SCIENTIFIC PAPERS

Syifa Fadhilah Hamid, M.Pd.

 Contents

1 WHAT IS A SCIENTIFIC PAPER?

2 CHARACTERISTICS OF SCIENTIFIC PAPERS

3 THE FOUR MAJOR PARTS OF SCIENTIFIC

PAPERS
 Scientific Papers
A scientific paper is something that is very related to thefield of
education as well as research, it is made to solve a problem based
on theories and scientific methods.
 Theoretical
The Characteristics *
of Scientific Papers *
Rationale
Empirical/Objective
*
Efficient and effective
*
Systematic
*
 Theoretical
Theoretical means that a scientific paper should refer to
theories which are relevant to the topic discussed.
 Rationale
It means that a scientific paper must have logical discussion. It
does not contain things that are odd or cannot be proven
true, and must not be beyond human reason.
 Empirical/Objective
It means that a scientific paper is based on data and facts, in
this case the framework of scientific writing is concrete and
true.
 Efficient and effective
Efficient means that a scientific paper uses words, sentences
and language that are good, appropriate, and easy to
understand.

Effective means that the writings must be compact and concise.

It should not include any insignificant opinions.
 Systematic

Systematic means that both writing and discussion must be in

accordance with applicable procedures and systems.
 The Four Major Introduction
Parts of Scientific *
Papers Methods
*
Results
*
Discussion
*
-IMRAD-
 INTRODUCTION
The function is to provide background, so readers can understand
your work and appreciate its importance. Another function is to
indicate the purpose of the research.

The introduction typically starts broad and then narrows down. For example, it may:
• present general information on the subject,
• then summarize previously published findings on an aspect of it,
• then identify a gap in knowledge about that aspect, and
• then state the questions or hypotheses that the current research therefore addressed.
 METHOD

Consider the purposes of the methods section. In general, this

section should provide the information needed to determine
whether the methods suited the research question.
 RESULTS

The results section is the heart of a scientific paper. Without results there’s no
paper. However, a results section need not always be long. If research is
highly focused, the results section may be short but strong.

The purpose of the results section is, of course, to report your findings. The
findings should follow from the methods you described, and they should help
answer the question(s) you posed.
 DISCUSSION
One way to approach writing the discussion is to consider its beginning, middle, and end.

Commonly, the beginning should focus on the current research. It should quickly summarize what was
done and found. And often it’s the place to answer the question(s) that the research addressed. Other
items to consider discussing here include discrepancies in the findings and strengths and limitations of
the work.

The middle should put the current research in the context of previous research. For example, it may show
how your findings are or aren’t consistent with published findings and may speculate on the reasons. This
part may have relatively many citations.

Finally, the end should put the research in broader context, for example by noting theoretical or practical
implications or both. If the article won’t have a conclusions section, the discussion may conclude with a
paragraph briefly summarizing the research and stating the take-home message.
 Research Reports
Journal Articles
Chapter 1 Introduction
Introduction
*

Methods Chapter 2 Literature Review

*

Results Methods
* Chapter 3
Discussion
Results and Discussion
* Chapter 4
-IMRAD-

Conclusion and Suggestion

Chapter 5
 FURTHER READING
For further understanding you may read any relevant sources.
You can search using keywords suc as:
- Scientific method
- Research problems
- Research method
- etc.