†gvnv¤§` ûgvq~b Kexi

cÖfvlK, †m›U †hv‡md D”P gva¨wgK we`¨vjq

cÖv³b wkÿK, †m›U †MÖMixÕm ¯‹zj GÛ K‡jR
gv÷vi †UªBbvi (evsjv)
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ-cÖYqb I DËicÎ g~j¨vqb †KŠkj
cÖavb cixÿK
gva¨wgK I D”P gva¨wgK wkÿv †evW©, XvKv
humayun’s tutorial

3.1 cyiæl I ¯¿xevPK kã

Avgiv Rvwb, evsjv fvlvi kãfvÐv‡i wewfbœ ai‡Yi kã i‡q‡Q| G‡`i g‡a¨ wKQz kã Av‡Q †h¸‡jv †Kv‡bv wKQzi msL¨v †evSvq| †hgb-
w`‡b GK mßvn| Avevi wKQz kã Av‡Q †h¸‡jv †Kv‡bv wKQzi wj½ m¤ú‡K© aviYv ‡`q| †hgb- wmsnvm‡b e‡m Av‡Qb| GLv‡b Avgv‡`i
eyS‡Z evwK _v‡K bv †h, wmsnvm‡b emv e¨w³wU GKRb cyiæl| KviY kãwUB Rvwb‡q w`‡”Q †h wZwb GKRb cyiæl| Avevi- mLx‡`i
mv‡_ Rj‡Kwj Ki‡Qb, Zvn‡jI †evSv hvq †h, R‡j †Ljv Kiv e¨w³wU GKRb gwnjv| myZivs evsjv fvlvq †h mg¯Í we‡kl¨ c‡`i mvnv‡h¨
†Kvb e¨w³, e¯‘ ev cÖvwYi cyiælevPKZv, ¯¿xevPKZv, cyiæl I ¯¿x DfqevPKZv A_ev wj½ wbi‡c¶Zv †evSvq Zv‡K wj½ ev cyiæl I ¯¿xevPK kã
e‡j| Ggwb‡Z Ôwj½Õ k‡ãi A_© wPý ev jÿY ev ¯§viK| c„w_exi cÖvq me fvlv‡ZB wj½‡f‡` kã‡f` Av‡Q A_©vr wj½ cwieZ©b Ki‡j
kãiƒcI cwiewZ©Z nq|
evsjv fvlvq ïay we‡kl¨ c‡`iB wj½‡f` nq| †hgb , evjK > evwjKv, cyiæl > bvix| BZ¨vw`| wKš‘ ms¯‹„Z fvlvq we‡kl¨ I we‡klY Dfq
c‡`iB wj½všÍi Ki‡Z nq| †hgb, my›`i evjK > my›`ix evwjKv, weØvb cyiæl > we`~lx bvix BZ¨vw`|

evsjv fvlvq cyiæl I ¯¿xevPK kã 3 cÖKvi, h_v:-1| cyswj½ ev cyiælevPK kã (Masculine Gender)
2| ¯¿xwj½ ev ¯¿xevPK kã (Feminine Gender)
3| K¬xe wj½ ev wj½ wbi‡cÿ kã (Neuter Gender)
GQvovI Dfqwj½ (Common Gender) bv‡g Av‡iK cÖKvi wj½ i‡q‡Q|
cyswj½ ev cyiælevPK kã: evsjv fvlvq †hmg¯Í we‡kl¨ c‡`i mvnv‡h¨ ‡Kvb e¨w³ ev cÖvwYi cyiælevPKZv †evSvq Zv‡K cyswj½ ev
cyiælevPK kã e‡j| †hgb- evjK, ‡R‡j, ivRv BZ¨vw`|
¯¿xwj½ ev ¯¿xevPK kã: evsjv fvlvq †hmg¯Í we‡kl¨ c‡`i mvnv‡h¨ ‡Kvb e¨w³ ev cÖvwYi ¯¿xevPKZv †evSvq Zv‡K ¯¿xwj½ ev ¯¿xevPK kã
e‡j| †hgb- evwjKv, ‡R‡jbx,ivbx BZ¨vw`|
K¬xe wj½ ev wj½ wbi‡cÿ kã: evsjv fvlvq †hmg¯Í we‡kl¨ c‡`i mvnv‡h¨ cyiæl ev ¯¿x wKQzB bv eywS‡q e¯‘i wj½ wbi‡c¶Zv †evSvq
Zv‡K K¬xewj½ e‡j| †hgb- eB, cvnvo,cv_i BZ¨vw`|
Dfqwj½ ev wj½ wbi‡cÿ kã evsjv fvlvq †hmg¯Í we‡kl¨ c‡`i mvnv‡h¨ ‡Kvb e¨w³ ev cÖvwYi cyiæl I ¯¿x DfqevPKZv †evSvq Zv‡K
Dfqwj½ e‡j| †hgb- mšÍvb, gvbyl, evQzi BZ¨vw`| G¸‡jv Avm‡j Av¶wiK A‡_© Dfq wj½ bv eywS‡q we‡kl A_© ev we‡kl mgq‡K †evSvq|
wj½všÍ‡ii wbqg t
evsjv fvlvq mvaviYZ `yBfv‡e ev `yB A‡_© wj½všÍi Kiv nq| †hgb:-
(K) mvaviY cyiæl I ¯¿xRvZxq A‡_©:- fvB > ‡evb, wk¶K > wkw¶Kv, †`ei > bb` BZ¨vw`|
(L) cwZ-cZœx A‡_©:- fvB > fvex, wk¶K > wk¶KcZœx, †`ei > Rv BZ¨vw`
wewfbœ c×wZ‡Z wj½všÍi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| †hgb :-
1| g~j k‡ãi Av‡M cyiælevPK kã †hvM K‡i cyswj½ Ges g~j k‡ãi Av‡M ¯¿xevPK kã †hvM K‡i ¯¿xwj½ Kiv nq| A_©vr G †¶‡Î cyswj½ I
¯¿xwj½ DfqB ˆZwi K‡i wb‡Z nq| †hgb, ÔevQziÕ g~jkã, Gi Av‡M cyiælevPK kã ÔG‡oÕ †hvM K‡i cyswj½ Kiv n‡jv ÔG‡o evQziÕ| Avevi
¯¿xevPK kã ÔeKbvÕ †hvM K‡i ¯¿xwj½ Kiv n‡jv ÔeKbv evQziÕ| Ggwbfv‡e, bi/gÏv/û‡jv weovj > †gwb weovj, g`©v †Nvov > gvw` †Nvov,
cyiæl †jvK > †g‡q †jvK, †eUv †Q‡j > †g‡q †Q‡j, ej` Miæ > MvB Miæ, cyiæl K‡q`x > ¯¿x/‡g‡q K‡q`x BZ¨vw`|

2| g~j k‡ãi c‡i cyiælevPK kã †hvM K‡i cyswj½ Ges g~j k‡ãi c‡i ¯¿xevPK kã †hvM K‡i ¯¿xwj½ Kiv nq| A_©vr G†¶‡ÎI cyswj½ I
¯¿xwj½ DfqB ˆZwi K‡i wb‡Z nq| †hgb, ÔVvKziÕ g~jkã, Gi c‡i cyiælevPK kã Ô`v`vÕ †hvM K‡i cyswj½ Kiv n‡jv ÔVvKzi `v`vÕ| Avevi
¯¿xevPK kã ÔgvÕ †hvM K‡i ¯¿xwj½ Kiv n‡jv ÔVvKzigvÕ| Ggwbfv‡e, fvB‡cv > fvBwS, VvKzi‡cv > VvKyiwS, †evb†cv > †evbwS

3| cyiælevPK k‡ãi Av‡M ¯¿xevPK kã †hvM K‡i ¯¿xwj½ Kiv nq| †hgb, Kwe > gwnjv Kwe, cywjk > gwnjv cywjk, Wv³vi > gwnjv
Wv³vi, mf¨ > gwnjv mf¨, Kg©x > gwnjv/bvix Kg©x, ˆmb¨ > gwnjv/bvix ˆmb¨, wkíx > gwnjv/bvix wkíx BZ¨vw`|
4| cyiælevPK k‡ãi c‡i ¯¿xevPK kã †hvM K‡i ¯¿xwj½ Kiv nq| †hgb:- Kwe > KwecZœx, Mqjv > Mqjv †eŠ, wk¶K > wk¶KcZœx, †R‡j >
†R‡j eD|
5| cyiælevPK k‡ãi c‡i wewfbœ ¯¿x cÖZ¨q †hvM K‡i ¯¿xwj½ Kiv nq| †hgb, bvqK > bvwqKv, †gavex > †gavwebx, gvjv > gvwjKv
 †gvnv¤§` ûgvq~b Kexi
cÖfvlK, †m›U †hv‡md D”P gva¨wgK we`¨vjq
cÖv³b wkÿK, †m›U †MÖMixÕm ¯‹zj GÛ K‡jR
gv÷vi †UªBbvi (evsjv)
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ-cÖYqb I DËicÎ g~j¨vqb †KŠkj
cÖavb cixÿK
gva¨wgK I D”P gva¨wgK wkÿv †evW©, XvKv
humayun’s tutorial

BZ¨vw`| Z‡e wKQz wKQz ¯¿x cÖZ¨q wj½všÍi Kivi cwie‡Z© wfbœ A‡_© e¨eüZ nq| †hgb ÔBKvÕ cÖZ¨q| GwU ¯¿xwj½I K‡i Avevi wfbœ A‡_©I
e¨eüZ nq| †hgb t bvqK > bvwqKv, evjK > evwjKv, cvVK > cvwVKv G k㸇jv‡Z ¯¿xwj½ K‡i‡Q| Avevi cy¯ÍK > cyw¯ÍKv, gvjv >
gvwjKv, bvUK > bvwUKv GB D`vniY¸‡jv‡Z wfbœv‡_© A_©vr ¶y`ªv‡_© ÔBKvÕ cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡q‡Q| GKBfv‡e, ÔAvbxÕ cÖZ¨q wj½všÍiI K‡i Avevi
e„nr A‡_©I e¨eüZ nq| †hgb :- VvKzi > VvKzivbx, †g_i > †g_ivbx G kã`ywU‡Z wj½všÍi K‡i‡Q| wKš‘ AiY¨ > AiY¨vbx GLv‡b e„nr eb
Ges wng > wngvbx GLv‡b RgvU eid †evSv‡”Q|
6| wfbœ kã †hv‡M ev Avjv`v Avjv`v kã‡hv‡M wj½všÍi Kiv nq| †hgb t ivRv > ivbx, evev > gv, mgªvU > mgªvÁx, fvB > †evb, KZ©v >
wMwbœ, †Q‡j > †g‡q, mv‡ne > wewe, RvgvB > †g‡q, ei > K‡b, ev`kvn > †eMg, ïK > mvix, †eqvB > †eqvBb, ZvH > gvH BZ¨vw`|
wbZ¨cyiælevPK kã:- †hmg¯Í kã memgq cyiylevPKZv †evSvq Ges hv‡`i †Kvb ¯¿xevPK kã †bB Zv‡`i‡K wbZ¨ cyiælevPK kã e‡j|
wbZ¨cyiælevPK kã 2 cÖKvi, 1| wbZ¨ cyiælevPK Zrmg/ ms¯‹…Z kã
2| wbZ¨ cyiælevPK evsjv/ LuvwU evsjv kã
1| wbZ¨ cyiælevPK Zrmg/ ms¯‹…Z kã:- †hmg¯Í Zrmg ev ms¯‹…Z kã memgq cyiylevPKZv †evSvq Ges hv‡`i †Kvb ¯¿xevPK kã †bB
Zv‡`i‡K wbZ¨ cyiælevPK Zrmg kã e‡j| †hgb-K…Z`vi, AK…Z`vi, mcZœxK, wecZœxK, KweivR BZ¨vw`|
2| wbZ¨ cyiælevPK evsjv/LuvwU evsjv kã-†hmg¯Í evsjv ev LuvwU evsjv kã memgq cyiylevPKZv †evSvq Ges hv‡`i †Kvb ¯¿xevPK kã
†bB Zv‡`i‡K wbZ¨ cyiælevPK evsjv kã e‡j| †hgb- XvKx
wbZ¨¯¿xevPK kã:- †hmg¯Í kã memgq ¯¿xevPKZv †evSvq Ges hv‡`i †Kvb cyiælevPK kã †bB Zv‡`i‡K wbZ¨ ¯¿xevPK kã e‡j|
wbZ¨¯¿xevPK kã 2 cÖKvi, 1| wbZ¨ ¯¿xevPK Zrmg/ ms¯‹…Z kã
2| wbZ¨ ¯¿xevPK evsjv / LuvwU evsjv kã
1| wbZ¨ ¯¿xevPK Zrmg/ ms¯‹…Z kã:- †hmg¯Í Zrmg ev ms¯‹…Z kã memgq ¯¿xevPKZv †evSvq Ges hv‡`i †Kvb cyiælevPK kã †bB
Zv‡`i‡K wbZ¨ ¯¿xevPK Zrmg kã e‡j| †hgb- mZxb, Aa©vw½bx, KzjUv, weaev, Am~h©¤úk¨v, AiÿYxqv, mcZœx BZ¨vw`|
2| wbZ¨ ¯¿xevPK evsjv/ LuvwU evsjv kã:- †hmg¯Í evsjv/ LuvwU evsjv kã memgq ¯¿xevPKZv †evSvq Ges hv‡`i †Kvb cyiælevPK kã
†bB Zv‡`i‡K wbZ¨ ¯¿xevPK evsjv/ LuvwU evsjv kã e‡j| †hgb- mZxb, mrgv, G‡qv, `vB, maev

we‡kl wbq‡g mvwaZ ¯¿xevPK kã:-

(K) †mme cyiælevPK k‡ãi †k‡l ÔZvÕ i‡q‡Q, ¯¿xevPK †evSv‡Z †mme k‡ã ÔÎxÕ nq| †hgb:- †bZv > †bÎx, KZ©v > KÎx©, †kÖvZv > †kÖvÎx©,
avZv > avÎx© BZ¨vw`|
(L) cyiælevPK k‡ãi †k‡l AZ&, evb&, gvb&, Cqvb& _vK‡j h_vµ‡g AZx, eZx, gZx, Cqmx nq| †hgb:- mr > mZx, gnr > gnZx, ¸Yevb
> ¸YeZx, iƒcevb > iƒceZx, kÖxgvb > kÖxgZx, eyw×gvb > eyw×gZx, Mwiqvb > Mwiqmx BZ¨vw`|
(M) †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv cyiælevPK kã †_‡K we‡kl wbq‡g ¯¿xevPK kã MwVZ nq| †hgb:- m¤ªvU > m¤ªvÁx, ivRv > ivbx, hyeK > hyeZx, k¦ïi >
k^vïwo, bi > bvix, eÜ z> evÜex, ‡`ei > Rv, wkÿK > wkÿwqÎx, ¯^vgx > ¯¿x, cwZ > cZœx, mfvcwZ > mfv‡bÎx BZ¨vw`|
(N) wKQz cyiælevPK k‡ãi `y‡Uv K‡i ¯¿xevPK kã i‡q‡Q| †hgb-‡`ei > bb`/Rv, fvB > ‡evb/fvex, wkÿK > wkÿwqÎx/wkÿKcZœx, eÜz >
evÜex/eÜzcZœx, `v`v > w`w`/‡eŠw` BZ¨vw`|
(O) KZ¸‡jv Zrmg ¯¿xevPK k‡ãi c‡i Avevi ¯¿xevPK cÖZ¨q hy³ nq| †hgb-AfvMv > AfvMx/AfvwMbx, bb` > bb`x/bbw`bx, k~`ª > k~`ªv
( k~`ª RvZxq ¯¿x‡jvK) wKš‘ k~`ª > k~`ªvbx (k~‡`ªi ¯¿x)
(P) we‡aq we‡klY A_©vr we‡k‡l¨i cieZ©x we‡klYI ¯¿xevPK nq bv| †hgb:- †g‡qwU cvMj n‡q †M‡Q (cvMwj n‡q †M‡Q n‡e bv), Avmgv f‡q
Aw¯’i (f‡q Aw¯’iv n‡e bv|)
(Q) Kzj DcvwaiI ¯¿xevPKZv i‡q‡Q| †hgb:- †Nvl (cyiæl) †NvlRv (Kb¨v A‡_©) †Nvl Rvqv (cZœx A‡_©)

wKQz we‡`kx ¯¿xevPK kã : gi` > ‡Rbvbv, gv‡jK > gv‡jKv, gynZvwig > gynZvwigv, myjZvb > myjZvbv,Lvb > Lvbg BZ¨vw`|

wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wj½všÍi- ÔbxÕ cÖZ¨q †hv‡M:- gvqvex- gvqvwebx, ‡hvMx-‡hvwMbx, †gavex-‡gavwebx, `y:Lx-`y:wLbx, wfLvix-wfLvwibx
- ÔCbxÕ cÖZ¨q †hv‡M- KznK-KznwKbx, KvOvj-KvOvwjbx, ‡Mvqvjv-‡Mvqvwjbx, evN-evwNbx