CE5215-Theory and Applications

of Cement Composites
Dr. T. P. Tezeswi
Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Civil Engineering
NIT-Warangal
Email: tezeswi@nitw.ac.in
 Chapter - 2
Stress-Strain Relations
 Overview

• Orthotropic and anisotropic materials

• Engineering constants for orthotropic materials
– restrictions on elastic constants
– plane stress problem
 Stress-Strain Relations For Anisotropic
Materials
• Generalized Hooke’s law relating stresses to strains
σi=Cij εj (2.1)
 Generalized Hooke’s law
• Contracted notation: For situations when stress and strain
tensors are symmetric (usual case when body forces are
absent)

Ref: Mechanics of Composite Materials-Robert M. Jones

 Generalized Hooke’s law
• Strains are defined as:

Ref: Mechanics of Composite Materials-Robert M. Jones

 Generalized Hooke’s law
• Stiffness matrix Cij has 36 constants
• Considering symmetric characteristics of strain energy only 21
constants are shown to be independent
– Elastic materials for which elastic potential or strain energy density
exists have incremental work/unit volume:
(2.3)

– From eqn (2.1) incremental work becomes:

(2.4)

– Integrating all strains, work/unit vol. is:

(2.5)
 Generalized Hooke’s law
• Hooke’s law can be derived from (2.5):
(2.6, 2.7, 2.8)

– Since the order of differentiation is immaterial:

(2.9)
– With reduction from 36 to 21 independent constants the most general
stress-strain relations for anisotropic linear elasticity are:

(2.13)

– No planes of symmetry
– Three axes of the material are all oblique to one another (Triclinic)

Ref: Mechanics of Composite Materials-Robert M. Jones; Wikipedia

 Monoclinic Material
• If there is one plane of material property symmetry, the
stress-strain relations reduce to :

(2.14)

orthoclase

Ref: Mechanics of Composite Materials-Robert M. Jones; Wikipedia

 Orthotropic Material
• If there are two planes of material property symmetry w.r.to a 3rd mutually
orthogonal plane.
• Stress-strain relations in coordinates aligned with principal material
directions are:

(2.15)

– No interaction between normal stresses (σ1, σ2, σ3) and shearing strains γ23, γ31, γ12
– No interaction between shearing stresses and normal stresses
– No interaction between shearing stresses and shearing strains in different planes
– Only nine independent constants in the stiffness matrix

• Example: Wood. Material properties in three perpendicular directions

(axial, radial, and circumferential) are different.
Ref: Mechanics of Composite Materials-Robert M. Jones; Wikipedia
 Transversely Isotropic Material
• If at every point of a material there is one plane in which
material properties are equal in all directions.
• Example: 1-2 plane is the plane of isotropy, then C12=C21
• Only five independent constants

(2.16)

Ref: Mechanics of Composite Materials-Robert M. Jones; Wikipedia

 Transversely Isotropic Material
• Example: on-axis unidirectional fiber composite lamina where
the fibers are circular in cross section.
– In a unidirectional composite, the plane normal to the fiber direction
can be considered as the isotropic plane, at long wavelengths (low
frequencies) of excitation.
– The fibers would be aligned with the axis, which is normal to the
plane of isotropy.

Ref: Mechanics of Composite Materials-Robert M. Jones; Wikipedia

 Isotropic Material
• If there are infinite planes of material property symmetry.
• Only two independent constants

(2.17)
 Mechanical Behavior Of Various Materials
• Anisotropic materials
– Application of Normal stress not only causes extension along direction
of stress and contraction in the perpendicular direction, but also
shearing deformation.
– Application of Shear stress causes shear deformation, as well as
extension and contraction
– Shear-Extension coupling: Coupling between both loading and both
deformation modes. Also seen in orthotropic materials subjected to
normal stress in a non-principal material direction.