1 INTRODUCTION

~omputers are the machines that have revolutionised the world around us. The way we u sedc~
hve around 25-30 years ago is very different from how we live today . A modem age stud(~t
cannot even imagine life, without email, Internet, print outs, playing music on computers ,~
smartphones, photos jus t a click away in the form of smartphones and so on. In short, in evE,fl_ry
aspect of life aro und us, we see computers play a role directly or indirectly. ( (_
Computers de liver so much, diligently and efficiently, a ll thanks to the wonderful combinaf~
of the ir hardware and software. ~;
¢) Hardware. The physica l electronic components of a compute r are called hardwa re, e~'i>,
keyboaid, CPU, monitor, printer e tc.
Q)

¢) Software. These are the recorded instructions and programs that govern the working i E 'il
compu ter. Recall that a program is a set of instructions to carry 0 11/ a specific task or achie1~ a
special work goal.
In this ch a pter, we shaJI discu ss computer's functioning in broad sense by discussing computer
system o rganization and how various types of softwa re aid in computer's overall performance.

2 COMPUTER COMPONENTS AND BASIC COMPUTER ORGANIZATION

A computer sys tem comprises of five basic components (see Fig. 1.1) :
(r) Input Unit. It is responsible for taking input for the computer. The input devi ces
attached to the compute r sys tem make the input unit.
(ii) Output Unil It is responsible for taking input for the computer. The ou tput device:,
a ttached to the computer system make the ou tput unit.
IOI
 R 1 ttf--t

Com puter
System Overview

1 ~ lrih odut.11011 l Mob1lo S)l$LOm O1tJMil aU0n

l C OIJl(JUl!JI co,llpPll• ·111.:.1 ;1 11tJ 14 Typ ·':i ot r.onworo
tHrn1 1' Cnmp1 1lt•1 0 1U"' 11 1 . 1t10 11

INTRODUCTION
Com p ute rs orl' the m ,1ch itws th,11 hn ve revolu tion bed the world .i round us. The way we used to
live around 25-30 yc.:,1rs ngo Is very difforent from how we li ve today. A modem age student c)
cannot even imngim! life, wW10ut l!moil, Ln tcmct, print outs, playing music on computers or¼
sm ortpho nes, p ho tos jus t a click .1woy in thf' form of sm.irtphoncs and so on. In shor t, in every✓
aspect of life a ro und us, we see compu ters ploy J role directly or indirectly. ~

Comp ut e rs d eliver so mu d 1, d iligen tly and efficien tly, oil thanks to the wonde rful combinatior 'g
L.
of their hardware ond software.
~ Hardware. The p hysical electronic components of a computer are called hardware, e.g.,
keyb oa rd, CPU, moni tor, printer etc.
~) Software. Th ese are the record ed instructions and progra ms that govern the working of a
compute r. Recall tha t a pros mm is a sel of i11slructio11s lo carry ou.t a specific task or achieve a
special work goal .
In th is cha pte r, we sha ll discuss com p uter's functioning in broad sense by discu ssing computer
syste m orga niza tion and how various types o f softwa re nid in com p u ter's overall performance.

COMPUTER COMPONENTS AND BASIC COMPUTER ORGANIZATION

A compute r syste m comprises o f five bas ic compone nts (see Fig. 1.1) :
(i) Input Unit. Jt is res ponsible for taking input for the comp ute r. The input d evices
a ttached to the compute r syste m m a ke the input un it.
(ii) Output Unit. It is resp ons ible fo r ta king input for the computer. The output d evices
a ttache d to the computer system make the output unit.

1111
 ~
cOMP :.H ~ sc,t -.; cf -..,,1,; P'lHC ' ',
lHi) Centr al Proce ssing Un it (CPU). lt ,::- respo nsible tor p ro<.'\."-stng the data
instf\lct:ions. [t ~"'Om pris..--s ,,f tm1 p.,rt<; and
(a) Arith mrtic 1111d I ogfr Unit (Aun . l\ l'l resl)<m~iht., IM ( ;ll'T\'10 ~ ('1\11 the anthn 'let'I<:
instructions (add. ~ulitr11,·1 »mltip ly. dn•1dr) and
m,,km ~ log1< d e<"h1on. , ();Trater than
less titan equal lo).
·
(I,) Co ntrol Uu it. It is ~spon sible for Second8'Y S'IO"llge
controlling and super vising the
processing.
(IZ') P-rima.ry Memory. It is the intem al volatile ~~-occss,ng Unil
memory where data and instru ctions are
st-ored durin g processing. \ ~ t~Unn \
(i>) Secon dary Storage Unit. lt refers lnpu1
, l Ar,thme t,c'logi c Ur..l ~
to the exl:em aJ storag e devices Device ~
t
which provi de perma nent
memo ry to the comp u ter system . I l
The comp onent s of a comp uter syst:em I f>TlmW )Men>o l)'
()
make the physical stru cture of a ('
co.mput:er whereas the logical structu re f•~ve : Components of a compute, system .
of a comp uter system is defined as
Computer Organisati on .
.ll
::: . l C om puter Orgo nisot 1on
Comp uter organ ization refers to the logica
l stf\lct ure of a comp uter
comp onent s are conne cted to one anoth er ;
descr ibing
how they affect one anoth er's functi oning ,
how :$
contri bute to overalJ perfo rman ce of the comp a;.tl
uter.
Comp u ters, as you must be knowing, follow the
(a certai n inp ut is processed to gener ate speci
also like this - there are comp onent (s)

' !PO' princ iple i.e., lnput 4 Pnx--..'!:-' • , '

fic outpu t). So, the comp uter organ izatiol~ t5
rt
dedicated to obtain input in differ ent fo~
comp onen t(s) d edi cated to perfo rm proce ssing .
part and comp onent (s) to produ ce outpu t
in differ ent fo rms.
Thus basic comp uter organ iza tion is as show
n in Fig. 1.2. To see the interc onnec tions and 1:-asic
work ing of comp uter (Com puter Organ izatio
n ), scan this QR Ct1dc w ith SIP() 3P!' -
To Orga·
e,u1_er see niz:a tion
m actton
- - - ---
I [~]
CPU ~--~
I
Registers I
Ci•)iD--~:LlJ
-
A CQl,,pu:tcr rul\S Ofl
(!)"I.I!)
I I elecl'fi dty power.
I-~; I
Control
Scan
OR CO<le
BUS
Input Output
unit Storage
unil unit
Fi gure 1. 2 Basic Computer Organi zation.
 < nM1•1 Ill~ ',Y', Ii M 'il,'f ~ Jl f ,1
. 11-, tt\lk ,1hrn11 11 11'"'' 1\111, 11'111,il, 1,r11 i•1111,·111, 11f ,1, ,,11q,1w •r. ''"' l,•1
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~
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El·I• a ~
1 omp11 ter 1,1w r11h •tt 11n ,·lei Ille ll y, 11 1,11, ,111,1,., ,,1,11"1 ,11 1ly
11 1•
YI
m~ua~f' nf .,J.,t l1 11ll y , r . Pi ll w, t lN 111, 11 I ' " lt1gl1 w ,l1,1w ,,,
,,w vnh af.\P 11,a t llWil nH a rn111p1 11, 1 , ,,11 1111d1 ,1111,nd 1w11
,1,1p,1•s ON/<)] ,. or I IIJ{h/1 I\ W vnl 1o1w · Iii 1111• l1111;iry lflllY,JJ,1}')'
Ny111hnlN 1 fri r ( JN ,lllfl O lrir CH I
h il l ll ~t•b 111 ~1 l w11
ti II' ,ti 11111 , w,1• t,, ,,. I" r fllrrrt• d / 11 , u,, /1 IJ~ //1, m♦lri" /um
,\ 11 the 111p11 I~ 1on'! hl t•d 11f ,/11/11 (1J1 1w l 11< It
\tlw ,Ktllln tn lw tnkl'n)
On 1hr kilmc· li1w H, 1lw 1 0111 p111 P1 I, ,i1u 1 ,1 l i,ro , , ,11 ,,.1, 1,, ,,1 ,Lu ,t ,t11d 11111111Jr t,,,n, I 1,r ,.1
-Jmpl••, if
th,, g1vt•n tnput to tlw l nmpu t1•1 1,,. Adel.' ,111d I 1l 11t1 ,Into, nriw,h ,,I l ,m<l I ,ind ,n,
trurtwn ,,.
Add Sl mllnrly, Ii ll w i,;lvPn lnp11 I I'> l'rir1t "I l,•1111 Wc,rl,I" ll wn rla/ 11 "111111,,t,, 11( "lldl
1
1 'll•,r••'"
11nd 11h lrn r 1w11 l h l '1 11tl -.,,
t forrru, an,5
The input un1 1 IH cn m pri llt•d ol d1/fr,,1•11t inpu t rl, •v i"·'• lh,11 l,t l,w tlw inpu l 1n <l1ffvrr•n 1
pa ss lhr m In di git colt ,, , m l o C l 'LJ f<ll Jli<H l''>~l1111
Sonw c0 mmon lnpul d1 •v 11 ''" M•·
(1) K~yboard , K,·y h11r11 d Ill " 1yp••wil t1•r l1h• d(:v1u • wlmh l't W>''d w typ • in th'!
1 J,,u.,.,~
d igi l8 ,,n d, 11mni,11 1d , . I 111 v11,u, ,ll y d1,1ll1•11~1••d p1 •npl1•, Hrlll/11• k1•1/board, iJf•• Jl'!(J ava,lab~
tlw 8r J ny h.
(ii) Mouse. Mn11 , 1· iH pn111t1n1~ dcv11 l' with Pith•·r ;1 rnll1•r on 1l'! ba~;c
or 1/Jm•: l,J-';_'"t
nwchani Hm. MmJll•· con l nil1, mow ml'11t of f1ui11ler (,1l ijo 0 111,.d mou6e pointer) cm ,scr~r:: 1
(ii i) Mi crophon e (Mic) . Wt· t,.tn ll"nd Mound input l" 1 ,,mputr,r thmuw,
a r, pedal in;,,'"ilt
dt'v icP rn llcd mi crophon e nr mi c 111 hhort. /\ m lc convert., th<• 6'Ju nd received
Jul
com putf.' r'~ fo1111r1 t, wh1, h IH l ,,11,.d dlxlll zed 110,md llr dlJ<ltal audio.
A mlc r an work if y(Jur <'•H npu tl!r h J 11 a hjJl'ci,1 1 hil rd w,m• 1- n<Jwn .i 1, scrun.d ca:ni
QJ
E
0
~
1 .3 O utpul Urnt
Tiw ou tput unit. if> form ed by tlw 011tput devit('H ,J lladwd I(,
CJutp u1 Unit co.nverb th,
thl' compu ter. The oulpul n ,ming ff'um tlw C.l'U ih in th, • fc,rm
uutput in binM 1 form to
of elcclroni r binary ~i1,;n.,I ~ which m•,•J r, < ,;n v•·rhion in ~ome
hum~n rPadable form.
form whi ch can be ca Nil y 11ndcrHluc,d by hum a11 b1•inis~ 1.e.,
chilraclt•rs, 1~r;,phira l nr audio vhual fo rm . ThiH fun ction of
conversion is pcrfornwd by uut pul 11nil~.
Snm e pnpul11r output dl'vi rcH arr• :
(i) Monitor8. Monitor (or ·L•n")
" H1 rL h llw mu<, \ ru mmon form o f o utput from a computer.
It di Hplays inform ation in ;:i simi l..ir way to th at shuwn on a ~ l.cvi1>ion
screen . The
pi ctun• on a monitor is mt1de up of thousand ,, o f li ny m lourcd dots called
pixels.
lior vi Huall y challc·n11,l'd p1·oplL·, Brnill1• mr,nil<m, :i n• ;,i l1,o available t.h ei,1: da yi,.
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C,
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t :=,
a:. - 1,,, c't

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--=--~
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~

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~ :;
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realme
 s
(!,opl ('I I ( l•Mrt ll l ~ \Y\ lrM (Wl~ V!IW
<1r)' M,•r•Jt,ryJ
I i '.1 lh<' .\1t'f lllll) /Mn111 t\1t'JJ" ,y l'11111
,1 p1t•d, •l1Jwd \'111 J..111i,1 pl,H •'• wh1•1
1· rl t,•rnr01 ,1rll v k,·,·p •,
rtw 111l' Jll<)rl' "' ,1111111p1ill' I 1' mnn • 1,1,,,· 11
,1 111111111•• 111, n1 r ~
'"' m,m, 1, l•,1t h ,n,•,n111 y In, ,1111111 h,v1
in lorrn ,1t io11 ,ind d,11,1 lo 1,h tl1t,11t• ,1, 1w1 !'" llwn <1v,11l ,1hlr·
, 11 , li•,11 q it • ,ncm n, 1 ,,11d nwm , ,rv ~p.i,
nddr c~• \Vlwn tlw t,1, k 1, p<'rlot nwd nfl , r•v,•ryt lr ln~ ~t11t<'d in th,·
t<,r thr nc•,t l,1, k to hl' I"''
Im nwd \Vlw n tlw pow Pr I• •w•h h, cl
tHC11 Hlt , . gl I '-
1 r1.1 , ,~d ,,n, I , -.l nnnl ht• I l'<'i 1llt'd
(11rtl wr h ro k,•11
h1 of ,1., u •II• I ,H h 111 tlw,t ' "'" " I'<
Tlw 1111•J1 1lll\' n( .1 llllll f'lll1•1 .;111 lw tho11g d1p,1I 1 ,, • ,.,tlll 'r II or I
(,ct' J,, g I 1) A hit llH' .tn• ,1 /1111,rr y
,h1\l'n i11t<1 ,m,1ll1'1 p,11 t, know n ,1, /1th lo11
• tor,, d,11,1 111~t n1<t1011, by tlwir 1ornh111,11
--
A numl'<•r nl bit , togPt hrr .i 1c• u ,l'd t,,
Bil
l : Cell 0
I 0 Cell I lhl' memory of compu1er •~
0 1 0 0 I 0 1
~ rt,•11called m,11n mPmo ry ot
p, unJry memory
I •~we I l Memory cells .
ir1J Fig hl bit , toget lwr fo1111
d /Jy l e
A bi/ ,~ n11 t'ir'111C11tnt:lf 11111/ o/ //w 11w111<
repr('5l'nt a data itl'rn n r 8YTI OR NIU ll
One by t<• i!> lhl' smal lest u1111 whic h can
KB, MH, G B, TB etc group or 8 bits rs called a cvre
a chara cter. O tlwr uni ls of mem ory are A
and a group of 4 bits Is callr~ !) a
to 2 rn u/ itb lo wer unit.
Eve ry hig her me mory uni I i:, eq u al nibble
ory units used .
Follo wing Table 1. 1 lists vnrio us mem l
f;;_(
urem ents
T able 1.1 Units of Comp uter Mem ory Meas
I
c,'
Full Nan~
Unit Short Name foll Nome
Unit
l Short Nam e ~
I
I TB Terra By l£-;
2 10 i.£'., l 02.i Cl3
l Bit
8 Bits

Bit
I Bl't,·

Binary Digit
Uyte 2 111 t.£'., 1024 TU
2 Ill i.,•., .I024 PB
I PB
EB

Pe ta Byte '
r.xa Byte ~
2 10 i.,•., 1024 Bytes l 1(13
l 1\1113

Kilo Byte
Mega Byte I 2 10 i e., I 024 EB I l ZB Zetta Bvt,
•
"gL..
2 JO I.I'., J02,1 l(l3
2 10 i.e., 1024 MB I l GB Giga Byte 2 JO i.l'., 1024 ZB j l YB
a ry mem ory ) is te mpo rary, seco nda

YotLa 8H..-
ry m e m ol) 'P"Cl' i:-:
Since comp uter' s main mem ory (prim com mon S...'C'lm d Jn•
pe rman ently for later u se. Som e m ost
n eede d to s to re data a nd in form a tion e m ory dri?V!aot.'I•~ ,11'\ '
W,,, pen d ri ve e tc. Th e seco ndary m
stora ge medi a a re the hard disk, CD-R
a lso know n as s torag e devi ces.
ory
l .2.SA Ports of Main Mem ory/ Prima ry Mem
), the m emo ry cell s ca n be acct'St,ed t.,r
u11t1,.l.'l,M,il h1, 1
In the rand om-a ccess me mory (RAM w,,r, t 111 \W, •t t\.ll 1
io n . Th a l is, the proc ess of local ing a
trans fer from any d esire d rand o m locM .11 ,\-'...,,,.
nt of m e m ory, thus the nam e " ra ndom
the sam e and requ ires an equa l a mou
is that it is a vo la lile m emo ry. T h a t
i:,, "1 11 , 11 11 11 1., 111 ,
The main draw back of RAM me m o ry
d.
goes off, the conte nts of RAM get erase
 reo\rne
:s- ~ ~
'!; 'i \
 7

A nwmur' 1 M lw "l1m 1 I 11n,·, 1,,11,·d ,l , ,,1 lw ,ton• o r RAM 1,h tw l'i ,1 port11i11 o t ml•nmry llhHlc Iif
hrfi h•!tf'l'l' d ,t,lfh RAM ('il,I\M) 1n,ll't1d of tlw ,lmH•r ,1 11 d dw,'lwr drnomh RA~I (DRAM ) llwd
(or moin ll'l<'rnor" l\1c-rnnn l ,1rhmg r, t"H1'( lr\.1• h, l J11,l' rno<tl proRr,,rn.., .tc, cs, the lhl ffil' d.ll,J nr
1 st
n rn r tinn, Ovl'r and o, t'I Av k1' tpm~ ti ~ mm h ol thl, 111fe111rh1l ton ., .. po'l"lbl,• in 'il{AM, th1
Ctm1p11lt•1 , I\ otd, 1ll l'l' ,,1ng tlw ,lo,,'l' I DRA \,I

\'\'hen dill,\"' found 1n tlw, ,,dll' rt" l,llkd ,, l,1dw hit , and th,• l lft' l ll \ t 'nt''i'I of ,t lJ(hl" ,, 1ud~ed
by rt~ hit r,1h' qc:;••.. 111 fill' tmw tlw prou.~,or 1,\\orl-.1ng, 11 r , ,H11,.,tn~ inform1t1on from 1,1dw

1 ' / TI ,•, ' ( l I II) t

Compukr, n1•cd to ,torl• anti ret Ill'\ l' datJ f0r prol'l' ""tnH
Sine(• pr 1m,1n ml'mon• ha~ ., hm1ted storagl' l,lpad ty ,md ..,
110 1 pt•rmanl'nt, -,(•cond,1n ,;toragl' drvice, .1re u<1t•d to :.tori.'
L__f
■
Mar,nettc
la rge amount of dJt,1 pt•rmanent lv There are, ariou'1 type<, of
❖ I lurd d1,1,,.,
I Media
i,l"Condan• dC'vice~ a, atl<1ble thesl' days
1 n spcufv the slo i c1gl· Lc1pacity of storage dcvicc<1, -,,rn,c unit<.
of memory arc usL•d, wh ich are used for measuring pt 1m,1ry
❖ ( U RO~t,
❖ I)\ u. . J Optical
Madia
Flash
memo ry. That is, we rnn represent the storage? capac,ty or
storage devices in terms of k,lo hvtr:. (kBs) mt'gn byt1•s (MR, )
❖ !'en urh l'
J mamory

gi~a liytrs (GBs) and le,n /11;/rs <TB!-) .is we d o for main memorv.
Let us no \v t;i lk abou t soml' most common s tor.:ige dev1cec;

1. (i) Storage of l KB means lhe
following number of bytes :
(a) 1000 (b) 964 (c) 1024 (d) 1064
(11) One .Megabyte 1s equivalent to
(a) 210 bytes (b) 220 bytes
(c) 230 bytes (d) none of the above
2. What are the functional components of
a digital compute, ?
3. What are the components of CPU ?
What is its role ? What is lhe function
of control unit of CPU ?
4. What role does the input unit play in a
computer ?
:,. What is the function of ALU ?
6. What role does the output umt play in
a computer ?
7. What is the function of main memory ?
What are the measuring units of memory ?
8. What are different types of ROM ?
9. What is the role of cache memory ?
J. Which storage device is considered a
portable device ?
Hord Disks
Tiie hard disk memories store informa tion on one or m or1o
circular pl,iltl'r-; (or disl-.s) w hich arc continually spinning{ ;
These rotating disks are coated wi th a magnetic malem·,1
and s tacked with s pace between them . fn fo rmation is
recorded on the surface of rotating disks by magnetic h ea~
as tiny mag netic spots.
The hard disks of today have storage capacity measured f)
giga by tes upto tera by tes.
Q)
2. Compact Disks (CDs) ~
The compact disks or CDs arc optical media. The CDs , ~
relatively cheap and have a storage capacity of upto 700
tvfb. There are three main types of CDs :
(i) CD-ROM (Compact Disk-Read Only Memory).
This is used only to store information and cannol
be used to store dala. It is mainly used for CD
distribution e.g., software, games, e-books etc.
(ii) CD-R (Compact Disk-Recordable). It is mainly used
for CD-R and can be written on only once and disk
can't be erased.
(iii) CD-RW (Compact Disk-Rewritable). CD-RW is an
erasable disk you can write on multiple times.
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1•
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fJ11 ,•,i,tti/11y/J111fJ
r•ow~r M"11ava11u1nl
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t.un pr,,11t,fi ,,t 4 rooi,ikt
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11111111• I I, Mnl,llij ~~~ I Mn Or111111lt11!11,rJ. ,,1f,, , a ll1,111w1.1v<~ .
~
LPI 1111 lulk 11h1111f tlw1i1• f11 n11l1111o l u 11 , 1p111w1l111 11( u n1ol1ilt• ~y11L1•1n um: li y 111w .
/\ mnbl lr- 11yR1••m'H( ' l'IJ hundli•,1 dl vr,r111• 1yr e11 p( ,q, pll n111i ,,1,i but 1nm ,, llllh· powl', ru,np.rrl'd'~
N1mp11I N A 111< ,np[1IJ,, 11yril1'1llli 1'1111 1111 h,tlll'ry l'(IW!•r.
( j
M(IIJdn l'i1 11 ,u, ,1J1 (Moliilo <.YU)
1 1
ThlR t,1 the br11ln 11f II mnortpl,111 11• Tl11· 1 'l 'l J r1•u •lv1•11 1p ,r1111,11 1d111 111c1h•1; 1n~lc1 nl n ,lculdl i1m~,
plny11 :111d l11/vld1•11, HIPl'l'11 ln l1 H·m11 tlt,11 t1ml 111•11d1111l~1n,1ln 11i r11u~l11 ,u l fl it· dt·vli e c
1
Tl11 • Cl'lJ 11(" 111nl1ll1• ny111t•n1 1,n,, 11111j11tly / 11iu ,,ull p ruu•.~1Jlil' l y pt•~ . (/J ( urr1111u,,i r <111r.t:1b
Prorn~Hln11 lJnll (//) Apl'll1·11tl111l/i l'r1i• L•~1,l 111~ IJ11l1 (A l'UJ .·
(/J Communlc11UonH f'roccH~l11g U11lL IMut,//e /:yol,·111 1/U L/11/I I ·1hl11 11ubHyHlam"" 111
ri:11ppn~lbll' fo r m11 klng 11nd n•1,el vl nn phu11c.~ull1> p , 1 ,1 ,,,olJIJ,, l1,111d1ieL It 11,,s " tllj ~ ti
ull'.l1lfll prnn •1111or 1110I ht·lpH II w1Jrk wllh J< P I ranucclvcr ,,nd lhl' Autllu Bubsy1:1tell'a~
.
(f) 1<1111/0 Hlx1111/ MtWIIXIJIJ/IJJII UJtil 111 M1pnn11lblu for l( t/lll L'I ll11 r1 HIM (wL': h
prnvld1·11 11 typ•· of 111oiJc111 ) 111 llll' l1t1!i1: Hlull(lr111 llt1·1,u11h rndfl) f.t lg11;il1,, (lG//. Tf.11/C
/Jmll'd ,·1·/111/111· 1wl111orkn).
(//) Apf'Jlcatlon11 l'roce~,iln~ Unit (A l1U). ' l'l tl1i 11ub11y111t ·in IM 1•1•Npl111Hlbll· for ~r,v!)rnin g,
c11nt m ll lng .ill lyp,.ri 11( OJ'l'l';ill111111 1ukll111, plat·•· 011 ,, innhilt· ,,y111t·111 hy runni11g v t.1riuu H
l ypc,, 11f mohlk· npplkull!11111 (appu).
?, hi f!ICL, moJor 1111J1y#l,illlll ii/II llk11 f)r<JC8#81J(# 111 lh•!l'lllblvuo U,1/ , Rlidlo Ul111111I Mn,ld!j UIIIOlll •vatom 1an "~ termed a, Radio
signal J)IOCllJ~fl(,
 10 •OMPI HfP ~CltN([ WI 1H l'YfH01'1 ~I
:i D1~r,luy '·,ul •~y,,1,,11 I
T htH subtfystt.:' 111 Is J'l'Spon!llb l.- k1r provldrnJ:i display f11dlitl.!l11, touch 1:1e-n11l tlve lnterfnc!l and
tou ch l!em;it:Jv e key'bo0.rds.
·' CumP10 '.uli~y,ll•rn
Th b s u buni t 1s d.:i;lgnl'd lo deliver il ti ghtly bl1u n J llfalf\I? pruce~'>III>-', p,icJ...Jge ,ind enable an
improved ovcn:ill picture ilnd vid eo e>.perien..:e. It has ,m mi-t.?grotc<.I Lm..ige S,gn.:iJ Prncessur
ens ures things li ke i 11s ta11 / /mag,· capti11·,·. l11,11lt- rl'so/11t·11.1n s1117I1ort, 11ntt,l/l' ~I11/1//,:zat,u n, .ind other
image c11/wncc111c11 ts.
4 1/\obile 'iy•,Jr,111 /v\rimu1y
Uke It!' o the r counterpurts, o mobi le sy~11m1 al~o n'2cdi, memory t.o work. A m,ibil e ~yslem's
m('TI1ory is comprlsed of following two types o f memo ries : ✓
(i) RAM (Random Access Mem.or:y). ll is the wo rb. memory of your mob ile system . The . ;
(
installed mobile apps, when run, a re firs t loaded b, the RAM ~ind then ex.eculed . These apps
remain in the RAM ofter you are no longer using them and th.en they are s h i.fted to background. ,
The more RAM you hove on o smart phone, the bette r the pe rforman ct! and faster the phone will ~
gene rally be. RAM does not store informa tion o nce the device ~ turned off.
.,
(ii) ROM (Read Only m emory). The ROM or Read Only Memory ts □ part of mobile system's
internal storage and it is no l accessible fo r users to write on and is thus referred lo as R ead Only
Memory. The ROM is bas ically Flash memory or technically EEPROM (electricalJy erasable and
prog rammable rea.d o nJy mem ory).
This ROM part of a mobile system intern.al storage is whe re Q)
operating !>")'S tem resides. It also has some p rein.stal1ed a pps in E
liAM memory 15 volat1ie, ,t loses o
this mem ory secti.ons which canno t be delt:ted on users' end 11:1 con tents when you sw itch off ~
eithe r. TI1is is the rea.~on w hy you don' t get fu ll in ternal memory the device
as advertised o n the Box, becal..l&' a part of il has been used t:o
house operating system and other pre-inst.a iled a pps .
5 StoragP
The externa l s to rage of a mobile system i.s also called
.~
, r•n.e#11.2 expandable storage. It comes in the fonn of SD ca rds, or
micro SD ca rds etc. It is the storage which can be removed
1. What are major funct:!.Dnal components ea1,ily by you and can be used fo r s toring pictures, music,
of a mobile rry.rtem ? videos an.d the likes. To a n extent, even the cloud storage
2. What iJs the role of Communication can also be categorized as external sto rage.
processor of a mowle cyGtern ?
3. How doeii a mnbile 6'/Vtem mana.ge and 6 . Power 11/\onagement Subsystem (Battery)
draw power ? Thu. i.-ubsystem is responsible for providing power to a
4. What /Ji the co~ of d111pl.av marliigem<:nt mobile system. Tne mobile syst:elllJ; work on limited power
unit of a mol1lle .y.rte_m ? provided through ait attached bnl'tm; unit. This subi;ystem
5. How doe11 memDry uf 1uobi!.e hmc:tlm, ? has a battery management system that works with J battery
6. How doe& th.e GPU of a WDbile 5 1.stem charger and a battery unit, and provides power to the
work ?
mol,ile syst.em in required form .
, , ___.....
__
pie r I · COMPUTER SYSTEM OVERVIEW
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
for its proper functioning.

11
,
A compu ter system consis ts of hardw a re and software
s of the compu ter i.e., the components
Hardware represents the physical and tangib le com ponent
CPU, hard disk, printer etc. are
that can be seen and touched. Input devices, output devices,
examples of compu ter hardw are.
operation of a com puter system and
Sofhvare repres ents the set of programs that govern the
y into two catego ries.
make the hard ware run. Sofh-vare can be classified broadl
1. System Software 2. Application Software
tion software in details.
Following sections discuss system software and applica
1. l System So liware
Rather it requires instructions for
A compu ter is mere a machine that knows nothing of itself.
provid ed to it throug h software. The
each and everything it performs. These instructions are
readin g data from input devices, 1
software that controls internal compu ter operations (viz.
g system components, conver ting-
transmitting processed information to the output devices, checkin
is known as system softwa re.
data/in structi ons to compu ter unders tandable form etc.)
The system software can furthe r be classifi ed into two catego
ries : SYS"tEM SOFTWARE '"·,1
1. Opera ting System 2. Language Processor. The softwar e that controlsq\
internal compute r operations is,!k!
called System Softwar e . :
Let us discuss each one of these individually. I
----c1 ,
['.
4. l A Opera ting System
the compu ter system convenient to us~
The primar y goal of an operating system is thus to make
t manne r. An operat ing system ~)
and second ary goal is to use compu ter hardw are in an efficien
controls all other compo nents of the
an impor tant compo nent of a compu ter system which
compu ter system .
Major compo nents of a compu ter system are : OPERA TING SYSTEM
Ql
E
1. The Hardw are An Operati ng System is ~
program which acts as
2. The Opera ting System
interface between a user and
,
3. The Application program routines (compi ler, linkers the hardware (i.e., all comput er
database management systems, utility progra ms) resources).
4. The Huma nware (users)
where hardware provides the basic compu ting resources,
the application program routines define the
ting proble ms of the users and the
ways in which these resources are used to solve the compu
the hardw are among the va riou s
Operating System controls and coordinates the use of
application progra ms for the various users.
m . How an operating system executes a
An operat ing system's major role is to execute a progra
progra m, is covered in chapte r 4.
ter to varied type of
There are differe nt types of operat ing system s availa ble today to ca
requir ement s. These are : Single user OS, Multiu ser
OS, Time sharing OS, Real time OS,
Multiprocessing OS, Distributed OS etc.
as it is beyon d the scope of the syllab us.
We are not discussing these operat ing system s types here
 --....
il ..,,'"\,-~...·'"}'~ ~: t~: ,,,..l"" ~, -~,,
~ ~ .. B, l:,.:>1~,g . ,('-~-~~ :i'J\"'\N'~~.("l $
.\ l ;t1"1._~U.\ ~ P 'l'\."'-'<"'-""<'-T L'< ., ,,r-.,,:~.ll {\'T't" ' " .i
,nt,,.\n ''-~"'~ ,,,k ,,r ""·~··li1: w ,,.,k Ht~',, '\\I ,-:houl,i l,n,"'
,'t'ID\.r.tl h'-1' '"'-\t\\\ -'t'\' .-,,1,,
1h.,1 ,·,m h'~II'-.~. ,~ t:hi' SOUi\.~
th,, m ,'\.1nu~ nt lh,, t~•nns ;:.,llr:Y ,1., i:-
,"\l •.'1.'-'r:''.'f ..\'l.i·.
,). A S,.)UT\.'t' ~ i ' n--:.~ t\' tl)<' r"-~.s::r.,nh'\"><1•' " rilh"O ~ \
J'l'<l.~" l,mil\~ l.11,.::,~1,\>!'t' (Hl I\ ~:. ,,s
.l Ph',:.r.m m,,•I" m ..1 ''"'c.h 1,,,.<'l
i .il in C IJY., C +- ,•h.·.
-,., An n.b~--t ~'it' refu:r;:. t-, ,.1 ,-..,k usu.111'> in m .h:hin<' l:11\-,
!u .,~' , 'T hn.1 n ,, xi,, ,l l.u\_1;u,1~.,
lh-lll -..·,)mpt ~r ,·,m ,m..-t,,r;ct.~nd ..~.1s,'l\ .n),.i run ,,n h,.11'\h, ;m,'.
::;., ~"'u ~m ;;.nt>ly ,-,w 'th.n b!\_y l '\i:.>' f'l\.'X'---S."'<'-TS 3re ,:,..'.\11,,·.,n- th..,t s"\'\l\W't i S!'UT\."'=' u,it'S m l<> obi&,
t'\,"3:i"'!-.. T'ht-'-1\.' ~~re ; .i:~'1'" t~1't~ .._-u l..U\.;u3...~
rn,"\~ ,"t!'S .;,,~·~ l'l"I .:;\'•-t--:~:::...... J.nd P !!'f'O'"~ :,•·..-
, i) : \ ~ ~ . , _ This tm~d,_ ~' ,'n"--x =u ,x'1\\'<'n
" th<" rn,~r,m, ,,-rilten m .1;;.___"'cm1'iy 1.u~"U.1~<'
intt, m.1.Jhini.' la:t\~U ~' -
, 1: 1 J-.::r;·=,.., An in!\¾7-'re l\'.r i ~ ., hT<' ,'l
:<y..-:!'<'m ~'litw ~ tlut rran.-.1.l l.-:s a.nd <"'-~"ll ~ -
in:a:m.ut.;,.'lllls
• ,, nrt>:-.:1 in ., '-''mru t~· pn'~T-lm litl'<.-..by ·ltn.? unit hy unit
clx::.
F:'l ...-:,'?,il,- · A G.-im:pild is ~)th,r " ~ ,~i ~~-rem :.:>cm"·..i
n- !h,lt tr.m ..,bl'<.'5 .tnd c'\~"ll ~
ail.•:tturno1lS Krittoo ma ,umpu rer pnwdm in on..• ~o..
lb.:> tr,msl~ !oo ~ +:,•:,· ,,-..:!' runs t.,st (iaster e..\cC'Utin
n time) ds no,,· <,-.mpu ~r d0<'5 nvt l'i"\:jUire
t :1ny ~1-'<' ,11 '-'-'m-c.,-,;..-.-m :,, nm it · until..<" :S.' :s,,· ,,-..!1•
~"'t·n-..atlur:!e .::\.">rl<" ffiOl";? it c.m t-.> <''-t"X.-Ut"&i.
" ·hich l'i"\:juires rom-t"r.sion inro
Ola:ptc r ,I t-""'--:rion -L,1 J.i;;,..,i~- the w.._'\rkin_,:: ,,1 -.,-m,ril
ers and interprehc•r:,, in details..
, ~ 2 -\;:.-r1iwr or, So¼..vore
~
This ~"pt' oi :':(\ftW,U\::' pert:iin s ro lmt' sr-.u .tk ,1rru cati
un. For instano :- a ::>a.Awa.re th«t C«n '
~'\m l raih,·ay re..~r•,ati,.m functio ns cannot prepar e re,.'Ult
for a school.
Tht'"Se are !ht> rl\.~:,-ams wnlta l by pro~ra mmers ro c'fluble
sum a;; proressin,µ wt>rd..--, im ·cnmry mntrol , handlin oompu ~r h.) periom , ., specific 1,1:,,.\.. Cl>
~ cakul-
dCcoun ting, financi al au.,"Un ting, result rrepara tfon. rail,
: itions and figures , m ...
>dic.~1 ~
rny resen .iti.-,n, 1:-il\ing c'h::. ~
Applic ation ;:ortware.:-an rurfuer 1"" sutxli\ id,'ld into_#i1:.Tcal:t-gories
: APPLIC ATION SOTTW A!tt
l . Packag -n 2. L'tiliti. s AA ,l,ppk:o?>M 5c;"n•ON ' IS (~.;
3. CuSlnmised Soriw a~ ~- De\'elo,r<>r T(>ols ~ Qf Pt'C@ram s necessal )' ro
fur J Oifl)- out ~at>or .s
1.-4. 2A Pod:o ges s.i-ilied ~aoo n.
Only system softwa re does no: suffio.-. for efficient u;,:e of
romputt.>rs b<?Glll ~ the' S}'>"h:'m
softwa re .-xist:s mfu"f.ly for the benefit of the compu ter. Other
progra ms i.e., ilie <lpplic atfon
softwa re 31'.f' require d to m ake !he compu ~r useful for people . Applic ation softwa re has bd>n
written to do almost every task imagin able. from wurd proce;;
sing to sela'iin g a coll~>\? to attend.
..\.s applica tions may l't' num.erous (/i-nm tl1,•u,;ar
ui., ft> n1iii!l.·1is L~f them). it b not f-easible to dt'5..ign
softwa re tor earn one of them. Rather some genera l softwa
re .m~ d-esign~>d thut may be u sed t-y
individ ual users in the manne r it suits their n<.'<:.>ds and require
ments. Su..::h genera.1 -applkabon
;;;oftwa re are known as padag e,;.
Some m ajor and most oomm on cat~or ie!' oi gen~ra l appli.:a
tion softwa re (packa ges) an:> .
{1) Word Proces sing Softwa re (ii) Spredd sheets
(iii) Databa se Manag ement System s (i<') Deskto p Publis hing Softwa re
U'J Graphics, m ultimt'd1a, and presen tation appli,..a tions.
...
 ~\1PL ~. ,.,
13
... ~ o t"C" f
' 4 28 L.hli11es
' :ho
L uhne,-. arr th1,.,., twh,tu l f"!'\•~ram" ltlc,t l'!,,"lm
m,
~moot h tund11, 1u111; 11t tht• ,omp1 rtN U 1ihff pro"1'a
, tmph Ltihti es .-ire m ..,mt to .i,,,,,, ,
.l\lr . ,,mp1,l1'T ',onw
utih!lt '' lw lc I ,,u i'J,ku r d.it.i ,onw hdr
!'l'l11<ll
outda ted 01P~ M rt'<-·,,, ,•1 .:l,1t.-1 th,11 h,b ~~ .ac,td,1
11t11lh
t" th,•
t>ra,<'d '>(,m~ ma~e II e.,,1er to fmd and .1n-,U)f
nr.1~
mtormat101· 11,u nt>ed ,\ nd , ,,m,• iwlr n,u .l\"{\td
!ht• ,1ttht1
att.1ck , or clean , 1ru<rt><- 1i am ln ,,th.:-r " t1rd,s.
progr am, pert.,r n, hou"'"~ i...~?m>: tun,·tion,-.
cmam ~r.,, ,m.t cnn, :-oit" ar.· ,,,, ,, .in-nu t
It 1~ an establ ished tn1th th.it.,, e•··,thmi! .:-.,m._" ,,.,th
an e, cepno n to it L hhbes ['lt"ld~ tht> ,::~::-, t'1
oelpin c t'0 ,.,1~-p th.• pr-,h\,>m,- .m,i m,1,m m::<' nmr
.1re ~m~ d1, ;.-,.1, -.ed :-,.•l1\\1
compu rer's ,x,tt>nbal ::.omt> 1mpnr ..mt 1;t:hn..-.
Tl'xl f d1tor. Th,, ,1t111h rro9".:1m 1, ,,.,.-d 11,r
,w.,tmi; .~,irt;n~ tt•,"t ti\<',-.
th.. M;l-:m ~m' o r ,h,I.. U.1.:k up me.m ,
Bar kup Uhhty Thb uhhtl pro~.t m :.idht.1 1.-..
,,t .1m Jam.1 ~ 11r ct,,t,1 ,\,,,.,-. th,~ hilck,-d
duphc ann~ tht d· ,I.. ,nr0rm.-in.,;, ,,, that m , J,,.,
up data Incl\ he u,,.,,.
, Comp ressio n Util11')1 Tiw, ulllltl pr,,~. m,
t,icihta tes .:-;.,mpr e., ,1',n ,,1 nit.>!, L ,1rµp nl<', ,·,111
be compres....ed " ' that tht>, 1.1kt• le,, ~r.,rn ~ ,1rea
ukr
~ D1sJ. Dl'frag ml'Jlto r ,\ 'Ht' 1, rn~t>
nlt"d II ht>n ,: :>t>,,,m~ """' l,1,ge r.,r ,,111r ,,m1p
n,1,'?<'n, 1·,,ur ,,,mp uh•r ,phb lhc• till'
to stort> m a ~m~lt· l,xatJo n ,,n .3 .:h,k \\'ht>n tlu,-.
nt<"d iile~ hu1 11 t,1kt'!'- 1 ,,llr c,m1puhc·1
up and s tore, it m v 1..ce-- ) 0u can u~ IT.'h!TIW
longer to a cces., them
Jbk .1.:-.:-e,-., h, l'\'.lrr,m ~n~ the nlo•,- ,md
Disk [)et,,.i~m,•, /," utihtl pr0p-a m ,pt>t•d , up
tTef' spact> on , our c,1mpu ter ,,o th.l! n1e~
a,<' Sli.>red m c.,m1~ 11,u, umt:-; iln..i m'<' s p,1lt'
1s con:,n hdated m ,,nt' ,0nn~ ou, bk1ck
Antr.v,rns Soft., .ire. Thi" utilm pn,qra m en,-ur e,,
,ru..,..rree \\',,rk ennr, ,nn~t A crm 1putk•r r
;
t,. n,,rnu l rund,-1nm~ ,11 d .:,,mpu tt>r
n rus 1s a maha ou:, compu re1 pr.,~a m that ,;h,rup
''- ,,n.i n:>m,,, ,..,. chem 11 ,m\ \'ln11- 1,
An 1111 t1:·1•;,, ,t,;~ a'l' ,,,an~ 1 nur .:li,;k 1nr ,·1•1.1,t
, pn:•..,t'nt m n1<•m,,n ;1Jl tlw nnw " ~
tound :\ loreo, er , o m e annnn 1, -.,r11, ,lft' ~mc1m
that thP1 can detect the nru~e , 1,b ""'n .b
rh<'1 ,x,·t1r\ ,md ,,iuntt 'ract,,c k them 0
~
Aop11c.ili'on Sottwara
\i"J:\:! ;YOCMS OQ
Sp,e:..JshaelS S}:..tem Sonwa re
Han:1,, ~11<'
Graphic Ope,a1tng Pre::ler1ti";;1lll
r.,•,;ign Llbhtias ,f'{H--;-1-;
S1,stem CPU d,s.,.,~ nouse
SO't,\ar e
pnnli>t etc
canguage Desice
l)(OCeSS otll dm,en;
:q,,,~ ' ' Worktng h1~r.i1ch 1 In a compure,
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- 0 =~'E COv~._tt~ S'f~.-::,., O\~~i f\\ 15
_ET U s REVI SE
Co.-;;p.r.,-rs n::~ Ji'ln-er ;,.,r/om>w.-rr ~~ of ~ <';'fk:~, ,,,'ll't-ln.:1,-(>n of ~J>,crr .:.1 «->/Tl•J1't'.
1,1:if,, honh.-·on -e,'e;-s ro p,.~ys.,-.:1 <'!,Y-:ro~J fl\.':.porvm:, of .i ron1;·,1.-1.-r so(h.urr T't!prt'!S('!H mt' ~ i
1;orr1;fnoTtS Si)_~ '.!!rf' z}..u ~~"TI ::So,~:·-otior,
Co.-:p,;;tr .vg,i;-:u.:mon l'tc--'M-s ro !Oi1-uxl sn-um.rr of .2 :vnrurrr Jt'Srih;;-rg :~ir m~rronnn:noos ,md "'Ori,
dcJx>rukr.._--,
The {l:N:Tio:,a/ 0.'"1J".'7lt'Tl!S 01.: , 1.-.., ;p..:a m.-/1...k input unit CPL . .\!~mot)·. Storage l 'nir, Output l'nir
T1'!e J-\!)l;! II'lit is ~=bk ,or <>!)ram;~ input from user i1,xi conwmng 1110 d1g1rul ~ -
The CPl · (u-JllN/ f'ro..--=i'l,1 L"liir) processes the re.:-ein,d iry"ll1f as pcro set o{ ins:rucnons ,md prodll( t"S outpur
Th.> CPC 1-.as lhest' .sub-<-o.r.po.-ients : AI.t:, Conn-o1 IJ:iir o'ld Register.;.
~All. (.4rid.mt'rn: o{ Logic i.:nir) is responsible {OT ,-an::-11,g our amhllll!fic aperonoos a'ld logic opcronons (e g.,
comJ>arin-g rwo mlues).
,· Thr Cosirrol l 'ni1 comro!s or supcnises the prot:t'SS!ng ra~~ng p}ot't?.
" R<?gis:-ers ere smo/1 dma holding GTl'ns within CPl' 1ho1 hold dara. instnJ(tions and melllOI) address during the
pro.."es:Sing.
~ main 111elll0l)' o r ~ - holds the dam and programs (OI' the ~ i n g.
Main mc100,:,>ron eimer be RO!-f or RA.\f.
RO.\ l is read only meJrn)()· d-..:11 SIOn'S =e pn>1,·rirtrn mstructions.
-~ R .\i\-f is Random ac.:t•ss memory· coot can be read and " rir-ien and is used for manipulating dara during pro< ,•;;,,ing.c
-~- The primar:,· men,o,:-• (RA.Ml is "olati/e in nan1N' as all contl'nrs arc cras,._>d as soon as pow..-r goc>s off.
The rnche memory· is a Sl)ffial high spred men!Or:,' scoring rhe mas1 recent~\' acn'SSed darn.
"' The sroragc unit stores 11!.c contcnrs p,.· mumently.
"-' .\laj or storage de..-icrs ON' hard disks, CD, D\'D, flash drive and Blue-Ray diSC's. (
( (
~ A mobilr S)'Sll'lll handles comp/el types of operations iocluding inpur, output and pT'O('(_>SSing.
., ~fojor fimctional components of a mobile sysr-t'm arc Radio Signal Managcmenc subsysrem. Display sub,,--;tef,
pm,w monogemenr sub,-ysrem, CPL'. Memory and storage subsystems.
·" Software represcnrs rhe srt ofprograms rhar gowm the ope-ration of a compurer svsrcmand make the hardware~~
·..:c The sofrwcm.' mar conrrols intl'ma/ rompurer operations is called sysrt'm softwart'. V'\
An operating sysrem is a program ><·hich acrs as an intl'1fact' becw,."l'n the user and the hardware. QJ
:"-- · .--, ,:i' -,.. .-.,: !\:,,, o· n.,, .:, .:· ..:'·~ -single program OS. multiprogram OS, time-sharing OS. re.ii-time ~ ,.
multiprocessing OS ere. ~
~ A. language processor ronwrrs a program writ1e11 in high lc?1-'t'I language 10 mac/1inr language.
p..,,,~,-, ·/i) assembler ,,11id1mrn'l'flS osser11b~• la11g1Klgt! axi.> to 11Kldii1~• c0</e. (ii) compiler
-~ T', ·,· ,:'c c"~m· ,.::.,_~.,.,;,.·
and (iii) 1ncerpre1er which ronvert high level language cod<' ca machine code.
"- Appli,'Dti011 sofn"'1rr is a sec of programs neccssor:,· co rorry ow 0/)('rorion.s for a speci/lt-d applicucioo.
·,- ,::c-· .:·,. 1hr.v ,,,tea ,n,·< "I ar,/?c,mon s,>f'c>, on· · (i) packages (ii) urilirics and (iii) rnsromis,_'C/ softwar,•_
·\ Uriliry programs assisr the rompurer in mai11mini11g its performance. Some of the 11ri/iries ore : f<'W .:dirors. 1><11 kur,
uciliries. compression utiliries, disk de{ragmer1tors. and anrivims sofiw\lre.
-~ Customised software is tailor made software according to us<•r ·s l't.'quirements.
-~, Software libraries are sets of prewrirren code1r11nctionslclasscs etc. cwailuble co programmers for use in rh,
deve/opmenr of new code.
 --,
16
CG MPUTEP SCIENCE WITH PYTH
Oti II
ob j e Ct i ve T y p e Qu e s t i o n s
O TQ s
,\ult tple C hoice Que stio ns
Whi ch ol the follo win g com pon
en ts 1s the mai n mem ory of com pute
(a) CD r7
(b) DVD
(ci lnhmu1I ha.rd driv e
(d) RAM
, Whi d1 com pon ent of " com
pu ter connectl! the proc esso r to
the othe r hard war e 7
[a) Syst em BL1s (bl CPU (c) Ml:'mory (d) Inpu t Uni t
Whi ch of the follo win g is refe
rred to Lhe brai n of com puter
(a) Proc esso r
?
(b) RAM (r) ROM (d) Hard driv e
.;. \;\,bJt is the nam e of prog ram
li tha t cont rol the cum pule r syst
em ?
(a) Har dwa re (b) KEyboa rd (c) Soft ware (d) Mou se
5. The phy sica l co mpo nen ts of
a com pute r a re calle d ?
(a) Soft ware (b) Har dwa re (c) ALU (d) CPU
t,. Which o ( the follo
win g is the com ,, ,on me as urem ,)
ent of unit of com pute r mem ory
(a) IQ ? ~
(b) Byte (c) Tera byte (d) Gig aby te (
Wha t is the name r,f the com
(a) ROM
pon ent that US€'d to both read and writ es data ? -,
(b} RAM ')
(cJ Hard Driv r f
{d) Cache Memo ry
'> The CPU is a lso kno wn C
as :
(a) The Bra in
(c) The Cen tral Processi ng
(b) The Proc esso r Y: ("
Uni.t (dJ All of thes e 1/
Q Whi ch sma lle-r unit o f the CPU dire cts and coor dina tes ()
sequ ence in whi ch inst ruct ions all activ ities with in it and dete rmi nes the
are exec uted , send ing inst ruct ions sequ ence to o ther
sma ller u nit.
c)
• J
(a ) CU b
lb) ALU ½
(c:) PRO CES SOR
(d) All of thes e. Q) 7
• \\Thi.ch sma ller unit of the
C PU perf orms alJ a rithm etic and logi c func tion s in a com E r
(a) CU pu te r ? 0
(b) ALU ~
(c ) PRO CESSOR
(dJ All 0£ these. ,,
Com pon ent o f C PU w hich is
resp =1ble for com pari ng the J()
cont enbi of two piec es of data
(a) ALU (b) C U is
(c) mem ory (d) regi ster IJ
ln a com puter, CU stan ds far
12
(a) con trol unit
Cb) cach e unit
(c} calc ulating unit
(a} com mun icat ion unit Tru e
Arit hme tic and logi c unit alon
gwi th con trol unit of a com pu I
kno wn as ter, com bine d Into a single unit
, is
(a ) cen tral processi ng unit 2.
(b) memary unit
(c) 1/0 unit (d) ope ratin g unit ,1
( huµrp, I COMPUTER WSHM O VERVllW 17
i
1-1 Word l'rocessor and De,ktl>p Pu blt~hing prog r,1m arl' tlw ,,x,1n1p lt'~ of
(11) Hard ware (/•) ~oft wart' (,) cpu (cl) nom• of the'>C
I ~ Opera ting ',ys te m i, an l''<am pll' 11f
(a) ApplrcJtion Software (I,) <,y, tem ~o ft w,ir,•
(c) Util ity program ( ,/) f1lll1l' of the~e
1h A dis k frilgm entor i~ an example of
(11) Application Software (/•) Svs l C'm ~oft w.ir,•
(r) Utility program (r/) norw of llw ~,,
1~ Flnsh memo rv <1nd 8111 Ril y di~k ilrL' the ex,, mpll''> ,,f
(n) H a rd ware (/•) ~oft wan' (,) cpu (,/) none of t h,•~t•
18 Fla~h m em t>ry is ,1 type ol ___ memory
(Ii) l{AM (1) second ary (ti) a ll of the<,t•
(11) Pritm ry
19 Which of the lo llowing m emo ry Jy pes wi ll s to re the da ta or informJ tio n permanently?
(n) RAM (/1) cache
(,) Flash Me mory (rl) Hard d isk
2.0 Which of the following memory ty pes ca nnot s to re the d a ta o r info rmntion permanentl y ?
(n) RAM (b) cache
(c) Flash Memory (rl) Hard disk
Fill 111 1he Bla nks (
.
___ refers to the logica l structure of a computer describing thei r interconnect ions a nd dept·ndene;,·
)
2. RAM and ROM arc the types of _ __ memo ry.
3. The _ __ is res ponsible for ca rrying out arithme tic a nd logic o pe ra tions . ()
~- The ___ of the C PU cont rols o r supervises the p rocessing taking places.
5. The sma ll memory providing units inside the CPU are ca lled the _ __ .
,
data. ,
6. The _ __ mem ory is a special high speed me mo ry sto ring the most recently accessed
7. The power unit of a mobile system is called ___ . ( (
n, " re
8. The set of programs necessary to carry out ope rations/tasks pertaining lo a s peci fic ap pl icatio
., ,
ca lled
.
9. Software that controls and m anages internal computer operations is ca lled _____ _
I 0. Utility programs are a type of _ _ _ _ _ _ . ' ' )
11 . Antivirus software is a type of _ _ _ __ . Q)
E
12. Windows OS is a type of _ _ ____ . 0
~
True/Folse Questions
1. A computer system consists of both hardware and softwa re.
while
2. Hardware is a set of instructions ca lled programs that the computer u ses to ca rry o ut tasks
.
Software are all the parts of the computer you can see a nd touch, a lso known as pe ripherals
3. The two smaller units of the Processor are CU and ALU .
@)
'

'
18
' · Main Mem

CO MPUTER SCIENC
is Jir< ·Llly

E WITII l'Yf llU

l·I /4I
ory hold s '"" .,d '"'" ""' """ beio
g P"'"~ed by ""
acressiblc by the eo,npo lec '"J
CPU .
A mobil,, system
also contains a C1'U
A mob .
ile sys tem wor ks with elect.rid ty.
A mobile system
has its own !it1le
power unit.
K. A cache memory
is a type of RAM
<l. Language
processors are a ,
type of app lica tion soft wa re.
Ill Customised softwar
e is a type of sys
tem softwa re.
NOTE : Answers for
OTOs are given at
the end of the boo
k.
- - - - - - - ---- -.a·.:a.
Solvtcl Prol.\o,~
i.-_ ~
State tire basic ,mils of ~ -~
the comp11ter. Na111e tile
s11h1111i
ts that 111akc 11 p the CPU, nnd give
of t/1e units. tlle Jun ction of euc/1
Solution. The bas
ic uni ts of a com put
. er a_re : . . (Cl'U) 'l
1. Inp ut 2 c t al Pro cess 3. Ou tpu t
um t , en r mg Um t Un it 4. Me mo ry.
The CPU has two , . CU) and the arit
subunit s : the con hmetic logic uni
The control unit con trol urut ( t (ALU).
trols the .
entire ope rati on being ear ned
The ALU perform out.
s the arithmetic and
logical operations
2. What is the func .
tion of mem ory? What are its
Solutio n. The 111eas11ri11g 1111its ?
mem ory tem porarily holds the . .
mallest unit of mem data and info rma .
ory is a byte (8 bits tion dun ng pro
: ::uring units ). A byte can sto ces sm g. O the r
are kilo byte (KB re one cha rac , >
Gigabyte (GB) equ ) equ al to 1024 (2 10 ) ter m bm ary for m .
al to 1024 MB and byt es, Megab yte
(MB) equ al to
3. Give exam
Terabyte (TB) equ al to 102 4 KB, Q)
ples for each of system
102 4 GB . E
softwar e and applica tion soft
Solul"ion. Exa mples ware. Exp lai11 the fun 0
(!) Operating syst
of sys tem softwa
re are : ction of encl! type. e
em (i1) Lan gua ge
Examples of Opera Processor (iii) Ap plic atio n
tion System are : Sof twa re
OS etc. Single user OS, 1111
1/tiuser OS, batch pro
cess ing OS , mu ltiproc
As the nam es sug essing
ges t, single user OS
users. The batc sup por ts sing le use
h proc essing OS r wh ere as mu/ Hus
multiprocessing OS pro ces ses the bat ches (gro ups er OS can sup po rt
is capable of han ) of job s (pr oce mu ltip le
dlin g multiple CP sse s giv en to it)
11,e examples of lang Us at the sam e and
uag e processors are : (i) Inte tim e.
An interpreter con rprete r (ii) Com
verts and execut pile r (iii) Ass em ble r
com piler conver ts es an HLL pro gra
an HLL pro m inte obj ect pro
it can gra m into obje ct gra m line b y lin e
be exe cut ed late r. An assembler pro gra m in one go and onc e w her eas ~
Exa mples of applica converts an ass em the pro gra m is
bly lan gua ge pro gra m into err or free,
tion soft war e are : obj ect pro gra m.
(i) Cus tom ised Sof
The cus tomised twa re (ii) Gen
sof twa re pertain era l sof twa re.
been developed . Gen s to the req uire me
eral sof nts of a specific
twa re is dev elo use r for wh om
ped kee pin g in min the sof twa re h as
d gen era l spe cifi
cati ons of a pro
ble m .
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1\ 'llut i< 11p1•ltrt1l11•11 .,,nu~m· ? \\'l,v IS ,t rr,111m•1I ?
( l1t1f1lr
•,_,lt•la •11 A pplh:.1tlon !'!u ltw,11,1 18 (I "011 war,• thM pe rtulns lll ,m,: app llclltion.
ft,
Applk-ollun i;oHl\lt'tn.' is 11.-.1ui1\ld l~c1111~e , yslcm R•Jftworc cnnnot rnrr-y o ut llw rn ul in,• j(Jbs
pvrt\mned b~ tht? u:4Cr wh ich oppll\~ntlon ~ol'twnni con ,•u11lly do.
Ti.I p('rform 1·arim1~ \..Inds ul ;i,·tlvlt"ics, llw appllcu tlon 11o fl w,1n· co111cs In vHrioull ca tegoric~ :
13.
(1) l'llckngt•~
(u) Utilitfos
(IH) Bus nll'S~ Soflwan'
(r'd 0\'1~ lopc·r Tools.
ftt't' st11m11~11I~ 11h111t 1111r17,reten: ,111d cm1111il,·rs ure xiw 11 l•elmu. St11tly cnclt stnl m1~111 1111d dcler111i11e wlticl,
,{ tlll'rrt l1t>ld tnrc ft•r 11 t'l'lll/'iler tll /or ,111 i11tr17m•trr.
t1) htki's l>llt' ,·t,1/t'lll(llt ul II 1i111,· n111/ ,•xrcull'S it .
(1i) ,~1'111'mll>s 1111 r1ror n,10r l 111 tlw rm/ cf 1ra11slr1/io11 of tlte wlto/e /!1'081'11111. A
\111) ~t111's tier rrr111s/11li1lll rm wri:~ rrs St~lll 11s 1/11• fir, t rrror is r11r,n111tered.
1w) sl,•n~• >/'ffd of rxr-nt ti,•11 o{ l'l\'Srlllll loop, .
14. I
(,•) tmt1:,:/u(f:: the rntitY prosru111 i11 VIICgo.
"-•l11tn1n 1.nte.rpreter : (1) , (ii,). \ii•) ; Complier: (ii), (v)
"'?
~ A
,,
~-- ---- ---- -
.,,,--;- uidelines to NCERT Questions INU RT Chopler l J
1. \'am,· tli,· -"'.lhmr< n·,1111~rJ It• 111,1ke" ,,1mp11t,•, /11 11cl w1wl. W,it,• dm1 111 it~ two p1111111n1 sem 1re,.
(
~ II

ii L0
( j
Ans. Operating Sy~h?m. Two of ils primary services a rc : 111n1111ging CPU a nd 111anngi11g primary
<J!te
mrmory.
c;,~LU
l. l f,'i"' \!t\' !ht· ,·llniJ 111ti.·, 1, 111ier.. :. l1wd ,, l'"'S"'"' tt 11 ttc11
1
111 l11,t<h lt iJt'/ la11gunge?
1
~'f'plicatio
Ans. The prog·ram written in h igh level language is first converted/trans lated into machine la ngu age ,S9ftware
b)' a language prm_"essor. which is then handed over to a computer. Thus, the co mputer is able to '<ampller
understand the progra ms written in h igh level language. ' f
3. \ \ 'liu t, r,:,· t" \ c'(U/hlH ! Hilt ' 1~/ the· lll;l(hllll' l '1)(fr le~ ,; thn11 tJrnt of SOII I"( (' rode? J;peratlng
Ans. The ITam;lak>d 111111'lt111r a-xle runs fast (faster execution time) as now the co mpute r d oes no t E \,U
re.iwre any tYJ)'! of conversion to nm it ; unlike source code which requires con version into
~ iemary
object/machine code before it can be executed . EPROM
I. \\h,;t •, t.!1t· 11.-.d ,,, K\ I I '11,•a • d,1,•, rl .1:t/,•r /10111 RlJ,\ ! ?
Ans. The RAM is needed for the smooth running of a computer's operations as it provides me mory PROM
for reading as we ll writin~ ; its conten ts can be modified as and when required . ROM, on the o ther RAM
hand. stores some instructions which are permanent. ROM cannot be written onto. One can only
read instructions from ROM. ROM
Thus RA M along with ROM, is required for the smooth functioning of a compu ter system .
I I )111 ,, tit<' ,1.-;,/ for S<'t'<>11d,1rv 111<'111t•ry .' Software
Languag,
Ans. The prim<1ry memory h olds the data a nd instructions only during processing a nd afte r tha t, it
gets eraSt.'<i . One cannot s tore data and ins tructions permanently on RAM. System S,
To permanently store data and instructions, the secondary memory is required . Utility Sa.
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