Static and Dynamic Moduli of Elasticity

What is Modulus of Elasticity

 Is a measure of the Stress-Strain relationship.
 The ratio between Stress and Strain

3 Types of Moduli of Elasticity

1. Young's modulus.
2. Shear modulus.
3. Bulk modulus

Young's modulus.
 If stress and strain are tensile/compressive then the ratio is called Young's modulus of
elasticity(Denoted as ‘E’)
 The Stiffness of a Material
 Measure of the ability to withstand changes in length

2 TYPES OF Young’s Modulus

1. Static of Moduli of Elasticity
2. Dynamic Moduli of Elasticity

Static of Moduli
 The static moduli are those directly measured in a deformational experiment.
 Often Use in Wellbore Stability

Dynamic Moduli
 The ration of STRESS and STRAIN under vibratory conditios.
 Important Structure Parameters in Road Design

Difference of Static and Dynamic Moduli

Static Moduli
 Directly measured in a deformational experiment.
(10^-2)

Dynamic Moduli
 Calculated from elastic wave velocity and density.
(10^-7)

Shear modulus
 is the ratio of shearing stress to the corresponding shearing strain.
 Another name for shear stress is the Modulus of Rigidity.

Bulk modulus
 is the ratio of hydraulic stress to the corresponding hydraulic strain.
 Defines as volumetric stress over volumetric strain and is the inverse of crompressibility
Grouting
What is Grouting
 Grouting in civil engineering refers to the injection of pumpable materials into a soil or rock
formation to change its physical characteristics. It is one of the ways ground water can be
controlled during civil engineering works.
 Grouting is a process of strengthening weak rocks and unconsolidated soil of a project site
 Grouting plays an important role in arresting the leakage of water through fractured rocks or
porous materials of a dam foundation or reservoir basin.
 In a dam foundation, curtain grouting, consolidation grouting, and blanket grouting are generally
taken up to strengthen weak rocks and to contain leakage.

Purpose of Grouting
 The purpose of grouting can be either to strengthen a formation or to reduce water flow
through it. It is also used to correct faults in concrete and masonry structures.

Types of Materials are Used for Grouting:

 CEMENT GROUTING
 CHEMICAL GROUTING
 BENTONITE GROUTING
 RESIN GROUTING
 BITUMINOUS GROUTING.

CEMENT GROUTING
 the injection under pressure of cement or grout to fill voids or fractures in the soil, rock unit or
concrete structure. Cement Grouting is a process by which cement is injected under pressure to
fill fractures and voids in concrete structures.
CHEMICAL GROUTING
 transforms granular soils into sandstone like masses by filling the voids with a low viscosity, non
particulate grout. The chemical grout is injected under pressure through the ports. The grout
permeates the soil hardens, creating a sandstone- like mass.
BENTONITE GROUTING
 is specially formulated sodium bentonite. It can be used for drilled hole abandonment, water
well grout, sealing monitoring well casing or as a geothermal grout.
RESIN GROUTING
 Traditional grout is made from a cement based mix. It’s not waterproof and actually absorbs
water when it becomes wet. It also absorbs stains easily as anyone who has scrubbed grout will
attest to.
BITUMINOUS GROUTING
 Hot Bitumen Grouting is a special type of grouting where melted bitumen is injected into
medium, saturated with water, it cools quickly at the interface, and turns from its fluid state to a
highly viscous, tenaciously sticky, elastoplastic state.

CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUTING
 High final strengths
 Substrate preparation
 No segment or bleeding
 Shrinkage Compensated
 Able Adjustable fixture

TYPES OF GROUTING
UNSANDED/ NON SANDED GROUT
- This is used for wall tiles where the grout joint is less than 1/8”.
FINELY SANDED GROUT
-This is used for floor tiles where the joints are 1/8” to 3/8” wide
QUARRY – TYPE GROUT
- This is the same as finely sanded grout for ceramic tiles except that coarser grade of sand is used.The
quarry type grout is used for joints that are 3/8” wide to 1/2” wide such as those used with Saltillo
tiles.
EPOXY GROUT
- This consists of an epoxy resin and hardener. Epoxy grout for ceramic tile is highly resistant to stains
and chemicals and has a tremendous bonding strength. It is ideal for countertops and other areas
susceptible to stains.

MODES OF Grouting
 Permeation or Penetration
- Grout flows into a soil voids freely with a minimal effect.
 Compaction or controlled displacement
- Grout remains more or less intact as a mass and exerts pressure on soil.
 Hydraulic fracturing or uncontrolled displacement
- Grout rapidly penetrate fracture zone, created the grout pressure is greater than tensil
strength of soil or rock.

Why Grouting is important to Civil Engineering

 It is one of the ways ground water can be controlled during civil engineering works. Grouting is
suitable where soil permeability would create a heavy demand on pumping or where ground
conditions mean it may be economically inefficient to bore wells.

IMPORTANCE OF GROUTING
 Fixing ground anchors for street pile walls, retaining walls, stabilishing rock cutting, tunnels, etc.
 Producing mass concrete structure and piles.
 Sealing the gap between the surface of a concrete foundation and the base plate of a foundation.
 Sealing the base of structure founded on a pervious dam