‡ni w`K evg †_‡K Wv‡b|
07. A Gi RviY wefe +𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝒗, 𝑨 Gi RviY gvb = +𝟑

𝑩 Gi RviY wefe +𝟎. 𝟕𝟔𝑽, 𝑩 Gi RviY gvb = +𝟐
𝑪 Gi RviY wefe −𝟎. 𝟖𝟎𝑽, 𝑪 Gi RviY gvb = +𝟏
(L) cvwbi DO 5ppm ej‡Z Kx †evS?
(M) 𝑨/𝑨𝟑+ (𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝑴)||𝑩𝟐+ (𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝑴)/𝑩; 𝟐𝟕𝟎 𝑪 ZvcgvÎvq †KvlwUi Zwo”PvjK ej (𝒆𝒎𝒇) KZ?
(N) DÏxc‡Ki B Øviv wbwg©Z cv‡Î 𝑪𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 I 𝑨𝟐 (𝑺𝑶𝟒 )𝟑 `ªe‡Yi †KvbwU `xN©w`b msiÿY Kiv hv‡e? e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
62
DËi:
(K)
‡Kvb †hŠ‡M GKB Kve©b cigvYy‡Z PviwU wfbœ cigvYy ev g~jK hy³ _vK‡j G Kve©b cigvYyi mv‡c‡ÿ †hŠMwU AcÖwZmg n‡q
_v‡K, ZLb H Kve©b‡K KvBivj Kve©b e‡j|
(L)
DO n‡jv Dissolved Oxygen A_©vr, cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z Aw·‡Rb| cvwbi DO 5 ppm ej‡Z †evSvq †mB cvwbi cÖwZ
1𝐿 G 5𝑚𝑔 Aw·‡Rb `ªexf‚Z Av‡Q|
(M)
‡Ìqv Av‡Q,
A ZworØv‡ii RviY wefe = +1.66𝑣
B ZworØv‡ii RviY wefe = +0.76𝑣
‡h‡nZz, A ZworØv‡ii RviY wef‡ei g‡b B ZworØv‡ii RviY wef‡ei †P‡q †ewk, †m‡nZz A ZworØv‡i RviY Ges B
ZworØv‡i weRviY wµqv msNwUZ n‡e|
𝐴/𝐴3+ (0.15𝑀)||𝐵 2+ (0.02𝑀) /𝐵 ‡KvlwUi
RviY Aa© wewµqv: 2𝐴 → 2𝐴3+ + 6𝑒 −
weRviY Aa© wewµqv: 3𝐵 2+ + 6𝑒 − → 3𝐵
0 0 0
‡KvlwUi cÖgvY †Kvl wefe, 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝐸𝐴/𝐴3+ − 𝐸𝐵/𝐵 2+
= +1.66 − (+0.76)𝑣
= 0.9𝑣
bvb©÷ mgxKiY Abyhvqx cvB,

2.303𝑅𝑇
2
[𝐴3+ ] GLv‡b, 𝑛 = 6
0
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 − log [𝐵2+ ]3 [𝐴3+ ] = 0.15 𝑀
𝑛𝐹
2.303⨯8.314⨯300 (0.15)2 [𝐵2+ ] = 0.02𝑀
= 0.9 − log (0.02)3 𝑅 = 8.314 𝐽𝑘 −1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
6⨯96500
= 0.866 𝑣 𝑇 = 300𝑘
𝐹 = 96500𝐶
myZivs, †KvlwUi Zwo”PvjK ej 0.866 𝑣
(N)
DÏxcK n‡Z cvB,
A ZworØv‡ii weRviY wefe = −1.66𝑣
B ZworØv‡ii weRviY wefe = −0.76𝑣
𝐶 ZworØv‡ii weRviY wefe = 0.80 𝑣
B Øviv wbwg©Z cv‡Î 𝐶2 𝑆𝑂4 ev 𝐶 + Gi `ªeY‡K ivL‡j, MwVZ †Kv‡li †Kvl wefe,
0
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝐸𝐶03+ /𝐶 + 𝐸𝐵/𝐵0
2+
= +0.80 + 0.76𝑣
= 1.56 𝑣
0
‡h‡nZz, G‡ÿ‡Î 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 abvZ¥K, 𝐵 Øviv wbwg©Z cv‡Î 𝐶2 𝑆𝑂4 Gi `ªeY‡K `xN©w`b msiÿY Kiv hv‡e bv
Avevi, 𝐵 Øviv wbwg©Z cv‡Î 𝐴2 (𝑆𝑂4 )3 ev 𝐴3+ Gi `ªeY‡K ivL‡j, MwVZ †Kv‡li †Kvl wefe,
0
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝐸𝐴03+ /𝐴 + 𝐸𝐵/𝐵0
2+
= −1.66 + 0.76 𝑣
= −0.9 𝑣
0
‡h‡nZz, G‡ÿ‡Î 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 FYvZ¥K, ZvB B Øviv wbwg©Z cv‡Î 𝐴2 (𝑆𝑂4 )3 Gi `ªeY‡K `xN©w`b msiÿY Kiv hv‡e|
63
08. wb‡¤œi †KvlwUi †Kvl wefe +𝟎. 𝟒𝟐 𝒗

𝑷𝒕, 𝑯𝟐 (𝒈) (𝟏 𝒂𝒕𝒎, 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝑪)/ 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 (𝒂𝒒)||𝑪𝒖𝑺𝑶𝟒 (𝒂𝒒)/𝑪𝒖(𝟎. 𝟏𝑴)
(K) GKK Zwor wefe Kv‡K e‡j?
(L) †Kvl wewµqv ¯^Ztù‚Z©fv‡e NUvi kZ© †jL|
(M) DÏxc‡Ki †KvlwUi mvnv‡h¨ 𝟎. 𝟐𝑨 gvÎvi we`y¨r 2 wgwbU hver Pvjbv Ki‡j Kx cwigvY Cu mwÂZ n‡e?
(N) DÏxc‡Ki Z‡_ï wfwË‡Z 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 `ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv wbY©q m¤¢e wK? MvwYwZKfv‡e we‡kølY Ki|
DËi:
(K)
‡Kv‡li cÖ‡Z¨KwU ZworØv‡ii c„ôZ‡j GKwU wbw`©ó we›`y‡Z wef‡ei m„wó nq G wefe‡K GKK ZworØvi wefe e‡j|
(L)
wewµqv ¯^Ztù‚Z© nIqvi †ÿ‡Î ∆𝐺 Gi gvb FYvZ¥K nq| Avevi, †Kvl wefe 𝐸 0 n‡j, ∆𝐺 0 = −𝑛𝐸 0 𝐹
0
myZivs †Kvl wewµqv m¤úbœ nIqvi †ÿ‡Î ∆𝐺 0 < 0

ev, 𝐸 0 > 0 nq|
(M)
DÏxc‡Ki †KvlwUi mvnv‡h¨ 0.2𝐴 gvÎvi we`y¨r 2 wgwbU hver Pvjbv Ki‡j, Cu mwÂZ nevi cwigvY wb¤œiƒc:
Avgiv Rvwb,
GLv‡b,
𝑤 = 𝑍𝐼𝑡
63.5 Zwor cÖevn, 𝐼 = 0.2𝐴
= 2⨯96500 ⨯ 0.2 ⨯ 120 = 0.00789𝑔 mgq, 𝑡 = 2𝑚𝑖𝑛
= (2 ⨯ 60)𝑠𝑒𝑐
∴ 0.00789𝑔 cwigvY 𝐶𝑢 = 120 𝑠𝑒𝑐
mwÂZ n‡e| Zwor ivmvqwbK Zzj¨v¼,
63.5
𝑧 = 2⨯96500
mwÂZ fi, 𝑤 =?
(N)
DÏxcK Abymv‡i 𝐻2 A¨v‡bvW I 𝐶𝑢 `Û K¨v‡_vW Avgiv Rvwb,
0
𝐸𝑐𝑢/𝑐𝑢 2+ = −0.34𝑉
0
𝐸𝐻/𝐻 + = 𝑂𝑣
bvb©‡ói mgxKiY Abymv‡i-

2.303𝑅𝑇 [𝐻 + ]2 GLv‡b,
0
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 − log [𝑐𝑢2+ ] 𝐶𝑢2+ Gi NbgvÎv
𝑛𝐹
[𝐻 + ]2
= 0
(𝐸𝐻/𝐻 + − 0
𝐸𝐶𝑢/𝐶𝑢2+ ) −
2.303𝑅𝑇
log [𝐶𝑢2+] [𝐶𝑢2+ ] = 0.1𝑀
𝑛𝐹
2.303⨯8.314⨯298 [𝐻 + ]2 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = +0.42𝑣
= 0.34𝑣 − ⨯ log 𝑅 = 8.314 𝐽𝑘 −1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
2⨯96500 0.1
[𝐻 + ]2 𝑛=2
∴ 0.42 = 0.34 − 0.03 log 0.1
[𝐻 + ]2 𝑇 = 298 𝑘
⇒ −2.67 = log [𝐻 + ] =?
0.1
[𝐻 + ]2
⇒ 0.0021 = 0.1
⇒ 0.00021 = [𝐻 + ]2
∴ [𝐻 + ] = 0.0146𝑀
∴ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avq‡bi NbgvÎv = 0.0146𝑀
0.0146
∴ `ªeY 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 Gi NbgvÎv = 2 𝑀
= 0.0073𝑀
∴ 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 Gi NbgvÎv = 0.0073 𝑀
64
09. 𝑭𝒆𝟑+ (𝒙𝑴) + 𝑰− (𝟎. 𝟐𝑴) ⇌ 𝑭𝒆𝟐+ (𝟎. 𝟏𝑴) + 𝑰− 𝟑 (𝟎. 𝟐𝑴)
𝟎 𝟎
𝑬𝑭𝒆𝟑+/𝑭𝒆𝟐+ = +𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝑽, 𝑬𝑰𝟑−/𝑰− = +𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝒗
(K) Kzj¤^ Kx?
(L) Aa©‡Kvl Dc¯’vcb e¨vL¨v Ki|
(M) †Kvl wewµqvi mvgäªæe‡Ki gvb wbY©q Ki|
(N) 𝑬𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒍 Gi gvb 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝒗 n‡j 𝒙 Gi gvb wbY©q Ki|
DËi:
(K)
Kzj¤^ n‡jv Pv‡R©i GKK|
(L)
`ywU Aa©‡Kvl wb‡q mvaviYZ GKwU †Kvl MwVZ nh| †Kv‡li G Aa©‡Kvl `ywU‡K wb‡Pi wbq‡g Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z nq-
1. avZz I avZe Avqb Gi ms¯úk©‡K GKwU wZh©K †iLv w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv nq| †hgb-
𝐹𝑒/𝐹𝑒 2+ ; 𝐴𝑔/𝐴𝑔+
2. Aa©‡Kv‡l RviY wewµqv msNwUZ n‡j cÖ_‡g B‡j‡±ªvW I c‡i B‡j‡µvjvBwUK Avqb Ges weRviY wewµqv msNwUZ n‡j
cÖ_‡g B‡jK‡±ªvjvBwUK Avq b I c‡i| B‡j‡±ªvW D‡jøL Ki‡Z nq|
𝐴𝑔/𝐴𝑔+ ; 𝐴𝑔 → 𝐴𝑔+ + 𝑒 − (RviY)
𝑍𝑛2 / 𝑍𝑛; 𝑍𝑛2+ + 𝑍𝑒 − → 𝑍𝑛 (weRviY)
𝑃𝑡, 𝐻2 / 𝐻 + ; 𝐻2 → 𝐻 + + 2𝑒 − (RviY)
(M)
DÏxc‡Ki mswkøó wewµhvwU n‡jv:
𝐹𝑒 3+ (𝑥𝑀) + 𝐼 − (0.2𝑀) ⇌ 𝐹𝑒 2+ (0.1𝑀) + 𝐼3− (0.2𝑀)
GLv‡b, 𝐸 0 𝐹𝑒 3+ = 0.77𝑣
𝐸𝐼03− /𝐼 − = 0.54𝑉
𝐸𝐼0−/𝐼3− = −0.54𝑉
[উৎপোদ আয়ন]
‡Kvl wewµqvi mvgäyªeK, 𝑄 =
[তবক্রিয়ক আয়ন]
[𝐹𝑒 2+ ][𝐼3− ]
⇒𝑄= [𝐹𝑒 3+ ][𝐼 − ]
0.1⨯0.2
⇒𝑄= 𝑥⨯0.2
0.1
∴𝑄= 𝑥
(N)
DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvwUi mgZvK…Z mgxKiY:
A¨v‡bv‡W RviY wewµqv: 2𝐼 − − 2𝑒 − → 𝐼2
K¨v‡_v‡W weRviY wewµqv: 2𝐹𝑒 3+ + 2𝑒 − → 2𝐹𝑒 2+
0 0 0
GLb, 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝐸𝐴𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒 + 𝐸𝑐𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑𝑒
0
= 𝐸𝐼− /𝐼2 +𝐸 𝐹𝑒 3+ /𝐹𝑒 2+
0
= (−0.54 + 0.77)𝑣 = 0.23𝑣

bvbó mgxKiY Abymv‡i cvB,
0 0 0.0592
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 − ℎ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑄
0.0592 0.1 GLv‡b,
⇒ 0.19 = 0.23 − log ( 𝑥 )
2 𝑛=2
0.0592 𝑎−1
⇒ −0.04 = − log ( ) 0
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 0.23𝑣
2 𝑥
0.1
⇒ 0.04 ⨯ 2 = 0.0592 log ( 𝑥 ) 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 0.19𝑣
0.1
⇒ 1.3513 = log ( 𝑥 )
0.1
⇒ 1.3513 = log ( 𝑥 )
0.1
⇒ 𝑥 = 101.3513
⇒ 𝑥 = 0.1 ⨯ 0.0445
∴ 𝑥 = 4.45 ⨯ 10−3 𝑀
65
Shadow Aide Special

10. (𝒊) 𝒁𝒏(𝒔) /𝒁𝒏𝟐+ (𝒂𝒒)|| 𝑭𝒆𝟐+ (𝒂𝒒) / 𝑭𝒆(𝒔); 𝑬𝟎𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝒗
(𝒊𝒊) 𝒁𝒏 / 𝒁𝒏𝟐+ (𝒂𝒒)|| 𝑨𝒈+ (𝒂𝒒) /𝑨𝒈(𝒔); 𝑬𝟎𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒍 = +𝟏. 𝟓𝟔𝒗
[𝒁𝒏 / 𝒁𝒏𝟐+ Gi 𝑬𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔𝒗]
(K) Av‡cwÿK cwievwnZv Kv‡K e‡j?
(L) Zwor †Kvl wefe msµvšÍ bvb©ó mgxKiYwU †jL|
(M) cÖgvY Ae¯’vq 𝑭𝒆 I 𝑨𝒈 ZworØvi Øviv MwVZ †Kv‡li wefe wbY©q K‡iv|
(N) (ii) bs †Kv‡l [𝑨𝒈+ ] = 𝟏. 𝟓 ⨯ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝑴 n‡j †KvlwUi Av‡jvi D¾¡jZvi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b NU‡e Kx? MvwYwZKfv‡e
e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
DËi:
(K)
‡Kvb `ªe‡Yi †iva wbY©q K‡i D³ †iv‡ai wecixZ msL¨v wb‡j `ªeYwUi ‡h cwievwnZv cvIqv hvq, Zv‡KB Av‡cwÿK cwievwnZv
e‡j|
(L)
Zwor †Kvl wefe msµvšÍ gvb‡ói mgxKiY nj:
0 𝑅𝑇 [Drcv` Avq‡bi NbgvÎv]
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 − 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 − 𝑛𝐹 𝑙𝑛 [wewµqK Avq‡bi NbgvÎv]
‡hLv‡b,
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = ‡gvU †Kvl wefe
0
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = cÖgvY †Kvl wefe
𝑛 = PvR© Av`vb cÖ`vb
𝑅 = ‡gvjvi M¨vm aªæeK
𝑇 = ZvcgvÎv
𝐹 = d¨viv‡Wi aªæeK
(M)
2+ +
𝐹𝑒(𝑠)|𝐹𝑒 (𝑎𝑞)||𝐴𝑔 / 𝐴𝑔 … … . (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
0
GLv‡b, 𝐸𝐹𝑒 2+ /𝐹𝑒 = −0.44𝑣
0
𝐸𝐴𝑔 + / 𝐴𝑔 = 0.80𝑣
∴ (𝑖) ‡Kv‡li wefe = 0.32

= 0.76 − 0.32
0 0
∴ 𝐸𝐹𝑒/ 𝐹𝑒 2+ = 0.44𝑣, Abyiƒcfv‡e 𝐸𝐴𝑔+ / 𝐴𝑔 = 0.80𝑣
∴ (𝑖𝑖𝑖) Gi wefe = 0.80 − (−0.44)
= 1.24 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡
(N)
+ 2+
𝐹𝑒 + 2𝐴𝑔 → 𝐹𝑒 + 2𝐴𝑔
0 0.0592𝑣 [𝐹𝑒 2+ ]
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 − [𝐴𝑔+ ]2
2
0.0592𝑣 [𝐹𝑒 2+ ]
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 1.24 − [𝐴𝑔+ ]2
2
0.0592 [𝐹𝑒 2+ ]
cÖgvY Ae¯’vq [𝐴𝑔+ ] Gi NbgvÎv Kg‡j [𝐴+ ]2
2
ivwki gvb evo‡e d‡j †Kv‡li wefe cÖgvY wefe 1.24𝑣 ‡_‡K K‡g hv‡e| ZvB Av‡jvK D¾¡jZv Kg‡e|
66
MCQ
01. MwYZ 𝑵𝒂𝑪𝒍 Gi Zwor cwievnxZvi KviY Kx? 11. wmjfvi bvB‡UªU `ªe‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q 𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝑨 we`y¨r
(K) gy³ B‡j±ªb (L) gy³ cigvYy 𝟒𝟎𝒎𝒊𝒏 a‡i Pvjbv Ki‡j K¨v‡_v‡W KZwU wmjfvi
(M) gy³ Avqb (N) gy³ AYy cigvYy Rgv n‡e?
DËi:M (K) 2.396 ⨯ 1021 (L) 6.023 ⨯ 1023
25
02. Zwor we‡køl¨ c`v‡_©i Zwor cÖevwnZ nq Kx‡mi cÖev‡n? (M) 6.505 ⨯ 10 (N) 2.584 ⨯ 1023
DËi:K
(K) B‡jKUªb (L) †cÖvUb e¨vL¨v: 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 cÖevwnZ n‡j wb¤œwjwLZ wewµq
(M) wbDUªb (N) Avqb msNwUZ nq
DËi:N 𝐴𝑔+ + 𝑒 − → 𝐴𝑔
03. ‡KvbwU Zworwe‡køl¨ cwievnx? 𝑛=1
96500⨯0.16⨯40⨯60
(K) weï× cvwb (L) 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙(𝑆) 𝑛= ⨯ 6.02 ⨯ 1023
108
(M) 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4 (𝑎𝑞) (N) 100%𝐻𝐶𝐼 = 2.396 ⨯ 1021
DËi:M 12. K¨v‡_v‡W 𝟏 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑯𝟐 M¨vm Drcbœ n‡Z Kx cwigvY we`yªr
cÖ‡qvRb?
04. Zworwe‡kø‡lï Zwor cwien‡bi ÿgZv‡K Kx e‡j?
(K) 1𝐹 (L) 2𝐹
(K) cwievwnZv (L) eyj¤^ (M) 3𝐹 (N) 4𝐹
(M) †iva (N) PvR© DËi:L
DËi:K 13. hw` 𝟓 A¨vw¤úqvi Kv‡i›U 30 †m‡KÛ mgq a‡i GKwU
05. Zworwe‡køl¨ c`v‡_©i Zwor cwievwnZv I ZvcgvÎvi g‡a¨ B‡jK‡Uªv‡Wi ga¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ nq, Z‡e PvR© KZ n‡e?
m¤úK© Kxiƒc? (K) 60 Kzj¤^ (L) 95.52 Kzj¤^
(K) e‡M©i mgvbycvwZK (L) e¨¯ÍvbycvwZK (M) 120 Kzj¤^ (N) 150 Kzj¤^
DËi: N
(M) mgvbycvwZK (N) e‡M©i e¨¯ÍvbycvwZK e¨vL¨v: 𝑄 = 𝐼𝑡
DËi:M = 5 ⨯ 30
06. Zwor we‡køl¨ `ªe‡Yi cwievwnZv gvcK hš¿K Kx e‡j? = 150𝐶
(K) Conductometer (L) Spectometer 14. 1 †gvj Kcvi‡K K¨v‡_v‡W Rgv Ki‡Z 𝑪𝒖𝑺𝑶𝟒 `ªe‡Yi
(M) Ameter (N) Voltameter ga¨ w`‡q KZ d¨viv‡W we`y¨r Pvjbv Ki‡Z n‡e?
(K) 1F (L) 2F
DËi:K
(M) 3F (N) 4F
07. K¨vUvqb ejv nq †KvbwU‡K? DËi:L
(K) FYvZ¥K PvR© (L) abvZ¥K PvR©hy³ Avqb 15. 8 A¨vw¤úqvi Zwor 1 N›Uv a‡i Pvjbv Ki‡j we`y¨r Pv‡R©i
(M) wbi‡cÿ Avqb (N) Dfag©x Avqb cwigvY KZ?
DËi: L (K) 9650 Kzj¤^ (L) 28800 Kzj¤^
08. Zwor we‡kølYKv‡j abvZ¥K Avqb AK…ó nq †Kvb Zwor (M) 96500 Kzj¤^ (N) 38600 Kzj¤^
DËi:L
Øv‡i? e¨vL¨v: 𝑄 = 𝐼𝑡
(K) A¨v‡bvW (L) K¨v‡_vW = 8 ⨯ 3600
(M) A¨vwgUvi (N) jeY †mZz = 28800
DËi:L 16. 1 †gvj B‡jKUª‡bi †gvU PvR© KZ?
09. Av‡cwÿK cwievwnZvi GKK †KvbwU? (K) 1.602 ⨯ 10−19 Kzj¤^
(L) 1.602 ⨯ 10−19 ⨯ 6.022 ⨯ 1023 Kzj¤^
(K) Ω−1 𝑐𝑚−1 (L) Ω
−1 (M) 6.022 ⨯ 1023 Kzj¤^
(M) Ω (N) 𝐴
(N) 196500 Kzj¤^
DËi:K DËi:L
10. ZworØv‡i mwÂZ fi w Ges cÖevwnZ Avavb Q n‡j e¨vL¨v:
d¨viv‡Wi cÖ_g m~Îvbymv‡i †KvbwU mwVK? 1wU B‡jKUª‡bi PvR© −1602 ⨯ 10−19 Kzj¤^
1
(K) 𝑊 𝛼 √𝑄 (L) 𝑊 𝛼 𝑄 1wU †gvj B‡jKUªb = 6.022 ⨯ 1023
(M) 𝑊 𝛼 𝑄 2 (N) 𝑊 𝛼 𝑄 ∴ 1 wU †gvj B‡jKUª‡bi PvR© = 1.602 ⨯ 10−19 ⨯
DËi:N 6.022 ⨯ 1023 Kzj¤^
67
17. 𝟐𝟕𝒈 𝑨𝒆 Rgv Ki‡Z Kx cwigvY we`y¨r jvM‡e? 27. ‡Kvb AvqbwU Av‡M PvR©hy³ n‡e?
(K) 1F (L) 3F (K) 𝐶𝑢2+ (L) 𝐹𝑒 2+
(M) 13.SF (N) 27F (M) 𝑁𝑎+ (N) 𝐴𝑔+
DËi:L DËi:N
e¨vL¨v: 𝑄 = 𝑛𝑒𝐹 e¨vL¨v: †h K¨vUvq‡bi weRviY wefe †ewk, †m K¨vUvqb
27
= 27 ⨯ 3 ⨯ 𝐹 Av‡M PvR©gy³ n‡e| 𝐶𝑢2+ , 𝐹𝑒 2+ , 𝑁𝑎+ I 𝐴𝑔+ Gi
= 3𝐹 weRviY wefe h_vµ‡g +0.34𝑣, −0.44𝑣, −2.71𝑣
18. MwjZ 𝑪𝒂𝑪𝒍𝟐 n‡Z 𝟔𝟎𝒈 𝑪𝒂 Rgv Ki‡Z 𝟓 𝒂𝒎𝒑 I +0.80𝑣
we`y¨r KZ N›Uv Pvjbv Ki‡Z n‡e? 28. Zwor we‡kølY cÖwµqvi K¨v‡_v‡W †Kvb ai‡bi wewµqv
(K) 27 (L) 8.3 N‡U?
(M) 11 (N) 16
DËi:N (K) weRviY (L) RviY
19. ‡Kvb †gŠ‡ji cvigvYweK fi M, ‡hvR¨Zv n n‡j Zvi (M) Rvi-weRviY (N) AcmviY wewµqv
ivmvqwbK Zzj¨v¼ †ei Kivi m~Î †KvbwU? DËi:K
ℎ𝑀 𝑀 e¨vL¨v: Zwor we‡kølY cÖwµqvq K¨v‡_v‡W weRviY N‡U|
(K) 𝑍 = 𝐹 (L) 𝑧 = 𝑛⨯𝐹
𝑀𝐹
G cÖwµqvq `ªeY n‡Z K¨v‡_vW avZz Rgv nq|
(M) 𝑍 = ℎ (N) 𝑧 = 𝑀𝑛𝐹 29. jeY †mZz‡Z Dchy³ Zwor we‡køl¨ c`v‡_©i †Kvb¸‡jv
DËi:L eëüZ nq _v‡K?
20. Zwor ivmvqwbK Zzj¨v‡¼i GKK †KvbwU? (K) 𝐾𝐶𝐼, 𝐾𝑁𝑂3 , 𝑁𝐻4 𝐶𝐼
(K) 𝑐/𝑔 (L) 𝑔𝐶 −1 (L) 𝐾𝐶𝐼, 𝐾2 𝑆𝑂4 , 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
(M) 𝑔−1 𝐶 −1 (N) 𝑔𝐶
DËi:L (M) 𝐾𝐶𝐼, 𝑁𝐻4 𝐶𝐼, 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂3
21. wR¼ (𝒁𝒏) Gi Zwor ivmvqwbK Zzj¨v¼ KZ? (N) 𝐾𝐶𝐼, 𝑁𝐻4 𝐶𝐼, 𝑁𝑎𝑁𝑂3
(K) 0.000108𝑔𝐶 −1 (L) 0.000339𝑔𝐶 −1 DËi:K
−1
(M) 0.000367𝑔𝐶 (N) 0.00118𝑔𝐶 −1 30. wb‡Pi †KvbwU †Kv‡li eZ©bx c~Y© K‡i ê`y¨wZK Pv‡R©i
DËi:L wbi‡cÿZv eRvq iv‡L?
22. mwµqZv wmwi‡R †KvbwUi Ae¯’vb Dc‡i? (K) A¨v‡bvW (L) K¨v‡_vW
(K) 𝑃𝑏 (L) 𝐶𝑢 (M) †fvëwgUvq (N) jeY †mZz
(M) 𝐴𝑔 (N) 𝐶𝑎 DËi:N
DËi:N 31. 𝒁𝒏 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 → 𝒁𝒏𝑺𝑶𝟒 + 𝑯𝟐 ; wewµqvwUi
23. ‡KvbwU ga¨g mwµqv avZz? weRviY Aa©-wewµqv †KvbwU?
(K) 𝐾 (L) 𝐴𝑔 (K) 𝑍𝑛2 + +2𝑒 − → 7𝑛
(M) 𝑀𝑔 (N) 𝑃𝑏
DËi:N (L) 𝐻 + + 𝑒 − → 𝐻
24. 𝑯𝑪𝑰 Gi mv‡_ †KvbwUi wewµqv wec¾bK? (M) 𝑍𝑛 − 2𝑒 − → 𝑍𝑛2+
(K) 𝑁𝑎 (L) 𝐶𝑎 (N) 2𝐻 + + 2𝑒 → 𝐻2
(M) 𝐹𝑒 (N) 𝑍𝑛 DËi:N
DËi:K 32. A¨v‡bv‡Wi RviY wefe I K¨v‡_v‡Wi weRviY wef‡ei
25. Zvgvi cÖgvY weRviY wefe KZ? †hvMdj‡K Kx e‡j?
(K) +0.34𝑣 (L) +0.76𝑣 (K) cÖgvY Zwor Øviv wefe (L) †Kvl wefe
(M) wb‡`©kK wefe (N) nvB‡Wªv‡Rb ZworØvi
(M) −0.34𝑣 (N) −0.76𝑣
DËi: K
DËi:K
33. Avqib Zwor Øv‡ii cÖgvY RviY wef‡ei gvY KZ?
26. wb‡`©kK ZworØvi KZ cÖKvi?
(K) GK (L) `yB (K) +1.00 𝑉 (L) +0.44 𝑉
(M) wZb (N) cuvP (M) 0.00 𝑉 (N) 0.34 𝑉
DËi:L DËi:L
e¨vL¨v: †h mKj ZworØv‡ii wefe wbw`©ó Ges Zv‡ì 34. nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi RviY ev weRviY wef‡ei gvb †KvbwU?
mvnvh¨ Ab¨ ZworØv‡ii ZworØvi wefi wbY©q Kiv hvq (K) +1.0 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡 (L) −1.0 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡
Zv‡ì wb‡`©kK ZworØvi e‡j| wb‡`©kK ZworØvi `yB (M) −0.5 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡 (N) 0 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡
cÖKvi - gyL¨ I †MŠY| DËi:N
68
35. ‡Kv‡li wefe wbY©vqK h‡š¿i bvg Kx? 41. ‡Kvb †ÿ‡Î bvb©ó mgxKiY cÖ‡hvR¨?
(K) A¨vwgUvi (L) c‡UbwkIwgUvi (K) Nb `ªeY (L) jNy `ªeY
(M) _v‡g©vwgUvi (N) cvB‡ivwgUvi (M) Avq‡bi NbgvÎv (N) M¨v‡mi Pvc
DËi:L DËi:L
36. ‡Kvl wef‡ii gvb Kx‡mi Dci wbf©ikxj? 42. `ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv KZ †gvjvi Gi †ewk n‡j bvb©ó mgxKiY
(K) NbgvÎvi Dci (L) Pv‡R©i Dci cÖ‡hvR¨ bq?
(M) AvqZ‡bi Dci (N) ZworØv‡ii Dci (K) 10−1 (L) 10−2
DËi:K (M) 10 −3
(N) 10
37. g¨vM‡bwmqvg avZzi ˆZwi cv‡Î 𝒁𝒏𝑪𝒍𝟐 `ªeY ivL‡j MwVZ DËi:M
†KvlwUi 𝒆𝒎𝒇 KZ n‡e? [cÖgvY ZworØvi wefe n‡jv 43. bvb©ó mgxKi‡Y eëüZ †gvjvi M¨vm aªæe‡Ki gvb KZ?
h_vµ‡g 𝑬𝟎𝒁𝒏/𝒁𝒏𝟐+ = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔𝑽 I 𝐸𝑀𝑔/𝑀𝑔 0
2+ = (K) 0.0821 𝐽𝐾 −1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
+2.37𝑉] (L) 8.314 𝐽𝐾 −1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
(K) −3.13𝑉 (L) −1.61𝑉 (M) 8.314 ⨯ 107 𝑒𝑟𝑔 𝐾 −1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
(M) +1.61𝑉 (N) +3.13𝑉 (N) 1.38 𝐽𝐾 −1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
DËi:M DËi:L
0 44. ‡µvwgqvg mvj‡dU `ªe‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q KZ d¨viv‡W Zwor
e¨vL¨v: †Kvl wefe = 𝐸𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒 (𝑂𝑋) +
0
𝐸𝑐𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑𝑒 (𝑟𝑒𝑑) cÖevwnZ Ki‡j K¨v‡_v‡W 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝒈 ‡µvwgqvg avZz Rgv nq?
A¨v‡bvW 𝑀𝑔/𝑀𝑔2+ I K¨v‡_vW 𝑍𝑛2+ /𝑍𝑛 (K) 6𝐹 (L) 4𝐹
‡Kvl wefe = +2.37𝑉 − 0.76𝑉 (M) 3𝐹 (N) 2𝐹
= +1.61𝑉 DËi:K
38. 𝒁𝒏/𝒁𝒏 Ges 𝑨𝒈/𝑨𝒈+ ZworØv‡ii RviY wefe
𝟐+ 45. Zwor ivmvqwbK Zzj¨v¼ †KvbwUi †ewk?
h_vµ‡g +𝟎. 𝟕𝟔𝑽 Ges −𝟎. 𝟕𝟔𝟗𝑽 n‡j, Zwor (K) 𝐴𝑔 (L) 𝐶𝑢
†KvlwUi †gvU wefe KZ? (M) 𝐹𝑒 (N) 𝐶𝑟
(K) +1.529𝑉 (L) +0.779𝑉 DËi:K
(M) +0.039𝑉 (N) −1.529𝑉 46. mvaviY ZvcgvÎvq 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 ‡_‡K 𝑯𝟐 cÖwZ¯’vcb Ki‡Z
DËi:K cv‡i-
e¨vL¨v: †Kvl wefe= A¨v‡bv‡Wi RviY wefe- K¨v‡_v‡Wi (K) 𝐶𝑎 (L) 𝑀𝑔
RviY wefe (M) 𝑍𝑛 (N) 𝑃𝑏
GB †KvlwUi wefe = 0.76𝑉 − (−0.769𝑉) DËi:N
= +1.529𝑉 47. ‡Kvb AvqbwU mn‡R PvR©gy³ nq?
39. gyL¨ wb‡`©kK ZworØv‡ii Rb¨- (K) 𝐶𝑢2+ (L) 𝐻 +
i. 𝐻𝐶𝑙 Gi NbgvÎv 1𝑀 (M) 𝐴𝑢3+ (N) 𝐴𝑔+
ii. 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 Gi NbgvÎv 1𝑀 DËi:M
iii. Pvc 1𝑀 48. Avq‡bi Am‡gvwUK Pvc †ewk n‡j ZworØvi Kxiƒ‡c KvR
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K‡i?
(K) i, ii (L) i, iii (K) A¨v‡bvWiƒ‡c (L) K¨v‡_vWiƒ‡c
(M) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii (M) jeY‡mZziƒ‡c (N) Aa©‡Kvliƒ‡c
DËi:L DËi:L
40. ‡fvëvi †Kv‡l †Kvl wef‡ei gvb wbf©i K‡i c`v‡_©i- 49. wb‡Pi †KvbwU RviY-weRviY Aa©‡Kvl?
i. NbgvÎvi Dci (K) 𝑃𝑡, 𝐶𝑙2 /𝐶𝑙 − (L) 𝐻𝑔, 𝐻𝑔2 𝑆𝑂4
2+ 4+
ii. ZvcgvÎvi Dci (M) 𝐴𝑢, 𝑆𝑛 /𝑆𝑛 (N) 𝑁𝑖/𝑁𝑖 2+
iii. f‡ii Dci DËi:M
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 50. cÖwZwU Aa©‡Kv‡li avZe `Û wb‡Pi †KvbwU?
(K) RviY ZworØvi (L) weRviY ZworØvi
(K) i, ii (L) i, iii
(M) GKK ZworØvi (N) K¨v‡_vW ZworØvi
(M) ii, iii (N) i, ii, iii
DËi:M
DËi:K
69
At a glance
1. 𝑊 = 𝑍𝐼𝑡 [Z = Zwor ivmvqwbK Zzj¨v¼]

2. 𝑊 = 𝑍𝑄
3. 𝑄 = 𝐼𝑡
আণববক ভর
4. 𝑍 = তু ল্যতা ⨯96500
আণববক ভর
5. 𝐸= [𝐸 = ivmvqwbK Zzj¨v¼]
তু ল্যতা
6. 𝑄 = 𝑛𝑒𝐹
Q = charge
n = mole msL¨v
e = Zzj¨Zv
F = d¨viv‡W
0
7. 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 > 0 → ¯^Zù‚Z© wewµqv †`Lv‡e
0
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 < 0 → ¯^ZùzZ© wewµqv †`Lv‡e bv
0
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 0 → mvgë¯’v
8. ∆𝐺 = 𝑛𝐸𝐹 →
𝐺 = gyw³ kw³i cwieZ©b
𝑛 = 𝑒 − msL¨v
𝐹 = d¨viv‡W
Gibbs Free Energy Theory:

∆𝐺 = ∆𝐺 0 + 𝑅𝑇 𝑙𝑛 𝑄
−𝑛𝐸𝐹 = −𝑛𝐸 0 𝐹 + 𝑅𝑇 𝑙𝑛𝑄
𝑅𝑇
𝐸 = 𝐸 0 − 𝑛𝐹 𝑙𝑛𝑄 [𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛]
∆𝐺 < 0 → ¯^Z:ù‚Z©
∆𝐺 > 0 → A¯^Ztù‚Z©
∆𝐺 = 0 → mvg¨ve¯’v
70

Chemistry 2nd Part Potential Book Final

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Chemistry 2nd Paper Potential Book

Aa¨vq 01: cwi‡ek imvqb

Av`k© M¨vm Pvc ZvcgvÎv AvqZb fi

(K) 𝑷𝑷𝒎 Kx?

ZvcgvÎv, 𝑇 = 20° 𝐶 = (20 + 273)𝐾

𝑆𝑟 2+ , 𝐹𝑒 2+ , 𝑀𝑛2+ cÖf…wZ jeY `ªexf‚Z _vK‡jI cvwb Li nq|

𝐶𝐻4 Gi †ÿ‡Î: GLv‡b,

DÏxcK Abymv‡i 𝐴 I 𝐵 wmwjÛv‡i mgf‡i M¨vm i‡q‡Q|

Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,

Avgiv Rvwb, Pvc, 𝑃 = 300 𝑚𝑚(𝐻𝑔)

Avevi, 40° 𝐶 ZvcgvÎvq †gvU Pvc 𝑃2 n‡j, Avw` ZvcgvÎv

‡`Iqv Av‡Q, wmwjÛv‡ii fi 16 𝑘𝑔|

𝑀𝐴 = 21.59 GK 𝑀𝐵 = 26.89

myZivs, †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, 𝐵 M¨v‡mi AvswkK Pvc 86.937 𝐾𝑝𝑎

AvqZb (𝑽)𝒄𝒎𝟑 Pvc (𝑷)𝒂𝒕𝒎 AvqZb (𝑽)𝑳 ZvcgvÎv (𝑻)𝒌

(K) †Kjwfb ‡¯‹j Kv‡K e‡j?

07. (𝒊)𝑪𝒖𝑺𝑶 + 𝑵𝑯𝟒 𝑶𝑯 (AwZwi³) → 𝑨 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶

(K) cigk~b¨ ZvcgvÎv Kv‡K e‡j?

09. GKwU M¨v‡mi 𝑶° 𝑪 ZvcgvÎvq wewfbœ Pvc I AvqZb wb¤œiƒc:-

myZivs, DÏxc‡Ki M¨vmwUi AYyi msL¨v 1.88 × 1022 wU|

GLb, 𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝐾1 , 𝑃2 𝑉2 = 𝐾2 ................. 𝑃𝑛 𝑉𝑛 = 𝐾𝑛 n‡j e‡q‡ji m~Îvbymv‡i 𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 = .......... = 𝑃𝑛 𝑉𝑛 |

DÏxc‡K M¨v‡mi Pvc I AvqZ‡bi cwieZ©b †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q,

Shadow Aide Special

(K) †M-jym¨v‡Ki Pvcxq m~ÎwU Kx?

Aa¨vq 02: ˆRe †hŠM

1| (i) 𝑹𝟑 𝑪𝑿 + 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 (jNy)→ 𝑨,

𝑅 − 𝐶𝐻2 − 𝑋 + 𝑂𝐻 (Zxeªÿvi) → 𝑅 − 𝐶𝐻2 − 𝑂𝐻 + 𝑋 −

DÏxc‡K Drcbœ A I B †hŠMØq 3° I 1° A¨vj‡Kvnj|

2| wb‡Pi wewµqv¸‡jvi Z_¨ e¨envi K‡i mswkøó cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vIt

(K) Kv‡e©vK¨vUvqb Kx?

𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻3

+ 𝐻𝑆𝑂4− → +𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4

(ii) Dfq mgvYyi KbwdMv‡ikb ci¯ú‡i `c©Y cÖwZwe¤^ nq|

(𝑖𝑖) 𝐶=𝐶 𝐶𝐶𝑙4

Uviwkqvix weDUvBj †K¬vivBW 1-weDUvbj

𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻3

wPÎ: UjyB‡bi †iv‡Rvb¨vÝ KvVv‡gv

UjyBb Av‡_©vbvB‡Uªv UjyBb c¨viv bvB‡Uªv UjyBb

(K) ‡g‡mv †hŠM Kx?

myZivs A n‡jv †ebwRb|

‡ebwRb (A) A¨vwm‡Uv‡d‡bvb

(K) 𝑪𝑪𝒍𝑵𝟑 𝑵𝑶𝟐 Gi 𝑰𝑼𝑷𝑨𝑪 c×wZ‡Z bvg wK?

DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvwU m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c n‡jv:-

myZivs DÏxc‡Ki B mgvYywU n‡jv weDwUbj −2|

𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻3

𝑃(𝐶5 𝐻10 ) ‡hŠ‡Mi `ywU ˆiwLK mgvYy n‡jv

Uviwkqvix A¨vj‡Kvnj (3°)

𝐶=𝐶 KviY, GKB MÖæc (H) Dcw¯’Z|

16. n-‡c‡›U‡bi mgvYy msL¨v KZwU? 25. Kve©vbvq‡bi myw¯’wZi µg †KvbwU?

10| mvevb : 𝑅 − 𝐶𝑂𝑂− 𝑁𝑎+

14| mvKwmwbK GwmW : 𝐻𝑂𝑂𝐶 − 𝐶𝐻2 − 𝐶𝐻2 − 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻

15| UviUvwbK GwmW : 𝐻𝑂𝑂𝐶 − 𝐶𝐻 − 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻

3. A¨vjKvBb 𝑅−𝐶 ≡𝐶−𝑅 −𝐶 ≡ 𝐶 − Kve©b-Kve©b wÎeÜb

6. Kve©w·wjK GwmW Kve©w·wjK g~jK

Kvh©Kixg~j‡Ki AMÖMY¨ µg:

wkKj Ae¯’vb Kvh©Kix g~jK U‡UvgvwiRg ‡gUvgvwiRg

R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZv Av‡jvK mgvYyZv

wmm UªvÝ GbvbwkIgvi Wvqv‡÷vwiIgvi ‡g‡gv †hŠM

(ii) DBwjqvgmb ms‡kølY Øviv:

3000 −4000 𝐶 𝐻𝐶𝑙

‡mvwWqvg †d‡bU †dbj

(v) ivBgvi UvBg¨vb wewKªqv:

(vi) K¨vwbRv‡iv wewµqv:

(vii) nd&g¨vb ÿz`ªvskKiY wewµqv: