ZvcMwZwe`¨v cÖ_g Aa¨vq
Zvct
Zvc GK cÖKvi kw³ hv e¯‘yi AšÍt¯’ kw³i ewntcÖKvk
K‡i| Zvc kw³ e¯‘yi mKj AYyi MwZ kw³i dj| e¯‘yi
AYyi MwZkw³ evo‡j Zvckw³ e„w× cvq Ges e¯‘yi AYyi
MwZkw³ Kg‡j Zvckw³ K‡g hvq|†h kw³ Mig ev VvÛi
Abyf~wZ Rb¥vq Zvn‡jv Zvc kw³ |Zvc kw³‡K Ab¨ kw³‡Z
iæcvšÍi Ki‡Z h‡š¿i cÖ‡qvRb nq| Zvckw³ m¤ú©‡K `yBwU
gZev` cÖPwjZ Av‡Q|
K¨vjwiK gZev` I MZxq gZev`t
K¨vjwiK gZev`:
GB gZev` Abymv‡i Zvc K¨vjwiK bvgK GK cÖKvi
IRbnxb A`„k¨ KYv hv me e¯‘yi g‡a¨ Abvq‡m cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z
cv‡i Ges ci¯úi‡K weKl©Y K‡i| †Kv‡bv e¯‘y‡Z K¨vjwiK
bvgK KYv cÖ‡ek Ki‡j e¯‘y DËß nq Ges e¯‘y n‡Z wbM©Z
n‡j e¯‘y VvÛv nq|GKwU e¯‘ †h cwigvY K¨vjwiK bvgK KYv
nviv‡e Aci GKwU e¯‘ †m cwigvY KYv AR©b Ki‡e| GB
gZev` Abymv‡i Zv‡ci GKK K¨vjwi|
K¨vjwi:
GK MÖvg weï× cvwbi ZvcgvÎv GK wWwMÖ ‡mjwmqvm e„w×
Ki‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq Zvc‡K GK K¨vjwi e‡j|
MZxq gZev`:
GB gZev` Abymv‡i Zvc n‡‛Q e¯‘yi AYyi MwZkw³i mgwó|
†Kv‡bv e¯‘yi Dci hvwš¿K KvR m¤úvw`Z n‡j †h kw³ e¨wqZ
nq Zv GB Zvc kw³‡Z cwiYZ nq| GB gZev` Abymv‡i
Zvc kw³ e¨envi K‡i KvR Kiv m¤¢e Ges Zvc kw³‡K
Ab¨ kw³‡Z iycvšÍwiZ Kiv hvq| GB gZev` Abymv‡i Zvc
kw³i GKK Ryj|
MZxq gZev` †`b weÁvbx KvD›U ivg‡dv©W| ivg‡dv©W j¶
K‡ib Zzicy‡bi mvnv‡h¨ bj wQ‡`ªi mgq Zzicyb I bj
DfqB Mig nq|wZwb e‡jb e¯‘i Dci KvR Ki‡j kw³
e¨q Ki‡Z nq, GB e¨wqZ kw³B Zvc kw³ iæ‡c cÖKvk
cvq|
4.2J hvwš¿K kw³ e¨q K‡i GK K¨vjwi Zvc Drcbœ Kiv
hvq| 4.2 Ryj = 1 K¨vjwi|
Zvc kw³i wnmve:
Zvc kw³ wnmve Kiv hvq K‡qKwU Dcv‡q| †hgb:
 Kv‡Ri gva¨‡gQ = mgh = ms∆θ = 2 mv2
1 Kiv nq|GB †¯‥‡j eid we›`yy 00 C Ges ev®ú we›`yy1000 C
 ZvcgvÎv cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y Q = ms∆θ
 e¯‘yi Ae¯’vi cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y Q = mlf
GLv‡b Q = Zvckw³ J
S = Av‡cw¶K Zvc Jk −1g k
−1
−1
lf = myßZvc Jk
m = fi kg
∆θ = ZvcgvÎvi cwieZ©b k
ei‡di Av‡cwÿK Zvc 𝑆 = 2100 Jk −1 −1
g k
cvwbi Av‡cwÿK Zvc 𝑆 = 4200 Jk −1 −1
g k
eid Mj‡bi myß Zvc 𝑆 = 336000 Jk −1
cvwbi ev®úxfe‡bi myß Zvc 𝑆 = 2268000 Jk −1
MD.ABDUR RASHID M.Sc (R.U) LECTURER (PHYSICS), POLICE LINES SCHOOL AND COLLEGE , RANGPUR. c„ôv - 1
WWW.rashidedu.wordpress.com , E-mail:rashidmcsk@yahoo.com, Mobile:01721336740
ZvcgvÎv:
ZvcgvÎv n‡‛Q †Kv‡bv e¯‘yi Zvcxq Ae¯’v hv Ab¨ e¯‘yi
ms¯ú‡©k Avm‡j Zvc MÖnY Ki‡e bv eR©b Ki‡e Zv wbavib
K‡i †`q| A_ev
m‡gvò cÖwµqvq e¯‘yi †h Zvcxq ag© w¯’i _v‡K Zv‡K
ZvcgvÎv e‡j| Zvc Ges ZvcgvÎv GK bq|
‡Kv‡bv e¯‘‡Z Zv‡ci cÖevn wbf©i K‡i ZvcgvÎvi
Dci,Zv‡ci cwigv‡Yi Dci bq| ZvcgvÎv cwigv‡c ‡¯‥‡ji
bvg _v‡g©vwgUvi | _v‡g©vwgUvi •Zwi nq c`v‡_©i
ZvcgvÎvwÎK ev D‡òvZvwgwZK a‡g©i Dci wbf©i K‡i|Zvc
cwigvc Kiv nq K¨vjwiwgUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨|
DòZvwgwZK ag©:
ZvcgvÎv cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ c`v‡_©i †h mKj a‡g©i wbqwgZ
cwieZ©b nq Zv‡K DòZvwgwZK ag© e‡j| ‡hgb ‣`N©¨,
AvqZb,Pvc,‡iva,D¾¡jZv,cvi` ¯Í¤¢ BZ¨vw`|
DòZvwgwZK c`v_©:
†h mKj c`v‡_©i ZvcgvÎv cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ DòZvwgwZK
a‡g©i wbqwgZ cwieZ©b nq Zv‡K DòZvwgwZK c`v_© e‡j|
†hgb cvi`,A¨vj‡Kvnj,mKj avZe c`v_©,K…ò e¯‘ BZ¨vw`|
_v‡g©vwgUvi:
‡h h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ ZvcgvÎv cwigvc Kiv nq Zv‡K
_v‡g©vwgUvi e‡j|_v‡g©vwgUvi •Zwi Kiv nq c`v‡_©i
DòZvwgwZK ag© e¨envi K‡i|
ZvcgvÎv cwigv‡ci wewfbœ †¯‥j Av‡Q| †hgb:
 †mjwmqvm †¯‥j
 dv‡ibnvBU †¯‥j
 †Kjwfb †¯‥j
 Av`©k M¨vm †¯‥j
 ZvcgvÎv AvšÍR©vwZK †¯‥j
 ‡ivgvi †¯‥j
 i¨vswKb †¯‥j
†mjwmqvm †¯‹j :
myB‡W‡bi †R¨vwZwe©` A¨vbWvm© †mjwmqvm GB †¯‥j D™¢veb
K‡ib| GB †¯‥‡j `yB w¯’i we›`yy c×wZ‡Z ZvcgvÎv cwigvc
aiv nq|
dv‡ibnvBU †¯‹j:
Rvgv©b weÁvbx wR.wW dv‡ibnvBU GB †¯‥j D™¢veb K‡ib|
GB ‡¯‥‡j `yB w¯’i we›`yy c×wZ‡Z ZvcgvÎv cwigvc Kiv
nq|
GB †¯‥‡j eid we›`yy 320 F Ges ev®úwe›`yy 2120 F aiv
nq|
†Kjwfb †¯‹j :
jW© †Kjwfb GB †¯‥j D™¢veb K‡ib| GB †¯‥‡j GK w¯’i
we›`yy I `yB w¯’i we›`yy Dfq c×wZ‡Z ZvcgvÎv cwigvc Kiv
nq| GB †¯‥‡j eid we›`yy n‡jv 273K Ges ev®úwe›`yy n‡jv
373K aiv nq|
 ZvcMwZwe`¨v cÖ_g Aa¨vq
ZvcgvÎv cwigv‡ci g~jbxwZt ∴θ
θ−θ ice
=X
x−x ice
‡Kjwfb †¯‹‡j GK w¯’i we›`yy c×wZ: steam −θ ice steam −x ice

GB c×wZ‡Z cvwbi •Îa we›`yy‡K (273.16) †K w¯’i we›`yy GLv‡b θsteam − θice = n n‡‛Q †g․wjK e¨eavb|
aiv nq| †g․wjK e¨eavb‡K n msL¨K mgvb fv‡M wef³ Kiv n‡j
θ−θ ice x−x ice
‡Kjwfb †¯‥‡j ZvcgvÎv T =
x
× 273.16 K =X
n steam −x ice
x tr
x−x ice
GLv‡b xtr = •Îa we›`y‡Z c`v‡_©i ZvcwgwZK ag©| ev, θ = × n + θice
X steam −x ice
x = T ZvcgvÎvq c`v‡_©i ZvcwgwZK ag©|
GUvB `yB †¯‹‡j we›`yy c×wZ‡Z ZvcgvÎv cwigv‡ci
DòZvwgwZK ag© •`N©¨ n‡j 𝑥 = 𝑙
l
g~jbxwZ|
T= × 273.16 K †mjwmqvm †¯‥‡j n = 100 Ges θice = 00 C |
l tr
DòZvwgwZK ag© Pvc n‡j 𝑥 = 𝑃 myZvivs,†mjwmqvm †¯‥‡j ZvcgvÎv-
P x−x ice
T= × 273.16 K θc = X × 1000 C
P tr −x ice
steam
DòZvwgwZK ag© ‡iva n‡j 𝑥 = 𝑅 dv‡ibnvBU †¯‥‡j n = 180 Ges θice = 320 F|
R
T= × 273.16 K myZivs,dv‡ibnvBU †¯‥‡j ZvcgvÎv-
R tr
x − xice
DòZvwgwZK ag© AvqZb n‡j 𝑥 = 𝑉 θF = × 180 + 32 ℉
Xsteam − xice
V
T= × 273.16 K †Kjwfb †¯‥‡j n = 100 Ges θice = 273K|
V tr
myZvivs,†Kjwfb †¯‥‡j ZvcgvÎv-
‡Kjwfb †¯‹‡j `yB w¯’i we›`yy c×wZ: θK =
x−x ice
× 100 + 273 𝐾
GB c×wZ‡Z eid we›`yy‡K 273K Ges ev®ú we›`yy‡K X steam −x ice

373K a‡i GB †¯‥j Kiv n‡q‡Q|

GB †¯‥‡j, θ = X
X θ −X ice ‡mjwmqvm,dv‡ibnvBU I †Kjwfb †¯‹‡ji g‡a¨ m¤úK©t
steam −X ice
GLv‡b Xθ = θ ZvcgvÎvq c`v‡_©i ZvcwgwZK ag© Ges 100 212 373
Xice = eid we›`yy‡Z c`v‡_©i ZvcwgwZK ag©| ev®ú we›`y
θ =ZvcgvÎv Ges n = †g․wjK e¨eavb|
`yB w¯’i we›`y c×wZ:
𝑅𝑛 𝑅 𝐶 𝐹 𝐾
ZvcgvÎvwgwZK ag© wn‡m‡e c`v‡_©i †mme ag©‡K e¨envi
Kiv nq hv ZvcgvÎvi mv‡_ mylgfv‡e cwiewZ©Z nq A_v©r
ZvcgvÎvi cwieZ©b c`v‡_©i ZvcgvÎvwgwZK a‡g©i
mgvbycvwZK| eid we›`y
θ1 I θ2 ZvcgvÎvq †Kv‡bv GKwU c`v‡_©i ZvcgvÎvwgwZK
0 32 273
ag© h_vµ‡g x1 I x2 n‡j- θ2 − θ1 ∝ x2 − x1
ev, θ2 − θ1 = a x2 − x1 ZvcgvÎv cwigv‡ci g~jbxwZ e¨envi K‡i
a GKwU mgvbycvwZK aªyeK| 𝑅𝑛 −0 𝑅−0 C F−32 K−273
= 100−0 = 100 = 212−32 = 373−273
100−0
wb¤œ w¯’i we›`yy ev eid we›`yy θice I DaŸ© w¯’i we›`yy ev ev®ú
we›`yy θsteam ZvcgvÎvq †Kv‡bv GKwU c`v‡_©i C F−32 K−273
ev, 100 = =
180 100
ZvcgvÎvwgwZK ag© h_vµ‡g Xice I Xsteam Ges
†h‡Kv‡bv θ ZvcgvÎvq x n‡j C F−32 K−273
= =
5 9 5
θsteam − θice = a Xsteam − xice Ges
θ − θice = a x − xice 𝐶 𝐹−32 𝐾−273 𝑅𝑛 −492 𝑅
5
= 9
= 5
= 9
= 4

MD.ABDUR RASHID M.Sc (R.U) LECTURER (PHYSICS), POLICE LINES SCHOOL AND COLLEGE , RANGPUR. c„ôv - 2
WWW.rashidedu.wordpress.com , E-mail:rashidmcsk@yahoo.com, Mobile:01721336740
 ZvcMwZwe`¨v cÖ_g Aa¨vq
GK cigvYyK M¨v‡mi Rb¨ n †gvj M¨v‡mi AšÍt¯’ kw³
Av`©k M¨vm †¯‹j : 3
E = nRT
Pvj©m Gi m~Î n‡Z cig k~b¨ ZvcgvÎvi gvb cvIqv hvq 2
wØ cigvYyK M¨v‡mi Rb¨ n †gvj M¨v‡mi AšÍt¯’ kw³
−273 ℃|−273 ℃ ZvcgvÎv‡K cig k~b¨ a‡i Ges 5
Av‡iv wKQy w¯’i we›`yyi mgš^‡q †h †¯‥j wbaviY Kiv nq E = 2 nRT
Zv‡K Av`©k †¯‥j ev cig †¯‥j e‡j| eû cigvYyK M¨v‡mi Rb¨ 𝑛 †gvj M¨v‡mi AšÍt¯’ kw³
6
‡mjwmqvm †¯‥‡ji AbyKi‡Y †h cig ‡¯‥j MVb Kivm nq 𝐸 = 2 𝑛𝑅𝑇
Zv‡K cig †mjwmqvm †¯‥j ev †Kjwfb †¯‥j e‡j| GB
†¯‥‡j ZvcgvÎvi GKK kelvin K | ZvB cig ZvcgvÎv †gqv‡ii cÖKí:
T = (C + 273)K | ‡Kv‡bv wbw`©ó cwigvY M¨v‡mi Af¨šÍixY kw³ ïaygvÎ Gi
Avvevi dv‡ibnvBU †¯‥‡ji AbyKi‡Y †h cig †¯‥j MVb ZvcgvÎvi Dci wbf©i, Gi Pvc I AvqZ‡bi Dci wbf©i
Kiv nq Zv‡K cig dv‡ibnvBU †¯‥j ev i¨vswKb †¯‥j e‡j| K‡i bv| GB ZË¡‡K †gqv‡ii cÖKí e‡j|
GB †¯‥‡j ZvcgvÎvi GKK Rankin R .
ZvcgvÎvq AvšÍR©vwZK †¯‹j: M¨vm I cÖmvi‡Y K…ZKvRt
AvšÍRv©wZK IRb I cwigvc KwgwU ZvcgvÎv cwigv‡ci Rb¨ GKwU wmwjÛv‡ii g‡a¨ wc÷b Øviv Ave× wKQy cwigvc M¨vm
†Kjwfb †¯‥‡ji Abyiy‡c GKwU e¨envwiK †¯‥j †`b| GB Av‡Q| cÖ_‡g G M¨v‡mi Pvc I AvqZb h_vµ‡g Pi I
†¯‥j‡K ZvcgvÎvq AvšÍRv©wZK †¯‥j e‡j| Vi wQj| cÖmvi‡Yi d‡j Gi †kl Pvc Pf I AvqZb Vf
ZvcgvÎvq AvšÍRv© wZK †¯‥‡ji kZv©byhvqx n‡jv| G cÖmvi‡Yi Rb¨ K…ZKv‡Ri cwigvY wbY©q Ki‡Z
 ZvcgvÎvq †¯‥‡ji bvg n‡e kelvin n‡e| †Kv‡bv GK Ae¯’vq Gi Pvc P wQj | wc÷‡bi
 ZvcgvÎvq GKK n‡e †Kjwfb K cÖ¯‡’ ‛Q‡`i †¶Îdj A n‡j Gi Ici wµqvkxj †gvU ej
 1000K ch©šÍ ZvcgvÎv cwigv‡ci Rb¨ cøvwUbvg F = PA|
†iva _v‡gv©wgUvi e¨envi n‡e| G e‡ji wµqvi wc÷‡bi miY dx n‡j K…ZKvR-
 1000 − 1400K ch©šÍ ZvcgvÎv cwigv‡ci dW = F ∙ dx = PAdx = PdV A B
Rb¨ Zvc hyMj _v‡gv©wgUvi e¨envi n‡e| M¨v‡mi AvqZb Vi †_‡K cÖmvwiZ P
 1400K Gi D‡aŸ© ZvcgvÎv cwigv‡ci Rb¨ n‡q Vf nIqvq †gvU K…ZKvR-
cvB‡ivwgUvi e¨envi n‡e| Vf
W= dW = Vi
PdV
Af¨šÍixY kw³ ev AšÍt¯’ kw³t
M¨vm A(Vi , Pi ) Ae¯’v †_‡K B(Vf , Pf D V C
cÖwZwU wm‡÷gB AmsL¨ AYy-cigvYyi mgš^‡q MwVZ|
Ae¯’vq †h‡Z M¨vm KZ…©K †gvU K…ZKvR-
AvbweK MwZZË¡ Abymv‡i G AYyMy‡jv mZZ K¤úgvb ev Vf
MwZkxj Ges G‡`i ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ AvKl©YRwbZ ej wµqv W= Vi
PdV n‡e cÖwµqv c_ I AvqZb A¶ Øviv
K‡i| myZvivs AYy¸‡jvi MwZkw³ I wefe kw³ Av‡Q| G mxgve× ABCD †¶‡Îi †¶Îdj|
MwZkw³ I wefe kw³ AvYyex¶wYK| G MwZkw³ I wefe ZvcMwZwe`¨vi cÖ_g m~Ît
kw³i mgwóB H wm‡÷‡gi Af¨šÍixY kw³ AYy¸‡jvi †gvU 1847 mv‡j weÁvbx Ryj Zvc I Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ GKwU m¤úK©
MwZkw³i mgvb| M¨v‡mi MwZZË¡ †_‡K Avgiv Rvwb, ¯’vcb K‡ib| Zvc kw³ e¨e¯’v I cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨ kw³i
3 3
E = 2 PV = 2 RT cÖevn NVvq hZLb e¨e¯’v I cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨ ZvcgvÎvi
†Kv‡bv wm‡÷‡g Zvc cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡j Gi AYy¸‡jvi cv_©K¨ _vK‡e| kw³i iƒcvšÍi wewa‡Z Zvc kw³‡K Ab¨
MwZkw³ e„w× cvq| d‡j Gi Af¨šÍixY kw³iI e„w× kw³‡K wKsev Ab¨ kw³‡K Zvc kw³‡K cwibZ Kiv
N‡U|†Kv‡bv wm‡÷‡gi Af¨šÍixY kw³i gvb Gi Ae¯’vi m¤¢e|weÁvbx Ryj Zvc I Kv‡Rv g‡a¨ m¤úK© †`LvbÑ
Ici wbf©i K‡i bv| wKš‘y †Kv‡bv wm‡÷‡gi Af¨šÍixY kw³i hLb mg¯Í KvR Zvc kw³‡K ev Zvc m¤ú~b©iƒ‡c Kv‡R
cig gvb Rvbv m¤¢e bq| ïay Gi cwieZ©b cwigvc Kiv cwibZ nq ZLb KvR I Zvc ci¯úi mgvbycvwZK nq|
m¤¢e|
†Kv‡bv wm‡÷‡gi Ici W cwigvY KvR Kivq hw` Q
GK cigvYyK M¨v‡mi Rb¨ GK †gvj M¨v‡mi AšÍt¯’ kw³
3 cwigvY Zvc Drcbœ nq Z‡e Ry‡ji m~Îvbymv‡i MvwYwZK
E = 2 RT fv‡e
MD.ABDUR RASHID M.Sc (R.U) LECTURER (PHYSICS), POLICE LINES SCHOOL AND COLLEGE , RANGPUR. c„ôv - 3
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 ZvcMwZwe`¨v
W∝H
ev,W = JH
GLv‡b J GKwU aªye ivwk _v‡K Zvc‡I hvwš¿K mgZv ev
hvwš¿K Zzj¨v¯‥ ev Ry‡ji aªyeK e‡j|
weÁvbx K¬wmqv‡mi g‡Z ‡Kv‡bv e¨e¯’vq mieivnK…Z Zvc
kw³ e¨e¯’vi AšÍt¯’ kw³i cwieZ©b I evwn¨K Kv‡Ri
†hvMd‡ji mgvb n‡e| MvwYwZKfv‡e Kv‡bv e¨e¯’vi dQ
cwigvb Zvckw³ †`Iqvq e¨e¯’vq AšÍt¯’ kw³i cwieZ©b
dU Ges K…ZKvR dw n‡j ZvcMwZwe`¨vi cÖ_g m~Î n‡Z
cvB dQ = dU + dW
ev, dQ = dU + PdV
Dc‡ii m~Î n‡Z cvB,
 †Kv‡bv e¨e¯’vq Zvc kw³ †`Iqv n‡j ev e¨e¯’v
KZ…©K Zvc †kvwlZ n‡j dQ abvZ¥K n‡e|
 †Kv‡bv e¨e¯’v n‡Z Zvckw³ wbM©Z n‡j ev e¨e¯’v
KZ…©K Zvc ewR©Z n‡j dQFbvZ¥K n‡e|
 ‡Kv‡bv e¨e¯’v KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡j dW abvZ¥K
n‡e|
 ‡Kv‡bv e¨e¯’vi Dci KvR m¤úbœ n‡j dW
FbvZ¥K n‡e|
 ‡Kv‡bv e¨e¯’vi AšÍt¯’ kw³ e„w× n‡j dU abvZ¥K
n‡e|
 ‡Kv‡bv e¨e¯’vi AšÍt¯’ kw³ K‡g ‡M‡j dU
FbvZ¥K n‡e|
cÖ_g Aa¨vq
m‡gvò cÖwµqvt
†h ZvcMZxq cÖwµqvq e¨e¯’vq ZvcgvÎv w¯’i _v‡K Zv‡K
m‡gvò cÖwµqv e‡j| m‡gvò cÖwµqvq Av`k© e¨e¯’vi Rb¨
dU = 0 nIqvq ZvcMwZwe`¨vi cÖ_g m~Î n‡Z cvB,
dQ = du + dw
ev, dQ = 0 + dw
ev, dQ = dw
Dc‡ii m~Î n‡Z cvB,
 e¨e¯’vq Zvc kw³ †`Iqv n‡j ev e¨e¯’v Zvc kw³
†kvlb Ki‡j e¨e¯’v KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡e|
 e¨e¯’v Zvc kw³ eR©b Ki‡j e¨e¯’vi Dci KvR
m¤úbœ n‡e|
mgAvqZb cÖwµqv t
†h ZvcMZxi cÖwµqvq e¨e¯’vq AvqZb cwieZ©b nq bv Zv‡K
mgAvqZb cÖwµqv e‡j| mgAvqZb cÖwµqvq dV = 0
nIqvq ZvcMwZwe`¨vi cÖ_g m~Î n‡Z cvB,
dQ = dU + PdV
ev, dQ = dU
Dc‡ii m~Î n‡Z cvB,
 ‡Kv‡bv e¨e¯’vq Zvc kw³ †kvlY n‡j e¨e¯’vi
AšÍt¯’ kw³ e„w× cv‡e Ges ZvcgvÎv e„w× cv‡e|
†Kv‡bv e¨e¯’v n‡Z Zvc kw³ wbM©Z n‡j e¨e¯’vi
AšÍt¯’ kw³ n«vm cv‡e Ges ZvcgvÎv K‡g hv‡e|

cÖ_g m~‡Îi e¨envi t

𝐏~𝐕 ‡jLwP‡Îi gva¨‡g ZvcMwZwe`¨vi cÖ_g m~‡Îi
iƒ×Zvcxq cÖwµqvt e¨envit
†h ZvcMZxq cÖwµqvq e¨e¯’vi Zv‡ci †Kv‡bv Av`vb-cÖ`vb
nq bv Zv‡K iƒ×Zvcxq cÖwµqv e‡j| iƒ×Zvcxq cÖwµqvq P c b
dQ = 0 nIqvq
ZvcMwZwe`¨vi cÖ_g m~Î n‡Z cvB,
dQ = du + dw
a d
ev, 0 = du + dw
ev, du = −dw
ev, dw = −du V
Dc‡ii m~Î n‡Z cvB,  acbc‡_ †kvwlZ Zvc Q acb = Ub − Ua + W
 e¨e¯’vi Dci †h cwigvb KvR m¤úbœ nq Zv  adbc‡_ †kvwlZ Zvc Q adb = Ub − Ua + W
e¨e¯’vi †mB cwigvY AšÍt¯’ kw³i e„w× K‡i|  ba c‡_ Q ba = Ua − Ub + W
 e¨e¯’v †h cwigvb KvR m¤úbœ K‡i Zv e¨e¯’vi
 ab c‡_ Q ab = Ub − Ud + W
†mB cwigvb AšÍt¯’ kw³i n«vm cvq|
 AšÍt¯’ kw³i e„w× n‡j e¨e¯’vq ZvcgvÎv e„w×  ad c‡_ Q ad = Ud − Ua + W
cv‡e|
 AšÍt¯’ kw³i n«vm †c‡j e¨e¯’vq ZvcgvÎv K‡g
hv‡e|

MD.ABDUR RASHID M.Sc (R.U) LECTURER (PHYSICS), POLICE LINES SCHOOL AND COLLEGE , RANGPUR. c„ôv - 4
WWW.rashidedu.wordpress.com , E-mail:rashidmcsk@yahoo.com, Mobile:01721336740
 ZvcMwZwe`¨v cÖ_g Aa¨vq
Av`k© M¨v‡mi Rb¨ 𝐂𝐩 I 𝐂𝐯 Gi m¤úK©t GUvB iƒ×Zvcxq cÖwµqvq Av`k© M¨v‡mi Pvc I AvqZ‡bi
w¯’i Pv‡c GK †gvj M¨v‡mi ZvcgvÎv dT e„w× Ki‡Z m¤úK©|
cÖ‡qvRbxq Zvc dQ p = Cp dT iƒ×Zvcxq cÖwµqvq Av`k© M¨v‡mi AvqZb I ZvcgvÎvi
w¯’i AvqZ‡b GK †gvj M¨v‡mi ZvcgvÎv dT e„w× Ki‡Z m¤úK©t
GK †gvj M¨v‡mi Rb¨ Av`k© M¨v‡mi mgxKiY †_‡K cvB
cÖ‡qvRbxq Zvc dQ v = Cv dT
RT
w¯’i AvqZ‡b K…ZKvR dW = PdV = 0 | P= V
ZvcMwZwe`¨vi cÖ_g m~Îvbymv‡i Avevi, iƒ×Zvcxq cÖwµqvi †¶‡Î PV γ =aªyeK
dQ v = dU + PdV RT
Dc‡iv³ mgxKiY `ywU n‡Z cvB V × V γ = aªyeK
ev, dQ v = dU + 0
TV γ−1 =aªyeK
ev, dQ v = dU γ−1 γ−1
T1 V1 = T2 V2
ev, Cv dT = dU
GUvB iƒ×Zvcxq cÖwµqvq Av`k© M¨v‡mi AvqZb I
w¯’i Pv‡c ZvcMwZwe`¨vi cÖ_g m~Îvbymv‡iÑ
ZvcgvÎvi m¤úK©|
dQ p = dU + dW
iƒ×Zvcxq cÖwµqvq Av`k© M¨v‡mi Pvc I ZvcgvÎvi m¤úK©t
Avgiv Rvwb, M¨vm cÖmvi‡Y K…ZKvR dW = PdV RT
Av`k© M¨v‡mi mgxKiY †_‡K cvB V = P
Avevi GK †gvj M¨v‡mi Rb¨ PV = RT
Avevi, iƒ×Zvcxq cÖwµqvi †¶‡Î PV γ =aª‚eK
P V + dV = R(T + dT)
PdV = RdT Dc‡iv³ mgxKiY `ywU n‡Z cvB
RT γ
w¯’i Pv‡c ZvcMwZwe`¨vi cÖ_g m~Îvbymv‡i P × P =aªyeK
Cp dT = Cv dT + PdV ev, Rγ P1−γ T γ =aªyeK
ev, Cp − Cv = R 1−γ
ev, TP γ =aªey K
‡h‡nZz R Gi gvb me©`v abvZ¥K, †m‡nZz Cp > Cv 1−γ 1−γ
w¯’i Pv‡c M¨v‡mi †gvjvi ZvcaviY ¶gZv, w¯’i AvqZ‡b T1 P1 = T2 P2 γ
γ

M¨v‡mi †gvjvi ZvcaviY ¶gZv A‡c¶v eo| GUvB iƒ×Zvcxq cÖwµqvq Av`k© M¨v‡mi Pvc I ZvcgvÎvi
𝐂𝐩 I 𝐂𝐯 Gi AbycvZ: m¤úK©|
Cp
Cp I Cv Gi AbycvZ‡K γØviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| C = γ ZvcMwZwe`¨vi wØZxq m~Ît
v
cøv‡¼i wee„wZ:
 GK cvigvYweK M¨v‡mi †¶‡Î γ = 1.67
Ggb GKwU Bwćbi cwiKíbv KL‡bvB m¤¢e bq, hvi c~Y©
 wØcvigvYweK M¨v‡mi ‡¶‡Î γ = 1.4 Ges
AveZ©‡b †KejgvÎ GKwU Zvcxq Drm n‡Z Zvc msM„nxZ
 eû cvigvYweK M¨v‡mi †¶‡Î γ = 1.33| n‡e Ges Ab¨Î †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b e¨ZxZ msM„nxZ Zv‡ci
iƒ×Zvcxq cÖwµqvq Av`k© M¨v‡mi Pvc I AvqZ‡bi m¤úK©t meUzKz Kv‡R iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv hv‡e|
M¨v‡mi AvqZb dV cwigvY cwieZ©b n‡j Gi Ici ‡Kjwfb wee„wZ:
K…ZKvR dW = PdV Ges iƒ×Zvcxq cÖwµqvq dQ = 0 †Kv‡bv e¯‘y ev Drm n‡Z Zvc msMÖn Kivi d‡j hLb Gi
nIqvq ZvcgvÎv cvwicvwk¦©‡Ki e¯‘y¸‡jvi g‡a¨ kxZjZg e¯‘yi
ZvcMwZwe`¨vi cÖ_g m~Îvbymv‡i ZvcgvÎv A‡c¶vI Kg nq ZLb Avi †Kv‡bv hvwš¿K e¨e¯’vq
0 = dU + dW mvnv‡h¨B (BwÄb KZ…©K) Zv n‡Z Zvc msMÖn K‡i KvR Kiv
ev, Cv dT + PdV = 0 [Cv dT = dU ] m¤¢e bq|
Av`k© M¨v‡mi mgxKiY n‡Z PV = RT| G‡K e¨eKjb K¬wmqv‡mi wee„wZ:
K‡i cvB PdV + VdP = RdT †Kv‡bv †h‡š¿i c‡¶B evB‡ii RM‡Z cwieZ©b m„wó e¨ZxZ
PdV +VdP Gi c~Y© AveZ©‡b GKwU Zvcxq Drm n‡Z Zvc msMÖn K‡i H
ev,dT = R
PdV +VdP Zvc DòZi Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Dr‡m Pvjbv Kiv m¤¢e bq|
dT Gi gvb ewm‡q cvB Cv + PdV = 0
R
γ γ
mgvavb K‡i cvB PV γ =aªyeK ev, P1 V1 = P2 V2

MD.ABDUR RASHID M.Sc (R.U) LECTURER (PHYSICS), POLICE LINES SCHOOL AND COLLEGE , RANGPUR. c„ôv - 5
WWW.rashidedu.wordpress.com , E-mail:rashidmcsk@yahoo.com, Mobile:01721336740
 ZvcMwZwe`¨v cÖ_g Aa¨vq
Zvc Bwćbi `¶Zvt
Zvc Bwćb †h cwigvY Zvc kw³ mieivn Kiv nq ev Zvc Pvc A(P1 , V1 )
BwÄb †h cwigvY Zvc kw³ MÖnY K‡i Zvi m¤ú~Y©Uv Kv‡R
T1
iƒcvšÍwiZ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, Gi GKwU Ask Kv‡R iƒcvšÍwiZ
B(P2 , V2 )
K‡i Ges evwK Zvckw³ AcwiewZ©Z AvKv‡i BwÄb n‡Z D(P4 , V4
wbM©Z nq| ‡Kv‡bv Bwćbi Kv‡R cwiYZ kw³ Ges †gvU
kw³i AbycvZ‡K Kg©`¶Zv e‡j|Kg©`¶Zv‡K η Øviv m~wPZ T2
Kiv nq| C(P3 , V3 )
Q1 cwigvY Zvc MÖnY K‡i †Kv‡bv BwÄb hw` WcwigvY
W
KvR m¤úYœ K‡i Z‡e G Bwćbi `¶Zv η = Q e f AvqZb g h
1
Avevi BwÄb Q1 Zvc MÖnY K‡i KvR m¤úv`‡bi ci hw` cÖ_g avc:
cÖ_‡g wmwjÛviwU‡K T1 ZvcgvÎvi Zvc Dr‡mi Dci ivLv
Q2 Zvc eR©b K‡i Z‡e BwÄb KZ…©K m¤úvw`Z KvR
nq| mvg¨ve¯’vq M¨v‡mi Pvc, AvqZb I ZvcgvÎv h_vµ‡g
W = Q1 − Q 2
Q 1 −Q 2 Q P1 , V1 I T1 | wb‡`©kK wP‡Î A we›`yy M¨v‡mi cÖv_wgK Ae¯’v
myZvivs, Bwćbi `¶ZvÑ η = = 1 − Q2
Q1 1 wb‡`©k Ki‡Q| Gevi M¨vm‡K T1 ZvcgvÎvq m‡gvò cÖwµqvq
Q2 = 0 †m‡¶‡Î Bwćbi `¶Zv n‡e ax‡i ax‡i cÖmvwiZ K‡i B(P2 , V2 ) Ae¯’vq wb‡q hvIqv
Q
η = Q 1 = 1 ev, 100% nq| G cÖwµqvq M¨vm Drm n‡Z Q1 Zvc kw³ †kvwlZ nq
1
wKš‘y ev¯Í‡e †hme BwÄb Avwe¯‥…Z n‡q‡Q Zv‡`i †Kv‡bvwUiB Ges Gi meUzKz Kv‡R iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i| myZvivs K…ZKvR
V
`¶Zv 100% bq| ev®ú Bwćbi `¶Zv gvÎ 20% †_‡K ( 2 ) = ABge †¶‡Îi †¶Îdj|
W1 = Q1 = RT1 log⁡
V1
25%|
wØZxq avc:
Kv‡bv©i cÖZ¨veZx© BwÄbt G av‡c wmwjÛiwU‡K Acwievnx cvUvZ‡bi Dci †i‡L
Kv‡bv© GKwU Av`k© cÖZ¨veZx© Bwćbi cwiKíbv K‡ib, cÖmvwiZ K‡i, P3 , V3 , T2 Ae¯’vq wb‡q hvIqv nq |G
hw`I Gi ev¯—e i~c †`qv m¤¢e nqwb, hv Kv‡bv©i BwÄb bv‡g cÖmviY iƒ×Zvcxq cÖwµqvq msNwUZ nq, KviY wm‡÷g Zvc
cwiwPZ| Kv‡bv©i Bwćbi AveZ©‡bi cÖwZwU ch©v‡q Kvh©Ki MÖnY ev eR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| G chv©‡q M¨vm Zvi Af¨š—
c`v‡_©i cwieZ©b cÖZ¨veZx© cÖwµqvq AbywôZ nq| ZvB G‡K ixY kw³i wewbg‡q KvR K‡i| d‡j ZvcgvÎv n«vm †c‡q T2
cÖZ¨veZx© BwÄbI ejv nq| Kv‡bv©i Bwćb Av`k© Zvc nq| G‡¶‡Î K…ZKvR
Acwievnx c`v‡_©i •Zwi wmwjÛvi-wc÷b e¨e¯’vq Kvh©Ki W2 = Cv T1 − T2 = BChg †¶‡Îi †¶Îdj|
c`v_© Ave× _v‡K wKš‘y wmwjÛ‡ii Zjv Av`k© Zvc cwievnx Z…Zxq avc:
c`v_ w`‡q •Zwi Ges Amxg Zvc aviKZ¡ m¤úbœ `ywU wfbœ G av‡c wmwjÛviwU‡K T2 ZvcgvÎvi Zvc MÖvn‡Ki Dci
ZvcgvÎvi Zvcvavi I GKwU Av`k© Zvc Acwievnx cvUvZb †i‡L m‡gvò cÖwµqvq ax‡i ax‡i msKzwPZ K‡i P4 , V4
Øviv MwVZ| K‡bv© BwÄb PviwU av‡c GKwU Pµ m¤úbœ K‡i| Ae¯’vq wb‡q hvIqv nq| G chv©‡q M¨v‡mi Ici evB‡i
G‡K Kv‡bv©i Pµ e‡j|Kv‡bv©i Pµ `ywU cÖZ¨veZx© m‡gvò I †_‡K KvR Kiv nq| G‡Z M¨vm Zvc MÖvn‡K Q2 cwigvY
`ywU cÖZ¨veZx© iƒ×Zvcxq cÖwµqv mgš^‡q MwVZ| Zvc eR©b K‡i| G‡¶‡Î K…ZKvR
V
W3 = Q2 = RT2 log V 3 = −CDfh†¶‡Îi †¶Îdj|
wmwjÛvi 4
PZz_© avc:
G av‡c wmwjÛviwU‡K Acwievnx cvUvZ‡bi Dci †i‡L
iƒ×Zvcxq cÖwµqvq msKzwPZ K‡i P1 , V1 I T1 Ae¯’vq
T1 T2 wb‡q hvIqv nq| G chv©‡q M¨v‡mi Ici evB‡i †_‡K KvR
Kiv nq| d‡j Gi Af¨š—ixY kw³ e„w× cvq Ges ZvcgvÎv
Drm Zvc wb‡ivaK MÖvnK
†e‡o T1 nq| G‡¶‡Î K…ZKvR
W4 = Cv T2 − T1 = −ADfe ‡¶‡Îi †¶Îdj|

MD.ABDUR RASHID M.Sc (R.U) LECTURER (PHYSICS), POLICE LINES SCHOOL AND COLLEGE , RANGPUR. c„ôv - 6
WWW.rashidedu.wordpress.com , E-mail:rashidmcsk@yahoo.com, Mobile:01721336740
 ZvcMwZwe`¨v
myZvivs, GKwU c~Y©P‡µ Kv‡bv© Bwćbi Kvh©wbev©nx c`v_©
KZ…©K m¤úvw`Z KvR m~PK wP‡Î `ywU m‡gvò †iLv I `ywU
iƒ×Zvcxq †iLv Øviv Ave× †¶‡Îi †¶Îd‡ji mgvb| †gvU
KvR ABCD Ave× †¶‡Îi †¶Îd‡ji mgvb|
myZvivs, Kv‡bv© Bwćbi `¶ZvÑ
W Q −Q
η = Q = 1Q 2 = 1 − Q 2 × 100%
Q  GbUªwc GKwU cÖvK…wZK ¸iyZ¡ Acwimxg| Gi
1 1 1 wbæwjwLZ Zvrch© i‡q‡Q|
Q T
Avevi,Kv‡Y©v Bwćbi †¶‡Î Q 1 = T 1
2 2
T
ZvB Kv‡bv© Bwćbi `¶Zv η = 1 − T 2 × 100%
1
cÖZ¨veZx© cÖwµqvt
‡h cÖwµqv wecixZgyLx n‡q cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡i Ges m¤§yLeZx© I
wecixZgyLx cÖwµqvi cÖwZ ¯—‡i Zvc I Kv‡Ri djvdj
mgvb I wecixZ nq †mB cÖwµqv‡K cÖZ¨vMvgx ev cÖZ¨veZx©
cÖwµqv e‡j| GB cÖwµqvi Aw¯’wZ¯’vcKZv, mv›`ªZv, Nl©Y,
•e`y¨wZK †iva, Pz¤^Kxq wnm&Uwiwmm cÖf„wZi b¨vq Ae¶qx
djvdj¸‡jv _vK‡e bv| †gvU K_v GwU g~jZ •¯’wZK Ges
Abe¶qx|
AcÖZ¨eZx© cÖwµqvt
‡h cÖwµqv m¤§yLMvgx nIqvi ci wecixZgyLx n‡q cÖZ¨veZ©b
Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, Zv‡K AcÖZ¨veZx© cÖwµqv e‡j| G‡K
Abc‡bi cÖwµqvI ejv nq| †h cÖwµqvq m¤¢ve¨ me cÖvK…wZK
Dcvq m‡Ë¡I mgMÖ ms¯’v‡K cy‡ivcywi cÖvZwgK Ae¯’vq
wdwi‡q Avbv hvq bv ev †h cÖwµqv wecixZgyLx n‡q
cÖZ¨veZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv Zv‡K AcÖZ¨veZx© cÖwµqv e‡j|
GKRb gvby‡li g„Zz¨‡K AcÖZ¨veZx© cÖwµqv wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv
Kiv hvq|
GbUªwc I wek„•Ljvt
iƒ×Zvc cÖwµqvq e¯‘yi †h Zvcxq ag© w¯’i _v‡K, Zv‡K
cÖ_g Aa¨vq
iy×Zvcxq cÖZ¨veZx© cÖwµqvq GbUªwc cwieZ©b k~b¨ nIqvi
KviY cÖZ¨eZx© cÖwµqvq `ywU iƒ×Zvc I `ywU m‡gvò cÖwµqv
_v‡K| iƒ×Zvc cÖwµqv `ywUi mgq †Kv‡bv Zvc †kvwlZ ev
ewR©Z nq bv e‡j GbUªwciI †Kv‡bv ciweZ©b nq bv|
GbUªwci Zvrch©t
 GwU e¯‘yi GKwU Zvcxq ag© hv Zvc mÂvj‡bi w`K
wb‡`©k K‡i|
 GwU e¯‘yi ZvcMZxq Ae¯’v wba©vi‡Y mnvqZv K‡i|
 GwU ZvcgvÎv, Pvc ,AvqZb, AšÍwb©wnZ kw³,
Pz¤^Kxq Ae¯’vi b¨vq †Kv‡bv e¯‘yi Ae¯’v cÖKvk
K‡i|
 cÖK…wZi mKj †f․Z A_ev ivmvqwbK wµqv
Ggbfv‡e msNwUZ nq †h, hvi d‡j mvwe©K
e¨e¯’vi GbUªwc e„w× cvq|
cÖZ¨vMvgx cÖwµqvi GbUªwc w¯’i _v‡Kt
Kv‡bv© Pµ †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, AB I CD `ywU m‡gvò
m¤cÖmviY I ms‡KvPb †iLv| Ab¨w`‡K BC I DA `ywU
iƒ×Zvcxq m¤cÖmviY I ms‡KvPb †iLv e‡j Zv‡ci †Kv‡bv
cwieZ©b nq bv|
Q
AB m‡gvò †iLv eivei GbUªwci cwieZ©b = T 1
1
Q2
CD m‡gvò †iLv eivei GbUªwci cwieZ©b= T
2
Q1 Q
Kvh©wbev©nK e¯‘yi †gvU GbUªwci cwieZ©b = T − T 2
1 2
Q1 Q2
wKš‘y Kv‡bv© P‡µ T = T , P A
1 2

GbUªwc e‡j| Ab¨fv‡e ejv nq GbUªwc n‡jv e¯‘yi Ggb

†gvU GUªwci cwieZ©b
GKwU ‡f․Z ag© hv iƒ×Zvc cÖwµqvq w¯’i _v‡K|‡Kv‡bv
GKwU ms¯’v ev P‡µi ZvcgvÎv mv‡c‡‡¶ M„nxZ ev ewR©Z ZvB cÖZ¨eZx© P‡µ G›Uªwc D B
Zv‡ci cwieZ©b nvi Øviv GUwci cwigvc Kiv nq|‡Kv‡bv w¯’i _v‡K|
GKwU e¨e¯’v ev wm‡÷g T cig ZvcgvÎv dQcwigvY Zvc Q Q
dQ
dS = T 1 − T 2 = 0 C
1 2
MÖnY ev eR©b K‡i|AZGe G›Uªwc dS = T
dQ ml f V
myß Zv‡ci Rb¨ GbUªwci cwieZ©b dS = =
T T
AcÖZ¨veZx© cÖwµqvq GbUªwc n«vmt
Av‡cw¶K Zv‡ci Rb¨ GbUªwci cwieZ©b
T 2 dQ g‡b Kwi, Zvc Dr‡mi ZvcgvÎv T1 K Ges Zvc Mvgjvi
dS = T1 T T2 K | GKwU AcÖZ¨veZ©K BwÄb T1 ZvcgvÎvq Q1
T 2 mSdT
= T1
cwigvY Zvc †kvlY K‡i Ges T2 ZvcgvÎvq Q2 cwigvY
T
T 2 dT Q 1 −Q 2
= mS T T Zvc eR©b K‡i| ZLb H Bwćbi Kg©¶gZv η =
1
Q1
T2 |
= mS ln⁡
(T )
1

MD.ABDUR RASHID M.Sc (R.U) LECTURER (PHYSICS), POLICE LINES SCHOOL AND COLLEGE , RANGPUR. c„ôv - 7
WWW.rashidedu.wordpress.com , E-mail:rashidmcsk@yahoo.com, Mobile:01721336740
 ZvcMwZwe`¨v cÖ_g Aa¨vq
wKš‘y T1 Ges T2 ZvcgvÎvi g‡a¨ Kvh©Z cÖZ¨veZ©K Bwćbi K‡i D‛P ZvcgvÎvq Q1 Zvc eR©b Ki‡Z evBi n‡Z e¨e¯’vi
T 1 −T 2 Dci W cwigvY KvR Ki‡Z n‡e|
Kg©`¶Zv,η = |
T1
Zvcxq m~Î n‡Z W = Q2 − Q1
Kv‡bv©i Dccv`¨ †_‡K Avgiv Rvwb, η > η
T −T Q −Q ‡iwd«Rv‡iU‡ii Kvh©K…Z mnM n‡jv ‡iwd«Rv‡iUi n‡Z ewR©Z
A_¨v©r 1T 2 > 1Q 2 Zvc I K‡¤cÖmi KZ…©K Kv‡Ri AbycvZ|
1 1
T Q Q1
ev, 1 − T 2 > 1 − Q 2 Kvh©K…Z mnM K = Q
1 1 2 −Q 1
T Q PZz_©NvZ BwÄbt
ev, T 2 < Q 2
1 1 1886 mv‡j A‡Uv me©cÖ_g mdjZvi mv‡_ GB BwÄb Pvjy
Q2 Q1 Ki‡b|GB Bwćb †gvU PviwU NvZ Av‡Q|
ev, T >
2 T1 cÖ_g NvZt
Q Q cÖ_g Nv‡Z R¡vjvwb Kviey‡jUi n‡Z `nb cÖ‡Kvó n‡q
ev, T 2 − T 1 > 0
2 1 wmwjÛv‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i| GB NvZ‡K MÖnY NvZ e‡j|
wØZxq NvZt
ev,S2 − S1 > 0
GB Nv‡Z `vn¨ wgkªY AvqZb GK cÂgvs‡k ms‡KvwPZ
dS > 0 nq|wgkª‡Yi ZvcgvÎv cÖvq 6000 C nq| GB NvZ‡K
A_v©r AcÖZ¨veZ©K cÖwµqvq GUªwc e„w× cvq| ms‡KvPb NvZ e‡j|
Z…Zxq NvZt
m‡gvò cwieZ©bt
GB Nv‡Z `vn¨ wgkªY Gi ZvcgvÎv cÖvq 20000 C nq Ges
‡h cwieZ©‡b †Kv‡bv M¨v‡mi Pvc I AvqZ‡bi cwieZ©b nq
Pvc 15 evqygÛjx| GB NvZ‡K Kvh©Ki NvZ e‡j|
wKš‘ ZvcgvÎvi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©i nq bv Zv‡K m‡gvò PZz_© NvZt
cwieZ©b e‡j| GB Nv‡Z wbM©gb †kl K‡i c~‡e©i Ae¯’vq wd‡i Av‡m| GB
m‡gvò cwieZ©‡b NvZ‡K wbtmiY NvZ e‡j|
 M¨vm‡K mycwievnx cv‡Î ivL‡Z n‡e| Zvcxq mgZvt
 cwicvk¦© D‛P Zvc aviY ¶gZv n‡Z n‡e| GKvaxK e¯‘ Zvcxqfv‡e mshy³ †_‡K hw` Zv‡`i g‡a¨
 ax‡i ax‡i cÖwµqv n‡e| Zv‡ci Avavb cÖ`vb bv nq Zvn‡j Zv‡`i‡K Zvcxq mgZv
 GB cÖwµqvq PV =aªyeK n‡e| e‡j|
 ZvcgvÎv w¯’i _v‡K| D¤§³ e¨e¯’vt
e¨e¯’v I cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ fi I kw³ Df‡qi wewbgq n‡j
iy×Zvcxq cwieZ©bt Zv‡K Db¥y³ e¨e¯’v e‡j|
‡h cÖwµqvq M¨v‡mi Pvc I AvqZ‡bi cwieZ©‡bi mgq e× e¨e¯’vt
Zv‡ci cwigvY cwieZ©b nq bv, wKš‘ ZvcgvÎvi cwieZ©b nq †h e¨e¯’v I cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ ïay kw³ wewbgq nq wKš‘ fi
Ges GbUªwc w¯’i _v‡K Zv‡K iy×Zvcxq cÖwµqv e‡j| wewbgq nq bv Zv‡K e× e¨e¯’v e‡j|
iy×Zvcxq cwieZ©‡b wew”Qbœ e¨e¯’vt
 M¨vm‡K Kycwievnx cv‡Î ivL‡Z n‡e| †h e¨e¯’v I cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ fi I kw³ ‡KvbwUB wewbgq
 cwicvk¦© Kg Zvc aviY ¶gZv n‡Z n‡e| nq bv Zv‡K wew‛Qbœ e¨e¯’v e‡j|
 `ªƒZ cÖwµqv n‡e| Af¨šÍixY kw³t
‡Kv‡bv e¨e¯’vq †h kw³ myß Ae¯’vq _v‡K hv cwi‡ek
 GB cÖwµqvqPV γ =aªyeK n‡e|
cwiw¯’wZ‡Z cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡K AfšÍixY ev AšÍt¯’ kw³
 GbUªwc w¯’i _v‡K|
e‡j|
†iwdªRv‡iUit
m‡gvò cwieZ©bt
‡iwd«Rv‡iU‡i wb¤œ ZvcgvÎvi Zvc Drm n‡Z Zvc MÖnY K‡i
‡h cwieZ©‡b †Kv‡bv M¨v‡mi Pvc I AvqZ‡bi cwieZ©b nq
Zv D‛P ZvcgvÎvq Zvc eR©b Kiv nq|Gi Rb¨ hvwš¿K KvR
wKš‘ ZvcgvÎvi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©i nq bv Zv‡K m‡gvò
Ki‡Z nq †iwd«Rv‡iU‡i K‡¤cÖmi GB hvwš¿K KvR K‡i|
cwieZ©b e‡j| m‡gvò cÖwµqvq Av`k© e¨e¯’vi Rb¨
‡iwd«RvU‡i wb¤œ ZvcgvÎvi Zvc Drm n‡Z Q2 Zvc MÖnY
dU = 0|

MD.ABDUR RASHID M.Sc (R.U) LECTURER (PHYSICS), POLICE LINES SCHOOL AND COLLEGE , RANGPUR. c„ôv - 8
WWW.rashidedu.wordpress.com , E-mail:rashidmcsk@yahoo.com, Mobile:01721336740
 ZvcMwZwe`¨v
iy×Zvcxq cwieZ©bt
†h ZvcMZxq cÖwµqvq e¨e¯’vi Zv‡ci †Kv‡bv Av`vb-cÖ`vb
nq bv Zv‡K iƒ×Zvcxq cÖwµqv e‡j|
iƒ×Zvcxq cÖwµqvq dQ = 0|
cÖZ¨veZ©x cÖwµqvt
‡h cÖwµqv wecixZgyLx n‡q cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡i Ges m¤§yLeZx© I
wecixZgyLx cÖwµqvi cÖwZ ¯Í‡i Zvc I Kv‡Ri djvdj mgvb
I wecixZ nq †mB cÖwµqv‡K cÖZ¨vMvgx ev cÖZ¨veZx© cÖwµqv
e‡j|
AcÖZ¨veZ©x cÖwµqvt
‡h cÖwµqv m¤§yLMvgx nIqvi ci wecixZgyLx n‡q cÖZ¨veZ©b
Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, Zv‡K AcÖZ¨veZx© cÖwµqv e‡j|
Kv‡b©v Pµ t
†h P‡µ †Kv‡bv GKwU Av`k© M¨vm Kvh©Kix c`v_© Ave× K‡i
GKwU m‡gvò cÖmviY I GKwU iy×Zvcxq cÖmviY Ges GKwU
m‡gvò ms‡KvPb I GKwU iy×Zvcxq ms‡KvP‡bi ci
c~e©ve¯’vq wd‡i Av‡m Zv‡K Kv‡b©vi Pµ e‡j|
Zvc BwÄbt
†h BwÄb cwi‡ek †_‡K Zvc MÖnY K‡i KvR K‡i Zv‡K Zvc
BwÄb e‡j|
ewn`©n BwÄb t
Bwćb R¡vjwbi `nb wµqv Bwćbi g~j As‡ki evB‡i N‡U
Zv‡K ewn`©n BwÄb e‡j|‡hgb ev®úxq BwÄb|
AšÍ`©n BwÄbt
‡h Bwćb R¡vjwbi `nb wµqv Bwćbi g~j As‡ki wfZ‡i
N‡U Zv‡K AšÍ`©n BwÄb e‡j|‡hgb ‡c‡Uªvj I wW‡Rj
BwÄb|
Kg©`¶Zvt
‡Kv‡bv Bwćbi Kv‡R cwiYZ kw³ Ges †gvU kw³i
AbycvZ‡K Kg©`¶Zv e‡j|Kg©`¶Zv‡K η Øviv m~wPZ Kiv
nq|
GbUªwct iƒ×Zvc cÖwµqvq e¯‘yi †h Zvcxq ag© w¯’i _v‡K,
Zv‡K GbUªwc e‡j|
Kvh©K„Z mnMt
‡iwd«Rv‡iU‡ii Kvh©K…Z mnM n‡jv ‡iwd«Rv‡iUi n‡Z ewR©Z
Zvc I K‡¤cÖmi KZ…©K Kv‡Ri AbycvZ|
wngvqbt
K…wÎg Dcv‡q †Kv‡bv Ave× ¯’vb‡K cwi‡ek n‡Z wbæ Ae¯’vq
ivLvi c×wZ‡K wngvqb e‡j|
wngvqK
wb¤œ ùzUbvs‡¼i †h Zij cwicvk¦© n‡Z myß Zvc MÖnY K‡i
cwicvk¦©‡K kxZj K‡i Zv‡K wngvqK e‡j|
MD.ABDUR RASHID M.Sc (R.U) LECTURER (PHYSICS), POLICE LINES SCHOOL AND COLLEGE , RANGPUR. c„ôv - 9
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cÖ_g Aa¨vq
‡iwd«Rv‡iUit
†h hš¿ wb¤œ ZvcgvÎvi Zvc Drm n‡Z Zvc MÖnY K‡i Zv
D‛P ZvcgvÎvq Zvc eR©b K‡i Zv‡K ‡iwd«Rv‡iUi e‡j|
ZvcMwZwe`¨vi k~b¨Zg m~Ît
`ywU e¯‘ hw` Z…Zxq †Kv‡bv e¯‘i mv‡_ Zvcxq mvg¨ve¯’vq
_v‡K Zvn‡j cÖ_‡gv³ e¯‘ `ywU ci¯úi Zvcxq mvg¨ve¯’vq
_vK‡e|
ZvcMwZwe`¨vi cÖ_g m~Ît
‡Kv‡bv e¨e¯’vq mieivnK…Z Zvc kw³ e¨e¯’vi AšÍt¯’
kw³i cwieZ©b I evwn¨K Kv‡Ri †hvMd‡ji mgvb n‡e|
ZvcMwZwe`¨vi wØZxq m~Ît (cøv‡¼i wee„wZ):
GKwU Bwćbi cwiKíbv KL‡bvB m¤¢e bq, hvi c~Y©
AveZ©‡b †KejgvÎ GKwU Zvcxq Drm n‡Z Zvc msM„nxZ
n‡e Ges Ab¨Î †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b e¨ZxZ msM„nxZ Zv‡ci
meUzKz Kv‡R iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv hv‡e|
Zvc I ZvcgvÎv
1| c`v‡_©i AvYweK MwZi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z GK cÖKvi kw³ hv VvÛv
ev Mi‡gi Abyf~wZ R¤§vq Zv‡K ejv nq-Zvc|
2| K¨vjwi e‡j ev¯Í‡e wKQz †bB GUv cÖgvY K‡ibÑ weÁvbx
KvD›U ivg‡dvW©|
3| GK MÖvg weï× cvwbi ZvcgvÎv GK wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm e„w× Ki‡Z
cÖ‡qvRbxq Zv‡ci cwigvY n‡‛Q Ñ GK K¨vjwi|
4| KvD›U ivg‡dvW© wQ‡jb Ñ Av‡gwiKvb weÁvbx|
5| 4.2 Ryj hvwš¿K kw³ e¨q K‡i| K¨vjwi Zvc Drcbœ
Kiv hvq, GUv cÖgvb K‡ibÑ weÁvbx Ryj|
6| Zv‡ci Gm. AvB. GKKÑ Ryj|
7| GK‡Ki Gm. AvB. GKK Pvjyi c~‡e© Zv‡ci me‡P‡q
cÖPwjZ GKK wQjÑ K¨vjwi|
8| †Kv‡bv GKwU e¯‘ wK cwigvY Mig ev VvÛv Zvi
cwigvc‡K AvcvZfv‡e ejv nq H e¯‘i Ñ ZvcgvÎv|
9| AvšÍR©vwZK c×wZ‡Z ZvcgvÎvi GKK Ñ †Kjwfb|
10| Ô`ywU e¯‘ Z…Zxq †Kv‡bv e¯‘i mv‡_ Zvcxq mgZvq
_vK‡j cÖ_‡gv³ e¯‘ `ywUI ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ Zvcxq mgZvq
_vK‡eÕ GUv Ñ ZvcMwZwe`¨vi k~b¨Zg m~Î|
ZvcgvÎv cwigv‡ci g~jbxwZ
1| †h hš¿ Øviv e¯‘i ZvcgvÎv wbf©~jfv‡e cwigvc Kiv hvq
Zv‡K _v‡g©vwgUvi e‡j|
2| ZvcgvÎv cwigvb D‡cv‡hvMx c`v‡_©i †h mKj ag© Kv‡R
jvMv‡bv nq, c`v‡_©i H ag©¸‡jv‡K ejv nqÑ D®§ZvwgwZK
ag©|
3| cvwbi •Îa we›`yi ZvcgvÎvÑ 273.16𝐾
 ZvcMwZwe`¨v
4| `yB w¯’i we›`y c×wZ‡Z ZvcgvÎv wbY©vqK mgxKiY
𝑋𝑜 −𝑋 𝑖𝑐𝑒
× 𝑛 + 𝜃𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝑋𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 −𝑋 𝑖𝑐𝑒
5| GK w¯’i we›`y c×wZ‡Z ZvcgvÎv cwigv‡ci g~jbxwZÑ
𝑋 †Kv‡bv kw³ Zvckw³‡Z iæcvšÍwiZ n‡j wm‡÷‡gi †gvU kw³i
𝑇 = 𝑋𝑡𝑟 × 273.16𝐾.
6| ¯^vfvweK Pv‡c †h ZvcgvÎvq weky× cvwb dzU‡Z ïiæ K‡i
Zv‡K ejv nq Ñ DaŸ© w¯’i we›`y|
7| dv‡ibnvBU †¯‥‡j cvwbi ‣Îa we›`yi ZvcgvÎvÑ 32℉.
8| ¯^vfvweK Pv‡c †h ZvcgvÎvq weky× eid Mj‡Z ïiæ
K‡i Zv‡K ejv nq Ñ wb¤œ w¯’i we›`y|
9| wb¤œ w¯’i we›`y I DaŸ© w¯’i we›`yi ga¨eZx© e¨eavb‡K ejv
nq Ñ †g․wjK e¨eavb|
10| dv‡ibnvBU I †Kjwfb †¯‥j GKB cvV †`q Ñ
574.25 𝐾
ZvcMwZwe`¨vi K‡qKwU AZ¨vek¨Kxq welq
1| c`v_©weÁv‡bi †h kvLv Zvc I hvwš¿K kw³i g‡a¨ m¤úK© wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv K‡i Zv‡K ejv nq Ñ ZvcMwZwe`¨v|
2| ZvcMZxq ¯’vbv‡¼i mvnv‡h¨ †h me wm‡÷‡gi Ae¯’vi
eY©bv †`Iqv hvq Zv‡`i‡K e‡j Ñ ZvcMZxq wm‡÷g|
3| GKwU wm‡÷g K¨vjwiK nvwi‡q VvÛv nq Ges Aci
wm‡÷g Zv MÖnb K‡i Mig nq GUv Ñ K¨vjwiK gZev`|
4| †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó e¨e¯’vi mv‡_ kw³ wewbg‡q mÿg †h
†Kv‡bv e¨e¯’v‡K ejv nq H e¨e¯’vi Ñ cwicvk¦©|
5| †Kv‡bv wm‡ó‡gi g‡a¨ †h kw³ AšÍwbwnZ ev myß Ae¯’vq
_v‡K hv cwi‡ek cwiw¯’wZ‡Z ewntcÖKvk NUvq Zv‡K ejv nq
Ñ Af¨šÍixY kw³|
6| me©cÖ_g KvR I Zv‡ci g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡ib Ñ
weÁvbx Ryj|
7| †Kv‡bv wm‡÷‡g mvgwMÖKfv‡e †h MwZkw³ I wefe kw³
_v‡K Zv‡K ejv nq H wm‡÷‡gi Ñ ewnt¯’ kw³|
8| MwZkw³ I wefe kw³ g‡a¨ m¤úK© n‡‛Q ÑAf¨šÍixY
kw³|
9| ïaygvÎ M¨v‡mi ZvcgvÎvi Dci wbf©i K‡i, Pvc I
AvqZ‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡ibv|
10| 4.2 Ryj = 1 K¨vjwi|
ZvcMwZwe`¨vi cÖ_g m~Î
1| weÁvbx Ryj Zvc I Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡ib Ñ
1847 mv‡j |
2| hw` Zvc‡K m¤ú~b© iæ‡c Kv‡R I KvR‡K m¤ú~b©iæ‡c
Zv‡c iæcvšÍi Kiv hvq, Z‡e KvR Zv‡ci mgvbycvwZKÑ
ZvcMwZwe`¨vi cÖ_g m~Î|
3| kw³i wbZ¨Zv m~‡Îi GKwU we‡kl iæc n‡‛Q Ñ
ZvcMwZwe`¨vi cÖ_g m~Î|
MD.ABDUR RASHID M.Sc (R.U) LECTURER (PHYSICS), POLICE LINES SCHOOL AND COLLEGE , RANGPUR. c„ôv - 10
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cÖ_g Aa¨vq
4| ZvcMwZwe`¨vi cÖ_g m~‡Îi MvwbwZK iæc – 𝑑𝑄 =
𝑑𝑈 + 𝑑𝑊
5| Zvc kw³ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv kw³‡Z iæcvšÍwiZ n‡j wKsev Ab¨
cwigvY GKB _v‡KÑ weÁvbx K¬vwmqv‡qi g‡Z|
6| KvR I Zvc G‡K Ac‡iiÑmgZzj¨|
7| Ggb hš¿ D™¢veb m¤¢e bq hv R¡vjvwb ev kw³
e¨wZ‡i‡KÑ KvR Ki‡Z mÿg|
8| Ry‡ji m~Îvbymv‡i ZvcMwZwe`¨vi 1g m~‡Îi mgxKiY
𝑊 = 𝐽𝑄
9| KvR‡K Ryj Ges Zvc‡K K¨vjwi GK‡K cwigvc Ki‡j
Ryj Zzj¨v¼Ñ𝐽 = 4.2 Ryj/K¨vjwi|
10| †Kv‡bv wm‡÷‡gi ZvcMZxq ¯Ívbv¼mg~‡ni †h †Kv‡bv
cwieZ©b‡KB ejv nqÑ ZvcMZxq cÖwµqv|
ZvcMwZwe`¨vi cÖ_g m~‡Îi K‡qKwU cÖ‡qvM
1| cixÿv-wbixÿvi mgq Avgiv Ro RM‡Zi †h wbw`ó©
Zvcxq Ask wee‡Pbv Kwi Zv‡K ejv nqÑZvcxq wm‡÷g|
2| †Kv‡bv M¨vm‡K cv‡Î Ave× K‡i Zvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j Gi
ZvcgvÎv I Pvc e„w× cvq wKš‘y AvqZb cwiewZ©Z n‡Z cv‡i
bv | G‡K ejv nqÑmg-AvqZb cÖwµqv|
3| m‡gvÁ cÖwµqvq M¨v‡mi Pvc I AvqZ‡bi m¤úK© †g‡b
P‡jÑe‡q‡ji m~Î|
4| †h cÖwµqvq wm‡÷g Zvc MÖnY K‡i bv wKsev Zvc eR©b
K‡i bv Zv‡K ejv nq Ñiƒ×Zvcxq cÖwµqv|
5| wØcvigvYweK M¨v‡mi †ÿ‡Î 𝛾Gi gvbÑ1.4
6| eûcvigvYweK M¨v‡mi †ÿ‡Î 𝛾Gi gvbÑ1.33
7| †gvU Zv‡ci cwigvY w¯’i †i‡L †Kv‡bv M¨v‡mi Pvc I
AvqZ‡bi cwieZ©b‡K ejv nqÑiƒ×Zvcxq cwieZ©b|
8| iƒ×Zvcxq cÖwµqvq Av`©k M¨v‡mi AvqZb I ZvcgvÎvi
m¤úK© wbYv©qK mgxKiYÑ𝑇𝑉 𝛾−1 =aªæeK|
9| †h cÖwµqvq †Kv‡bv wm‡÷‡gi ZvcgvÎv w¯’i _v‡K wKš‘y Pvc I
AvqZb cwieZ©Z nq ZvK‡ ejv nqÑm‡gvò cÖwµqv|
10| GK †gvj †Kv‡bv c`v‡_©i ZvcgvÎv 1𝐾 e„w× Ki‡Z
cÖ‡qvRbxq Zvc‡K ejv nq H c`v‡_©iчgvjvi Zvcavib
ÿgZv|
ZvcMwZwe`¨vi wØZxq m~Î
1| ÔÔevB‡ii †Kv‡bv kw³i mvnv‡h¨ e¨wZ‡i‡K †Kv‡bv
¯^qswµq h‡š¿i c‡ÿ wb¤œ ZvcgvÎvi †Kv‡bv e¯‘y n‡Z D‛P
ZvcgvÎvi †Kv‡bv e¯‘‡Z Zv‡ci ¯’vbvšÍi m¤¢e bqÕÕ
GwUÑÑK¬wmqv‡mi wee„wZ|
2| AveZ© cÖwµqvq e¯‘yi Af¨šÍixY kw³i cwieZ©bÑk~b¨|
 ZvcMwZwe`¨v
3| †Kv‡bv wbw`ó© cwigvb Zvc gw³ m¤ú~Y© ev cy‡ivcywifv‡e
hvwš¿K kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kivi g‡Zv •Zwi m¤¢e bqÑ Kv‡bv©i
wee„wZ|
4| ‡Kv‡bv e¯‘y‡K Zvi cwicv‡k¦i kxZjZg Ask n‡Z
AwaKZi kxZj K‡i kw³i Aweivg mieivn cvIqv m¤¢e
bq Ñ †Kjwf‡bi wee„wZ|
5| †Kv‡bv Zvc Drm n‡Z AbeiZ Zvc †kvlY Ki‡e Ges
Zv m¤úY©iƒ‡c Kv‡R iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡e Giƒc GKwU Zvc BwÄb
•Zwi Kiv m¤¢e bqÑcø¨vK Gi wee„wZ|
6| GKK Zvc Drcbœ Ki‡Z †h cwigvY KvR Ki‡Z nq ev
GKK Zvc Øviv †h cwigvY KvR Kiv hvq Zv‡K ejv
nqÑhvwš¿K Zzj¨v¼|
7| wngvq‡Ki `„wó‡KvY †_‡K ZvcMwZwe`¨vi wØZxq m~·K
cÖKvk K‡ibÑK¬wmhvm|
8| ÔÔBwÄb Qvov Zv‡ci iƒcvšÍi m¤¢e bqÕÕ GwU me©cÖ_g
cÖgvY K‡ib ÑweÁvbx mv`x Kv‡bv©|
9| Bwćbi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K ZvcMwZwe`¨vi 2q m~‡Î‡K
cÖKvk K‡ibÑcøv¼|
10| `ywU e¯‘yi Zvc cÖ‡qvM‡I w`K wbav©wiZ nqÑe¯‘yi
ZvcgvÎv Øviv|
Zvc Bwćbi `ÿZv
1| †h BwÄb cwi‡ek †_‡K Zvckw³ MÖnY K‡i KvR m¤úbœ
K‡i Zv‡K ejv nqÑ Zvc BwÄb|
2| mv`x Kv‡bv© wQ‡jb GKRbÑdivmx cÖ‡K․kjx|
3| Zvc BwÄb wb‡q e¨vcK M‡elYv K‡i GKwU Av`k©
Bwćbi cwiKíbv K‡ibÑmv`x© Kv‡bv©|
4| Zvc‡K Kv‡R iƒcvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbÑh‡š¿i |
5| Zvc‡K hvwš¿K kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡iÑZvc BwÄb|
6| mvw` Kv‡bv© GKwU Av`k© BwÄb cwiKíbv K‡ib
hvÑcwiwPZ Kv‡bA©I cÖZ¨veZx© BwÄb bv‡g|
7| Zvcxq BwÄb ev Kv‡bv© Bwćbi `ÿZvi mgxKiY
𝑇 𝑇2
n‡jvÑ𝜂 = 1− × 100%|
𝑇 1
8| †Kv‡bv Zvc BwÄb Øviv Kv‡Ri iƒcvšÍwiZ Zvckw³i
cwigvY BwÄb Øviv †kvwlZ Zvckw³i cwigv‡Yi AbycvZ‡K
ejv nqÑKg©`ÿZv|
9| ev®ú Bwćbi `ÿZvÑ20% − 25%
10| †c‡Uªvj Bwćbi `ÿZv m‡ev©‛PÑ50% |
cÖZ¨veZ©x I AcÖZ¨veZ©x cÖwµqv
1| †h cÖwµqv wecixZgyLx n‡q cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡i Ges
m¤§yLeZ©x I wecixZgyLx cÖwµqvi cÖwZ ¯Í‡i Zvc I Kv‡Ri
djvdi mgvb I wecixZ nq †mB cÖwµqv‡K ejv nq Ñ
cÖZ¨veZ©x cÖwKªqv|
2| †Kv‡bv wm‡÷g GK Ae¯’v n‡Z Ab¨ Ae¯’vq cwiewZ©Z
nq - `yB cÖwKqvq|
3| †h cÖwµqv m¤§yLMvgx nIqvi ci wecixZgyLx n‡q cÖZ¨veZ©b
Ki‡Z cv‡ibv, Zv‡K ejv nqÑ AcÖZ¨veZ©x cÖwKªqv|
4| mKj AcÖZ¨vMvgx cÖwKªqv Ñ GKgyLx|
MD.ABDUR RASHID M.Sc (R.U) LECTURER (PHYSICS), POLICE LINES SCHOOL AND COLLEGE , RANGPUR. c„ôv - 11
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cÖ_g Aa¨vq
5| Av`k© M¨v‡mi iæ×Zvcxq cwieZ©b GKwU Ñ cÖZ¨veZ©x cÖwKªqv|
6| mKj ¯^Z:ùzZ© cwieZ©b Ñ AcÖZ¨veZ©x cÖwKªqv|
7| `ywU e¯‘yi g‡a¨ msN‡l©i d‡j Zvc m„wó nqÑ AcÖZ¨veZ©x
cÖwKªqv|
8| wm‡÷‡gi ZvcMZxq mvg¨ve¯’v eRvq _v‡KÑ cÖZ¨veZ©x cÖwKªqv|
9| e›`yK n‡Z ¸wj Qzo‡j eviæ‡`i weõiY Ñ AcÖZ¨veZ©x cÖwKªqv|
10| Av`k© M¨v‡mi m‡gvò cwieZ©b GKwU - cÖZ¨veZ©x cÖwKªqv|
Kv‡b©vi cÖZ¨veZ©x BwÄb
1| divwm weÁvbx mvw` Kv‡bv© 100% Kg©`ÿZv m¤úbœ
Av`k© BwÄb Kíbv K‡ibÑ1832 mv‡j|
2| †h hš¿ Zvc kw³‡K hvwš¿K kw³‡Z iæcvšÍwiZ Kiv nq
Zv‡K ejv nqÑ Zvc BwÄb|
3| Zvc kw³‡K hvwš¿K kw³‡Z iæcvšÍwiZ Kivi Rb¨ mv`x
Kv‡bv© mKj †`vl ÎæwU gy³ †h Av`k© h‡š¿i cwiKíbv K‡ib
Zv‡K ejv nqÑ Kv‡bv© BwÄb|
4| Kv‡bv©i Bwćbi Ab¨ bvg Ñ cÖZ¨veZ©x BwÄb|
5| Kv‡bv©i Bwćbi e¨eüZ wmwjÛv‡ii †`Iqvj •Zix nq Ñ
Zvc Acwievnx Øviv|
6| Kv‡bv© P‡µ Kvh©wbev©nK e¯‘ Drm n‡Z Zvc MÖnb K‡i Ñ
m‡gv®§ cÖwµqvq|
7| Kv‡bv© Bwćbi †ÿ‡Î, Kv‡h© iæcvšÍwiZ Zvc I Drm n‡Z
M„wnZ Zv‡ci AbycvZ †K ejv nq Ñ `ÿZv|
8| Kv‡bv©i P‡µ PviwU chv©‡qi ga¨ w`‡q AwZµg Kiv‡bv
nq Ñ Kvh©wbev©nK e¯‘|
9| Zvc kw³‡K KvR Kiv‡bvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb Ñ hvwš¿K
e¨e¯’vi|
10| Kv‡bv© P‡µi g~jbxwZ e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq Ñ Pvi av‡c|
G›Uªwc
1| iæ×Zvc cÖwµqvq e¯‘i †h Zvcxq ag© w¯’i _v‡K Zv‡K
ejv nq Ñ Gb&Uªwc|
2| Gb&Uªwc bv‡gi cÖeZ©¨K Ñ weÁvbx K¬wmqvm|
3| Gb&Uªwc m‡e©v‛P nIqv‡K we‡k¦i Zvcxq g„Z¨y e‡j AwfnZ
K‡i‡Qb †Kjwfb|
4| Gb&Uªwc I wek„sLjv m¤úwK©Z †evjRg¨v‡bi m~Î Ñ
𝑠 = 𝐾𝑙𝑛𝑊|
5| Gb&Uªwci gvÎv Ñ 𝑀𝐿2 𝑇 2 𝐾 −1 |
𝑑𝑄
6| Gb&Uªwci cwieZ©b wbY©‡q mwVK m~Î Ñ 𝑑𝑆 = |
𝑇
7| ZvcMwZwe`¨vi wØZxq m~Î †h ZvcMZxq Pj‡Ki mv‡_
m¤úK©hy³ Zvi bvg - Gb&Uªwc|
8| iæ×Zvcxq cwieZ©‡b wm‡÷‡gi iæ×Zv Gb&Uªwc _v‡K Ñ
aªæe|
9| Gb&Uªwci Gm.AvB.GKK Ñ Ryj / †Kjwfb|
10| †Kv‡bv GKwU P‡µi ZvcgvÎv mv‡c‡ÿ M„wnZ ev ewR©Z
Zv‡ci cwieZ©‡bi nvi Øviv cwigvc Kiv nqÑ Gb&Uªwc|
 ZvcMwZwe`¨v cÖ_g Aa¨vq
cÖ‡qvRbxq m~Îvejx
m~Î
1
Zvc,𝑄 = 𝑚𝑠∆𝜃 = 2 𝑚𝑣 2 = 𝑚𝑔𝑕
𝑥
ZvcgvÎv 𝑇 = × 273.16 𝐾
𝑥 𝑡𝑟
𝑥−𝑥 𝑖𝑐𝑒
‡mjwmqvm †¯‥‡j ZvcgvÎv 𝜃𝑐 = 𝑋 × 100°𝐶
𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 −𝑥 𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝑥−𝑥 𝑖𝑐𝑒
dv‡ibnvBU †¯‥‡j ZvcgvÎv 𝜃𝐹 = 𝑋 × 180 +
𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 −𝑥 𝑖𝑐𝑒

32 °𝐹 MD.ABDUR RASHID M.Sc (R.U)

LECTURER (PHYSICS),
𝐶 𝐹−32 𝐾−273 POLICE LINES SCHOOL AND COLLEGE ,
wewfbœ †¯‥j = =
5 9 5 RANGPUR.
𝑅 − 𝑅𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝜃= × 100
𝑅𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 − 𝑅𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝑃 − 𝑃𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝜃= × 100
𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 − 𝑃𝑖𝑐𝑒
WWW.rashidedu.wordpress.com
𝑉 − 𝑉𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝜃= × 100
𝑉𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 − 𝑉
𝑙 − 𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝜃= × 100
𝑙 − 𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒
3
𝐸 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
2
𝑉𝑓
𝑑𝑊 = 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = 𝑃𝑑𝑉
𝑉𝑖
𝑑𝑄 = 𝑑𝑈 + 𝑃𝑑𝑉 E-mail:rashidmcsk@yahoo.com,
𝑊 = 𝐽𝐻
𝐶𝑝 − 𝐶𝑣 = 𝑅
γ γ
P1 V1 = P2 V2
γ−1 γ−1
T1 V1 = T2 V2
1−γ 1−γ
γ γ
T1 P1 = T2 P2
𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝑄1 − 𝑄2
𝜂= × 100% = × 100%
𝑇1 𝑄1 Mobile:01721336740

𝑄1 𝑇1
=
𝑄2 𝑇2
𝑇2
𝑚𝐿 𝑑𝑄
𝑑𝑆 = =
𝑇 𝑇
𝑇1
Q1
K=
Q 2 − Q1
𝑄𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑡
Ges 𝜂 = 𝑃𝑖𝑛
Ges 𝜂 = 1 − 𝑄𝑖𝑛
mgPvc cÖwµqvq 𝑊 = 𝑃𝑑𝑉
𝑉
(𝑉2 )
m‡gvò cÖwµqvq 𝑊 = 𝑅𝑇 ln⁡
1
𝑅
iy×Zvcxq cÖwµqvq 𝑊 = 1−𝛾
(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )

MD.ABDUR RASHID M.Sc (R.U) LECTURER (PHYSICS), POLICE LINES SCHOOL AND COLLEGE , RANGPUR. c„ôv - 12
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 ZvcMwZwe`¨v cÖ_g Aa¨vq

MvwYwZK mgm¨vi mgvavbt

mgm¨v-1 t mgm¨v-6t
GKwU Zvc BwÄb 3400J Zvc MÖnY K‡i I 2400J Zvc ‡Kvb e¨e¯’v aªye AvqZ‡b 300J Zvc eR©b K‡i| e¨e¯’vi
eR©b K‡i| Bwćbi `¶Zv wbY©q Ki| AšÍt¯’ kw³i cwieZ©b wbY©q Ki|
Q
Avgiv Rvwb η = 1 − Q 2 × 100% Avgiv Rvwb, AvqZb w¯’i _vK‡j, ewnt¯’ KvR,
2400
1 dW = PdV = O (∴ dV = O)
= 1 − 3400 × 100% Avevi, dQ = dU + dW ev, dQ = dU
= 29.41% dU = dQ = −300J

mgm¨v-2t mgm¨v-7t
GKwU Kv‡b©v BwÄb 3270 c Ges 270 ZvcgvÎvq KvR wc÷bhy³ GKwU wmwjÛ‡i wKQy M¨vm Ave× Av‡Q| M¨v‡mi
Ki‡Q|Gi `¶Zv KZ ? Pvc 400Pa-G w¯’i †i‡L wm‡÷‡g ax‡i ax‡i 800J
T
Avgiv Rvwb η = 1 − T 2 × 100% Zvckw³ mieivn Kivq 1200J KvR m¤úvw`Z nq|
1 M¨v‡mi AvqZb Ges AšÍt¯’ kw³i cwieZ©b wbY©q Ki|
300
= 1 − 600 × 100% Avgiv Rvwb, K…Z KvR, ΔW = P∆V
∆W 1200
= 50% ∴ ∆V = P = 400 = 3m3
Avevi, ∆Q = ∆U + ∆W
∆U = ∆Q − ∆W = 800J − 1200J = −400J
mgm¨v-3t
GKwU Kv‡b©v BwÄb 1270 C ZvcgvÎvq Zvc MÖvn‡K KvR mgm¨v-8t
Ki‡Q|Gi `¶Zv 80% n‡j Dr‡mi ZvcgvÎv KZ? AwK&ª‡R‡bi aªye AvqZ‡b †gvjvi Av‡cw¶K Zvc Cv I aªye
T
Avgiv Rvwb η = 1 − T 2 × 100% Pv‡c †gvjvi Av‡cw¶K Zvc Cp wbY©q Ki| R =
1
ev, T1 = 2000K 8.31J mole−1 K −1 ;
Avgiv Rvwb, AwK&ª‡Rb GKwU wØ- cigvYyK M¨vm|
Cp
γ = C = 1.4 ∴ Cp = 1.4Cv
v
Av`k© M¨v‡mi †¶‡Î, Cp − Cv = R
mgm¨v-4 t
GKwU wmwjÛ‡ii g‡a¨ ivLv wKQy cwigvY MÖ¨vm cwi‡e‡ki ev, Cp − Cv = 8.31
Dci 200J KvR m¤úv`‡bi mgq cwi‡ek †_‡K 500J ev, 1.4Cv − Cv = 8.31
Zvckw³ †kvlY K‡i| MÖ¨v‡mi AšÍt¯’ kw³i cwieZ©b KZ 8.31
∴ Cv = = 20.8J mole−1 K −1
n‡e ? wm‡÷‡gi AšÍt¯’ kw³ n«vm cv‡e, bv e„w× cv‡e? 0.40
Avevi, Cp = 20.8 + 8.31 = 29.11J mole−1 K −1
Avgiv Rvwb, ΔQ = ΔU + ΔW
ev, ΔU = ΔQ − ΔW
ev, ΔU = 500 − 200 J = 300J mgm¨v-9t
ΔU ev AšÍt¯’ kw³i cwieZ©b abvZ¥K; ZvB wm‡÷‡gi GK cvigvYweK Av`k© M¨v‡mi Rb¨ Cp I Cv Gi gvb
AšÍt¯’ kw³ e„w× cv‡e|
wbY©q Ki| R = 8.31 J mole−1 K −1 ;
Avgiv Rvwb, GK cigvYyK M¨v‡mi †¶‡Î,
Cp
mgm¨v-5t γ = C = 1.66 ∴ Cp = 1.66Cv
v
‡Kvb e¨e¯’v 1500J Zvc †kvlY K‡i Ges 82J KvR Av`k© M¨v‡mi †¶‡Î, Cp − Cv = R
m¤úv`b K‡i| e¨e¯’vi AšÍt¯’ kw³i cwieZ©b wbY©q Ki| ev, 1.66Cv − Cp = R
Avgiv Rvwb, Zvc MwZwe`¨vi cÖ_g m~Î †_‡K cvB, 8.31
ev, Cv = 0.66
dQ = dU + dW ev, dU = dQ − dW
∴ dU = 1500 − 82 = 1418J = 12.60 J mole−1 K −1
Avevi, Cp = R + Cv = 8.31 + 12.60
= 20.92 J mole−1 K −1

MD.ABDUR RASHID M.Sc (R.U) LECTURER (PHYSICS), POLICE LINES SCHOOL AND COLLEGE , RANGPUR. c„ôv - 13
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 ZvcMwZwe`¨v cÖ_g Aa¨vq
∴ ∆θ = 5.6k

mgm¨v-10t mgm¨v: 14|

¯^vfvweK ZvcgvÎv I Pv‡c wKQy ï®‥ evqy‡K m‡gvò cÖwµqvq GKwU mxmvi ey‡jU †Kv_vI evavcÖvß n‡q ZvcgvÎv 150K
wظY AvqZ‡b cÖmvwiZ Kiv nj| P~ovš— Pvc wbY©q Ki|
e„w× †cj|hw` Ab¨ †Kv‡bvfv‡e Zvc bó bv nq, Zvn‡j
Avgiv Rvwb, P1 V1 = P2 V2
ey‡jUwUi †eM KZ wQj? S = 126Jkg −1 k −1
[ P1 = 1.01 × 105 Nm−2 V2 = 2V1 ]
ev 1.01 × 105 V1 = P2 2V1 mgvavbt awi, ey‡jUwUi fi = mkg
1
ev, 1.01 × 105 V1 = 2P2 Avgiv Rvwb, mv 2 = ms∆θ
2
1.01×10 5
∴ P2 = = 505 × 102 Nm−2 ev, v 2 = 2s∆θ
2
ev, v = 2 × 126 × 150
mgm¨v-11t
∴ v = 194.42ms−1
evqy‡K iy×Zv‡c cÖmvwiZ K‡i Gi AvqZb wظY Kiv nj|
hw` cÖv_wgK Pvc 1evqygÛjxq Pvc nq, Zvn‡j P~ovš— Pvc mgm¨v 15t
KZ n‡e? GKwU w¯’i Pvc M¨vm _v‡g©vwgUv‡ii M¨v‡mi AvqZb cvwbi
Avgiv Rvwb, P1 V1 γ = P2 V2 γ
P1 V
•Îa we›`yy‡Z 4 × 10−4 m3 Ges mvjdv‡ii ùzUbv‡¼
ev, = (V 2 )γ 1.02 × 10−3 m3 n‡j mvjdv‡ii ùyUbv¼ wbY©q Ki|
P2 1
2V 1 1∙4
ev
1
= GLv‡b, ‣Îa we›`yy‡Z AvqZb, Vtr = 4 × 10−4 m3
P2 V1
1 1∙4 wb‡Y©q ZvcgvÎvq AvqZb V = 1.02 × 10−3 m3
ev, P = 2 V
2
1 Avgiv Rvwb, T = V × 273.16K
ev,P2 = tr
21∙4 1.02×10 −3 m 3
ev, P2 = 0.3789 evqygÛjxq Pvc ∴T= × 273.16K
4×10 −4 m 3
= 696.6K
mgm¨v-12t
27℃ ZvcgvÎvq †Kvb wbw`©ó cwigvY M¨vm nVvr cÖmvwiZ mgm¨v 16t
n‡q wظY AvqZb jvf K‡i|P~ovšÍ ZvcgvÎv KZ ? GKwU †iva _v‡gv©Uv‡ii †iva 0℃ ZvcgvÎvq 8Ω Ges
γ = 1 ∙ 4 M¨vm‡K nVvr cÖmvwiZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| wm‡÷g 100℃ ZvcgvÎvq 20Ω | _v‡gv©wgUviwU‡K GKwU Pzwjø‡Z
Zvc MÖnY ev eR©‡bi my‡hvM cvqwb| ¯’vcb Ki‡j †iva 32Ω nq| Pzwjøi ZvcgvÎv wbY©q Ki|
Avgiv Rvwbv, T1 V1 γ−1 = T2 V2 γ−1 GLv‡b,mjwmqvm †¯‥‡j n = 100 Ges θice = 0℃
V 1 γ−1
ev, T2 = × T1 myZvivs eid we›`yy‡Z †iva, R ice = 8Ω
V2
V γ−1 1 0.4
w÷g we›`yy‡Z †iva, R steam = 20Ω
= × 300K = 2 × 300K wb‡Y©q ZvcgvÎvq †iva, R = 32Ω
2V
= 227.36K R−R ice
Avgiv Rvwb,ZvcgvÎv θ = R × n + θice
−R ice
= (227.36 − 273)℃ steam
32Ω−8Ω
= −45.65℃ ev,θ = 20Ω−8Ω × 100 + 0 ℃
= 200℃
mgm¨v: 13
GKwU wgvbv‡ii D‛PZv 90m| wgbv‡ii P~ov n‡Z GK LÛ mxmv mgm¨v-17t
†d‡j †`Iqv n‡jv| cZ‡bi d‡j mg¯Í kw³ Zvc kw³‡Z cwibZ 100 C ZvcgvÎvi 5kg cvwb‡K 1000 C ZvcgvÎvq DËxY©
n‡jv| 80% Zvc mxmv Øviv †kvwlZ n‡j mxmv L‡Ûi ZvcgvÎv
Ki‡Z GbUªwci cwieZ©b wbY©q Ki|
KZ e„w× cv‡e? S = 126Jkg−1 k −1
mgvavb: awi, mxmvi fi = mkg D‛PZv h = 90m Avgiv Rvwb,
T 2 dQ T 2 dT
Avgiv Rvwb, mgh = ms∆θ dS = T1 T
= mS T1 T
gh
ev, gh = s∆θ ev, ∆θ = = 5 × 4200 × (log 373 − log 283)
S
9.8×90
ev, ∆θ = = 5.799 × 103 JK −1
126

MD.ABDUR RASHID M.Sc (R.U) LECTURER (PHYSICS), POLICE LINES SCHOOL AND COLLEGE , RANGPUR. c„ôv - 14
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 ZvcMwZwe`¨v cÖ_g Aa¨vq

mgm¨v-18t Avgiv Rvwb, Δ𝑄 = Δ𝑈 + Δ𝑊

1000 C ZvcgvÎvi 4kg cvwb‡K 1000 C ZvcgvÎvq ev®ú ev, Δ𝑈 = Δ𝑄 − Δ𝑊
Ki‡Z GbUªwci cwieZ©b wbY©q Ki| = 500 − 200 𝐽 = 300𝐽
Avgiv Rvwb, Δ𝑈 ev AšÍt¯’ kw³i cwieZ©b abvZ¥K; ZvB wm‡÷‡gi
dQ ml 4×2260000
dS = = = = 2.42 × 103 JK −1 AšÍt¯’ kw³ e„w× cv‡e|
T T 373

mgm¨v-19t
‡Kv‡bv Kv‡b©v Pµ cÖv_wgK 3270 C ZvcgvÎvq KvR m¤úbœ mgm¨v-24t
K‡i| cÖwZwU av‡c ms‡KvPb ev cÖmvi‡Yi AbycvZ 1t6 n‡j evqy‡K iy×Zv‡c cÖmvwiZ K‡i Gi AvqZb wظY Kiv nj|
P‡µi me©wbæ ZvcgvÎv KZ n‡e? [γ = 1.4] hw` cÖv_wgK Pvc 1evqygÛjxq Pvc nq, Zvn‡j P~ovš— Pvc
Avgiv Rvwb, T1 V1 γ−1 = T2 V2 γ−1 ev, T1 = 393K KZ n‡e?
Avgiv Rvwb, 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝛾 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝛾
𝑃1 𝑉
mgm¨v-20t ev, = (𝑉2 )𝛾
𝑃2 1
‡Kvb ZvcgvÎvq †mw›U‡MÖW I dv‡ibnvBU †¯‥j GKB cvV †`q? ? 1 2𝑉1 1∙4
DËit awi 𝑥 ZvcgvÎvq †mw›U‡MÖW I dv‡ibnvBU †¯‥j GKB cvV ev 𝑃 = = 21∙4
2 𝑉1
w`‡e| AZGe, 𝐶 = 𝐹 = 𝑥 ev, 𝑃2 =
1
ev, 𝑃2 = 0.3789 evqygÛjxq Pvc
𝐶 𝐹−32 𝑥 𝑥−32 21∙4
ZvB, 5
= 9
ev, = 5 9
𝑥 = −40
mgm¨v-25t
mgm¨v-21| GKwU †iva _v‡gvwg©Uv‡ii †iva 0°𝐶 ZvcgvÎvq 27°𝐶 ZvcgvÎvq †Kvb wbw`©ó cwigvY M¨vm nVvr cÖmvwiZ
8Ω Ges 100°𝐶 ZvcgvÎvq 20Ω | _v‡gv©wgUviwU‡K n‡q wظY AvqZb jvf K‡i|P~ovšÍ ZvcgvÎv KZ ?
GKwU Pzwjø‡Z ¯’vcb Ki‡j †iva 32Ω nq| Pzwjøi ZvcgvÎv 𝛾 =1∙4
wbY©q Ki| M¨vm‡K nVvr cÖmvwiZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| wm‡÷g Zvc MÖnY ev
𝑅−𝑅𝑖𝑐𝑒 eR©‡bi my‡hvM cvqwb|
Avgiv Rvwb, ZvcgvÎv 𝜃 = 𝑅 × 𝑛 + 𝜃𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 −𝑅𝑖𝑐𝑒 Avgiv Rvwbv, 𝑇1 𝑉1 𝛾−1 = 𝑇2 𝑉2 𝛾−1
GLv‡b, †mjwmqvm †¯‥‡j 𝑛 = 100 Ges 𝜃𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 𝑉1 𝛾−1 𝑉 𝛾−1
0°𝐶|myZvivs eid we›`yy‡Z †iva, 𝑅𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 8Ω ev,𝑇2 = × 𝑇1 = × 300𝐾
𝑉2 2𝑉
32Ω−8Ω 1 0.4
𝜃= × 100 + 0 °𝐶 = 200°𝐶 = × 300𝐾 = 227.36𝐾
20Ω−8Ω 2
= (227.36 − 273)°𝐶 = −45.65°𝐶

mgm¨v-22|
GKwU w¯’i Pvc M¨vm _v‡g©vwgUv‡ii M¨v‡mi AvqZb cvwbi
•Îa we›`yy‡Z 4 × 10−4 𝑚3 Ges mvjdv‡ii ùzUbv‡¼
mgm¨v-25t
1.02 × 10−3 𝑚3 n‡j mvjdv‡ii ùUbv¼ wbY©q Ki|
𝑉 27 °𝐶 ZvcgvÎvq 0.02𝐾𝑔 nvB‡Wªv‡Rb M¨vm‡K m‡gvò
Avgiv Rvwb, 𝑇 = 𝑉 × 273.16𝐾
𝑡𝑟 cÖwµqvq msbwgZ K‡i cÖv_wgK AvqZ‡bi GK PZz_©Ask
1.02×10 −3 𝑚 3
∴𝑇= × 273.16𝐾 = 696.6𝐾 Kiv n‡jA|K…Z Kv‡I cwigvb KZ n‡e|
4×10 −4 𝑚 3
Avgiv Rvwb,
mgm¨v23| 𝑊 = 𝑛 𝑅𝑇 ln
𝑉2
=
𝑚
𝑅𝑇 ln
𝑉2
=
GKwU wmwjÛ‡ii g‡a¨ ivLv wKQy cwigvY MÖ¨vm cwi‡e‡ki 𝑉1 𝑀 𝑉1
0.02×8.314×300 1
Dci 200𝐽 KvR m¤úv`‡bi mgq cwi‡ek †_‡K 500𝐽 ln = −34576.95𝐽
0.002 4
Zvckw³ †kvlY K‡i| MÖ¨v‡mi AšÍt¯’ kw³i cwieZ©b KZ
n‡e ? wm‡÷‡gi AšÍt¯’ kw³ n«vm cv‡e, bv e„w× cv‡e?

MD.ABDUR RASHID M.Sc (R.U) LECTURER (PHYSICS), POLICE LINES SCHOOL AND COLLEGE , RANGPUR. c„ôv - 15
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 ZvcMwZwe`¨v cÖ_g Aa¨vq

mgm¨v-26t mgm¨v-29t
Ggb GKwU ZvcgvÎv †ei Ki hvi gvb †mw›Uª‡MÖW Ges GKwU ÎæwUc~Y© _v‡gv©wgUv‡ii wb¤œ w¯’ivs¼ 4° Ges DaŸ©
dv‡ibnvBU †¯‥‡j GKB nq| w¯’ivs¼ 98° | H _v‡gv©wgUv‡ii 51° cvV w`‡j dv‡ibnvBU
mgvavbt Avgiv Rvwb,
𝐶
=
𝐹=32 Ges †Kjwfb †¯‥‡j cvV KZ n‡e ?
5 9 𝑇 −𝑇
𝑥 𝑥−32 mgvavbt Avgiv Rvwb, 𝜂 = 1𝑇 2 × 100%
ev, = ev, 9𝑥 = 5𝑥 − 160 1
433𝐾−300𝐾
5 9
= × 100%
ev, 9𝑥 − 5𝑥 = −160 ev, 4𝑥 = −160 433𝐾
133𝐾
−160 = 433𝐾 × 100%
ev, 𝑥 = 4 = 31% 𝐴𝑛𝑠
∴ 𝑥 = −40°
− 40℃ Ges − 40℃ (𝐴𝑛𝑠)
mgm¨v-30t 27℃ ZvcgvÎvq †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó cwigvY M¨vm nUvr
mgm¨v-27t cÖmvwiZ n‡q wظY AvqZb jvf K‡i| P~ovšÍ ZvcgvÎv KZ?
25℃ ZvcgvÎvq I evqygÐjxq Pv‡c Ave× ï®‥ evqy‡K nUvr (𝛾 = 1.4)
𝛾−1 𝛾−1
ev iæ×Zv‡c msbwgZ K‡i AvqZb A‡a©K Kiv n‡jv| P~ovšÍ Avgiv Rvwb, 𝑇1 𝑉1 = 𝑇2 𝑉2
𝑉1 𝛾−1
(K) ZvcgvÎv (L) Pvc wbY©q Ki| ev, 𝑇2 = × 𝑇1
𝑉2
mgvavbt 1.41−1
= (3) × 273𝐾
Avgiv Rvwb 𝑇1 𝑉1 𝛾−1 = 𝑇2 𝑉2 𝛾−1 . . . . (1) = 30.41 × 273𝐾
𝑃1 𝑉1 𝛾 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝛾 .. . . .. . . (2) = 428.33𝐾
= 155.33℃ 𝐴𝑛𝑠
(K) 𝑖 bs mgxKiY n‡Z cvB,
𝑉1 𝛾−1
𝑇2 = × 𝑇1 mgm¨v-31t ¯^vfvweK Pv‡c 100 𝑚3 AvqZ‡bi GKwU
𝑉2
= 2 1.4−1 × 298𝐾 = 393.18𝐾 M¨v‡m 5 × 103 𝐽 Zvc w`‡j M¨v‡mi AvqZb
(393.18 − 273℃ = 120.18℃ (𝐴𝑛𝑠) 100.2 𝑚3 nq| H M¨v‡mi K…ZKv‡Ri gvb wbY©q Ki|
(L) 𝑖𝑖 bs mgxKiY n‡Z cvB, mgvavbt
𝑉1 𝛾 Avgiv Rvwb, ∆𝑊 = 𝑃∆𝑉
𝑃2 = × 𝑃1 = 1.013 × 105 (100.2 − 100)
𝑉2
= 2 1.4 × 1 evqygÐjxq Pvc = 20260 𝐽 (𝐴𝑛𝑠)
= 2.64 evqygÐjxq Pvc (𝐴𝑛𝑠)

mgm¨v-28t mgm¨v-32t
100℃ ZvcgvÎvi 2𝑘𝑔 cvwb‡K 100℃ ZvcgvÎvi ev‡®ú 27℃ ZvccgvÎvq †Kv‡bv wØcvigvYweK M¨v‡mi Pvc nUvr wظY
cwiYZ Ki‡j, GbUªwci cwieZ©b KZ nq wbY©q Ki| [cvwbi Kiv n‡j, Pvc cwieZ©‡bi ci ZvcgvÎvi cwieZ©b KZ n‡e?
evw®úfe‡bi Av‡cwÿK myßZvc = 2.26 × 106 𝐽 𝑘𝑔−1 ] mgvavbt
g‡bKwi, Gb&Uªwci cwieZ©b 𝑑𝑆 1−𝛾 1−𝛾
Avgiv Rvwb, 𝑇1 × 𝑃1 𝛾 = 𝑇2 × 𝑃2 𝛾
‡`Iqv Av‡Q, cvwbi evw®úfe‡bi Av‡cwÿK myßZvc, 𝑃 1−𝛾
𝐿 = 2.26 × 106 𝐽 𝑘𝑔−1 fi, 𝑚 = 2𝑘𝑔 ev, 𝑇2 = 𝑃1 × 𝑇1
2 𝛾
1−1.4
ZvcgvÎv, 𝑇 = 100℃ = 100 + 273 373𝐾 1 1.4
‡ei Ki‡Z n‡e Gb&Uªwci cwieZ©b 𝑑𝑆 =? = 2 × 300𝐾
Avgiv Rvwb, 𝑑𝑄 = 𝑚𝐿 = 365.70𝐾
= 2𝑘𝑔 2.26 × 106 𝐽 𝑘𝑔−1 = 4.52 × 106 𝐽 ∴ ZvcgvÎvi cwieZ©b,
Avgiv Rvwb, 𝑑𝑆 = 𝑇
𝑑𝑄 ∆𝑇 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 365.70 − 300 𝐾
= 65.70𝐾 = 65.70℃
4.52 × 106 𝐽
= = 1.21 × 104 𝐽𝐾 −1 (𝐴𝑛𝑠)
373𝐾 ∴ ∆𝑇 = 65.70℃ (𝐴𝑛𝑠)
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 ZvcMwZwe`¨v cÖ_g Aa¨vq

mgm¨v-33t mgm¨v-36t
GK cvigvYweK M¨v‡mi R‡b¨ 𝑐𝑝 I 𝑐𝑣 Gi gvb wbY©q Ki| 100℃ ZvcgvÎvq 5 𝑘𝑔 cvwb‡K ev‡®ú cwiYZ Ki‡j
[𝑅8.13𝐽 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 −1 𝐾 1 ] G›Uªwci cwieZ©b wbY©q Ki| (cvwbi Av‡cwÿK myßZvc wbY©q
mgvavbt †`Iqv Av‡Q, 𝑅 = 8.31 𝐽 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝐾 −1 Ki 2.26 × 106 𝐽. 𝑘𝑔−1 )
𝐶
GK cvigvYweK M¨v‡mi R‡b¨, 𝛾 = 𝐶𝑃 … … … … . . (𝑖) mgvavbt Avgiv Rvwb,
𝑉 𝑑𝑄
Avevi, 𝐶𝑃 − 𝐶𝑉 = 𝑅 𝑑𝑆 = 𝑇
𝑚𝐿 5×2.26×106
ev, 𝐶𝑃 = 𝐶𝑉 − 𝑅 … … … … . . (𝑖𝑖) = = = 30294.90 𝐽𝐾 −1 (𝐴𝑛𝑠)
𝑇 373
(𝑖) I (𝑖𝑖) bs n‡Z cvB 𝐶𝑃 = 𝛾 𝐶𝑃 − 𝑅 [∴ 𝐶𝑃 = 𝐶𝑉 𝛾] 𝐶𝑉 = 12.40 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 . 𝐾 −1 (𝐴𝑛𝑠)
ev, 𝐶𝑃 = 𝛾𝐶𝑃 − 𝛾𝑅
ev, 𝐶𝑃 1 − 𝛾 = −𝛾𝑅 mgm¨v-37t
𝛾𝑅
ev, 𝐶𝑃 = 𝛾−1 GKwU wmwjÛv‡ii Af¨šÍ‡i evqhi Pvc 3 𝑎𝑡𝑚. ZvcgvÎv
1.67×8.31 300𝐾 I AvqZb 10 𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒| (𝑖) Pvc nUvr wØMyY Kiv
= n
1.67−1 n‡j Gi AvqZb I ZvcgvÎv KZ n‡e? (𝑖𝑖) Pvc wa‡i wa‡i
∴ 𝐶𝑃 = 20.71 𝐽 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝐾 −1 (𝐴𝑛𝑠) wØMyY Kiv n‡j Gi AvqZb I ZvcgvÎv KZ n‡e?
(𝑖𝑖) 𝐶𝑃 Gi gvb emvB mgvavbt Avgiv Rvwb, iæ×Zvcxq cwieZ©‡bi †ÿ‡Î
𝐶𝑉 = 20.71 − 8.31 𝐽 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝐾 −1 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝛾 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝛾 |
1
𝑃1 1.4
mgm¨v-34t ∴ 𝑉2 = × 𝑉1
𝑃2
GKwU Zvc BwÄb Drm †_‡K 600 𝐾 ZvcgvÎvq 1
3𝑎𝑡𝑚 1.4
2.56 × 106 𝐽 Zvc kw³ MÖnb K‡i Zvc MÖvn‡K = × 10 𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒
6𝑎𝑡𝑚
5.12 × 105 𝐽 Zvc kw³ eR©b K‡i| Zvc MÖvn‡Ki ‡h‡nZz M¨v‡mi cwieZ©b nq bv Kv‡RB,
ZvcgvÎv I BwÄbwUi `ÿZv wbY©q Ki| 𝑃1 𝑉1
=
𝑃2 𝑉2
𝑄1 𝑄2 𝑇 1 𝑇 2
mgvavbt Avgiv Rvwb, = 𝑃2 𝑉2
𝑇1 𝑇2 ∴ 𝑇2 = × 𝑇1
𝑄2 𝑃1 𝑉1
∴ 𝑇2 = × 𝑇1 6𝑎𝑡𝑚 ×6.1𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒
𝑄1
× 300𝐾 = 366𝐾 (𝐴𝑛𝑠)
5.12×105 𝐽 3𝑎𝑡𝑚 ×10𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒
= 2.56×106 𝐽 × 600 𝐾 e‡q‡ji m~Î Abyhvqx, 𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2
= 120 𝑃1 𝑉1 3𝑎𝑡𝑚 × 10𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒
𝑇 −𝑇 𝑉2 = =
Avevi, 𝜂 = 1𝑇 2 × 100% 𝑃2 6𝑎𝑡𝑚
1
600 𝐾−120𝐾 = 5𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒 (𝐴𝑛𝑠)
= 600𝐾 × 100% Avevi, m‡gvò cwieZ©‡bi †ÿ‡Î DòZvi cwieZ©‡bi †ÿ‡Î
= 80% (𝐴𝑛𝑠) ZvcgvÎvi cwieZ©b nqbv d‡j 𝑇2 = 𝑇1 = 300𝐾 𝐴𝑛𝑠

mgm¨v-35t mgm¨v-38t
GKwU Kv‡bv© Bwćbi Dr‡mi D®§Zv 400 𝐾, G D®§Zvi 3 × 105 𝑃𝑎 Pv‡c I 280𝐾ZvcgvÎvq wbw`©ó f‡ii
Drm †_‡K GwU 840𝐽 Zvc eR©b Ki‡Q| wm‡¼i DòZv nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi AvqZb 10−3 𝑚3 | iy×Zvcxq cÖwµqvq Gi Pvc nUvr
KZ? BwÄbwUi `ÿZv KZ? wظY Kiv n‡j Gi AšÍt¯’ kw³i Kx cwieZ©b n‡e? nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi
𝑄 −𝑄
mgvavbt Avgiv Rvwb, 𝜂 = 1𝑄 2 × 100% 𝐶𝑉 = 20.4𝐽. 𝑚𝑜𝑙−1 𝐾 −1 Ges 𝑅 = 8.314𝐽 𝑚𝑜𝑙−1 𝐾 −1 |
1
840𝐽 − 630𝐽 210𝐽 mgvavbt Avgiv Rvwb, 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
= × 100% = 𝑃𝑉 3×10 5 𝑃𝑎 ×10 −3 𝑚 3
840𝐽 840𝐽 ∴ 𝑛 = 𝑅𝑇 = 8.314𝐽𝑚𝑜 𝑙 −1 𝐾 −1 ×280𝐾 = 0.20 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝜂 = 0.25 × 100% =× 25% (𝐴𝑛𝑠) iy×Zvcxq cwieZ©‡bi †ÿ‡Î, AvqZb I Pv‡ci m¤úK© †_‡K cvB,
𝑇 −𝑇
Avevi, Avgiv Rvwb, 𝜂 = 1𝑇 2 GLv‡b, ZvcgvÎv 𝑇1 = 280𝐾
1
25 𝑇2 𝑇2 25 Pvc, 𝑃2 = 2𝑃1
ev, 100 = 1 − 400 ev, 400 = 1 − 100
1−𝛾 1−𝛾
ev, 𝑇2 = 300 𝐾 (𝐴𝑛𝑠) 𝑇1 𝑃1 1 = 𝑇2 𝑃2 1

MD.ABDUR RASHID M.Sc (R.U) LECTURER (PHYSICS), POLICE LINES SCHOOL AND COLLEGE , RANGPUR. c„ôv - 17
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 ZvcMwZwe`¨v cÖ_g Aa¨vq

1−𝛾
𝑃1 1
mgm¨v-42t
∴ 𝑇2 = × 280𝐾 GKwU Zvc BwÄb Zvc Drm †_‡K 4.5 × 106 𝐽 Zvc MÖnb
𝑃2
0.4
= 0. 51.4 × 280𝐾 = 229.69𝐾 K‡i Ges cwi‡e‡k 3 × 106 𝐽 Zvc eR©b K‡i | BwÄb
iy×Zvcxq cwieZ©‡b M¨vm KZ©K K…ZKvR, KZ©„K K…ZKvR I Gi `ÿZv wbY©q Ki|
𝑊 = 𝑛𝐶𝑉 (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 ) mgvavbt Avgiv Rvwb, 𝑊 = 𝑄1 − 𝑄2
= 0.129 × 20.4 × 280 − 229.69 = 132𝐽 = (4.5 × 106 − 3 × 106 )𝐽
AšÍt¯’ kw³i cwieZ©b, = 1.5 × 106 𝐽 𝐴𝑛𝑠
𝑊 1.5×106 𝐽
∆𝑈 = 𝑄 − 𝑊 = 0 − 132𝐽 = −132𝐽 Avevi, 𝜂 = 𝑄 = 4.5×106 𝐽
GLv‡b aYvZ¥K wPý wb‡`©k K‡i AšÍt¯’ kw³ n«vm †c‡q‡Q| 1
𝜂 = 0.3333 ∴ 𝜂 = 33.33% 𝐴𝑛𝑠
myZivs AšÍt¯’ kw³i n«vm 132𝐽 (𝐴𝑛𝑠)

mgm¨v-39t
mgm¨v-43t
27℃ ZvcgvÎv I 105 𝑃𝑎 Pv‡c wbw`©ó f‡ii Aw·‡R‡bi GKwU Kv‡b©v BwÄb 227℃ ZvcgvÎvi Zvc Drm †_‡K Zvc
AvqZb 10−2 𝑚3 | m‡gvò cÖwµqvq G‡Z 500𝐽 Zvc mieivn MÖnb K‡i I 27℃ ZvcgvÎvi Zvc Mªvn‡K Zvc eR©b K‡i
Kiv n‡jv| Gi †kl AvqZb I Pvc wbY©q Ki| Aw·‡R‡bi | BwÄbwUi Kg©`ÿZv wbY©q Ki|
AvYweK fi , 𝑇
= 32𝑔𝑚 Ges 𝑅 = 8.314𝐽 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝐾 −1 | mgvavbt Avgiv Rvwb, 𝜂 = 1 − 𝑇1
2
300𝐾
Avgiv Rvwb, 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 = 1 − 500𝐾
𝑃𝑉 105 ×10−2
ev, 𝑛 = 𝑅𝑇 = 8.314 ×300 = 0.40𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 0.4 ∴ 𝜂 = 40% 𝐴𝑛𝑠
𝑉2
m‡gvò cÖwµqvq K…ZKvR, 𝑊 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 ℯ𝑛 𝑉1 mgm¨v-44t
𝑉2 𝑊 500
ev, ℯ𝑛 𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 = 0.40×8.314 ×300 = 0.501162 GKwU cÖZ¨vMvwg Bwćbi `ÿZv 35%| Zvc Mªvn‡Ki
1
𝑉2 ZvcgvÎv 50℃ Zvc Dr‡mi ZvcgvÎv wbY©q Ki|
∴ 𝑉 = 1.65063 𝑇
1
mgvavbt Avgiv Rvwb, 𝜂 = 𝑇2
𝑉2 = 𝑉1 × 1.650 = 10−2 × 1.650 1
35 323𝐾
= 16.50 × 10−3 𝑚3 𝐴𝑛𝑠 ev, 100 = 1 − 𝑇1
Avevi, 𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 323𝐾 35
𝑃1 𝑉1 105 ×10−2
ev, = 1 − 100
𝑇1
∴ 𝑃2 = = 16.50×10 −3 = 60 × 103 𝑃𝑎 (𝐴𝑛𝑠) 323𝐾 65
𝑉2
ev, = 100
𝑇1
100
mgm¨v-40t ev, 𝑇1 = 65 × 323𝐾
GKwU Kv‡b©v BwÄb 327℃ I 27℃ DòZvq KvR Ki‡Q| Gi ev, 𝑇1 = 496.92𝐾
Kg© `ÿZv KZ? ∴ 𝑇1 = (496.92 − 273)℃
𝑇
Avgiv Rvwb, 𝜂 = 1 − 𝑇1 × 100% = 223.92℃ 𝐴𝑛𝑠
2
300𝐾
= 1− × 100% mgm¨v-45t
600𝐾
= 50% 𝐴𝑛𝑠 40%`ÿZv wewkó GKwU Av`k© Bwćbi Zvc MÖvn‡Ki ZvcgvÎv
7℃ | Bwćbi `ÿZv 50%-G DbœwZ Ki‡Z Zvc Dr‡mi
mgm¨v-41t ZvcgvÎv KZ e„w× Ki‡Z n‡e?
GKwU Bwćbi Kg© `ÿZv 40% wb¤œ Zvcvav‡ii ZvcgvÎv 7℃ 𝑇2
mgvavbt Avgiv Rvwb, 𝜂 = 𝑇
Gi D‛P Zvcvav‡ii ZvcgvÎv wbY©q Ki| 1
40 280𝐾
𝑇 −𝑇
mgvavbt Avgiv Rvwb, 𝜂 = 1𝑇 2 ev, 100 = 1 − 𝑇1
1 280𝐾 40
4
ev, 10 =
𝑇1 −280𝐾
ev, 4𝑇1 = 10𝑇1 − 2800𝐾 ev, = 1−
𝑇1 100
𝑇1 100
ev, 6𝑇1 = 2800𝐾ev, 𝑇1 = 6
2800 𝐾 ev, 𝑇1 = 60 × 280𝐾
∴ 𝑇1 = 466.7𝐾 = 193.67℃ 𝐴𝑛𝑠 = 466.66𝐾

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 ZvcMwZwe`¨v cÖ_g Aa¨vq

𝑇 mgm¨v-49t
Avevi, Avgiv Rvwb, 𝜂 = 𝑇1
50 280𝐾
1
0℃ ZvcgvÎvi 200𝑔𝑚 eid‡K 60℃ ZvcgvÎvi cvwb‡Z
ev, 100 = 1 − cwiYZ Kiv n‡j GbUªwci cwieZ© b KZ n‡e ? eid Mj‡bi
𝑇1
ev,
280𝐾
= 1−
40𝐾 Av‡cwÿ myßZvc 336000𝐽𝐾 −1 Ges cvwbi Av‡cwÿK
𝑇1 100𝐾
100 Zvc 𝐽. 𝑘𝑔−1 𝐾 −1 |
ev, 𝑇1 = 50 × 280𝐾 mgvavbt Avgiv Rvwb, 0℃ ZvcgvÎvi 200𝑔𝑚 eid‡K
= 560𝐾 0℃ ZvcgvÎvi 200𝑔𝑚 cvwb‡Z cwibZ Ki‡Z GbUªwci
∴ ZvcgvÎv e„w×, ∆𝑇 = 560𝐾 − 466.66𝐾 = cwieZ©b 𝑑𝑆1 =
𝑑𝑄1
93.34𝐾 = 93.34℃ 𝐴𝑛𝑠 𝑇
𝑚𝐿
= 𝑇
mgm¨v-46t 0.2𝑘𝑔 ×3.36×105 𝑘𝑔 −1
=
𝟏𝟔𝟕℃ I 57℃ ZvcgvÎvi g‡a¨ Kvh©iZ GKwU cÖZ¨vMvgx 273𝐾

Bwćbi me©vwaK `ÿZv wbY©q Ki| = 246.15 𝐽𝐾 −1

𝑇 0℃ ZvcgvÎvi 60℃ cvwb‡Z cwibZ Ki‡Z GbUªwci
mgvavbt Avgiv Rvwb, 𝜂 = 1 − 𝑇2 𝑇2 𝑑𝑄2
1 cwieZ©b, 𝑑𝑆2 = 𝑇1 𝑇
330𝐾
ev, 𝜂 = 1 − 440𝐾 𝑇2 𝑑𝑇
= 𝑇1
𝑚𝑆
[∵ 𝑑𝑄 = 𝑚𝑠𝑑𝑇]
ev, 𝜂 = 0.25 𝑇
𝑇
∴ 𝜂 = 0.25% 𝐴𝑛𝑠 = 𝑚𝑆[𝐼𝑛 𝑇] 2
𝑇1
= 𝑚𝑆[𝐼𝑛𝑇2 − 𝐼𝑛𝑇1 ]
mgm¨v-47t
= 0.2𝑘𝑔 × 4200𝐽𝑘𝑔−1 𝐾 −1 ×
GKwU cÖZ¨vMvgx BwÄb cÖwZ P‡µ Zvc avivi †_‡K 200𝐽 Zvc [𝐼𝑛333 − 𝐼𝑛273]
MÖnb K‡i Ges Zvc MÖvn‡K 110𝐽 Zvc eR©b K‡i Zvc = 166.88 𝐽𝐾 −1
Mªvn‡Ki ZvcgvÎv 320𝐾 n‡j Avav‡ii ZvcgvÎv I Bwćbi ∴ GbUªwci cwieZ©b 𝑑𝑆 = 𝑑𝑆1 + 𝑑𝑆2
`ÿZv Ges 50 P‡µ BwÄb KZ©„K K…ZKvR wbY©q Ki| = 246.15 𝐽𝐾 −1 + 166.88 𝐽𝐾 −1
𝑄 𝑇
mgvavbt Avgiv Rvwb, 1 = 1 = 413.03 𝐽𝐾 −1 𝐴𝑛𝑠
𝑄2 𝑇2
200 𝐽 𝑇1
ev, 100 𝐽 = 320𝐾 mgm¨v-50t
200 𝐽
∴ 𝑇1 = 110 𝐽 × 320𝐾 GKwU Av`k© M¨v‡mi aªæe AvqZ‡b I aªæe Pv‡c †gvjvi ZvcaviY ÿgZv
h_vµ‡g 20.5 𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 −1 𝐾 −1 I 28.8 𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 −1 𝐾 −1 ; w¯’i
= 581.81𝐾
𝑄 110𝐽 Pv‡c 8𝑔𝑚 nvB‡Wªv‡Rb 10℃ †_‡K 15℃ ZvcgvÎvq DbœxZ Ki‡Z
𝜂 = 1 − 𝑄2 = 1 − 200𝐽 = 0.45 = 45%
1 cÖ‡qvRbxq Zv‡ci cwigvY, AšÍt¯’ kw³i cwieZ©b I ewnt¯’ Kv‡Ri
GLb GKwU P‡µi K…ZKvR, 𝑊 = 𝑄1 − 𝑄2 cwigvY wbY©q Ki|
= 200𝐽 − 110𝐽 − 90𝐽 mgvavbt Avgiv Rvwb,
∴ 50 wU P‡µi K…ZKvR = 50 × 𝑊 ∆𝑄 =
𝑚 𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇
𝑀
= 50 × 90𝐽 8×10−3 𝑘𝑔 ×28.8×5
= 4500𝐽 𝐴𝑛𝑠 = 2×10−3
= 576𝐽 𝐴𝑛𝑠
mgm¨v-48t Avevi, ∆𝑄 = 𝑑𝑈 + 𝑃𝑑𝑉
100℃ ZvcgvÎvi 400𝑔𝑚 cvwb‡K ev‡®ú cwiYZ Kiv n‡j ev, ∆𝑈 = ∆𝑄
GbUªwci cwieZ©b KZ n‡e? cvwbi ev®úxfe‡bi Av‡cwÿK 𝑚 𝐶 ∆𝑇 8×10−3 ×20.5×5
= 𝑀𝑣 = 2×10−3 = 410𝐽
myßZvc 2260000𝑗. 𝑘𝑔−1 |
𝑑𝑄 cybivq, ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊 ev, ∆𝑊 = ∆𝑄 − ∆𝑈
mgvavbt Avgiv Rvwb, 𝑑𝑆 = 𝑇
= 576 − 410
Avevi, 𝑑𝑄 = 𝑚𝐿 = 0.4𝑘𝑔 × 2.26 × 106 𝑗𝑘𝑔−1 = 166𝐽 (𝐴𝑛𝑠)
0.4𝑘𝑔 ×2.26×106 𝑗𝑘 𝑔 −1
∴ 𝑑𝑆 = 373𝐾
= 2423.59𝐽𝐾 −1 𝐴𝑛𝑠

MD.ABDUR RASHID M.Sc (R.U) LECTURER (PHYSICS), POLICE LINES SCHOOL AND COLLEGE , RANGPUR. c„ôv - 19
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 ZvcMwZwe`¨v cÖ_g Aa¨vq

mgm¨v-51t mgm¨v 54t

25 ℃ ZvcgvÎvq evqygÐjxq Pv‡c Ave× M¨vm‡K nUvr msKzwPZ K‡i †Kv‡bv ‡Kv‡bv GKwU wm‡÷‡g 6000𝐽 Zvc †`Iqvi 400𝐽
Gi AvqZb A‡a©K Kiv n‡jv| P~ovšÍ Pvc †ei Ki| (𝛾 = 1.4) wm‡÷gwU KvR m¤úbœ K‡i| G cÖwµqvi wm‡÷‡gi Af¨šÍixY
mgvavbt Avgiv Rvwb, kw³ cwieZ©b wbY©q Ki|
𝑃1 𝑉1 𝛾 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝛾 mgvavbt Avgiv Rvwb, ∆𝑈 = ∆𝑄 − ∆𝑊
𝑉1 𝛾 = 6000𝐽 − 400𝐽
ev, 𝑃2 = 𝑃1 × 𝑉2 = 5600𝐽
2𝑉 1.4
= 𝑃1 × 𝑉 = 5.6𝑘𝐽 𝐴𝑛𝑠
= 1 × (2)1.4
= 2.64 evqygÐjxq Pvc|
mgm¨v-55t
1
mgm¨v-52t GKwU cÖZ¨vMvgx BwÄb Drm n‡Z M„nxZ Zv‡ci 6 Ask Kv‡R
27℃ ZvcgvÎvq 2.02𝑘𝑔 nvB‡Wªv‡Rb M¨vm‡K m‡gvò cwiYZ K‡i| Gi Zvc MÖvn‡Ki ZvcgvÎv AviI
cÖwµqvq msbwgZ K‡i cÖv_wgK AvqZ‡bi GK PZz_©vsk Kiv 62℃ n«vm Ki‡j Gi `ÿZv wظY nq| Zvc Drm I Zvc
nj| K„ZKv‡Ri gvb †ei Ki| MÖvn‡Ki ZvcgvÎv †ei Ki|
𝑇
mgvavbt Avgiv Rvwb, mgvavbt Avgiv Rvwb, 𝜂1 = 1 − 𝑇2
𝑉2 1
𝑊= 𝑃𝑑𝑉 1 𝑇
𝑉1 ev, = 1 − 𝑇2
𝑉2 𝑛𝑅𝑇 6 1
= 𝑉 𝑉 𝑑𝑉 ∵ 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝑇2 1 6
1 ev, 𝑇 = 1 − 6 = 5
𝑚 𝑉2 1 𝑚 1
= 𝑅𝑇 𝑉1 𝑉
𝑑𝑉 ∵𝑛=𝑀 Avevi, MÖvn‡Ki ZvcgvÎv 62℃ n«vm Ki‡j Gi `ÿZv wظY nq|
𝑀
𝑚 𝑉2 1 1
= 𝑀 𝑅𝑇 𝐼𝑛𝑉 ∴ 𝜂2 = 2 × 6 = 3
𝑉1 𝑇2 −62
𝑚 ∴ 𝜂2 = 1 −
= 𝑀 𝑅𝑇 [𝐼𝑛𝑉2 − 𝐼𝑛𝑉1 ] 𝑇1
𝑚 𝑉1 1 𝑇2 −62
= 𝑀 𝑅𝑇 𝐼𝑛 𝑉 ev, 3 = 1 −
2 𝑇1
1 1 𝑇2 62
0.02𝑘𝑔 ×8.314 𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑒 −1 𝐾 −1 ×300𝐾×𝐼𝑛 ev, 3 = 1 − 𝑇 + 𝑇
4
= 1 1
10 −3 𝑘𝑔 1 5 62
= −34576.95 𝐽 ev, 3 = 1 − 6 + 𝑇
1
GLv‡b FYvZ¥K wPý evB‡ii G‡R›U Øviv K…Z KvR eySvq | 1
ev, 3 = 6 + 𝑇
1 62
1
62 1 1 1
mgm¨v-53t ev, =3−6 =6
𝑇1
10𝑘𝑔 f‡ii GKwU e¯‘i †eM 100𝑚𝑠 −1 n‡Z 40 𝑚𝑠 −1 Ki‡Z ev, 𝑇1 = 372𝐾 (𝐴𝑛𝑠)
KZ KvR Ki‡Z n‡e? K…Z Kv‡Ri mgZzj¨ Zvc KZ n‡e? 5
∴ 𝑇2 = 6 𝑇1
mgvavbt Avgiv Rvwb, 5×372
K…ZKvR = MwZkw³i cwieZ©b = = 310𝐾 (𝐴𝑛𝑠)
6
1 1
ev, 𝑊 = 2 𝑚𝑣1 2 − 2 𝑚𝑣2 2
1 mgm¨v-56t
= 2 𝑚 (𝑣1 2 − 𝑣2 2 )
GKwU BwÄb 400𝐾 I 350𝐾 ZvcgvÎvq Ges Aci GKwU
1
= 2 × 10𝑘𝑔 {(100𝑚𝑣 −1 )2 − (40𝑚𝑠 −1 )2 } BwÄb 350𝐾 I 300𝐾 ZvcgvÎvq KvR Ki‡Q| †Kvb
= 4.2 × 104 𝐽 (𝐴𝑛𝑠) Bwćbi `ÿZv †ewk?
Avevi, Avgiv Rvwb, 𝑊 = 𝐽𝐻 mgvavbt cÖ_g Bwćbi †ÿ‡Î, 𝑇1 = 400𝐾 , 𝑇2 = 350𝐾
𝑊 4.2×104 𝐽 wØZxq Bwćbi †ÿ‡Î, 𝑇1 ′ = 350𝐾 𝑇2 ′ = 300𝐾
𝐻= = 𝑇
𝐽 4.2
4 cÖ_g Bwćbi `ÿZv, 𝜂2 = 1 − 𝑇2
= 10 𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑛𝑠 1
300
= 1 − 350 = 1 − 0.857
= 0.125 = 12.5%

MD.ABDUR RASHID M.Sc (R.U) LECTURER (PHYSICS), POLICE LINES SCHOOL AND COLLEGE , RANGPUR. c„ôv - 20
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 ZvcMwZwe`¨v cÖ_g Aa¨vq

𝑇 ′ mgm¨v-61t
wØZxq Bwćbi `ÿZv, 𝜂2 = 1 − 𝑇2 ′
1
350 GKwU BwÄb 3400𝐽 MÖnb K‡i I 2400𝐽 Zvc eR©b
=1− K‡i| BwÄb Øviv m¤úvw`Z KvR I Bwćbi `ÿZv wbY©q Ki|
400
= 1 − 0.857 mgvavbt Avgiv Rvwb,
= 0.14257 = 14.257% m¤úvw`Z KvR, 𝑊 = 𝑄1 − 𝑄2
wØZxq Bwćbi `ÿZv cÖ_g BwÄb ‡_‡K 14.257 − 12.5 %
= 3400𝐽 − 2400𝐽 = 1000𝐽
ev 1.8% †ewk| 𝑄
Avevi,`ÿZv, 𝜂 = 1 − 𝑄2 × 100%
1
mgm¨v-57t 2400 𝐽
= 1 − 3400 𝐽 × 100%
0℃ ZvcgvÎvq 3𝑘𝑔 eid‡K 0℃ ZvcgvÎvq cvwb‡Z
= 0.2941 × 100% =29.41% (𝐴𝑛𝑠)
cwiYZ Ki‡j GbUªwci cwieZ©b KZ n‡e ? [𝐿𝑓 = 3.3 ×
105 𝐽𝑘𝑔−1 ]
mgm¨v-62 t
mgvavbt Avgiv Rvwb,
𝑑𝑄 𝑚 𝐿𝑓 GKRb •eÁvwbK `vwe Ki‡jb †h, Zvi D™¢vweZ BwÄb
𝑑𝑆 = = 700𝐾 Ges 400𝐾 ZvcgvÎvi g‡a¨ Kvh©iZ Ges Gi
𝑇 𝑇
3×3.36×105 hvwš¿K `ÿZv 48%|Zvi `vwe wK mwVK ?
= 273
mgvavbt Avgiv Rvwb,
= 3692.3 𝐽𝐾 −1 𝐴𝑛𝑠 𝑇1
𝜂 = 1− × 100%
𝑇2
mgm¨v-58t 400𝐾
= 1 − 700𝐾 × 100%
100℃ ZvcgvÎvq 1𝑘𝑔 cvwb‡K 100℃ ZvcgvÎvi ev‡®ú
cwiYZ Ki‡j GbUªwci cwieZ©b KZ n‡e wbY©©q Ki| cvwbi = 0.42857 × 100%
ev®úxfe‡bi Av‡cwÿK myßZvc 106 𝐽𝑘𝑔−1 | = 42.85% ∴ h‡š¿i `ÿZv 42.80%
𝑑𝑄 𝑚 𝐿𝑣 ZvB Zvi `vwe mwVK wQ‡jv bv| 𝐴𝑛𝑠
mgvavbt Avgiv Rvwb, 𝑑𝑆 = =
𝑇 𝑇
1𝑘𝑔 ×2.26×106 𝐽𝑘 𝑔 −1
= mgm¨v-64t
373𝐾
= 6058.98𝐽𝑘 −1 (𝐴𝑛𝑠) gvwn‡bi kix‡i ¯^vfvweK ZvcgvÎv 98.4℉ | AvR Ly„e
Amy¯‡’ eva Kivq gv Zvi Mv‡q nvZ w`‡q †`L‡jb Zvi kixi
mgm¨v-59t †ek Mig| kix‡i cÖK…Z ZvcgvÎv cwigv‡ci Rb¨ wZwb
†Kv‡bv ms¯’v cwi‡ek †_‡K 800𝐽 Zvckw³ †kvlY Kivq Gi wK¬wbK¨vj _v‡gv©wgUvi e¨envi K‡i †`L‡jb _v‡gv©wgUv‡ii
AšÍt¯’ kw³ 500𝐽 e„w× †c‡jv| ms¯’v KZ…©K cwi‡e‡ki cvV 105℉ . (𝑖) gvwn‡bi AvR‡Ki ZvcgvÎv †Kjwfb
Dci m¤úvw`Z Kv‡Ri cwigvY wbY©q Ki| †¯‥‡j KZ n‡e? (𝑖𝑖) gvwn‡bi kix‡i ZvcgvÎvi e¨eavb
mgvavbt Avgiv Rvwb, †mjwmqvm †¯‥‡ji gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv hv‡e wK-bv? MvwYwZK
∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊 hyw³ `vI|
𝐹2 −32 𝐾−273.15
∆𝑊 = ∆𝑄 − ∆𝑈 mgvavbt Avgiv Rvwb, =
180 100
ev, ∆𝑊 = 800 − 500 = 300 𝐽 (𝐴𝑛𝑠) 105−32 𝐾−273.15
ev, =
9 5
73
ev, × 5 = 𝐾 − 273.15
9
mgm¨v-60t 73
ev, 𝐾 = 9 × 5 = 𝐾 + 273.15
¯^vfvweK Pv‡c 100𝑚3 AvqZ‡bi GKwU M¨vm 5 × 103 𝐽
= 313.7𝐾
Zvc w`‡j M¨v‡mi AvqZb 100.2𝑚3 nq H M¨v‡mi 𝐶 𝐹 −32
K…ZKv‡Ri gvb †ei Ki| (𝑖𝑖) cÖ_gZ 51 = 1 9
𝐶1 98.4−32
mgvavbt Avgiv Rvwb, ev, = ev, 𝐶1 = 36.88℃
5 9
∆𝑊 = 𝑃∆𝑉 𝐶2
Avevi, 5 = 9 ev, 52 = 9
𝐹2 −32 𝐶 105−32
= 1.013 × 105 100.2 − 100 =
20260𝐽(𝐴𝑛𝑠) ∴ 𝐶2 = 40.55℃
myZivs, ∆𝐶 40.55℃ − 36.88℃ = 3.67℃ (𝐴𝑛𝑠)

MD.ABDUR RASHID M.Sc (R.U) LECTURER (PHYSICS), POLICE LINES SCHOOL AND COLLEGE , RANGPUR. c„ôv - 21
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 ZvcMwZwe`¨v
Abykxjb Ki:
Aby-1| ‡Kvb ‡Kjwfb I dv‡ibnvBU †¯‥j GKB cvV †`q ?
[DËit 574.250 𝐾 ev 574.250 𝐹 ]
Aby-2| ‡Kvb ZvcgvÎvq †mw›U‡MÖW I dv‡ibnvBU †¯‥‡j co‡j
200 cv_©K¨ cvV †`q ?
[DËi t −150 𝐶, 50 𝐹 A_ev −650 𝐶, −850 𝐹]
Aby-3| ‡Kvb ZvcgvÎvq dv‡ibnvBU †¯‥‡ji cvV †mw›U‡MÖW †¯‥‡ji
cv‡Vi wظY n‡e| [ DËi t −850 𝐹]
Aby-4| dv‡ibnvBU †¯‥‡j ZvcgvÎvi cwieZ©b 360 𝐹 n‡j
†mw›U‡MÖW †¯‥‡j ZvcgvÎvi cwieZ©b KZ n‡e| [DËi t 200 𝐶]
Aby-5| cigk~b¨ ZvcgvÎvi gvb dv‡ibnvBU †¯‥‡j KZ n‡e |[
DËi t −4590 𝐹]
Aby- 6| 200 𝐶 ZvcgvÎvi ‡Kv‡bv e¯‘i ZvcgvÎv †Kjwfb ,
dv‡ibdvBU , i¨vw¼b I †ivgvi †¯‥‡j ZvcgvÎv KZ n‡e?
Aby-7|GKwU ÎywUc~Y© _v‡gv©wgUvi cÖgvY Pv‡c MwjZ ei‡d 2°𝐶
Ges ï®‥ ev‡®ú 98°𝐶 cvV †`q| _v‡gv©wgUviwU 40°𝐶 cvV w`‡j
cÖK…Z cvV KZ n‡e?
Aby-8| GKwU ÎywUc~Y© _v‡gv©wgUvi cÖgvY Pv‡c MwjZ ei‡d 4°
Ges ï®‥ ev‡®ú 98° cvV †`q|_v‡gv©wgUviwU 51° cvV w`‡j
dv‡ibnvBU I †Kjwfb †¯‥‡j cvV KZ n‡e?
Aby-9| m~lg wQ`ª wewkó GKwU _v‡gv©wgUvi mgvb wWwMÖ‡Z fvM Kiv
Av‡Q| _v‡gv©wgUviwU MwjZ ei‡d 15° Ges 100°𝐶 ZvcgvÎvq
70° cvV †`q| 𝑖 120°𝐹 ZvcgvÎvq D³ _v‡g©vwgUvi KZ cvV
w`‡e ? (𝑖𝑖) 180°𝐹 ZvcgvÎvi cvV Ges c~‡e©i cv‡Vi wظY n‡e
wKbv? 41.89°
Aby-10| GKwU cvi` _v‡gvwg©Uv‡ii 0°𝐶 ZvcgvÎvq cvi`¯Í‡¤¢i
‣`N©¨ 0.04 𝑚 Ges 100°𝐶 ZvcgvÎvq cvi`¯Í‡¤¢i ‣`N©¨
0.18 𝑚| cvi`¯Í‡¤¢i ‣`N©¨ 0.11 𝑚 n‡j _v‡gv©wg Aby-3.1|
GKwU †iva _v‡gvwg©Uv‡ii cvwbi ‣Îa we›`y‡Z ‡iva 32.31Ω Ges
†Kv‡bv Zi‡ji ùzUbv‡¼ †iva 27.316Ω n‡j Zi‡ji ùzUbv¼
KZ? ZviwU‡Z ZLb ZvcgvÎv KZ n‡e Zv wbY©q Ki
Aby-11| ‡Kvb e¨e¯’v 1500𝐽 Zvc †kvlY K‡i Ges 82𝐽 KvR
m¤úv`b K‡i| e¨e¯’vi AšÍt¯’ kw³i cwieZ©b wbY©q Ki|
Aby-12| wc÷bhy³ GKwU wmwjÛ‡i wKQy M¨vm Ave× Av‡Q|
M¨v‡mi Pvc 400𝑃𝑎-G w¯’i †i‡L wm‡÷‡g ax‡i ax‡i 800𝐽
Zvckw³ mieivn Kivq 1200𝐽 KvR m¤úvw`Z nq| M¨v‡mi
AvqZb Ges AšÍt¯’ kw³i cwieZ©b wbY©q Ki|
Aby-13| ‡Kvb e¨e¯’v aªye AvqZ‡b 300𝐽 Zvc eR©b K‡i|
e¨e¯’vi AšÍt¯’ kw³i cwieZ©b wbY©q Ki|
Aby-14| GKwU Av`k© M¨v‡mi aªye AvqZb I aªye Pv‡c †gvjvi
ZvcaviY ¶gZv h_vµ‡g 20 𝐽 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 −1 𝐾 −1 Ges
20 𝐽 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 −1 𝐾 −1 | w¯’i Pv‡c 8 MÖvg nvB‡Wªv‡b 100 𝐶 †_‡K
MD.ABDUR RASHID M.Sc (R.U) LECTURER (PHYSICS), POLICE LINES SCHOOL AND COLLEGE , RANGPUR. c„ôv - 22
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cÖ_g Aa¨vq
150 𝐶 ZvcgvÎvq DbœZx Ki‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq Zvc , AšÍt¯’ kw³i
cwieZ©b I ewnt¯’ Kv‡Ri cwigvY wbY©q Ki|
Aby-15| ¯^vfvweK ZvcgvÎv I Pv‡c wKQy ï®‥ evqy‡K m‡gvò
cÖwµqvq wظY AvqZ‡b cÖmvwiZ Kiv nj| P~ovšÍ Pvc wbY©q Ki|
Aby-16| 30°𝐶 ZvcgvÎvq †Kvb wbw`©ó cwigvY M¨vm nVvr
ms‡KvwPZ n‡Z Pvc wظY n‡j ZvcgvÎv KZ e„w× cv‡e| 𝛾 = 1 ∙ 4|
Aby-17| 0 °𝐶 ZvcgvÎvq I 1evqygÛjxq Pv‡c wKQy cwigvY M¨vm
nVvr ms‡KvwPZ n‡q Avw` AvqZ‡bi GK PZz_©vsk n‡j P~ovšÍ Pvc,
ZvcgvÎv wbY©q Ki|cÖwµqvwU m‡gvò cÖwµqvq n‡j P~ovšÍ PvcI
ZvcgvÎv wbY©q Ki| 𝛾 = 1 ∙ 4
Aby-18| ‡Kv‡bv Kv‡b©v Pµ cÖv_wgK 3270 𝐶 ZvcgvÎvq KvR
m¤úbœ K‡i| cÖwZwU av‡c ms‡KvPb ev cÖmvi‡Yi AbycvZ 1t6 n‡j
P‡µi me©wbæ ZvcgvÎv KZ n‡e? [𝛾 = 1.4]
Aby-19| 15 °𝐶 ZvcgvÎvq wnwjqvg‡K nVvr AvqZ‡b 8 ¸Y e„w×
Ki‡j ZvcgvÎvi KZ cwieZ©b n‡e|[ 𝛾 = 1.67]
Aby-20| GKwU Kv‡b©v BwÄb 400𝐾 ZvcgvÎvi Zvc Drm n‡Z
200 𝐶𝑎𝑙 Zvc MÖnY K‡i Ges Zvc MÖvn‡K 150 𝐶𝑎𝑙 Zvc eR©b
K‡i|Zvc MÖvn‡Ki ZvcgvÎv Ges `¶Zv KZ ?
[ DËit 300 𝐾 , 25%]
Aby-21| GKwU Kv‡b©v BwÄb hLb 270 𝐶 ZvcgvÎvq Zvc MÖvn‡K
_v‡K ZLb Gi Kg©`¶Zv nq 50% |G‡K 60% `¶ Ki‡Z n‡j
Gi Dr‡mi ZvcgvÎv KZ evov‡Z n‡e ? [DËit 1500 𝐶 ]
Aby-22| GKwU wd«‡Ri gU‡ii ¶gZv 200 𝑊|hw` VvÛv
cÖ‡Kv‡ôi ZvcgvÎv 270𝐾 Ges evwn‡ii ZvcgvÎv 300𝐾 nq
Zvn‡j 100 wgwb‡U VvÛv cÖ‡Kvô †_‡K m‡e©v‛P KZ cwigvY Zvc
cvIqv hv‡e ? [DËit 1.08 × 107 𝐽]
Aby-23| GKwU Kv‡b©v BwÄb hLb 00 𝐶 Ges 1000 𝐶 ZvcgvÎvq
i‡q‡Q| m‡e©v‛P Kg©`¶Zv KZ n‡e? [DËit26.809% ]
Aby-24| ‡Kvb ZvcgvÎvq †mw›U‡MÖW I dv‡ibnvBU †¯‥j GKB
cvV †`q ? [DËit −400 𝐶 ]
Aby-25| GKwU †gvUi Uvqvi‡K 150 𝐶 ZvcgvÎvq Ges wظY
evqygÛjxq Pv‡c cv¤ú Kivq UvqviwU nVvr †d‡U †Mj|ZvcgvÎv
KZ K‡g hv‡e? 𝛾 = 1.4
[ DËit 51.740 𝐶]
Aby-26| GKwU cvigvYweK †evgv we‡ùvi‡Yi d‡j †h AwMœ †MvjK
m„wó nq Zvi e¨vm 200 wgUvi Ges ZvcgvÎv 105 𝐾 |AwMœ
†MvjKwU iy×Zvc cÖwµqvq we‡ùviY n‡q 2000 wgUvi e¨vm jvf
Ki‡j KZ ZvcgvÎv m„wó n‡e ? [ DËit 1047.13𝐾 ]
Aby-27| ‡Kvb ZvcgvÎv †mw›U‡MÖW I dv‡ibnvBU †¯‥‡j co‡j
200 cv_©K¨ cvV †`q ?
[DËi t −150 𝐶, 50 𝐹 A_ev −650 𝐶, −850 𝐹]