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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE

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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE

ne t n et SOLID STATE i.net

6- ne t
lvi. alv
i.
alv lvi.
tnka n k n k nk a
ww
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w w.t w.t
Points TowOverlook w .t
w w ww ww
• Types of solids : (i) Crystalline solids (ii)Amorphous solids.
• Crystalline
t solid : Solid in which t its constituents (atoms,tions or molecules), have an
i . n e
orderly arrangement i .
extending n e over a long range. i . n e i . n et
k a lv k a lv k a lv k a lv
w.tn • Amorphous solids w .tn: In Greek, amorphouswmeans .tn no form , the constituentsw .tn are
w randomly w w
arranged. ww ww ww
• Anisotropy : Having identical values of physical properties such as refractive index,

i . et conductance etc.,i.in
electrical
n n eallt directions i . n et i . n et
k a l•v Isotropy : Different kvaluesa lv of physical properties k a lv measured along different
when
k a lv
w .tn directions w .tn w .tn w .tn
w • Ionic solids: wwThe constituents are cations ww and anions which arewbound w together by ww

et
strong electrostatic attractive forces. Examples: NaCl
i . et
• Covalent
n solids: The constituents
i . n et (atoms) are bound itogether . n et in a three dimensional i . n et
k a lv network entirely by covalent
k a lv bonds. Examples:kDiamond,
i.N a lv silicon carbide etc.k a lv
w .tn • Molecular solids w .t:nConstituents are neutral w tn
.molecules which are w
held
.tn
together by
w w w w w w w ww
weak van der Waals forces.
1) Non-polar molecular solids : Constituent molecules are held together by weak
et dispersion forces oriLondon et forces Examples:i.Naphthalene, et et
lv
i . n . n n anthracene etc., i . n
n k alv 2) Polar molecular n k
v
alsolids : T he n
constituentsk lv
aare molecules formed n
byk alv
polar
.t .t w.t by relatively strong dipole-dipole
w.t
ww w
covalent wbonds. They are held w
together w ww
ka

w w w
interactions.. Examples : solid CO2 , solid NH3 etc.
3)t Hydrogen bonded molecular t solids : The constituents t are held together by t
e
i.n hydrogen bonds..lExamples: i.n e i.n e i.ne
lv v solid ice (H2O), l vglucose, urea etc., l v
Tn

n k a n k a: Lattice points are occupied n k a by positive metal ionsnkand a a cloud

. t 4) Metallic t
solids
w. pervades the space. w t
w. : Cu,Fe,Zn, Ag ,Au, . t
ww w w
of electrons w Example w w wCu- Zn etc. ww
• Crystal lattice : The regular arrangement of these species throughout the crystal
• Characteristic
et parameters ofetunit cell : Three edge lengths et or lattice constantsi.n et
a ,b
i . n i . n i . n
k a lv and c and the angle betweenk a lv the edges α, β and kγ alv k a lv
w .tn • Seven primitivewcrystal .tn systems : Cubic, tetragonal, w .tn orthorhombic, hexagonal, w .tn
w ww ww ww ww
monoclinic, triclinic and rhombohedral.
• Simple cubic unit cell : Each corner is occupied by an identical atoms or ions or
i n et
molecules.
. And they touchi.along n et the edges of the cube, i . n etnot touch diagonally.iThe
do . n et
k a lv coordination numberkofaleach v atom is 6.
ka lv k a lv
w .tn • Body centeredwcubic .tn unit cell : Each corner w .tnis occupied by an identicalw .tnparticle and
w ww ww ww ww
in addition to that one atom occupies the body centre. Coordination number is 8.
t et et et
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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE
• Face
i . n et centered cubic unit icell
. n e:t Identical atoms lie atieach
. n etcorner as well as in the
i . n et
n k alv centre of each face.nCoordination
k alv number is 2. kalv
n n k alv
.t • Schottky defect w.t: Missing of equal number w.tof cations and anions w w.tthe crystal
ww w w from
ww
lattice. w w w
• Frenkel defect : Dislocation of ions from its crystal lattice. The ion which is missing
i . n
from et the lattice point occupies
i . n t interstitial position. net
ean i . i . n et
k al•v Metal excess defectk: aPresence
lv of more number k a
of
lvmetal ions as comparedkatolvanions.
w.tn w .tn w .tn w .tn
w • Metal deficiency
ww defect : Presence of ww less number of cations than wwthe anions. ww
• Impurity defect : Adding impurity ions which are in different valance state from that
of host,
t vacancies are createdneint the crystal lattice of thenehost t .
i . n e i . i . i . n et
k a l•v Packing fraction : kalv k a lv k a lv
w .tn ✓ Simple
w .tn cubic : 52.31 % w .tn w .tn
w ww
✓ Body centered cubic : 68w% w ww ww

et
✓ Face centered cubic : 74 %
ne t n et n et ne t
l v i. i .
lv Textual Questions lv i . i.N l v i .
ka k a k a nka
w.tn1. Graphite and diamond
w .tnare w.tn w . t
w ww ww ww ww
a) Covalent and molecular crystals b) ionic and covalent crystals
c) both covalent crystals d) both molecular crystals
e t e t et et
lv
Ansv:ic) . nboth covalent crystals vi.n i . n i . n
n k
2.
l
aAn ionic compound A n Bk l
acrystallizes in fcc type n k alvstructure with B ionsnatkathe
crystal
lv
centre
w.t w .t x y
w .t w .t
w Aw ww wAxBy is ww
ka

of each face and w ion occupying entre of the cube. the correct formulawof
a) AB b) AB3 c) A3B d) A8B6
Ans : b) AB t3
i . n e i . n et i . n et i .n et
lv
3. The ratio of close packed lv
atoms to tetrahedral hole in lv
cubic packing is lv
Tn

k a k a k a k a
w .tna) 1:1 w .tnb) 1:2 w .tn c) 2:1
w .tn1:4
d)
w Ans : b) 1:2 ww ww ww ww
4. Solid CO2 is an example of
a) Covalent
i . n et solid b) metallicesolid
i . n t c) molecularetsolid
i . n d) ionic solidet
i.n
Ans l v
: c) molecular solid l v l v l v
.tnk5.aAssertion : monoclinic . t ka
nsulphur is an example of. t nka
monoclinic crystal system . t nka
ww w w w
w w
Reason: for a monoclinic system, a≠b≠c and 𝛼 = 𝛾 = 90°, 𝛽 ≠ 0
w
w ww
ww
a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
i et
b) Both.nassertion and reason are true
i . n t reason is not the correct
ebut i . n etexplanation of assertion.i . n et
k lv
c)aAssertion is true but reasonk a lisv false. k a lv k a lv
w .tnd) Both assertion andwreason .tn are false. w .tn w .tn
w ww and reason are true and wwreason is the correct explanation ww ww
Ans : a) Both assertion of assertion.

t et et et
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ww ww
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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE
e
6. In calcium
n t fluoride, having the flourite
n e t structure the coordination
n e t number of Ca2+ ion n et
and
- lvi . i. i . i .
n
F aIon are
k n kalv n kalv n k alv
.t w.t b) 6 and 6 w.tc) 8 and 4 t 4 and 8
w.d)
ww a) 4 and 2 w w w ww
Ans : c) 8 and 4 w w w
7. The number of unit cells in 8 gm of an element X ( atomic mass 40) which crystallizes in
t et t t
.ne is (NA is the Avogadro.nnumber)
bcc pattern
lvi lvi .ne lvi 23 .ne lvi
k a ×
23
ka ×
22
k a k a
6.023 × 1023

w. tn a) 6.023 10 .t n
b) 6.023 10 .tc)n 60.23 × 10 d)(.tn
8×40
)
w Ans : b) 6.023 ×w10
w22w w ww ww
w
ww
8. The number of carbon atoms per unit cell of diamond is
a) 8 net b) 6 net c) 1 n et d) 4 net
i . i . i . i .
n alv: a)8
kAns n kal
v
kal
v
nka
l v
.t . t 1 .tn . t
ww 9. In a solid atomwM
ww w
ww3) of tetrahedral voids w
occupies ccp lattice and( w
arewoccupied by atom
ww

et
N. find the formula of solid formed by M and N.
a) MN
i. n et b) M3tN
i . n e c) MN3
i . n et d) M3N2
i . n et
Ans
k a lv: d) M3N2 k a lv k a lv
i.N k a lv
w.tn10. The composition wof.atnsample of wurtzite is Fe
w .tnO1.00 what % of Iron present
0.93 w .tn in the form
w of Fe3+ ? ww ww ww ww
a)16.05% b) 15.05% c) 18.05% d) 17.05%
et net net net
lv
Ans : b)n15.05%
i. i.
v ionic radii of A andaBlvare 0.98X10 m and 1.81 i. i.
n k alThe
11.
n k
+ −
n k alv X 10 m. the coordination
-10
n k alv-10

.t .t is w.t w.t
ww number of each ion w inwAB w w ww
ka

a) 8
w b) 2
w c) 6
w d) 4
Ans : c) 6
et bcc arrangement, itsi.unit
i.nhas
12.CsCl netcell edge length is 400pm, t
i.ne its inter atomic distance
i.nise
t
lv lv lv lv
Tn

n ka k a k a k a
√3
w.t a) 400pm w .tnb) 800pm n
w.tc) √3 × 100pm wd).tn × 400pm
(2)
w √3 ww ww ww ww
Ans : d) ( ) × 400pm
2
13. A solid
n e tcompound XY has NaCln e t
structure. if the radius of the
n e t cation is 100pm , the net
lvi.of the anion will be lvi.
radius lvi. lvi.
.tnka)a( 100 ) . t n ka0.732 . t n ka . t n a
k0.414
w w w b) ( ) w c) 100 × 0.414 wd) ( 100 )
0.414
100
ww 100
ww ww ww
Ans : a) ( )
0.414

i . et space in bcc lattice

14. The vacant
n i . n et cell is
unit
i . ne t
i .ne t
k lv
a)a48% lv
b) 23%
k a al
c) 32%
k
v d) 26%
k al v
n n n n
w w.t Ans : c) 32% w.t w .t
ww
.t
ww ww w ww

t et et et
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ww ww
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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE
et of an atom is 300pm,
15. The radius
n n eift it crystallizes in a face n et
centered cubic lattice, the et
a l
length
i .
v of the edge of the unitacell
l i.
v is a l vi .
a l vi.n
. tnka) 488.5pm . t nb)k 848.5pm . t nk884.5pm .t k
n484.5pm
ww w ww w ww c)
w ww d)
ww
Ans : b) 848.5pm
16. The fraction of total volume occupied by the atoms in a simple cubic is
a) (i .)n𝜋et b) ( ) i.ne
𝜋 t
c) ( )
𝜋
i.ne
t
d) (
𝜋
i .)n et
kal4v√2 kalv 6 4
ka lv 3√ v
kal
2
n .tn n n
w.t Ans : b) ( ) .t .t
𝜋
w 6
w ww w w w
w w w
ww
17. The yellow colour in NaCl crystal is due to
a) excitation of electrons in F centers b) reflection of light from Cl- ion on the surface
. n
c) refraction
i et of light from Na+ ioni.net d) all of the above
i . n et i . n et
k a
Ans
lv: a) excitation of electrons
k a lvin F centers k a lv k a lv
w.tn w .tn w .tn w .tn
w 18. if ‘a’ stands for the edge length of the cubic system ; sc , bcc, and fcc. Then the ratio of
ww ww ww ww

et
radii of spheres in these systems will be respectively.
1 √3 √2
a)( 𝑎:
ne t
𝑎: 𝑎)
ne t et √2𝑎)
b) (√1𝑎: √3𝑎:
ne t
2
l v i. 2 2
l v i . i.N l v i .n l v i .
nkc)a(2 𝑎: a nk(2a𝑎: √3𝑎: nka
1 √3 1 1 1
. t 𝑎: 𝑎) . t nk . d)
t 𝑎) . t
ww w ww w
4 2√2 √2

Ans : c) ( 𝑎:
1 √3 ww 1
𝑎: 𝑎) w ww ww
2 4 2√2
19. if ‘a’ istthe length of the side of the
t cube, the distance between t the body centered atom t
e e e ne
lv
andlv i.ncorner atom in the cube
one .n be
lviwill lvi.
n
lvi.
.t nka)a( 2 )a . tnb)k(a4 ) a . t n k√a3 √3
. t nk a
ww w w c) ( 4 )a d( )a w
√3
ww 3
ww ww2
ww
ka

√
√3
Ans : d( )a
2
20. Potassium
n e t has a bcc structure withn e t nearest neighbor distance n e t4.52 Ao . its atomic weight n et
i .
lv its density will be kalv i . lv i . lv i .
Tn

kisa39. k a k a
w.tna) 915 kg m-3 w .tnb) 2142 kg m-3 w .tc)n 452 kg m-3 w
d) 390
n m-3
.tkg
w w-3w ww ww ww
Ans : a) 915 kg m
21. Schottky defect in a crystal is observed when
a) unequal
i . n etnumber of anions andi.anions
n et are missing from the i . n et
lattice
i . n et
k lv number of anions k
b)aequal a
and lvanions are missing fromkathe lvlattice k a lv
w .tnc) an ion leaves its normal
w .tnsite and occupies an interstitial
w .tn site w .tn
w ww ww ww ww
d) no ion is missing from its lattice.
Ans : b) equal number of anions and anions are missing from the lattice
22. Thei . n et leaves its normal position
cation i . n et in the crystal and moves i . n et to some interstitial i.net
k a lv the defect in the crystal
position, k a lv is known as k a lv k alv
w .tn w .tn w .tn w .tn
w a) Schottky defect ww ww b) F center ww ww
c) Frenkel defect d) non-stoichiometric defect
t et et et
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ww ww
w
ww
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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE

i . et
Ans : c) Frenkel
n defect
i . n et i . n et i . n et
v
alAssertion:
23. lv density of the crystalline
due to Frenkeladefect, alv solid decreases. nkalv
.t n k n k n k
ww w.t defect cation and anion
Reason : in Frenkel
w w
.t the crystal.
wleaves w w.t
a) Both assertionwand reason are true and reason w is the correct explanation w of assertion. ww
b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
c) Assertion
i . n et is true but reason is ifalse.
. n et i . n et i . n et
k lv assertion and reasonkaare
d)aBoth lv false k a lv k a lv
w.tnd) Both assertion andwreason .tn are false w .tn w .tn
w ww ww ww ww
Ans : d) Both assertion and reason are false
24. The crystal with a metal deficiency defect is
a) NaCli . n et b)
i . n et
FeO n
c)i.ZnO et d) KCl i.ne
t
k a
Ans
lv: b) FeO k a lv k a lv k a lv
w .tn w .tn w .tn w .tn
w 25. A two
ww
dimensional solid pattern formed
ww
by two different atoms X
ww
and
ww

et
Y is shown below. The black and white squares represent atoms X and Y
respectively. t the simplest formula nforetthe compound based onnthe t unit
celllv
from n e
i. the pattern is i . i . e i . n et
k a k a lv i.N k a lv k a lv
w .tna) XY8 w .tn b) X4Y9
w .tn w .tn
w c) XY2 ww d) XY4 ww ww ww
Ans : a) XY8
t et et t
i.ne ne
lv
. n . n
l v alv
i Additional
alv
Questions i lvi.
nka
.t 1.An example for metal n k n k nk a
ww a) NaCl w w.tdeficiency defect is ww.t w . t
ww d) CsCl ww
ka

w b) AgCl w c) FeO
Ans : c) FeO
n t
2. An ioneleaves et
its regular site and occupies
n a position in the space
n et between the latticei.sites.
n et
i .
lvdefect is called as kalv i . lv i . lv
Tn

This
a a a
k
.tna) Schottky defect w.tnb) Frenkel defect k
.tnimpurity defect tn k
w w c) d).vacancy
w defect
w w w w ww
Ans : b) Frenkelw defect w w
3. In a simple cubic cell, each point on a corner is shared by
a) one .unit
i n etcell b) two unit
i . n t
ecells c) eight unit
i . n et
cells d) four unit cells
i . n et
k a
Ans lv: c) eight unit cells kalv k a lv k a lv
w .tn4.In Bragg's equationw‘n’.tnrepresent w .tn w .tn
w ww ww b) Avogadro numberww ww
a) number of moles
c) quantum number d) order of reflection
n e t n e t n et n et
Ans :id) . order of reflection
lv Bragg's equation is kalv i . lv i . lv i .
k a
5.The ka k a
w .tn w .tn w .tn w .tn
a) λ = 2d sinθ b) nd = 2 λ sinθ c) 2 λ = nd sinθ
w ww ww ww n λ = 2d sin θ
d)
ww
d) n λ = 2d sin θ
t et et et
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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE

i . et
6.The co-ordination
n number of ZnS e
i . n ist
i . n et i . n et
a)a3lv b) 4alv c) 6 alv d) 8 alv
.t n k n k n k n k
ww Ans : b) 4 w w.t w w.t w w.t
7. The co-ordination w number of B2O3 is w w ww
a) 3 b) 4 c) 6 d) 8
Ans : a) . n3et . n et . n et . n et
i
lv co-ordination number i
lvNaCl is lv i lv i
8.aThe
k k aof k a k a
w.tna) 3 w .tnb) 4 w
c) .tn
6 w
d) 8.tn
w ww ww ww ww
Ans : c) 6
9. The co-ordination number of CsCl is
a) 3 i.ne
t b) 4 i.ne
t n et n et
lv: d) 8 lv
c) 6
lv i . d) 8
lv i .
k a
Ans k a k a k a
w .tn w .tn w .tn w .tn
w 10.The crystal
ww
structure of CsCl is
ww ww ww

et
a) simple cube b) face-centred cube
c) body-centredt cube t d) edge-centred cube
Anslv:ic) n e
. body-centred cube lvi. n e i . n et i . n et
k a k a
i.N k a lv k a lv
w .tn11.A regular three dimensional
w .tn arrangement of identical
w .tn points in space is w .tn
called
w a) Unit cell ww b) Space lattice wc) w Primitive wd)wCrystallography ww
Ans : a) Unit cell
12. An example
e t for Frenkel defect iset et et
lv
i . n i . n i . n i . n
n k alv
a) NaCl b) AgBr
n k alv c) CsCl
n k alv d) FeS
n k alv
.t Ans : b) AgBr w.t w.t w.t
ww 13.The solids which w w w ww
ka

w are good conductors ofwelectricity and heat are w

a) Ionic solids b) Molecular solids c) Metallic solids d) Covalent solids

i . et
Ans : c) Metallic
n solids
i . n et i . n et i . n et
lv solid in which its constituents lv lv v
a llong
Tn

14.The
a a have an orderly arrangement
a extending over a
k
.tnrange .tn k .tn k .tn k
w w w w w w w w
a) Ionic solid w b) Molecular solids wc) Crystalline solids w
d) Amorpous solids ww
Ans : c) Crystalline solids
i et
15. The.nCoordination number of each
i . n etatom in Simple Cubici.,nFace et centered cubic , Body i . n et
a lv cubic are
centered
k k a lv k a lv k a lv
w .tna) 6 , 2 , 8 w
b)2.t,n6 , 8 c)2 w, .t,n2
6 d)6 w .,tn
w w w w w w w 6, 2
ww
Ans : a) 6 , 2 , 8
16. Percentage of Schottky defect in VO( Vanadium Mono oxide ) crystal :
a)14 % i . n et b)15% i . n et c)16% i . n et d)18% i .n et
k a
Ans
lv: a)14 % k a lv k a lv k a lv
w .tn w .tn w .tn w .tn
w 17. Which one is
ww
Non Stoichiometric
ww
defect ;
ww ww
a) Metal excess effect b) Frenkel defect
t et et et
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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE

i . et
c) Metal deficiency
n defect
i . n et d)Both a and c et
i . n i . n et
n alv: d)Both a and c nkalv
Ans
k n k alv n k alv
.t .t t , Body centered , Face
w.cubic w.t centered
ww 18. Percentage ofwfree wwspace ( vacant ) in Simple w w ww
cubic unit cell ( Cubic close packing ) are w w
a) 47.69 % , 32 % , 26 % b) 47.69 % , 30 % , 26 %
c) 48.69
i . n%et, 32 % , 26 % i . n et d) 47.69 % , 32 .%
i n e, t28 % i . n et
a
Ans
k lv: a) 47.69 % , 32 % , k26 alv% k a lv k a lv
w.tn19. In AAA type eachwsphere .tn is arranged in contact w
n
.twith ----------- of its w .tn
neighbours
w ww w w ww ww
a) six b) four c) two d) none of these
Ans : b)four
n
20.In iABAB…
. et type each spherei.isnearrangedt n et
in contact withi.----------- of its neighboursi.ne
t
k a lv
a)six b)four k a lv c) two k a lv d)none of these k a lv
w .tn w .tn w .tn w .tn
w Ans : a)six
ww ww ww ww

et
21.Three atoms P , Q , R crystallize in a cubic solid lattice having P atoms at corners , Q
atom at body t centre , R atom at face centre
t .Identify the formula tof the compound
a) PQR i . n e b) PQR i . n e c) PQ R i . n ed) PQR i . n et
k a lv k
2
a lv 2
i.N k a lv 3
k a lv
w .tnAns : d)PQR3 w .tn w .tn w .tn
w ww of an ionic compound
22.The general formula wwwhich crystallines in body-centredww cubic ww
structure is
a) AB et b) AB2 e t c) A2B e t AB3
d) et
lv
. n
Anslv:ia) AB i . n i . n i . n
n k a n k alv n k alv n k alv
.t 23.What is the arrangements .t of layers in a cubicwclose .t packing of spheres? w.t
ww a) AB AB AB…www w
wb) ABC ABC ABC… ww ww
ka

c) AAAAA… d) None of these

Ans : a) AB
i . n et AB AB… i . n et i . n et i . n et
v is the arrangementsaof
lWhat lvlayers in a hexagonal kclose lv packing of atom? kalv
Tn

24.
a a
k k
.tn a) AB AB AB… w.tnb) ABC ABC ABC… w.tc)n AAAAA… .tnof these
w d) None
w
w wwABC… ww ww ww
Ans : b) ABC ABC
𝑟+
24. If ( 𝐶−) is 0.225 – 0.414, the coordination number is
. n
𝑟e𝐴t ne t ne t net
a)a3lvi b) 4alvi. c) 6 a l v i . d) 8 al vi .
n k .tnk .tnk nk
w w.t Ans : b) 4 ww ww w .t
w system a ≠ b ≠ c, α = β w
25. In which crystal = γ = 90˚ ww ww
a) tetragonal b) orthorhombic c) rhombohedral d) hexagonal

i . et
Ans : b)northorhombic
i . n et i . n et i .n et
a
26. v both hcp and ccp arrangements,
lIn a lv the coordination a lv of each sphere is kalv
number
k
.tna) 8 k
.tnb) 4 k
.tc)n 12 n
w w w d) 6 w.t
w ww ww ww ww
Ans : c) 12

t et et et
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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE

i . et
27. The coordination
n i. et
number of an octahedral
n void is
i . n et i . n et
a)al4v b) 6alv c) 2alv d) 8 alv
.t n k n k n k n k
ww Ans : b) 6 w w.t w w.t w w.t
28. The coordination w number of an tetrahedral w void is w ww
a) 4 b) 6 c) 2 d) 8
Ans : a) . n 4et . n et . n et . n et
v i
lNaphthalene i
lv are lv i lv i
k a
29. and Anthracene
k a k a k a
w.tna) Non polar molecular w tn
.crystals w tnPolar molecular crystals
.b) w .tn
w ww ww d) Ionic crystals ww ww
c) Metallic crystals
Ans : a) Non polar molecular crystals
.
30. Glucose
i n et is an example for i.net i . n et i . n et
k
a)a lv crystals
ionic k a lv b) k a lv bonded molecularkacrystal
hydrogen
lv
w .tn w .tn w .tn w .tn
w –
c) polar molecular
ww crystals
ww d) non polar
ww
molecular crystals
ww

et
b) hydrogen bonded molecular crystals
31.The crystal t with metal excess defect t is
a) ZnO i . n e b) FeO i . n e c) AgBr i . n et d) FeS i . n et
k a lv k a lv i.N k a lv k a lv
w .tna) ZnO w .tn w .tn w .tn
w 32. A unit cell that ww contains only one latticew w is called
point ww ww
a) Non – primitive unit cell b) Primitive unit cell
c) Face centrede t cubic unit cell net d) Body centred e t cubic unit cell et
lv
. n
Anslv:ic) Face centred cubic unit i . i . n i . n
n k a n k alv cell
n k alv n k alv
.t 33. In which crystal system .t a = b ≠ c, α = β = γ =w90˚ .t w.t
ww a) hexagonal www b) tetragonal w w ww
ka

w c) rhombohedral w d) orthorhombic
Ans : b) tetragonal
34.Whicheone
n t of the following is an n t
eamorphous solid?
n et n et
v i
a)alglass
. lv2i . lv i . lv i .
Tn

b) SiO
a c) NaCl
a d) Na a
k
.tnAns : a) glass .tn k .tn k .tn k
w w w w w w
35. Which one ofwthe following is an example wwfor atomic solids? ww ww
a) Frozen elements of group 18 b) Group 17 elements
i . et
c) Inner-transition
n elements
i . n et d) Chalcogens .net
i i . n et
a
Ans
k lv: a) Frozen elements ofkagroup lv 18 k a lv k a lv
w .tn36. Which one of thew .tn
following is a covalent w .tn
crystal? w .tn
w ww b) Diamond wwc) Anthracene ww d) Glucose ww
a) Glass
Ans : b) Diamond
. n
37. Molecular
i et solids contains neutral i . n t
emolecules held together i . n et
by i .n et
k
a)a lv cohesive forces kalv
strong b) weak k a lv
vanderwals forces k a lv
w .tn w .tn w .tn w .tn
w c) weak ionic
ww
forces
wwd) strong electrostatic
ww
forces
ww
Ans : b) weak vanderwals forces
t et et et
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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE
35. Silicon
i . n etcarbide is an examplei.of n et i . n et i . n et
k lv solid
a)aionic
k alv lv
b) covalentasolid
k k alv
.t n n n n
ww c) polar molecular w.t
solid
w d) w
w
.t – polar molecular solidw.t
non
Ans : b) covalentwsolid w ww ww
36. Solid NH3 solid CO2 are examples of
a) covalent
i . n etsolids i . n et b) polar molecular
i . n t
esolids i . n et
k lv
c)amolecular solids k alv a
d) ionic solids
k lv k a lv
w.tnAns : c) molecular solids w .tn w .tn w .tn
w ww ww ww ww
37. Each atom in the corner of the cubic unit cell is shared by how many unit cell?
a) 8 b) 6 c) 1 d) 12
Ans :i.a) n e t n e t n e t n et
8
lv one of the following i .
lvmetal shows non – stoichiometric lv i . lv i .
k a
38.Which k a k a defect? k a
w .tn w .tn w .tn w .tn
w a) FeO
ww b) AgBr
ww c) ZnO
ww d) Both a and c
ww

et
Ans : d) Both a and c
39. Which tis the coordination numbertof each atom in a simple cubic t unit cell?
a) l8vi. n e b) 6 lvi. n e i.N c) 12 lvi. n e d) 4 lvi.n
et
nkAnsa : b) 6 nka nka nka
. t . t . t . t
ww 40. The number w of w
w
atoms belongs to bcc unit wwis
wcell ww
w
ww
a) 2 b) 4 c) 6 d) 12
Ans : a) e2t et et et
lv
i . n i . n i . n i . n
n k av
41.lThe number of atoms
n k alv
belongs to fcc unit cell is
n k alv n k alv
.t a) 2 w.t b) 4 w.tc) 6 .t 8
wd)
ww Ans : b) 4 w w w ww
ka

w w w
42. The atoms the face centre is being shared by ______ unit cells.
a) 4
i . n et b) 8
i . n et c) 2
i . n et d) 6
i .n et
lv: c) 2 lv lv lv
Tn

Ans
a a a a
k
.tn43. The coordination w k
.tn of zinc sulphide isw.tn k .tn k
w number w
w ww ww c) 6 ww d) 8 ww
a) 3 b) 4
Ans : b) 4
i et
44. The.ncoordination number of CsCl
i . n etis i . n et i . n et
a)a3lv
k b)k4alv c)k6alv d) 8kalv
w .tnAns : d) 8 w .tn w .tn w .tn
w w ww ww ww
45. Metal excessw defect is possible in
a)AgCl b) AgBr c) KCl d)FeS
e t e t e t t
Ans :i.c)
lv
n KCl
lv i.n lv i.n lv i.ne
ka k a ka k a
w.tn w.t
n
w .tn w .tn
w ww ww ww ww

t et et et
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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE

ne t ne t t t
i.ne ne
Textual Questions
a lvi. lvi. l v lvi.
. tnkAnswer nka
the following questions
. t .tnk
a
.t nk a
ww 1.Define unit cell.ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
ww
✓ A basic repeating structural unit of a crystalline solid in a three dimensional pattern is
called t a unit cell. t
✓ iA. n e
unit cell is characterisedi .
byn ethe three edge lengths i
or .n et constants a ,b andic.nand
lattice
et
kalv k alv k a lv k a lv
.tn the angle between the
.tn edges α, β and γ .tn .tn
ww ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
ww
2. Give any three characteristics of ionic crystals
1) Ionict solids have high melting points.
i . n e i . net i . n et i . n et
ka l2)v These solids do not conduct
k a lv electricity, becausekthe
a lvions are fixed in their lattice
k a lv
w.tn positions.
w .tn w .tn w .tn
w ww electricity in moltenwstate
3) They do conduct w (or) when dissolved in wwwater because, the ww

et
ions are free to move in the molten state or solution.
4) They
i.n et are hard as only strong external
i.n et force can change the
i.n etrelative positions of ions.et
i.n
l v l v i.N l v l v
. tnk3.aDifferentiate crystalline
. t
a
nksolids .
and amorphous t nka
solids . t nka
ww w ww w ww w ww ww
Crystalline Solids Amorphous solids
Long range orderly arrangement of Short range, random arrangement of
et et constituents. i.net et
lv
i n
constituents.
. i . n i . n
n k alv shape
Definite n k alv n k
Irregular lv
ashape n k alv
.t .t w.t in nature w.t
ww Anisotropic in w ww
nature w
Isotropic w ww
ka

w w
They are true solids They are considered as pseudo solids (or)
super cooled liquids
et et et et
vi.n Heat of fusion alvi.n
Definite
l lv
Heat of fusion i . n
is not definite lv i .n
Tn

a a a
.tnkThey have sharp melting k
.tnpoints. k
.tn soften over a rangewof
Gradually .tn k
ww ww
w w
wwtemperature and so can be ww moulded ww
Examples: NaCl , diamond, Examples: Plastics, glass

i . n et i .n et i . n et i . n et
k lv
4.aClassify a
the following solids
k lv k a lv k a lv
w .tn(a) P4 (b) Brass w n .tn
(c).tDiamond (d) NaCl (e)wIodine w .tn
w ww solid ww wwsolid ww
(a) P4 - Molecular (b) Brass – Metallic
(c) Diamond – Covalent solid (d) NaCl – Ionic solid
(e) Iodine
i . n e–t Molecular solid i.net i . ne t
i .net
lv
k5.aExplain
v
kal of unit cell. l v l v
.tn
briefly seven types
n nka nka
w w w.t w . t w .t
ww ww ww ww

t et et et
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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE
There areesevent primitive crystal net t t
l v i . n
l vi. l vi.ne lvi.
ne
a
systems
nk 1) Cubic a
n- kNaCl a a
. t . t .tnk .t nk
ww w ww ww
w
ww
w
ww
2) Tetragonal - TiO2
3) Orthorhombic - BaSO4
et
4) Hexagonal
i . n - ZnO .net
i.ne
t
. n et
k a l5)v Monoclinic a lvi 4
-kPbCrO ka lv
kal
v i
w.tn 6) Triclinic w .tn- H3BO3 w .t n
w .t n
w ww w w w w ww
7) Rhombohedral - HgS
They differ in the arrangement of their
t t t t
lv i.ne
crystallographic axes and angles i.ne
lv l v i . ne
l v i . ne
n ka nk a nka nka
.t . t . t . t
ww 6.Distinguish between
w w
ww hexagonal close packing
w
ww and cubic close packing
ww ww

et
Hexagonal Close packing Cubic Close packing
et
‘ABA’narrangement ne t net
‘ABC’ arrangement ne t
lvi.
a spheres of the third nlayer
ka is l v i . i.N a lvi. al v i .
. tnkThe . t The spheres
. t nkof the third layer is not.tnk
ww exactly aligned w asw
w
first layer
w
ww with those of either the
aligned
w
wwfirst or ww
second layer.
The hexagonal
e t close packing is based et The cubic close packing e t is based on et
lv
i . n i . n i . n i . n
n k alvhexagonal unit cells with
on
n k lv of
asides alvcubic unit cell.
the face centered
nk alv nk
.t equal length w.t . t . t
ww Tetrahedral voids w w w w w
ww
ka

w of the second w
Octahedral voids of the secondw layer
layer are covered by the sphere of are covered by the sphere of the third
the thirdn t
elayer n et layer net n et
i .
lvunit cell of hexagonalkcloselv i . i .
lvcubic close packing kalv i .
Tn

k a
The a a
The unit cellkof
w.tn packing has 6 spheres. w .tn has w w.t
n
4 spheres w .tn
w w w w w w ww
This type is found in metals like Mg, This type is found in metals like Cu,
Zn. net net Ag. net ne t
a l vi. alv
i.
alvi. al vi .
nk nk nk nk
w w.t w w.t w w.t w .t
w
7. Distinguish tetrahedral and octahedralwvoids. ww ww

ne t Tetrahedral Void
n et et
Octahedral
n Void
ne t
l v i . i .
lv(b) is lvi. v i .
ka
When k a
a sphere of second layer When the kavoids (y) in the first layerk al
(a)
w.tn above the void (x) ofwthe
.tnfirst layer (a), .t n
wpartially
are covered by thew
n
w.t of
spheres
w ww w
wlayer (b), octahedral voidw(a) ww
tetrahedral void is formed.

t et et et
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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE

i . et of close packed spheres

If the number
n i. n et be If the number iof.nclose
et packed spheres bei.net
n k alvthen, the number of tetrahedral
‘n’
n kalv voids ‘n’ then, n k alvnumber of octahedralnvoids
the k alv
.t .t w.t is equal to n ww.t
ww generated is equal wtow2n. generated
w ww
This constitutesw four spheres , three on thewThis constitutes six spheres
w
lower (a) and one in the upper layer (b). the lower layer (a) and three in the
n e t n e t upper layer (b)i.net n et
i .
lv the centers of thesekfour i .
lvsphere sare When thekacenters
lv of these six spheres lv i .
k a
When a k a
w.tn w .tn w .tn w .tn
w joined, a
ww
tetrahedron is formed w
are
wjoined, an octahedron w
is formed.
w ww
The coordination number is 4. The coordination number is 6.

i . n et i . net i . n et i . n et
ka
8.
lv are point defects?kalv
What k a lv k a lv
w.tn w .tn w .tn w .tn
w ✓ If the
ww
deviation in the perfect crystal
ww
occurs due to missing
ww
atoms , displaced atoms or
ww

et
extra atoms the imperfection is called as point defect.
✓ It occurs
t due to imperfect packing t during the original crystallisation
t or they may ariset
i. n
from
e thermal vibrations of i . n e i
atoms at elevated temperature. . n e i . ne
v
al : Stoichiometric , Non l v
astoichiometric
i.N l v
adefect al v
.tnkTypes .t n k , nk
Impurity
.t .t nk
ww ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
ww
9. Explain Schottky defect
✓ Schottkyt defect arises due tonthe t missing of equal number t of cations and anionsnet
e e e
lv
. n
vifrom the crystal lattice.alvi . vi . n vi.
a l a l a l
.t nk ✓ This effect does not . tnkchange the stoichiometry . t nkof . t nk
ww the crystal.ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
ww
ka

✓ Ionic solids in which the cation and anion are of

i . et of similar size show

almost
n i . n et
schottky defect.
i . n et i . n et
lv Example: NaCl. kalv lv lv
Tn

ka k a k a
w.tn ✓ Presence of large w
n
.tnumber of schottky defects
w
na
.tin w .tn
w ww its density.
crystal, lowers ww ww ww
✓ Example: vanadium monoxide (VO).Theoretical density is 6.5 g cm-3, but the actual
i . et
Experimental
n density is 5.6.n
i gecmt -3.
i . n et i . n et
v alv v v
.tnkal✓ Approximately 14%kSchottky
.tn .t kal
defect in VO crystal.
n .t kaln
w w w w w w w
10. Write short wnote on metal excess and w ww
metal deficiency defect with an example ww
Metal excess defect
✓ iIt
. n et due to the presence
arises i . n etmore number of metal
of i . n et as compared to anions.
ions i .n et
ka l✓v Alkali metal halides kNaCl,
alv KCl show this type kofadefect.
lv k a lv
.t n n
.t n .t n .t
ww ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
ww

t et et et
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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE
✓ The
. n etelectrical neutrality ofi.then t
ecrystal can be maintained eby
.n t the presence of anionicnet
a l i
v vacancies equal to theaexcess l v metal ions (or) by the a l i
vpresence of extra cation aand
l vi.
. tnk . t k
ninterstitial . t nk .t nk
ww electron
w ww
present in position.
w ww w ww ww
Example : ZnO is colourless at room temperature. When it is heated, it becomes yellow in
colour. On heating, it loses oxygen and thereby forming free Zn2+ ions. The excess Zn2+ ions
move to et
.ninterstitial sites and the electrons t
.ne also occupy the interstitial
t
.ne positions. .ne
t
kalvi ka lvi k a lvi k a lvi
w.tnMetal deficiency defect
w .tn w .tn w .tn
w ww ww ww ww
✓ It arises arises due to the presence of less number of cations than the anions.
✓ This defect is observed in a crystal in which, the
i . n et have variable oxidation
cations i . n etstates. i . n et i . ne t
k alv : In FeO crystal,ksome a lv of the Fe2+ ions are kalv a l v
.tn Example
.tn .tn nk
w w w w w.t
missing from the
ww
crystal lattice. To maintain
ww 2+
the
ww ww

et
electrical neutrality, twice the number of other Fe
ions in the tcrystal is oxidized to Fe3+ ions.t In such
cases,i . n e
overall number of Fe 2+
and i . n
Fe
e
3+
ions is less than i . n et i . ne t
a lv2- a lv i.N a lv l v
k
.tnthe O ions. .tn k .tnk . t nka
ww ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
ww
11.Calculate the number of atoms in a fcc unit cell.
t
In a faceecentered t
cubic unit cell, identical
e atoms lie at each corner
e t as well as in the centre e t
of
lv
i . n i . n i . n i . n
n alv
each
k
face.
n k alv n k alv n k alv
.t 𝑁𝑐 = 8 (Number of atoms .t in corners ) 𝑁𝑓 = 6 ( .Number
t of atoms in face ) .t
ww ww ww
w
ww
w
ww
ka

w
Number of unit cell in fcc =
𝑁𝑐
+
𝑁𝑓
8 2
8 6
t = +
2 et et t
i.ne i.ne
8
lv i .n
= a1lv+ 3 = 4 lv i . n
l v
Tn

.tn ka .tnk .t n k a
.t nka
w w w w w
ww
12.Explain AAAA and ABABA and ABCABC
w ww
w type of three dimensional packing with ww
the help of neat diagram.
(i) AAAA
i . n ettype i . n et i . n et i . n et
k a l✓v It can be obtained bykrepeating
a lv the AAAA type ktwo a lvdimensional k a lv
w .tn arrangements w
in .tn dimensions.
three w .tn w .tn
w ww ww ww ww
✓ Spheres in one layer sitting directly on the top of those in the
previous layer so that all layers are identical.
✓ iAlln t
espheres n eoft crystal are perfectlyialigned
n et horizontally and also n et
.
lv vertically, so that anykaunit i .
of different layers
lv cell of such arrangement .
lvas simple cubic structure lv i .
n k a n n k a n k a.
.t .t .t .t
ww ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
ww

t et et et
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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE
✓ In e
n t cubic packing, each
simple
n t
esphere t
is in contact with 6eneighbouring
n spheres - Four
n et
i . i . i . i .
n k alv in its own layer, one n k alv and one below andnhence
above
k alv the coordination numbern k alvof the
.t t arrangement is 6. w.t
w.cubic w.t
ww sphere in simple
w w w w w w ww
(ii) ABAB.. Type
✓ In this arrangement, the spheres in the first layer ( A type ) are slightly separated and
then t
esecond layer is formed .byn t
earranging the spheres in.the n etdepressions between the n et
i .
lv spheres in layer A . kalv i lv i lv i .
k a k a k a
w.tn ✓ The third layerwis.tanrepeat of the first. w.tn w .tn
w ww ww ww ww
✓ This pattern ABABAB is repeated throughout the crystal.
✓ In this arrangement, each sphere has a coordination
i . n et of 8, four neighbors
number i . n t
ine the layer above and four i . n et
in i . n et
k a lv the layer below. kalv k a lv k a lv
. tn tn . tnw. tn .
ww ww
w
w w ww
w
ww

et
(iii) ABCABC type arrangement
✓ In this t arrangement, the firstnlayer t is formed by arranging the
t spheres as in the caseneoft
n e
. dimensional ABABlvarrangements.i. e n e
a l vitwo a
i.N a l vi. a l vi.
. tnk ✓ The spheres of second . t nk row fit into the depression. t nk of first row. This is layer . t nk‘a’.
ww ✓ The second ww is formed by placingwthe
wlayer wwspheres in the depressions w
ww of the first layer. ww
This is layer ‘b’.
✓ There e t are two types of voidsnxeand t y. et et
lv
✓ i . n i . i . n i . n
n k alv Wherever a sphere of
n k alv
second layer (b) is above
n k alv
the void (x) of the first layer
n k alv
(a), a
.t tetrahedral void is.tformed. This constitutes four
w.t spheres – three in w w.t (a) and
the lower
ww w w w ww
ka

one in the w upper layer (b). When the centersw of these four spheres ware joined, a
tetrahedron is formed.
✓ At ethe
n t same time, the voids n(y)etin the n et n et
i .
lv first layer (a) are partially i .
lv covered by lv i . lv i .
Tn

k a k a k a k a
w.tn the spheres of layer
w .tn(b), now such a w .tn w .tn
w w w ww ww
void in (a)wis called a octahedral void.w
✓ The third layer may be placed over the
i . et layer in such a wayi.that
second
n n etall the i . n et i . n et
k a lv spheres of the third layer k a lvfit in k a lv k a lv
w .tn octahedral w
voids.
n
.tThis arrangement of w .tn w .tn
w wwis different from other ww ww ww
the third layer
two layers (a) and (b), and hence, the
ithird
. n et layer is designated (c). i . n t
Ifethe stacking of layers is i . n et
continued in abcabcabc…i.ne
t
k a lv pattern, then the arrangement
k a lv is called cubic close k a lv
packed (ccp) structure. k a lv
.t n .tn n
.t .tn
ww ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
ww

t et et et
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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE
✓ In e
n t arrangements, the coordination
ccp
n et et is 12 – six neighbouring
number of each sphere
n n et
i . i . i . i .
n k alv spheres in its own layer,
n k alvthree spheres in the layer
n k lv and three sphere inkathe
aabove n
lv layer
.t w.t w.t w.t
ww below.
w
w are hard and brittle? w w w w ww
13.Why ionic crystals
✓ Only strong forces can change the relative position of its constituent ions , so they are
ihard
. n et i . n et i .n et i . n et
k al✓v In ionic compounds kthealions
v are rigidly held in a alattice
k lv because the positive k a lv
and
w.tn negative ions w
are
tn
.strongly attracted to w
each .tn and difficult to separate.
other w .tn
w ww ww ww ww
✓ But the brittleness of a compound is how easy it is to shift the position of atoms or
ions in a lattice
i . n et i . n et i . n et i . n et
ka lv
14.Calculate the k
percentagea v
lefficiency of packing k
in a lv of body centered cubic
case k a lvcrystal
w.tn w .tn w .tn w .tn
w The spheres are
ww
touching along the leading
ww
diagonal of the cube
ww ww

et
In ∆ABC
AC 2 = ABt 2 + BC 2
i. n e i . n et i . ne t
i . ne t
ACa l=v √AB 2 + BC2 a lv i.N l v l v
k k
.tn𝐴𝐶 = √a 2 + a2 = √w2a.t2n= √2a . t nka . t nka
w w ww w
In ∆ABC ww w ww ww
AG 2 = AC 2 + CG2
et ne t
i.ne
t ne t
lv
.nAC 2 + CG 2
vi√
AC l= lvi. l v lvi.
.t nka 2 . tn ka . t nk a
. t nk a
ww AC = √(√2a) + a2w= √3a2 = √3a
ww ww
w
ww
w
ww
ka

√3a = 4r
Volume etthe sphere with radius.‘r’=
.nof net πr
3 4
. net i.ne
t
lvi lvi 3
lv i l v
Tn

n ka n ka 4√3𝑎
3
n k a nka
w w.t ww. t = π( )
w w .t w .t
ww ww
3 4
w √3 3
w
= πa
16
Number of
i . n etspheres belong to a unit
i .n et in bcc arrangement iis.nequal
cell et to two and hence the
i . n et
alvvolume of all spheres alv
total alv alv
w .tnk w .
= 2 × πa =
k √3πa3
√t3n 3
w .t nk
w .t nk
w ww 16 8 w w ww ww
Total volume occupied by sphere in a unit cell
et
Packing fraction
n
=
ne t t
× 100
ne ne t
lvi. . . .
volume of unit cell
3 l v i l v i l v i
nka ) ka
nka nka
√3πa
(
t n
. w3.t × 100 . t .t
8
= (𝑎)
ww w w ww
w
ww
w
ww
= √3 × 3.14 × 12.5 = 1.732 × 3.14 × 12.5 = 68%
t et et et
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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE

i . n et i. n et i .n et i . n et
k lv of the available volume
68a%
kaislvoccupied. The available
k lv is used more efficiently
aspace k alv than
.tn n n n
ww in simple cubic packing.
w w.t w w.t w w.t
w w w ww
15.What is the two dimensional coordination number of a molecule in square close
i et
packed.nlayer?
i . n et i . n et i . n et
k a
Thelvtwo dimensional coordinationka lv number of a molecule k a linv square close packed layerk a lvis 4
w.tn16. Experiment shows w tn Nickel oxide has the
.that w tn
.formula Ni O . w .tnfraction of
What
w ww ww
0.96
ww
1.00
ww
Nickel exists as of Ni2+ and Ni3+ ions?
Given Ni 0.96 O 1.00
Ratioi.of n eNit : O = 96:100 i . n et i . n et i . n et
ka
So,
lifv there are 100 atoms ofkaoxygen
lv then 98 atoms of kNialv k a lv
w .tn w .tn2+ w.tn w .tn
w Let number of
ww
atoms of Ni = 𝑥
ww ww ww

et
3+
Then number of atoms of Ni = 0.96– 𝑥
Total number
n e t of cation = 2𝑥 + 3(0.96 n e t − 𝑥) n et n et
lv i . i .
= 2𝑥 +lv2.88 − 3𝑥 i.N lv i . lv i .
k a k a k a k a
w .tn w .=tn(−𝑥) + 2.88 w .tn w .tn
w Number of anions w2− = (−2) × 1 = −2 ww
wO ww ww
Number of cations = Number of anions
et + 2.88 = 2
(−𝑥) et et et
lv
i . n i . n i . n i . n
n k alv x= 0.88 alv
n k n k alv n k alv
w w.t Fraction of Ni2+ = (atom w.t of Ni2+ / total number of t
w.atoms of Ni) w.t
ww ww ww ww
ka

0.88
=( )
0.96

t = 0.9166
i . n e 2+ i . n et i . net i.ne
t
% of
lvNi in Ni = 91.66% lv3+ lv l v
Tn

ka ka k a nka
.tnFraction of Ni = (atom .tnof Ni / total numberwof.tatoms
n of Ni)
3+
w w w .t
w w=w(( ))
8
ww ww ww
96
= 0.083
.
% of iNin eintNi3+ = 8.33% i .n et i . n et i . n et
ka lv k a lv k a lv k a lv
w .tn17. What is meant bywthe.tn term “coordination w .tn
number”? What is the w .tn
coordination
w ww ww ww ww
number of atoms in a bcc structure?
✓ The number of nearest neighbour that surrounding a particle in a crystal is called
i . n et
coordination number. i . n et i . n et i .n et
ka lv k alv k a lv k a lv
.tn ✓ The coordination.tnumber
n .tn
of atoms in a bcc structure is 8. .tn
ww ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
ww

t et et et
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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE

i . et
18. An element
n i. et a cell edge of 288 pm.
has bcc structure with
n i .n t density of the element
ethe i . n et
lv gcm . How many atoms
isa7.2
k
-3
k alvare present in 208gnofkathe
lv element? k alv
.tn n
.t gcm-3 n
ww Given : a = 288 w pm w
w ρ = 7.2 w w.t w w.t
Volume of the unit cell = a3 = (288 pm)3 w w ww
= (288×10-10 cm)3
t t -23 3 t t
lvi .ne .ne cm
= 2.39×10
lvi .ne lvi .ne lvi
n ka ρ=
𝑛𝑀
ka k a k a
w.t 𝑎3 𝑁𝐴
w .tn w .tn w .tn
w ww 2𝑀 ww ww ww
7.2gcm−3 =
(2.39 × 10−23 cm3 ) × (6.023 × 1023 mol−1 )

n t 14.33cm3 mol−1 net

7.2ge× −1 n et ne t
𝑀 =vi. = i .
51.42 gmol i . i .
ka l 2
k a lv k a lv a l v
n .tn n nk
w w.t 51.42 g of the elementwcontains
w w.t
6.023 × 1023 atom w.t
w will contain = ww
6.023×1023 ×208
atoms ww ww

et
208 g of the element
51.42
23
= 24.17
t × 10 atoms
net ne net ne t
lvi.
a Aluminium crystallizes l v i . i.N l v i . l v i .
. tnk19. . t nkain a cubic close packed
. t
a
nkstructure. t nka is
Its metallic .radius
ww 125pm. Calculate ww
w
the edge length of unit w ww
cell. ww
w
ww
let ‘a’ is the edge of the cube and ‘r’ is the radius of atom.
Given : re=t 125 pm et et t
ne
lv
. n . n . n
k alv
i a = 2√2 𝑟
k alv
i
k alv
i
alvi.
n
.t Sub the value of ‘r’ we n n nk
ww w w.tget, w w.t w . t
ww ww
ka

a = 2 xw1.414 x125 pm w
= 354 pm (approximately
i . n et i . n et i . net i .n et
lvNaCl is doped with 10 -2lv lv chloride, what is the lv
Tn

ka
20.If ka a
mol percentage of strontium
k k a
w.tnconcentration of cation
w .tn
vacancy? w .tn w .tn
w ww of SrCl2 = 10−2 mole% ww ww ww
Given : Concentration
Concentration is in percentage so that take total 100 mole of solution
Number
i . n etmoles of NaCl =100 i–.nmoles
of et of SrCl2 i . n et i . ne t
ka lv of SrCl is very negligible
k a lv as compare to total moles.
k a lv al v
.tn
Moles 2
.tn .tn .t nk
w w w w = w w w
Number of moles of NaCl
w 100
w
10−2
ww ww
1 mole of NaCl is dopped with SrCl2 = moles
100

ne t n et= 10 mole of SrCl2i.net

−4
ne t
l v i . i .
lv = 10−4mole lv l v i .
ka
cation vacancies per mole of
k a
NaCl ka nka
w.tn w .tn 1 mole = 6.023w×.tn
1023 particles w .t
w w w w
w−4 23 ww ww
So, cation vacancies per mole of NaCl = 10 × 6.023 × 10

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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE

i . n et i. n et = 6.023 × 10 vacancies
i .n et 19
i . n et
n k alv crystallizes in fccnstructure
21.KF k alv like sodium chloride.
n kalvCalculate the distance
n k lv
abetween
.t + − .t .t -3 w.t
ww K and F in KF.w(Given:
ww -3 density of KF isw2.48wwg cm ) w w ww
Given : ρ = 2.48 g cm
Since it is face centered number of unit cell = 4 , Molar mass of KF = 58.8 g mol-1
𝑎3 = i.ne
t t t et
i.ne i.ne
𝑛𝑀
i . n
kalv𝜌𝑁𝐴 kal v
ka lv
kal
v
n = n n n
w.t t .t .t
4×58.8
.
w ww
2.48 ×6.023×1023
w w w w
ww w
ww
𝑎3 = 1.57 × 10-22 cm3

t et t t
i.ne length)3 = 𝑎3
V = (Edge
lv i . n i . ne i . ne
ka
nEdge length = √V = √1.57 alv
nk × 10−22 = 538 pm .tnka
l v
nk a l v
.t . t w.t
ww 𝑑 = 𝑎 ww
w
ww
w
ww ww

et
√2
538
𝑑 = .net . ne t
. ne t
. ne t
l i
v1.414 l v i i.N l v i l v i
a a nka nka
.tnk𝑑 = 380.12 pm . t nk . t . t
ww ww
w
w ww ww
w
ww
22.An atom crystallizes in fcc crystal lattice and has a density of 10 gcm−3 with unit cell
edge length t of 100pm. calculate the tnumber of atoms presenttin 1 g of crystal.
e e e et
lv
i . nρ = 10 gcm-3 i . n i . n i . n
n k alv
Given : a
n
=
k alv
100 pm Mass = 1 g
n k alv n k alv
.t No of atoms in fcc unit t =4
.cell w.t −24 3 w.t
ww Volume of unit cell w w w w ww
ka

3 −10 3
w 𝑎 = (100 × 10 cm) w = 10 cm w
𝑍×𝑀 4×1
Number of atoms in 1g of crystal = = = 4 × 1023 atoms
𝜌𝑎3 10−24

i . n et i . n et i . net i .n et
lv lv lv lv
Tn

k a
23. Atoms X and Y form ka
bcc crystalline structure. k a
Atom X is present at the k a
corners of
w.tn w .tn w .tn w .tn
w the cube and Y ww ww ww ww
is at the center of the cube. What is the formula of the compound?
1
The atomeatt the corner makes a contribution
et of to the unit cellet(X) et
i . n i .n 8
i . n i . n
a
The
k lvatom at the center makesk aalvcontribution of 1 to thekunit
a lv cell (Y) k a lv
w .tnThus, number of atoms w .Xtnper unit cell = Number w tnatoms × Contributionwper
.of .tnunit cell
w ww ww 1 ww ww
= 8 (at the corners) × atoms per unit cell
8

n e t n e t =1 n et n et
i .
lv number of atoms X per
Thus, i .
lv cell = Number of katoms
unit i .
lv × contribution per unit v i
lcell .
ka k a a k a
w.tn w .tn n centre) × 1
= 1 (at the.tbody
w w .tn
w ww = 1 ww ww ww
Thus, the formula of the given compound is XY.
t et et et
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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE

i . n et i. n et i .n et i . n et
v
alSodium
24. alvin bcc structure with
metal crystallizes alvedge length of the unit
the lv
acell
.tn k n k n k n k
−8
ww 4.3 ×10 cm. calculate w w.tthe radius of sodiumwatom.
w.t w w.t
Given : a = 4.3w ×10−8 cm. w w ww
√3
For bcc r =
t a t t
i.ne
4
.ne i.ne . n et
l v −8 lvi lv v i
kal
√3
n ka = × 4.3 × 10 kacm. ka
w. t 4
w tn
.−8 w .t n
w .t n
w = 1. 786× 10
ww cm
w w w w ww
25. Write at note on Frenkel defect. t
✓ i . n e defect arises due toi.nthee dislocation of
Frenkel i . n et i . n et
ka lv k a lv k a lv k a lv
w.tn .tn lattice.
ions from its crystal
w w .tn w .tn
w ✓ The ion whichww is missing from the latticeww point ww ww

et
occupies an interstitial position. This defect is

i
shown
. n et by ionic solids in which
i . n etcation and anion differ
i . n et
in size.
i . n et
k a l✓v Unlike Schottky defect,
k a v defect does not affectathe
lthis i.N
k lv density of the crystal.kalv
w .tn ✓ For example AgBr, w .tnin this case, small Agwion
+
.tnleaves its normal site and
w .tn
occupies an
w interstitialw w w
position as shown in the figure.w w w ww

et t
eEvaluate yourself et et
lv
i . n i . n i . n i . n
k lv element has a face centered
1.aAn
k alv cubic unit cell with k aalvlength of 352.4 pm n alvan
along
k
.t n n
.t element is 8.9 𝐠𝐜𝐦−𝟑w n
.t many atoms are present
ww edge. The density ofw
w the
w . How
w w.t in 100 g of
ww
ka

an element? w w w
Given : a = 352.4 pm , n = 4 ( face centered cubic) , 𝜌 = 8.9gcm−3 , NA = 6.023 × 1023
3 et et et et
ρa
i . n NA i . n i . n i .n
Ma=lv n lv lv lv
Tn

k k a k a k a
w.tn 8.9 × (352.4 × w
10
n 3
.t−12 ) × 6.023 × 10 23 w.t
n
w .tn
w = ww ww ww ww
4
= 586.47 × 10−1 = 58.65g
t
58.65ig.nofe the element contains i6.023
t t t
lv .ne × 1023 atom
lv 6.023×1023×100 kalv i.ne i.ne v
ka k a k al
w .tn100g of the element w .tncontain =
will
58.65 w.
tn
atoms
w . t n
w ww = 1.026 ×
w 22 atoms
w10 ww ww

2.Determine
i . n et the density of CsCli.nwhich
et crystallizes in a bcc i . n et structure with aniedge
type
.n et
a lv 412.1 pm.
length
k k a lv ka lv k alv
w.tnGiven : M = 168.5 , w n .=tn2 , a = 412.1 × 10−12w, N.tAn= 6.023 × 1023 w .tn
w 𝑛𝑀
w w w w w w ww
ρ=
𝑎3 𝑁𝐴
t et et et
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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE
t 2×168.5 t t t
lvi.ne −12)3
ρ = (412.1×10
×6.023×1023
lvi.
ne
l vi.ne lvi.
ne
. tnka= 0.779 × 10 . t nka .tnk
a
.t nk a
ww = 7.99 = 8gcm −3 w
ww ww
w
ww
w
ww
3.A face e
n t
centered t
cubic solid of aneelement
n t a cube edge of 4Ẵ .net
(atomic mass 60)ehas
n
i . i . i . i.
alv
Calculate its density.
nkGiven : 𝒂 = 𝟒Ẵ = 𝟒 ×.𝟏𝟎 alv
nk−𝟏𝟎 , M = 60 alv n k alv n k
. t t .t .t
ww 𝑛𝑀 w ww ,n=4w
ww
( face centered cubic)
ww
w
ww
ρ=
𝑎3 𝑁𝐴
4×60
t )3
= (4×10e−10
n net net ne t
i . ×6.023×1023
lv0.6626 × 10 = 6.626kgcm i
lv−3 . l v i . l v i .
ka a a a
.tnk nk
=
w.tn w .tn w w.t
w ww w w ww ww

et
Additional Questions
n e t n et n et ne t
Short
lv i.Answers
lv i . lv
i.N i . l v i .
ka k a k a nka
w.tn1.What are Generalwcharacteristics
.tn of solids .tn
w w . t
w ✓ Solids have w
wdefinite volume and shape. ww ww ww
✓ Solids are rigid and incompressible
✓ Solids t have strong cohesive forces.
e et et et
lv
✓ i . n i . n i . n i . n
n k alv Solids have short inter
n k alv
atomic, ionic or molecular
n k alv
distances.
n k alv
.t ✓ Their constituents.t( atoms , ions or molecules)
ww w w w w.t have fixed positionswand
w.tcan only
ww
ka

w their mean positions w

oscillate about w
2.What are
i . n et two types of solids ibased
. n et on the arrangementi.of
n t constituents.
etheir i .n et
lv (i) Crystalline solids lv lv lv
Tn

n ka n ka n k a n k a
w w.t w.tsolids.
(ii) Amorphous w.t w.t
ww ww ww ww
3.Define isotropy and anisotropy
Isotropy n t
emeans et
uniformity in all directions.
n In solid state isotropy
n et means having identicaln et
i .
lv of physical properties i . i
lv as refractive index, kelectrical.
lv conductance etc.,kinalallv i .
a
values
k k asuch a
w .tndirections, w .tn w .tn w .tn
w wwhaving different values ofww w ww
Anisotropy means physical properties whenwmeasured along
different directions.
i . n et i . n et i . n et i .n et
a lv Crystal lattice kalv
4.Define
k ka lv k alv
w.tn w .tn of these species throughout
The regular arrangement w .tn w .tna crystal
the crystal is called
w ww ww ww ww
lattice.

t et et et
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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE

i . n et i. n et i .n et i . n et
n k alv are two types ofnunit
5.What
k
v
alcells? n kalv n k alv
.t ✓ A unit cell thatw .t w.t is called a primitive w t which is
w.cell,
ww w contains only one lattice point
w the lattice points at each w
w of the corners. w
unit
ww
made up from
✓ In non-primitive unit cells, there are additional lattice points, either on a face of the
t net t t
lvi .ne cell or with in the unit .cell.
unit
lvi lvi .ne lvi .ne
ka ka k a k a
w.tn6.Calculate the Number
w .tnof atoms in a simple w .tnbody centered cubic w
and .tncell
unit
w ww ww ww ww
Simple cubic unit cell
In the simple cubic unit cell, each corner is occupied by an identical atoms or ions or
.
molecules.
i n etThe coordination number i . n t each atom is 6.
eof i . n et i . n et
k a lv Each atom in the corner k a lvof the cubic unit cell iskshared
a lv by 8 neighbouring kunit a lvcells
w.tn w .tn w .tn w .tn
w –
N c
ww
Number of atoms in corners =
ww
8
ww ww

et
Number of atoms in a simple cubic unit cell = Nc /8
t t = 8/8
i . n e i . n e = 1 i . n et i . n et
k a lv k a lv i.N k a lv k a lv
w .tnBody centered cubicwunit .tn cell. (BCC) w .tn w .tn
w ww cubic unit cell, each corner
In a body centered ww is occupied by an identical ww particle and in ww
addition to that one atom occupies the body centre.
Those atoms e t which occupy the corners e t is surrounded by eight e t
nearest neighbours and et
lv
vi . n . n
vi present at the body centre . n vi.n
vi belongs to only to a particular
a l
coordination l
number is 8. An atom
a a l a l
.t nkunit cell i.e unshared by.tother
nk unit cell. . t nk . t nk
ww w
ww of atoms in corners = w 8w
w
ww
w
ww
ka

Nc – Number Nb = 1
Number of atoms in a body centered cubic unit cell = Nc /8 + Nb / 1

i . n et i . n et = 8/8 +e1/1
i . n t
i .n et
lv lv v =2
=l1+1 lv
Tn

k a k a k a k a
w .tn7.What is Stoichiometric w .tn defects in ionic solid:w.tn w .tn
w ww ww w
wstoichiometric ww
This defect is also called intrinsic (or) thermodynamic defect. In ionic
crystals, a vacancy of one ion must always be associated with either by the absence of
i et
another.noppositely charged ion (or)
i . n et presence of same charged
the
i . n et ion in the interstitial i.net
alv so as to maintain the
kposition lv
kaelectrical neutrality kal
v
kal
v
w .tn w .t n
w .t n
w .t n
w w w ww ww
8.Explain aboutwimpurity defect w
✓ A general method of introducing defects in ionic solids is by adding impurity ions.
✓ iIf
. n et impurity ions are in idifferent
the . n et valance state fromi.thatn etof host, vacancies arei.net
ka lv created in the crystalklattice
a lv of the host. k a lv k alv
w.tn w .tn w .tn w .tn
w ✓ For
ww 2+
example, addition of CdCl 2 to
ww
silver chloride yields solid
ww where the
solutions
ww
divalent cation Cd occupies the position of Ag+.
t et et et
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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE
✓ This
i . n etwill disturb the electrical
i. n t
eneutrality of the crystal. et
i .n i . n et
n k al✓v In order to maintainnkthealsame,
v proportional number
n k alvof Ag ions leaves thenlattice.
+
k alv
.t ✓ This produces w .t vacancy in the lattice, w.tsuch kind of crystal defects
w.t are called
ww w w a cation
w w w w ww
impurity defects.

9.What . n isetBragg’s equation? .net . n et . n et

i
lvinter planar distance (d)kabetween
lv i i
lv of atoms can be calculated i
lv using
k a
The a
two successive planes
k k a
w.tnthe following equation w .tn the X-Ray diffraction
form w tn
.data w .tn
w ww ww ww ww
𝐧𝛌 = 𝟐𝐝𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉
λ − the wavelength of X-ray used for diffraction.
θ − Thei . n et of diffraction i.net
angle i . n et i . n et
k a lv k a lv k a lv k a lv
tn n − Order of reflection tn tn tn
. . w. .
ww ww
w
w w ww
w
ww

et
10.What are characteristic parameters of a unit cell?
A unit cell tis characterised by the three
t edge lengths or latticenet t
n e n e ne
lvi. a ,b and c and the angle
constants lvi.between the edges α, β land
i.N vi. γ l v i .
. tnka . t nk a
. t nka . t nka
ww ww
w
w ww ww
w
ww
11.What is meant by packing efficiency ? How it is measured?
✓ There e t is some free space between
e t the spheres of a single t and the spheres of net
layer
e
lv
. n
visuccessive layers. alvi . n vi . n vi.
a l a l a l
.t nk ✓ The percentage of.tn k volume occupied by.these
total t nk constituent spheres gives
. t nkthe
ww w
ww of an arrangement.wFor wwexample in simple cubic w
wwarrangement ww
ka

packing efficiency
Total volume occupied by sphere in a unit cell
✓ Packing fraction = × 100
net net net et
volume of unit cell
i . i . i . i .n
lv lv lv lv
Tn

ka ka k a k a
w.tn 12.Sketch the a)
w .tn
Simple cubic b) Body-centered
w .tn
cubic c) Face centered
w .tn
cubic lattices
w ww ww ww ww

i . n et i .n et i . n et i . n et
ka lv k a lv k a lv k a lv
w .tn Simple cubic
w .tnBody centered cubic wFace
.tn centered cubic w.tn
w ww ww ww ww
13.What is Piezoelectric crystals ?
✓ Piezoelectricity
et is the appearance et of an electrical potential etacross the sides of a crystal et
i . n i . n i . n i .n
ka lv when you subject it to
k a lv
mechanical stress.
ka lv k a lv
w.tn ✓ The word piezoelectricity
w .tn means electricity w tn
.resulting from pressure and w
n heat.
.tlatent
w ww is possible which is w
✓ Even the inverse
w
known as inverse piezoelectric ww effect. ww

t et et et
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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE

i . n et i. n et i .n et i . n et
n alv Answers
Long
k n kalv n k alv n k alv
.t .t .t cell w.t
ww 1.Calculate packing w wefficiency of simple cubicwunit
w
w Total volume occupied by sphere w
w in a unit cell × 100……..(1)
w ww
Packing fraction =
volume of unit cell
Consider atcube with an edge length ‘a’
i . n e i . n et 3 i .n et i . n et
lv
Volume of the cube with edgelv
length a = 𝑎 ………..(2) lv v
k a
.tnr- radius of the spherew.tn k a
.tn k a
.t nkal
w w w2𝑟 which implies 𝑟 = ww w w w
From the figure 𝑎 w= 𝑎
2
w ww
4 3
Volume of the sphere with radius ‘r’= πr
. n et ne t3 net ne t
al v i
al vi. 4= π( )
𝑎 3
a l v i .
al v i .
t n k t nk 3 2
.tnk nk
ww
. w. πa3 w w.t
ww =
6 ww
……..(3) ww ww

et
In a simple cubic arrangement, number of spheres belongs to a unit cell is equal to one
t
ne occupied by sphere t πa3 t πa3 t
Totali.volume
lv i.nein a sc unit cell = 1 ×i.ne=
lv lv i.N 6 6
……(4)
l v i . ne
ka k a k a nka
w.tnDividing (4) by (2) w3 .tn w.tn w . t
w w wπa6 w w ww ww
Packing fraction = × 100 = 52.13%
𝑎3
only 52.31% t of the available volume is t occupied by the spheres in
t simple cubic packing, t
e e e
i.n the attractive forces.lvi.ne
lv
v
making
l i.ninefficient use of available
l v i.nspace and hence minimizing
l v
a
nk2.Calculate nka of fcc unit cell .tnka nka
.t t
packing efficiency
. . t
ww From the figure www ww
w
ww
w
ww
ka

AC = 4r
4𝑟 = 𝑎√2
i . n et i . n et i . net i.ne
t
lv𝑎√2 lv lv l v
Tn

k a ka k a nka
w.tn𝑟 = 4 w .tn w .t n
w .t
w ww w w ww ww
In ∆ABC
AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2
t
e 2 + BC2 ne t ne t ne t
AC = .nAB
vi√ vi . v i . vi .
n kal kal nk al
nk al
t
w. 𝐴𝐶 = √a +
2
.t2n= √2a
a2 = √2a
w.t .t
w ww
w with radius ‘r’= πr 3w 4 w ww
w
ww
Volume of the sphere
3
3
4 𝑎 √2
net e=t π (
i.n √32 4
)
ne t ne t
lvi. l v l v i . l v i .
t nka nka = πa3 nka nka
ww
.
w w.t w
24
w . t
w w.t
w belong to a unit cell in fcc
Number of spheres w arrangement is equal to w
4 and hence the total ww
volume of all spheres
t et et et
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ne t √2πa3
πa3 = i.ne
t t t
i.ne ne
√2
=4×
lvi. 24
alv 6 l v lvi.
. tnka .t n k .tnk
a
.t nk a
w w w w w
=w w ww ww
Total volume occupied by sphere in a unit cell
Packing fractionw w × 100
volume of unit cell
√2πa3
( )
t =
6
× 100et et et
l v i.ne (𝑎)3
lv i . n
lv i .n v i . n
tn ka = .tn6
a
1.414×3.14×100
k = 74% .tn k a
.t nkal
w w. w w w
ww ww ww ww
74 % of the available volume is occupied. The available space is used more efficiently than
t packing.
in simpleecubic et et et
l v i.n l vi.n l v i.n l v i.n
a
nk3.How ka
nuseful n ka nka
.t is radius ration. t
is in .
determination t of structure of an ionic . t
compound?
ww w w w
w w w
w w w
✓ The structure of an ionic compound depends upon the stoichiometry and the size of ww

et
the ions.
i. n et
✓ Generally in ionic crystals the
i . n t
ebigger anions are present
i . n etthe close packed i.net
in
v alv occupy the voids. kalv v
kal arrangements and thekcations kal
w.tn w .tn 𝑟𝐶+ w.
tn
i.N w .tn
w ✓ ww
The ratio of w𝑟w− plays an important rolewinwdetermining the
radius of cation and anion ww
𝐴
structure.
et et et ne t
lv
. n . n . n
i
lv 𝑟𝐶+ alv
i i
alv Example lvi.
nka a
Coordination
k Structurek
.t n n nk
w.t number w.t t
( −) .
ww 𝑟𝐴
ww ww ww
w
ww
ka

0.155– 0.225 3 Trigonal planar B2O3

0.225 –t 0.414 t tZnS
.ne
4
ne
Tetrahedral
ne n et
lv i
ka 0.414 – 0.732 lvi. Octahedralkalv
i . lv i .
Tn

n n ka6 NaCl k a
w.t . t .tn .tn
w 0.732 – 1.0 ww w w
w 8
wwCubic CsCl
ww ww

4.How will
i . n et you derive the formula
i .n eoft density of a unit celli.net i . n et
By
a v the edge length of aa lunit
lUsing v cell, we can calculateathe lv density _() of the crystal
a lvby
n k n k n k n k
w w.t considering a cubic unit
w.tcell as follows.
w w.t w.t
wρ =
Density of the cell
Mass of the unit cell ww ww ww
volume of unit cell

i . n et total i .
numbern et of atoms belongs i.net i .n et
k lv of the unit cell = { kalv
Mass
a ka l}v× mass of one atom…….(1)
k alv
to that unit cell
w.tn w .tn
molar mass ( gmol−1 ) w .tn w .tn
w Mass of one atom ww= Avagardo number ( mol−1 w)w ww ww

t et et et
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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE

ne t M t t t
lvi.
m=
NA .ne
………(2)
lvi l vi.ne lvi.
ne
a (2) in (1)
nkSub nka a a
. t . t .tnk .t nk
ww Mass of the unit w w 𝑛×
cell=
w M
ww
w
ww
w
ww
NA
For a cubic unit cell, all the edge lengths are equal i.e , a=b=c
Volumei . n etthe unit cell = 𝑎3 i.net
of i .n et i . n et
ka lv kalv 𝒏 × 𝐌 kalv kal
v
w.tn w .tn 𝛒 = 𝟑 .tn
𝒂w 𝐍𝐀 w .t n
w w w w w ww ww
5.Explain about classification of solids
Ionic i . n et
Solids i . net i . n et i . n et
k a lv k a lv k a lv k a lv
✓
w.tn The structural
w .tn
units of an ionic crystal are
w .tn
cations and anions.
w .tn
w ✓ They are boundww together by strong electrostatic
ww attractive forces.ww ww

et
✓ To maximize the attractive force, cations are surrounded by as many anions as
possible
t and vice versa. net
i . n e i . i . n et i . n et
k a l✓v Ionic crystals possesskadefinite
lv crystal structure kalv
i.N k a lv
w .tnExample : NaCl w.tn w .tn w .tn
w Covalent solids:ww ww ww ww
✓ In covalent solids, the constituents (atoms) are bound together in a three dimensional
network
e t entirely by covalentnbonds. et et et
lv
i . n i . i . n i . n
n k al✓v Such covalent network n k lv
acrystals n k lv high melting point.kThey
are very hard, andahave
n alv are
.t w.t and electrical conductors.
usually poor thermal w.t w.t
ww Examples: Diamond, w w w ww
ka

w silicon carbide w w

Molecular
i . n etsolids i . n et i . net i .n et
l✓v In molecular solids, the v
lconstituents lv lv
Tn

ka k a a
are neutral kmolecules. k a
w.tn ✓ They are held together
w .tn by weak van der Waals w .tnforces. Generally molecular
w .tn solids are
w wwdo not conduct electricity.
ww ww ww
soft and they
✓ These molecular solids are further classified into three types.
i . n et i .n et i . n et i . n et
k a
(i) lv
Non-polar molecular k a
solidslv k a lv k a lv
w .tnIn non polar molecular
w tn
.solids constituent w .tnare held together by weak
molecules w
n
.tdispersion
w ww ww ww ww
forces or London forces
Examples: Naphthalene, anthracene etc.,
ne t ne t ne t net
l v i . l v i . l v i . l v i .
.t nka .t nka . t nka .t nka
ww (ii) Polar molecular
w w wsolids
ww
w
ww
w
ww
Thee constituents are molecules formed by polar covalent bonds. They are held together
t et et et
26 l v i.ne For tie up with your
l v i.nschools & tuitions , Question
l v i.n papers , Online test series
l v i.n
.t nka .t
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nkContact - Saiveera Academynk- 8098850809 nk
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+2 CHEMISTRY SAIVEERA ACADEMY CENTUM GUIDE

i . et strong dipole-dipolei.ninteractions.
by relatively
n et They have higher
i .n et melting points than the
i . n et
n alv molecular solids.
non-polar
k n k alv n kalv n k alv
w w.t Examples : Solid COw2 ., tsolid NH3 etc. w.t w.t
ww ww ww ww
(iii) Hydrogen bonded molecular solids
i . n et
The constituents are held together.n
i
t
byehydrogen bonds. They .are
i n t
egenerally soft solids under
i . n et
a
room
k lv temperature. k alv k a lv k a lv
w.tnExamples: Solid ice w (H
n
.2tO), glucose, urea etc., w .tn w .tn
w w w w w w w ww
iv)Metallic solids
i .
In n et
metallic solids, the lattice
i . net are occupied by positive
points i . n et metal ions and a cloud
i . n et
of
k alv pervades the space.
electrons k a lv are hard, and have khigh
They a lvmelting point. Metallickasolids
lv
w.tn w .tn w .tn w .tn
w possess
ww
excellent electrical and thermal
ww
conductivity. They possess
ww
bright lustre. Examples:
ww

et
Metals and metal alloys belong to this type of solids,
Example :t Cu,Fe,Zn, Ag ,Au, Cu-Zntetc. t t
i.n e i.ne i.ne i.ne
l v l v i.N l v l v
. tnka . t nk a
. t nk a
. t nk a
w w w ww w
ww w ww ww

t t t t
i.ne ne i.ne ne
lv
l v lvi. l v lvi.
.t nka . tnka . t nk a
. t nk a
ww ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
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ka

t t et t
lvi.ne lvi.
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lv i . n
l v i.ne
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n ka n ka n k a nka
w. t w. t w .t w .t
w w w w w ww ww

ne t ne t ne t ne t
vi . vi . v i . vi .
n kal nk al nk al
nk al
w.t w.t w.t w .t
w ww ww ww ww

ne t ne t ne t ne t
l v i . l v i . l v i . l v i .
t nka nka nka nka
ww
. w.t w . t w .t
ww ww ww ww

t et et et
27 l v i.ne For tie up with your
l v i.nschools & tuitions , Question
l v i.n papers , Online test series
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