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    Gio Salupan
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    This document discusses minerals and their properties. It begins by defining elements and atoms, and then defines minerals as naturally occurring solid substances with orderly crystalline structures and definite chemical compositions, generally considered inorganic. It describes several common minerals like salt, graphite, and gold. It then discusses different groups of minerals classified by their compositions, such as silicates, carbonates, oxides, sulfates, sulfides, halides, and native elements. The rest of the document covers various physical properties used to identify minerals, including color, streak, luster, crystal form, hardness, cleavage, fracture, specific gravity, and some distinctive properties like fluorescence, magnetism, taste, radioactivity, and optical effects.

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    03.Minerals

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    This document discusses minerals and their properties. It begins by defining elements and atoms, and then defines minerals as naturally occurring solid substances with orderly crystalline structures and definite chemical compositions, generally considered inorganic. It describes several common minerals like salt, graphite, and gold. It then discusses different groups of minerals classified by their compositions, such as silicates, carbonates, oxides, sulfates, sulfides, halides, and native elements. The rest of the document covers various physical properties used to identify minerals, including color, streak, luster, crystal form, hardness, cleavage, fracture, specific gravity, and some distinctive properties like fluorescence, magnetism, taste, radioactivity, and optical effects.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    12 views33 pages

    03 Minerals

    Uploaded by

    Gio Salupan
    This document discusses minerals and their properties. It begins by defining elements and atoms, and then defines minerals as naturally occurring solid substances with orderly crystalline structures and definite chemical compositions, generally considered inorganic. It describes several common minerals like salt, graphite, and gold. It then discusses different groups of minerals classified by their compositions, such as silicates, carbonates, oxides, sulfates, sulfides, halides, and native elements. The rest of the document covers various physical properties used to identify minerals, including color, streak, luster, crystal form, hardness, cleavage, fracture, specific gravity, and some distinctive properties like fluorescence, magnetism, taste, radioactivity, and optical effects.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 33

    EARTH SCIENCE

    Chapter

    Minerals
    3
    2.1 Matter

    Elements and the Periodic Table


     Elements are the basic building blocks
    of minerals.

     Over 100 elements are known.


    2.1 Matter

    Atoms
     Smallest particles of matter
     Have all the characteristics of an element
     The nucleus is the central part of an atom
    and contains
    • protons, which have positive electrical charges
    • neutrons, which have neutral electrical charges
    2.2 Minerals

    Definition of a Mineral
    1. Naturally occurring
    2. Solid substance
    3. Orderly crystalline structure
    4. Definite chemical composition
    5. Generally considered inorganic
    2.2 Minerals

    Minerals used in our daily lives


    1. Halite (salt) for cooking
    2. Graphite(pencil) for writing
    3. Diamond and Gold as jewelry
    2.2 Minerals

    Review

    1. Do you consider water a mineral? How


    about snowflake or tube ice?
    2.2 Minerals

    Mineral Groups
     Can be classified based on their
    composition
    1. Silicates
    • Silicon and oxygen combine to form a structure
    called the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron. This
    silicon-oxygen tetrahedron provides the
    framework of every silicate mineral.
    The Silicon-Oxygen Tetrahedron
    Silicon-Oxygen Chains, Sheets,
    and Three-Dimensional Networks
    2.2 Minerals

    Mineral Groups
    2. Carbonates
    • Minerals containing the carbonate anion
    (CO3)2- combined with other elements

    3. Oxides
    • Minerals containing Oxygen anion (O2-)
    combined with one or more metal ions.
    2.2 Minerals

    Mineral Groups
    4. Sulfates
    • Minerals containing Sulfur and Oxygen anion
    (SO4)- combined with other ions

    5. Sulfides
    • Minerals containing sulfur anion (S2)-
    combined with one or more ions.
    2.2 Minerals

    Mineral Groups
    6. Halides
    • Minerals that contain a halogen ion plus one or
    more other elements
    7. Native elements
    • Minerals that form as individual elements.
    Sulfides
    Native Copper
    2.3 Properties of Minerals

    Color

     Color maybe a unique identifying


    property of certain minerals (e.g.
    malachite – green, azurite – blue).

     There are also lots of minerals that share


    similar or the same color/s.
    2.3 Properties of Minerals

    Streak
     Streak is the color of a mineral in its
    powdered form.
    2.3 Properties of Minerals

    Luster
     Luster is used to describe how light is
    reflected from the surface of a mineral.
    Pyrite (Fool’s Gold) Displays
    Metallic Luster.
    2.3 Properties of Minerals

    Crystal Form
     Crystal form is the visible expression
    of a mineral’s internal arrangement of
    atoms.
    Quartz Often Exhibits
    Good Crystal Form.
    2.3 Properties of Minerals

    Hardness
     Hardness is a measure of the
    resistance of a mineral to being
    scratched.
     Mohs scale consists of 10 minerals
    arranged from 10 (hardest) to 1 (softest).
    Mohs Scale of Hardness
    Mohs Scale of Hardness
    2.3 Properties of Minerals

    Cleavage
     Cleavage is the tendency of a mineral to
    cleave, or break, along flat, even
    surfaces.
    Mica Has Cleavage in One Direction
    2.3 Properties of Minerals

    Fracture
     Minerals that do not show cleavage
    when broken are said to fracture.
     Fracture—the uneven breakage of
    a mineral
    Conchoidal Fracture
    2.3 Properties of Minerals

    Specific gravity
     It is the ratio of the weight of a mineral to
    the weight of an equal volume of water.

     The specific gravity of a mineral is


    numerically equal to density.
    2.3 Properties of Minerals

    Distinctive Properties of Minerals


     Calcite and  Magnetite
    fluorite show the shows the
    property of property of
    fluorescence. This magnetism.
    means that they It is a natural
    glow under magnet.
    ultraviolet light.
    2.3 Properties of Minerals

    Distinctive Properties of Minerals


     Calcite  Halite has a
    produces a
    chemical reaction
    salty taste. You
    when a drop of weak should not
    acid is placed on it. It taste a mineral
    fizzes and produces gas unless your
    bubbles. teacher tells you
    to.
    2.3 Properties of Minerals

    Distinctive Properties of Minerals


    Some minerals,  Minerals that
    such as this
    contain radioactive
    calcite, show Elements may show the
    optical properties.
    property of
    Images look radioactivity. The
    doubled when
    radiation they give off
    they are viewed can be detected by a
    through calcite.
    Geiger counter.

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