15-04-21

LNTRODuCTION To CoMPUTER

.The woYd computer is devived from compute

Compute meams Calculatfons'.
A A Computer is an electronfc device that takes
data and InstructionS as an n p u t from the
the

user, it procesS and provides useful Infor rmation

hnow as Output

The Father of Computer is Charles Babbaqe

F u l l FoYm of Computer is COmputation Oriented
Machiene fov PrOcess inq utility TYade Education

Reascarch
Chayacteristics
*Specod *Diligence
*Accuracy * VeYsatitity

Storagg
Computer provide.s every Infovmation within
fraction of Seconds.

Applications-
Banking AYmy
Tndustry *Personalpupose
InsuranC
Medical

*Educatfon
ReseaYch
 Tnstructfons ecuteol
Set of bpe.oi
manneY is Called a PTOqYam.

F i r s t Computer Proqrammer : Ada Lovelace Lovelace

She developed an alqorithm for a machine.

*COmputey Components
computeY cons1st ok
Hard klave and Softu)
Softwore
Any
It means physical elements.
Havd Wove :
SoftwaYe Collection of pro9vams.
bet of Instructions.
Program I t us

Input Devices Mouse, Joystick, Barcode Reader,

Touch Screen, Keyboard, Webcam

Microphone Etc
.Fi to Fi2 are Function keys. Total lo6 Keys ave
Fi2
there in a
Keyboard
Output Devices Information
PYovides

Monitor, Printer, Speakers, PYojectors ete

CPU (Centval Processimg unit) :-

3 parts
Avithematic and Logic Unit (ALU) provides
provides

i
the e s u l t
the oo avithematic Calculatuons

Additiom, Subtraction, Mo ouuus etc. Tuth Table

Control Unit Tt can controls all the

Instructions and Cach e v e rTy
y operotion
operoction

Brain o the Computer

Memory Unit:- Storaqe purpose we aYe
usin
umit to store aO
unit called MemoYY
amount ok data amd Intormation
(arge
Connectinq the CPu with
>Mother board
Input and Output DeviceS

CPu performs processing

Mother board Comtains busseS (lhite coloured

cables) inside the cPu

GB b the highest CGiga byte)

IGB equal to24 mega bytes
IMB b eaual o24 Kilo bytes
IKB b eaual lo24 bytes
1byte is caual to 8 bits
tto O
O and 1 (8 bits)
1 Bits ds equol
Dota is collectfon of Rauo facts

An Inform.ation is a meanungful data

15
Numbers, Symboles
Anytim9
>Anything qathered From

called Ra Fact

Memory Unit It is divíded into 2 Parts:-

1)Primary Memory Stoves Less amount of data)
2 Secoondary Memory CLarqe amount of data)

primary Also Man / Intermal) Memory

Secondary AUe Auilary/ETteynal) Hemory
RAM- Ramdom Access Memory
ROM Read Ony Memovy
SRAM Statfc Ram
DRAM Dynamic Ram

Primary MemoYy
qvaiblable in the Computer a5 a buit-i
I t is Jn
Unit of the Compuuten.
*RAMis volatile Memovy (Heans T thtre is a power

writc the Cut tht data will get

It can read &
data
erased.) ny Temporoyy purpe
ROM (Non - Vojatile) {That can't be crased t can
Saved by a de Pault name
*Cach MemOTY
(Fast excutton memovy)
Compared with RAM &RoM, Cache memory s

high c9st
These are thne commony used primary memories

are

* ROM b permament memory of the Compute

X. Cache memory 1S use t o Stove the data Qnd r w

Telated appucation that oas last processed by

the CPU

When The processor performs pTocessinq it f r s t

Searches the Cache memory and then the Kh

tor an Irotruction
Always placed blw CPU and the main memoT9

of the Computer system

Differen ces :
RAM ROM
T t i s Read/rite 1 I t ts a read Onu
memovy mem or
2) Volatfle Stovqe 2-) Permanent Storaqe
Device Device
3:) Data Is erased as 3 Data Yemains
Soon a9 pooeY Suppuy Stoved even after
S turntd ofF.
power Suppy
4) Used as the mau n 4) I t is used to
memoyy of the Computer Stove Basic Tnput
Systemn Output System
CBIOS)

Secondary Memory
Binory
Binayy Value m eans Oand 1 .Ccombination)
*Represenbb the erternal memory Stora qe devices
that aye Conmected tob the Computer

Nom- Volatile memory SourCe

Claiied As-
Magnetic Storaqe Device CHard Dis k Flop Disk)
,

2 Opticoal Storage Device. C CD, DVD, Blue-Ray)

3) UniveYsall Sevial BuS (USB). (uS6, Memory Card
SD Card-)
MSD CMaqnetic StoYa qe Devlce)
All datoa are Stored i t h
maqnetized medtum, &
those types of data Saved
in the binayy foTm.
 Types-
1 Hard DYive
2 Floppy Disk

33 Maqnetic Tape
*Hard Drive :
AlSo Kmown as Hayd Disk Drive
where we tore all the data
TS
IS aa stovage area,
with physicoally Jt
in magnetic form
than 200 GB.
Capabale to Store data more

*Floppy DiSK:-
Intvoduced by TBM in 1169.
.Also Called Floppy Diskette"
medium used in pevsonal
Hard Nare stovaqe
Computters.
Secuved
casing
wlth protective casing.
Magnetic Tapes
.Introduced by Fritz Pfleumer in 1928

.Onuy For Recordi'ng Voice

Optical &toraqe Device :

Al Yead and write activitieS are performed by

Light
AlL Recordimq infovmation StoreS at an ptical
optical
disk
Ex CD, DVD ,
Bluray.
 CD-ROM:
and CD-ROM
Stands for Compact
DSk Read Onuy Memovy
Random Acces5 Categovy DeviceS
Comes in the
to Store almost
of disc can capable
These tYpes
800 MB Of digital data

DVD
Satile Disc" Read ony Memovy
for Digital VeYsa
-

. Stands
also comes îm the Ramdom Access" category
it
Devices

ROM Cam store upto 4GB, but Dual

to
DVD
DVD device' Storaqe capacity is double
Layer
of disc aYe used to S toe ultr a
These tpes
qualiby video
Blu-Kay
AYe totaly Yeplaced by DVDs, because these dics
capable to hold data up to 25-5oG8,
as
are

oell as double layeY Buu Rays dises Can Store

double data
Due to high Storaqe Capacity, B Rays a wed
o Stove igh Detinition videos.
Number System i
Nhen we typee some letters (or) oords,the Computer
translates them m Lumbers as Computtrs Can

umderstand Omy umbers

 A Computer can umdeStand the positional mo
no.
System where there aye On uy aew
Symbols
ymbols

called digits and these Symbolb Yepresent

different vaues, depending on the position
they ocupy in the number.
The value o each diqit in a no Can bee
detemined.
The positfon of the diqít în the no.
The base of the numbe System

Types of Number Sustem :

.
Blnary Number System
A BNS has onluy uoo diqits that ave O and

Every mo Yepresentb with O and 4 In t h no.

Sustem The base 0f binary mo. System fs 2,
becouSe 1t hab only2 diquts
Octal Number Sustem
Has Ony Eight (8) diqits kam 0 to t . Every mo- Valu

Yepresenb oith 0, l, 2,3, 4,5, 6 amd in this no System

The base ooctal number System ds 8, becoause It
has Ony diqits

Decima.l Number System

DMS hob only 1o digib from oto 9.
Every number
represenb with 0,1,2,3,4,5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 in thib
No. SystemThe base of decimal mo. Sustem is 1o
because Iony lo digits.
.Hexadecimal Number Sustem:-

System hasU6) alphanummerfc

A
A Hexadeimal Number
0to 9 and A to F Every no present
values from
F in this
with 0, 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6, +, 8, 9, A, B, C, D,E and
mumbeY Sustm. The base of HNS is 16, because
it hab 16 A is lo,
alphanummeric vaues. Here

and is 15.
B I1 Cio 12, Dis 13, E is I4 F

Number System_Conversions:
There 3 types
are Of Comversion
1 Dectmal Number System to other Basc:
Decimal No. System to Binary Number System.
Decimal No System to octal Number System
Decimal No System to Hexadecimal Number System

2 Othe Base to Decimal Number System

Binary No systtm to Decimal No system

Octal No System to Decimal No. Systenm
Hexadecimal Sustem tO Decimal No.sqstem..

3) OthtY Base to othtr Base

Binary No system to Hezadecimal No. System

Octal No Sustem to tieradeci mal No. System.

Decimal to other Base

SyStem :-

Required Steps
 Step-1 - Divide the decimal mumber to be conve
nverted
the vaue of thee mew base.
by

Step 2 -

Get the remainder from StepP1 the

asthe

vightmost dgit (teast siqnijicant digit

of me base number.

Step 3 Dfvide the quetient of the preuious

dvide by the neo base

Step
Step 4 - Record the vemainder from Step 3 asthe
as the
meat dqit (to the left) O the new

base mumber

Repeat Steps 3 omd 4, getting nemaindarsum

&ught to lelt, until, th quetient becomes
zre in Step 3
The Loast remainder th obtained oill be the
most
stgnitcont Diqit (MSD) ef the nuo baoe
Number