Aa¨vq 1: g¨vwUª· I wbY©vqK

g¨vwUª‡·i cÖKvi‡f`

 g¨vwUª·: KZ¸‡jv msL¨v‡K mvwi Ges Kjvg AvKv‡i mvRv‡bvi d‡j †h AvqZvKvi ev, eMv©Kvi
web¨vm/m¾v cvIqv hvq, Zv‡K g¨vwUª· e‡j|
g¨vwUª‡· Avbyf‚wgK eivei Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K mvwi Ges Dj¤^ eivei Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K Kjvg (¯Í¤)¢ e‡j|
cÖ_‡g mvwi msL¨v wj‡L µm () wPý w`‡q c‡i Kjvg msL¨v wjL‡j, Zv‡K g¨vwUª‡·i µg (Order)
e‡j|
g¨vwUª‡·i Dcv`vb¸‡jv mvaviYZ [ ] ev, ( ) eÜbx Øviv Ave× Kiv nq|
 a 11 a 12 a 13 
†hgb- A = a 21 a 22 a 23  g¨vwUª‡·i mvwi msL¨v 3 wU Ges Kjvg msL¨vwU msL¨v 3 wU Ges Order:
a a 33 
 31 a 32

3 3 .

 g¨vwUª· Gi cÖKvi‡f`:
1. AvqZvKvi g¨vwUª·: †Kvb g¨vwUª‡·i mvwi Ges Kjvg msL¨v mgvb bv n‡j, Zv‡K AvqZvKvi g¨vwUª· e‡j|
†hgb- A =  12 32 43 -hv 2  3 µ‡gi g¨vwUª·|
 

2. mvwi g¨vwUª·: †h g¨vwUª‡·i GKwU gvÎ mvwi Av‡Q, Zv‡K mvwi g¨vwUª· e‡j| †hgb- B= [2 3 4] -hv
13 µ‡gi g¨vwUª·|
3. Kjvg g¨vwUª·: †h g¨vwUª‡·i GKwU gvÎ Kjvg Av‡Q, Zv‡K Kjvg g¨vwUª· e‡j| †hgb-
1
C= 2 -hv 31 µ‡gi g¨vwUª·|
3

 1 2 3
4. eM© g¨vwUª·: †h g¨vwUª‡·i mvwi Ges Kjvg msL¨v mgvb, Zv‡K eM© g¨vwUª· e‡j| †hgb, D =  − 1 5 6
 2 1 3

-hv 3  3 µ‡gi g¨vwUª·|

5. k~b¨ g¨vwUª·: †h g¨vwUª‡·i cÖ‡Z¨KwU Dcv`vb k~b¨, Zv‡K k~b¨ g¨vwUª· e‡j|

†hgb, E = 0 0 0 
0 0 0
-hv 2  3 µ‡gi k~b¨ g¨vwUª·|
6. A‡f`K g¨vwUª·: †h eM© g¨vwUª‡·i cÖavb K‡Y©i mKj Dcv`vb 1 Ges Aewkó mKj Dcv`vb k~b¨, Zv‡K
A‡f`K g¨vwUª· e‡j| Bnv‡K I Øviv mywPZ Kiv nq| †hgb-
1 0 0
I= 0 1 0 -hv 3  3 µ‡gi A‡f`K g¨vwUª·|
0 0 1

7. KY© g¨vwUª·: †h eM© g¨vwUª‡·i cÖavb K‡Y©i Dcv`vb ¸‡jv Ak~b¨ Ges Ab¨ me¸‡jv Dcv`vb k~b¨, Zv‡K
a 0 0 
KY© g¨vwUª· e‡j| †hgb, F = 0 b 0 
0 0 c 

8. we¤^ g¨vwUª·: †Kvb g¨vwUª· Gi mvwi ¸‡jv‡K Kjvg Ges Kjvg ¸‡jv‡K mvwi evbv‡j †h bZzb g¨vwUª·
cvIqv hvq Zv‡K we¤^ g¨vwUª· e‡j| we¤^ g¨vwUª·‡K AT Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
 7 11 2 
D`vniY ¯^iƒc, A = 15 19 13
 1 5 10

 7 15 1 
then AT = 11 19 5 
 2 13 10

9. g¨vwUª· Gi †Uªm: cÖavb K‡Y©i Dcv`vb¸‡jvi †hvMdj‡K ejv nq g¨vwUª·wUi †Uªm|

 7 11 2 
D`vniY ¯^iƒc, A = 15 19 13
 1 5 10

ZLb, trA = (7 + 19 + 10) = 36

10.A¨vWR‡q›U g¨vwUª·: hw` A GKwU eM© g¨vwUª· nq Z‡e A g¨vwUª· Gi †Kv dv±i¸‡jv‡K wb‡q †h g¨vwUª·
MVb Kiv nq Zvi we¤^ g¨vwUª·‡K ejv nq A¨vWR‡q›U g¨vwUª·|

D`vniY ¯^iƒc, A =  4 − 2
3 − 6

ZLb,c11 = –6, c12 = –3, c21 = 2 Ges c22= 4

†hLv‡b, c =  c11 c12  n‡jv mn¸YK (co-factor) g¨vwUª·

c 21 c 22 

GLb A -Gi A¨vWR‡q›U g¨vwUª· n‡e adjA. =  − 6 2

 − 3 4

Technique: hw` A = ac b GKwU 22 µ‡gi eM© g¨vwUª· nq Z‡e adjA. =  d − b
 d  − c a 
 D`vniY ¯^iƒc, A =  − 1 2 Zvn‡j adjA. =  4 − 2
− 3 4 3 − 1 

11.e¨wZµgx I Ae¨wZµgx g¨vwUª·: †h eM© g¨vwUª· Gi gvb k~b¨ Zv‡K e¨wZµgx g¨vwUª· e‡j Ges †h eM©
g¨vwUª· Gi gvb k~b¨ bq Zv‡K
Ae¨wZµgx g¨vwUª· e‡j|

†hgb : awi, A =  2 4
3 6

 detA = (2  6 – 3  4) = 0 i.e., A e¨wZµgx g¨vwUª·

Avevi B = 23 4
8 


detB = (2  8 – 3  4) = 4 i.e., B Ae¨wZµgx g¨vwUª·

12.wÎfyRvK…wZ g¨vwUª·: †h eM© g¨vwUª· Gi gyL¨ ev cÖavb K‡Y©i wbgœ¯’ gvb¸‡jv k~b¨ Zv‡K DaŸ© wÎfyRvK…wZ
g¨vwUª· Avi hvi DaŸ©¯’ mKj Dcv`vb¸‡jv k~b¨ Zv‡K wbgœ wÎfyRvK…wZ g¨vwUª· e‡j|
†hgb,
1 2 3
U= 0 4 5  nj 33 AvK…wZi upper triangular matrix.
0 0 6

1 0 0 
L=  2 3 0 nj 33 AvK…wZi Lower triangular matrix.
4 5 6

13.wecixZ g¨vwUª·: †Kvb g¨vwUª‡·i wecixZ g¨vwUª· †ei Ki‡Z n‡j, mswkøó g¨vwUª‡·i wbY©vqK †ei K‡i
Gi m‡½ cÖ‡Z¨KwU Dcv`v‡bi mn¸YK mvwi eivei †ei K‡i Kjvg eivei wj‡L †h g¨vwUª· (Adjoint
Matrix) cvIqv hvq Zv ¸Y Ki‡Z nq|
1
Formula: hw` A GKwU eM© g¨vwUª· nq Z‡e, A Gi wecixZ g¨vwUª·, A–1 = det(A)  [Adj. A]

†hgb- A = 3 4 n‡j, A-1 = ?

5 6

GLv‡b, det( A) or , | A |= (18 − 20) = −2.

 6 − 4
Adj.( A) = 
− 5 3 

1 6 − 4
 A −1 = −
2 − 5 3 
.
 Notes: wecixZ g¨vwUª· cvIqvi kZ©:
(i) mswkøó g¨vwUª·wU‡K eM©vKvi n‡Z n‡e
(ii) mswkøó g¨vwUª·wUi wbY©vqK k~b¨ n‡Z cvi‡e bv|

Ex. A =  2 4 n‡j, A −1 = ?
3 8 

1 − b
Soln: Technique: hw` A = ac b
d 
GKwU 22 µ‡gi eM© g¨vwUª· nq Z‡e, A–1 = ad–bc −dc a 
;
 

ad–bc  0
1 8 − 4
1 − 4
A–1 = = 4 −83 Ans.
28–34 − 3 2   2 

Note: e¨wZµgx g¨vwUª·-Gi †Kvb wecixZ g¨vwUª· †bB|

 g¨vwUª‡·i †hvM Ges we‡qvM: `yÕwU g¨vwUª‡·i Order mgvb n‡jB †KejgvÎ Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †hvM ev, we‡qvM
m¤¢e| g¨vwUª‡·i †hvM ev, we‡qvM ej‡Z cÖ‡Z¨KwU Ae¯’v‡bi Dcv`v‡bi †hvM ev, we‡qvM eySvq|
6 7 1 3
†hgb- A=  Ges B=  n‡j,
8 9 2 4

 6 + 1 7 + 3  7 10
A+B=  =  .
8 + 2 9 + 4 10 13

 g¨vwUª‡·i ¸Yb: `yÕwU g¨vwUª‡·i g‡a¨ ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡j Aek¨B cÖ_g g¨vwUª‡·i Kjvg msL¨v wØZxq g¨vwUª‡·i
mvwi msL¨vi mgvb n‡Z nq|
Technique: `yÕwU g¨vwUª‡·i g‡a¨ ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ_g g¨vwUª‡·i mvwi eivei Ae¯’v‡bi Dcv`vb¸‡jvi
mv‡_ wØZxq g¨vwUª‡·i Kjvg eiveiAe¯’v‡bi Dcv`vb¸‡jvi ¸Y K‡i gvSLv‡b †hvM wPý emv‡Z
nq|†hgb- A = 13 24 Ges
 

B = 3 4 5 n‡j, AB Ges BA wbY©q Ki|

6 7 8

AB wbY©q: A g¨vwUª‡·i Kjvg msL¨v 2-hv B g¨vwUª‡·i mvwi msL¨v 2 Gi mgvb| myZivs AB wbY©q m¤¢e|
1 3 + 2  6 1 4 + 2  7 1 5 + 2  8 
 AB =  = 
15 18 21
3  3 + 4  6 3  4 + 4  7 3  5 + 4  8  33 40 47  23

[Note: `yÕwU g¨vwUª‡·i ¸Ydj g¨vwUª·wUi Order nq cÖ_g g¨vwUª·wUi mvwi Ges wØZxq g¨vwUª·wUi
Kjvg msL¨vi ¸Yd‡ji mgvb|]
 BA wbY©q: B g¨vwUª‡·i Kjvg msL¨v 3-hv A g¨vwUª‡·i mvwi msL¨v 2 Gi mgvb bq| myZivs BA wbY©q
m¤¢e bq|

g¨vwUª‡·i †hvM, we‡qvM Ges †¯‹jvi ¸Yb

1. hw` A = − 1 5 , B=  0 2 nq, Zvn‡j AB = ?
 6 7  − 1 1

Soln: AB =  − 1 5  .  0 2
 6 7 − 1 1

= − 1.0 + 5(−1) − 1.2 + 5.1

 6.0 + 7(−1) 6.2 + 7.1 

= − 5 3  Ans.
− 7 19

weKí mgvavb: g¨vwUª· Gi ¸Yb wbY©‡q Calculator e¨envi Kiv hvq| G‡¶‡Î cÖ`Ë g¨vwUª· Gi gvb
Calculator G Input w`‡h Ans. †ei Kiv hvq| Calculator G GB ai‡bi AsK¸‡jv Kiv
myweavRbK|

ES Series: Calculator will display

A MAT D

0
MODE 6 1 5

Input A matrix according to question

Then press
AC SHIFT 4 1 2 5

Input B matrix according to question

Then press
 AC SHIFT 4 3 × SHIFT 4 4 =

Calculator will display the result

Ans MAT D

–5

− 1 0 
2. hw` A = 1 3 , B= 1 2  nq, Zvn‡j AB Ges BA Gi gvb KZ?
3 4 
 2 − 1

− 1 0 
Soln: AB = 1 3 . 1 2 
 2 − 1 3 4 

 − 1.1 + 0.3 − 1.2 + 0.4  − 1 − 2

=  1.1 + 3.3 1.2 + 3.4  = 10 14  Ans.
2.1 + (−1)3 2.2 + (−1)4 − 1 0 

− 1 0 
Avevi, BA = 1 2  .  1 3 -hv wbY©q m¤¢e bq|
3 4   2 − 1
 

[Note: `yÕwU g¨vwUª‡·i g‡a¨ ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡j Aek¨B cÖ_g g¨vwUª‡·i Kjvg msL¨v wØZxq g¨vwUª‡·i mvwi
msL¨vi mgvb n‡Z nq|]

3. hw` A = 1 2 nq, Z‡e A2-2A+11 I = ?

3 5

Soln: GLb, A2 = 1 2 1 2 =  1 + 6 2 + 10 
3 5 3 5 3 + 15 6 + 25

=  7 12
18 31

 A2-2A+11 I =  7 12
18 31
–2 1 2
3 5
+ 11 1 0
0 1

=  7 12 – 2 4  + 11 0 
18 31 6 10  0 11
 = 16 8  Ans.
12 32

4. hw` A = 2 − 5 1  , B= 1 − 2 − 3 ,
3 0 − 4 0 − 1 5 

C= 0 0 − 2  nq Z‡e 3A + 4B – 2C wbY©q Ki|

1 − 1 − 1

Soln:

3A + 4B – 2C = 6 + 4 − 0 − 15 − 8 − 2 3 − 12 + 4 
9 + 0 + −2 0 − 4 + 2 − 12 + 20 + 2

= 10 − 25 − 5
 7 − 2 10 

A_ev Calculator e¨envi K‡i|

Previous Years' Questions

  x
১.     0, x = ? [DU 14-15]
 x 
(K),, (L) , (M) , (N) ,

 2 − 2  2 2
২.  =   Ges  =  ,  = ? [DU 14-15]
− 2 2   3 3
− 2 2 0 0
(K)   (L)  
− 2 2  0 0
 0 0  − 2 − 2
(M)   (N)  
 3 0  2 2 
2 0  3 0 2 0 3 0
৩. hw` A =   , B =   nq, Z‡e AB mgvb (If A =   , b =   then AB
 0 − 3 5 1  0 − 3 5 1
equals) [DU 05-06]
 6 0   3 −1  1 0 1 − 2
K)   L)   M)   N)  
 − 15 − 3   2 − 5  − 2 15  0 5 

2 0  3 0 2 0  3 0  6 + 0 0+0   6 0 
Solve: A =   B =    AB =     =   =  
 0 − 3 5 1  0 − 3  5 1   0 − 15 0 + (−3)   − 15 − 3 

 2 − 3
৪. (If) hw` A =   nq, Z‡e (Then) A2 gvb (equals) : [DU 04-05]
3 2 

 − 5 12   5 − 12   − 5 12   − 5 − 12 
K)   L)   M)   N)  
 − 12 5   − 12 5   12 − 5   12 − 5 

 2 − 3  2 − 3  2 − 3  4 − 9 − 6 − 6   − 5 − 12 
Solve: A =    A 2 =     =   =  
3 2  3 2  3 2   6 + 6 − 9 + 4   12 − 5 

1 0  5 0 1 0  5 0
৫. hw` A =  , B =   nq, ZLb AB nq? (If A = A =  , B =   then AB is):
 0 5  2 1  0 5  2 1
[DU 03-04]
 5 0  5 0  6 0  8 1
K)   L)   M)   N)  
 2 5 10 5   2 6 12 5 

1 0  5 0  5 + 0 0 + 0  5 0
Solve: A =   B =    AB =   =  
0 5  2 1 1 + 10 0 + 5  10 5 

 i i  i − 1
৬. =  , =   Ges i = − 1 n‡j AB Gi gvb n‡e- [DU 12-13]
− i 1 − 1 − i 
1 0  0 0  i 0 i 1
(K)   (L) 0 0  (M)   (N)   Ans: B
0 1    0 i  1 i 

mgvavb: [
1 i
][
i −1
] = [ i2− i −1 − i2 ] = [0 0]
−i 1 −1 −i −i − 1 i−i 0 0
 wecixZ g¨vwUª· wbY©q

1.  2 4  g¨vwUª‡·i wecixZ g¨vwUª· KZ?

 3 6

Soln: GLv‡b g¨vwUª‡·i wbYv©qK =(26-43) = 0

 wecixZ g¨vwUª· m¤¢e bq|
[KviY cÖ`Ë g¨vwUª‡·i wbY©vqK Gi gvb k~b¨|]
Note: †Kvb g¨vwUª‡·i wbY©vq‡Ki gvb k~b¨ n‡j, Zv‡K e¨vwZµgx (singular) g¨vwUª· e‡j|

2. hw` A = 1 2 nq Z‡e A-1 =?

3 4

Soln:

A-1 = 1  4 − 2 = − 1  4 − 2 Ans.
4 − 6 − 3 1  2 − 3 1 

Ex. hw` A = 2 − 5 n‡j A–1 Gi gvb wbY©q Ki|

4 8 

Soln: A–1 = 1  8 5 = 1  8 5
2  8 − 4(− 5) − 4 2 36 − 4 2

1 − 1
Ex. A =   n‡j A–1 = KZ?
1 1

Soln: Det (A) = 1 + 1 = 2

1 1
 1 1 2 2
A = –1 1
  =  −1 1
2  − 1 1  
2 2
❑ Practice Problem:
1. A = 1 5  n‡j A–1 = ? Ans. – 1 − 2 − 5
3 − 2 17  − 3 1 

2. A = 4 3 − 5 n‡j A–1 = ? Ans. wbY©q‡hvM¨ bq [Squre matrix bq]

2 − 1 6 

Previous Years' Questions

 3 − 4  3 − 4
১. A =   n‡j det (2A–1) Gi gvb n‡jv-(If A =   , the value of det (2A–1) is–) [DU
 2 − 3   2 − 3 
19-20]
1
1 −
A. 4 B. –4 C. D. 4
4
3 −4 −3 4
mgvavb: B; A = ( ) , A−1 = ( )
2 −3 −2 3
6 −8
2A−1 = ( ) , det(2A−1 ) = −4
2 −6
weKí: det(2A−1 ) = 22  det(A−1 ) = 4(−1) = −4

 cos sin  
২.   Gi wecixZ g¨vwUª· ? [DU 13-14]
 − sin  cos 
 cos − sin    cos − sin  
(K)   (L)  
 − sin  cos   sin  − cos 
 cos − sin    cos sin  
(M)   (N)   Ans: C
 sin  cos   sin  cos 
 −2 1 
৩. hw` A =   nq, Z‡e A −1 mgvb-
 3 / 2 −1/ 2 
  −2 1 
(If A =   , then A −1 is-) [DU 10-11]
 3 / 2 −1/ 2 
1 3 1 0 3 4 1 2
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
 2 4 0 1 1 2 3 4
7 6 7 6 −1
৪. A =   n‡j A −1 (If A =   , then A is ) [DU 08-09]
8 7 8 7
[Ans : C]
− 7 6   7 − 8  7 − 6 − 7 8 
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
 8 − 7 − 6 7  − 8 7   6 − 7
7 6  7 −6 1 0  7 −6
Solve: GLv‡b     =   A −1 =  
 8 7   −8 7   0 1   −8 7 

1 2 1 2
৫. hw` A =   nq, Z‡e A−1 (If A =   then A−1 is) [DU 06-07]
3 4 3 4

1  4 − 3 1  4 − 2 1  4 − 3
K)  L)   M) −   N)
2  − 2 1  2  − 3 1  2  − 2 1 
1  4 − 2
−  
2  − 3 1 

1 2
Solve: calculator (Mat mode) A =  
3 4

g¨vwUª‡·i mgZv

`yBwU g¨vwUª· A = [aij] Ges B = [bij] †K mgvb g¨vwUª· ejv nq hw` I †Kej hw` i = j nq Ges cÖwZwUi
Dcv`vb AciwUi Abyiƒc Dcv`vb mgvb nq|

Ex. a + b2 5  4 5
2

a 2 − b 2 
= 6 2
n‡j (a, b) = KZ?
 6

Soln: GLv‡b, a2 + b2 = 4 ................ (i)

 a2 – b2 = 2 ................ (ii)
(i) + (ii)  2a2 = 6  a =  3

(i) – (ii)  2b2 = 2  b =  1

 (a, b) = ( 3 , 1) Ans.

Ex. a − b2 3  8 3 n‡j

2
a + b
= 2 1
(a, b) = KZ?
 2

Soln: GLv‡b, a2 – b2 = 8  (a + b) (a – b) = 8 ............ (i)

a + b = 1 ................ (ii)
(i) n‡Z, 1 (a – b) = 8  a – b = 8 ................ (iii)
9
(ii) + (iii)  2a = 9  a = 2

7
(ii) – (iii)  2b = 7  b = 2

 (a, b) =  92 , 72  Ans.
 

Previous Years' Questions

0 3 2x + 7
১. 2 7 x 9 + 5 x = 0 n‡j, x Gi gvb ? [DU 13-14]
0 0 2x + 5
7 5
(K) − 9 (L) − (M) − (N) 0 Ans: C
5 2 2
mgvavb: Z…Zxq Row `yBwU 0 _vKvq GB eivei we¯Ívi K‡i-
 1 1 1
 
২. hw`  x a b  = 0, x = ? [DU 03-04]
 x2 a2 b 2 


K) −a ev (or) b L) a ev (or) −b M) −a ev (or) −b N) a ev

(or) b
1 1 1
Solve: x a b =0  ab 2 − ba 2 − (xb 2 − bx 2 ) + (a 2 x − ax 2 ) = 0
x2 a2 b2

 ab(b − a ) + x 2 (b − a ) − x (a + b) (b − a ) = 0  x 2 − (a + b)x + ab = 0
x = a Or, b

 x − y 1  8 1
৩. (If)   =   n‡j (then) (x, y) = ? [DU 02-03]
 7 x + y 7 2 
[Ans : B]

K) (−5, −3) L) (5, −3) M) (−5, 3) N) (5, 3)

x − y 1  8 1 
Solve:  = x − y = 8 x + y = 2
 7 x + y 7 2

mgvavb K‡i, x = 5, y = −3 [Calculator, Eqn mode]

wbY©vq‡Ki gvb wbY©q

 wbY©vqK: wbY©vqK GKwU we‡kl AvKv‡i wjwLZ wbw`©ó GK cÖKv‡ii ivwk| wbY©vqK‡K mvaviYZ Lvov `yÕwU
†iLv A_©vr, | | Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
 a11 a12 a13
†hgb- A = a 21 a 22 a 23
a31 a32 a33

wbY©vq‡Ki cÖwZwU Dcv`v‡bi GKwU K‡i wPý Av‡Q| Dcv`v‡bi Ae¯’v‡bi msL¨v¸‡jvi †hvMdj †Rvo n‡j
wPý abvZ¥K nq, wKš‘ we‡Rvo n‡j wPý FYvZ¥K nq| †hgb- ' a11 ' Gi wPý abvZ¥K, wKš‘ ' a12 ' Gi
wPý FYvZ¥K|
Note: g¨vwUª· AvqZvKvi ev, eM©vKvi n‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ wbY©vqK memgq eM©vKvi nq A_©vr, mvwi Ges
Kjvg msL¨v mgvb nq|

 Abyivwk (Minor): wbY©vq‡Ki cÖwZwU Dcv`v‡bi GKwU K‡i Abyivwk Av‡Q| †Kvb Dcv`v‡bi Abyivwk
†ei Ki‡Z n‡j H Dcv`vbwU †h Kjvg Ges †h mvwi‡Z Aew¯’Z Zv ev` w`‡q †h Dcv`vb¸‡jv Aewkó
_v‡K, Zv‡`i wb‡q MwVZ wbY©vqK‡K H Dcv`vbwUi Abyivwk e‡j|
1 2 3
†hgb- A= 4 5 6
G '5' Dcv`v‡bi Abyivwk n‡jv: 1 3
= (9 − 21) = −12.
7 9
7 8 9

 mn¸YK (Co-factor): wbY©vq‡Ki cÖwZwU Dcv`v‡bi GKwU K‡i mn¸YK Av‡Q| †Kvb Dcv`v‡bi
mn¸YK †ei Ki‡Z n‡j H Dcv`v‡bi Abyivwki Av‡M H Dcv`v‡bi Ae¯’v‡bi h_vh_ wPý emv‡jB
mn¸YK cvIqv hvq|
1 −2 3 1 −2
†hgb- A= −6
G '6' Dcv`v‡bi mn¸YK n‡jv: − = −(8 − 14) = 6.
4 5 −7 8
−7 8 9

Note: In the above determinant, the cofactor of the element ‘6’ may be
expressed in different styles like:
1 −2 −1 − 2 1 2 −1 2 1 −2
− or , or , or , or , or , 6.
−7 8 7 8 −7 −8 −7 8 7 −8

 wbY©vq‡Ki †gŠwjK ¸Yvejx:

i) †Kvb wbY©vq‡Ki mvwi¸wj Zv‡`i Abyiƒc Kjvg mg~‡n cwiewZ©Z n‡j Ges Kjvg¸wj Zv‡`i Abyiƒc
mvwimg~‡n cwiewZ©Z n‡j, wbY©vq‡Ki gv‡bi †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv| †hgb,
a1 b1 c1 a1 a2 a3

D= a2 b2 c2 Ges D= b1 b2 b3

c1 c2 c3
  D = D
ii) †Kvb wbY©vq‡Ki †h †Kvb `yBwU mvwi ev Kjvg ci¯úi ¯’vb wewbgq Ki‡j, wbY©vqKwUi wPý e`‡j hvq
wKš‘ wbY©vq‡Ki gv‡bi †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv | †hgb,
a1 b1 c1 b1 a1 c1

D= a2 b2 c2 = − b2 a2 c2

a1 b1 c1 b
a23 ab32 c23

D= a2 b2 c2 = − a1 b1 c1

a3 b3 c3

iii) †Kvb wbY©vq‡Ki GKwU mvwi ev Kjv‡gi me¸wj Dcv`vb k~b¨ n‡j, wbY©vqKwUi gvb k~b¨ nq| †hgb,
a1 b1 0

D= a2 b2 0 = 0

a3 b3 0

iv) †Kvb wbY©vq‡Ki `yBwU mvwi ev Kjv‡gi Abyiƒc Dcv`vb¸wj Awfbœ n‡j, Zvi gvb k~b¨ nq| †hgb,
a1 1 1 a1 a1 b1

D= a2 1 1 =0 ev, a2 a2 b2 = 0

a3 1 1 a3 a3 b3

v) hw` GKwU wbY©vq‡Ki †Kvb mvwi ev Kjvg Gi Dcv`vb¸wj‡K Aci GKwU mvwi ev Kjv‡gi Abyiƒc
Dcv`v‡bi mn¸YK Øviv ¸Y Kiv nq, Z‡e ¸Yd‡ji mgwó k~b¨ nq|
†hgb - a2A1+b2B1+c2C1=0
vi) †Kvb wbY©vq‡Ki †h †Kvb mvwi ev Kjv‡gi cÖ‡Z¨K Dcv`vb‡K GKB ivwk Øviv ¸Y Ki‡j wbY©vqKwUi
gvbI
a1 H bivwk
1 Øviv
c1 ¸Y nq| ka†hgb-
1 kb1 kc1

k a2 b2 c2 = a2 b2 c2

a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3

vii)†Kvb wbY©vq‡Ki †Kvb mvwi ev Kjv‡gi cªwZwU Dcv`vb `yBwU ivwki mgwó wnmv‡e cÖKvwkZ n‡j,
wbY©vqKwU†K GKB µ‡gi `yBwU c„_K wbY©vq‡Ki †hvMdj wnmv‡e cÖKvk Kiv hvq| †hgb,
a1+1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 1 b1 c1

a2+1 b2 c2 = a2 b2 c2 + 1 b2 c2

a3+1 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 1 b3 c3
 Previous Years' Questions

a 1 b+c
১. b 1 c + a Gi gvb n‡e- [DU 12-13]
c 1 a+b
(K) 0 (L) abc(a+b)(b+c)(c+a) (M) abc (N)
(a+b)(b+c)(c+a) Ans: A
1 1 b+c a+b+c 1 b+c
mgvavb: |1 1 c + a | = |a + b + c 1 c + a | [C1′ = C1 + C3 ]
1 1 a+b a+b+c 1 a+b
1 1 b+c
C1
= (a + b + c) |1 1 c + a | = 0 [C1 I C2 Awfbœ] [C1 ; = (𝑎+𝑏+𝑐) ]
1 1 a+b

1 bc bc(b + c)
২. wbY©vqK 1 ca ca(c + a ) Gi gvb KZ? (What is the value of the determinant?)
1 ab ab(a + b)
[DU 10-11]
(A) abc (a + b) (b + c) (c + a ) (B) abc (a + b + c) (C) 1 (D) 0
1 bc bc(b + c) a abc abc(b + c) a 1 b+c
1 1
Solve: 1 ca ca(c + a ) = b abc abc(c + a ) =  abc  abc . b 1 c + a
abc abc
1 ab ab(a + b) c abc abc(a + b) c 1 a+b
a+b+c 1 b+c 1 1 b+c
= abc a + b + c 1 c + a = abc (a + b + c) 1 1 c + a = 0
a+b+c 1 a+b 1 1 a+b
 x+y  x+y x y 
x y  
৩. wbY©vqK x x+z z Gi gvb  The value of the det eter min ant x x + z z 
 y + z 
y z y+z  y z
[DU 08-09] [Ans : A]
(A) 4xyz (B) 3xyz (C) 2xyz (D) xyz
x+y x y 2 1 1
Solve: ( x, y, z)  (1,1,1) n‡j, x x+z z = 1 2 1 = 4 = 4.1.1.1 = 4xyz
y z y+z 1 1 2
‡h‡nZz GwU GKwU A‡f`, †h‡nZz x, y, z -Gi mKj gv‡bi Rb¨ Bnv mZ¨ n‡e|

 − 3 −1
৪. wbY©vqKwUi gvb k~Y¨ n‡j  Gi gvb (If the value of the determinant
−8  + 4
 − 3 −1
is zero, the value of  is) [DU 07-08]
−8  + 4

(a) 4 or − 5 (b) 5 or − 4 (c) 3 (d) 10

 − 3 −1
Solve: =0   2 +  − 12 − 8 = 0 = (  + 5 ) (  − 4 ) = 0   = −5 , 4
−8  + 4

x+y x y
৫. x x + z z wbY©vqKwUi gvb (The value of the determinant is) [DU 05-06]
y z y+z

K) 4xyz L) x2yz M) xy2z N)

xyz2
x+y x y 0 x y
Solve: x x + z z = − 2z x + z z [c11 = c1 − c 2 − c 3 ]
y z y+z − 2z z y+z

0 x y 0 x y x y
= −2z 1 x + z z = − 2z 0 x − y [r21 = r2 − r3 ] = −2z = 4xyz
x −y
1 z y+z 1 z y+z

Or, x , y, z Gi Rb¨ †h‡Kvb gvb a‡i wbY©vq‡K ewm‡q gvb †ei K‡i †`L‡Z n‡e †Kvb Dˇii
mv‡_ wg‡j|
 5 2 3
‡hgb x = 2, y = 3, z = 4 a‡i, 2 6 4 = 5(42 − 16) − 2(14 − 12) + 3(8 − 18) = 96 = 4xyz
3 4 7

[ x , y ev z Gi Ggb gvb aiv hv‡ebv †hb `y‡Uv option Gi GKB gvb Av‡m| †hgb x , y A_ev
z=0

ai‡j 4xyz = x 2 yz = xy 2 z = xyz 2 = 0 nq| ]

−8 3 3
৬. (The value of the determinant 3 −8 5 wbY©vqKwUi gvb− [DU 02-03]
5 5 −8

K) 1 L) −1 M) 0 N) 2
−8 3 3 −8 3 3 8 −3 −3
Solve: 3 − 8 5 = 8 − 3 − 3 r2 = r2 + r3  = − 8 − 3 − 3 r1 = (−1) r1  = 0 [ `yBUv
5 5 −8 5 5 −8 5 5 −8
row GKB ]

e¨wZµgx g¨vwUª·

Previous Years' Questions

 m − 2 6 
১.   g¨vwUª·wU e¨wZµgx n‡e hw` m Gi gvb- [DU 11-12]
 2 m − 3 

(K) 6, -1 (L) -4,6 (M) -6, 4 (N) 1, -6 Ans:A

p + 4 8  p + 4 8 
২.   g¨vwUª·wU e¨wZµgx nq hw` p Gi gvb (The matrix   is
 2 p − 2  2 p − 2
singular, if the values of p are) [DU 09-10]
(A) − 6, 4 (B) − 4, 6 (C) − 4, 2 (D) − 2, 4
Solve: g¨vwUª·wU e¨wZµgx ZvB Gi wbY©vq‡Ki gvb k~b¨|
P+4 8
 =0  (P + 4) (P − 2) − 16 = 0  P 2 + 2P − 8 − 16 = 0
2 P−2
 P 2 + 2P − 24 = 0  P 2 + 6P − 4P − 24 = 0  P(P + 6) − 4 (P + 6) = 0
 (P + 6) (P − 4) = 0  P = −6, 4

৩. p − 4 8  g¨vwUª·wU e¨wZµgx n‡e hw` p Gi gvb (The matrix  p − 4 8  is singular, if the
  
 2 p + 2   2 p + 2 

value of p is) [DU 07-08]

(a) − 4, 6 (b) − 6, 4 (c) 4, 6 (d) − 6, − 4

Solve: cÖkœg‡Z, (p − 4)(p + 2) − 16 = 0 , singular gv‡b det (Matrix ) = 0  p 2 − 2p − 24 = 0 

p = −4, 6

 + 2 2   + 2 2 
৪.   g¨vwUª·wU e¨wZµgx n‡e hw` (The matrix   is singular if)  =
 8  − 4  8  − 4
[DU 05-06] [Ans : A]

K) −4, 6 L) −6, 4 M) 4, 6 N) −6, −4

Solve: g¨vwUª·wU sin gular n‡e hw` Gi wbY©vqK k~Y¨ nq|

+2 2
 = ( + 2)( − 4) − 8  2 = 0   2 − 2 − 8 − 16 = 0
8 −4
  2 − 2 − 24 = 0

 = 6, − 4 [Solved using calculator (Eqn Mode)]

 Extra questions

1. A, B Ges C g¨vwUª·¸‡jvi gvÎv h_vµ‡g 4  5, 5  4 Ges 4  2 n‡j (AT + B) C g¨vwUª‡·i gvÎv

n‡eÑ
A. 5  4 B. 4  2 C. 5 2 D. 2  5
Soln: [C],We know that,if the dimension of matrix A is m×n and the dimension
of matrix B is np,then the Dimension Of Matrix A B is mp.
AT Gi gvÎv 5  4; (AT + B) Gi gvÎv 5  4
 (AT + B) C Gi gvÎv 5  2

 1 0 2 1  x −1 
 − 1 2 0 1 −1
2.   +  =  z  x, y Ges z Gi gvb n‡e?
 2 0 2 − 3   y − 3 

A. 1, 2, 3 B. 3, 4, 3
C. 3, –3, 4 D. –1, 2, 3 E. None
Soln:[B]

3. hw` A =  2 0 , B =  3 0  nq Z‡e AB mgvb-

 0 3 5 1

A.  6 0 
 B.  2 3 
 − 15 − 3   − 5 8

C.  6 1 
 D.  5 − 6 
 − 5 − 3 1 − 2

Soln: [A] Xvwe [05- 06] Gi 3 bs Gi Abyiƒc |

4. A =  5 2  n‡j A–1 Gi gvb-

 − 3 1
 A. 1  3 − 1 B. 1 1 − 2
   
5 1 2  11  3 5 

C. − 1  − 1 2  D. 1 1 − 2
 
11  5 − 3  3 3 −1 

 5 2
Soln: [B] A =  
− 3 1

1 1 − 2 1 1 − 2
 A–1 =   =  
5 + 6  3 5  11  3 5 

5. α + 3 6  g¨vwUª·wU e¨wZµgx n‡e hw`  Gi gvb-

 5 α − 4

A. 6, 7 B. 1, –3 C. 3, –1 D. 7,–6
Soln: [D] Xvwe [05- 06] Gi 4 bs Gi Abyiƒc |

6. hw` A =  3 0 , B =  2 0  nq, Z‡e AB mgvb-

5 1  0 − 3

A.  6 0 
 B.  3 − 1 
15 −13  2 − 5

C.  6 0 
 D.  6 0 
10 − 3  10 3 

Soln: [C]
6 + 0 0 + 0
AB = 
3 0 2 0 
   =  
 5 1   0 − 3   + 0 0 − 3
10

= 
6 0 
 Ans.
 10 − 3 

7. hw` A =  0 − 1  Ges X =  x  nq Zvn‡j AX mgvb-

1 0  y

X =  − x  X =  
y
A. B.
 y  − x

−y
C. X =  x  D. X =  
− y  x 

 0 − 1  x  0 − y − y
Soln: [D] AX =     =   =  
1 0   y   x + 0  x 

8. †Kvb g¨vwUª·wUi wecixZ g¨vwUª· †bB?

  2 1  2 1 3 2  2 −2 
A.   B.   C.   D.  
1 2  4 2 1 4   4 4 

Soln: [B] †h g¨vwUª· Gi Determinate zero Zvi †Kvb wecixZ g¨vwUª· _v‡K bv|

a b
9. M =  n‡j Mx = †KvbwU?
0 c 

ax b  a bx ax b ax bx

A.   B.   C.  o c D.  o cx 
 o cx o c     

a b
Soln: [D] M = 
0 c 

ax bx
 Mx =  0 cx 
 

Note: here, x is a scalar .So we will do just matrix scalar multiplication. If x is a

matrix, than it is necessary to define the order of matrix x]
10.hw` a b − 1 c  = 1 2 3 Zv n‡j-

A. a = -1, b=-3, c=3 B. d = -1, b =3, c = 3

C. a = -1, b = -3, c = -3 D. a = 1, b = 3, c = 3
Soln: [D] [a b–1 c] = [1 2 3]
This is a column matrix. So the corresponding elements are equal that’s why

a = 1, b – 1 = 2  b = 3, c = 3
b 
11.hw` x = a b Ges y =  , Zv n‡j xy n‡e-
a 

ab
A. 2ab B. ab
 

C. ab ab D. m¤¢e bq

b 
Soln: [A] xy = [a b] a  = [ab + ab] = [2ab]
 

12.g¨vwUª· X GKwU singular g¨vwUª· n‡e hw` X GKwU-

 A. eM©vKvi g¨vwUª·
B. AvqZvKvi g¨vwUª·
C. eM©vKvi g¨vwUª· hvi wbY©vq‡Ki gvb k~b¨
D. eM©vKvi g¨vwUª· hvi wbY©vq‡Ki gvb k~b¨ bq
Soln: [C]
2 3
13.hw` X =  Ges Y = 1 0 Zv n‡j XY=?
− 4 − 5 0 1

A. -X B. X C. Y D. -Y
Soln: [B] †h †Kvb g¨vwU· †K Identity matrix Øviv ¸Y Ki‡j GKB matrix _v‡K|

14. M = 
1 1
 n‡j M 2 n‡e-
 0 1 

A. 2 B. 4
1 2  1 − 2
C.   D.  
0 1 0 1 

Soln: [C]
 1+ 0 1+1
= 
 1 1  1 1 1 2
 M2 = M.M =     =   
 0 1  0 1  0 + 0 0 + 1 0 1

 2 −2 − 4
 
15. g¨vwUª· A = −1 3 4  n‡j A2 Gi gvb n‡e-
 1 −2 − 3 


A. –A B. 0
C. 2A D. A E. I
Soln: [D] By using calculator Ans. D
a b 
16.   GKwU wm½yjvi (Singular) g¨vwUª·. myZivs
c d 

A. a = 0 B. b = 0
C. c = 0 D. d= 0 E. ad-bc = 0
Soln: [E] Avgiv Rvwb, Singular matrix Gi Determinate Zero,
 ZvB, ad – bc = 0
17. hw` X = [a b] Ges Y = [b a], Zv n‡j XY n‡e
A. [2ab] B. [ab ab]
ab
C. ab D. [0] E. m¤¢e bq
 

Soln: [E] X = [a, b], Y = [b, a]

Avgiv Rvwb, 1g matrix Gi Kjvg I 2q matrix Gi mvwi mgvb n‡jB †Kej matrix ¸Yb m¤¢e|
GLv‡b X Gi Kjvg I Y Gi mvwi equal bv| So ¸Y Kiv m¤¢e bq|
18.M g¨vwUª· Gi transpose M' Øviv wb‡`©wkZ n‡j det (M') = KZ?
A. det (M) B. 1/2 det (M)
C. 2 det (M) D. det (M') E. †Kvb ï× DËi †bB
a b  a c 
Soln: [A] Let M =   . Then M =  
c d  b d 

Now, Det (M) = ad – bc and Det (M) = ad – bc. So we can conclude, Det (M) =
Det (M)
Note: The det of any matrix and its transpose are equal.

19. 03 0 0  x   9 
0     g¨vwUª·wU mgvavb Ki‡j = KZ?
 2   y  =  − 4

0 0 5
z    15 


A. (0, 0, 0) B. (3, -2, 3)

C. (3, -2, -3) D. (0, -2, 0) E. (0, 0, 3)
3 0 0  x  9
n 0 2 0   y   − 4
Sol : [B]    =  
0 0 5  z   15 

3x = 9 x=3
2y = –4  y = –2
5z = 15  z = 3
20.hw` `ywU g¨vwUª· A I B h_vµ‡g mn Ges np µghy³ nq Ges A I B Gi ¸Ydj‡K AB g¨vwUª·
Øviv m~wPZ Kiv nq Z‡e AB g¨vwUª‡·i µghy³ n‡e-
A. nm B. mn
C. np D. pn E. mp
Soln: [E] A matrix Gi order mn I B matrix Gi order np n‡j AB Gi order mp.
2 1 1
21.g‡b Ki A = 
1 0 3  
 Ges B = 0 − 1 3 AB = KZ?
 3 1 1  1 0 4

5 1 13 5 3
A. B. 1 1
 3 1 1  
 
13 1

5 13 5 1 3 3 1 2
C.  3 1 D. 3 2 1 E.  2 3 1
     
2 1 5 5 5 12

Soln: [A] GLv‡b, A matrix Gi order 23 Ges B matrix Gi order 33 | Avgiv Rvwb, A matrix
Gi order mn I B matrix Gi order np n‡j AB Gi order mp. So GLv‡b AB Gi order
n‡e 23 hv †Kej Ackb A †ZB Av‡Q| So Ans. A.
1 − 1
22.A =   n‡j A–1 = KZ?
1 1

1 1
2 2 1 − 1
A. 1 1
B. 1 1
 2  
2 

 1 1  1 − 1
1 1  2 2  2 2
C.   D.  1 1
E.  1 1
 − 1 1  − 2 2  −
 2 2 

Soln: [D] Det (A) = 1 + 1 = 2

1 1
1  1 1 2 2
A = –1
  =  −1 1
2  − 1 1  
2 2