QUESTION 1 (CÂU 1)

What are the differences between translation method and translation procedure by Newmark
- translation methods relate to whole texts while translation procedures are used for
sentences and the smaller units of language.
QUESTION 2 (CÂU 2)
Name 3 procedures in direct method by Vinay and Darbelnet. Give definition, use and types
(if any) for each procedure. Then give an example for each procedure.
Borrowing procedure
- Definition: In linguistics, borrowing (also known as lexical borrowing) is the process by
which a word from one language is adapted for use in another.
- Benefits : Borrowing technique is one of the most simple translation techniques to fill in a
semantic gap or lexical lack (translating a new technique, a concept not yet known).
Borrowing is a result of acculturation between two language communities
- Classification: pure loanwords, mixed loans, blended loans
Ví dụ 1: My email address is on my business card. (địa chỉ email của tôi trên danh thiếp)
Calque procedure
- Definition : Calque originates from a French word “calquer” meaning "copy". A calque is a
wordfor-word translation from one language to another. When you take a phrase in English
and translate each word literally into Vietnamese, that's a calque. Calque is a common
phenomenon and there are many English collocations are calques, translated from other
languages, for example, from French as below.
- Use : According to Newmark (1998), calque is used to translate (1) common collocations,
(2) name of organizations and (3) components of compounds.
- Classification: Paronymous calque or loan word, Orthographic calque, Typographic calque,
Syntactic or structural calque
E.g: This showroom is my friend. (phòng trưng bày này là của bạn tôi)
Literal procedure
- Definition: Literal translation is a translation approach where the source language
grammatical constructions are converted to the nearest target language equivalent, but the
lexical words are translated simply out of the context.
- Use Unlike calque and borrowing procedures, a literal translation usually takes place for a
particular text at a particular time and is not mainly aiming to enrich a target language
vocabulary, which is the intent of calques and borrowings.
- E.g:
Vietnamese: Sống mà không học tập là lãng phí tuổi xuân.
English: Living without studying is wasting our young age.

QUESTION 3 (CÂU 3)
Name 4 procedures in indirect method by Vinay and Darbelnet. Give definition, use and
types (if any) for each procedure. Then give an example for each procedure.
Modulation procedure
- Definition: MODULATION is a widely used translation technique which basically means
using a phrase that is different in the source and target languages to convey the same idea.
- Usage: Modulation can be used when there are cultural differences in the use of the source
language and the target language. For example, the Vietnamese language and the English
language differ in the way sentences are formed, the way two languages are expressing and
the way Vietnamese people and the English people think. In this case, modulation can lend a
hand in translating from one language into the other.
- Types of modulation: General to specific, concrete for abstract, part to another part,
negation to affirmation, active for passive, change of symbol, space for time
- E.g: - You have to go through endless red tape to get a residence permit. (red tape → tệ
quan liêu)
Transposition Procedure
- Definition and Use
Transposition involves replacing one word class with another without changing the meaning
of the message. The method also involves a change of grammatical category that occurs in
translation from SL to TL (singular to plural, position of adjectives, changing the word class
or part of speech)
- Types of Transposition: Obligatory transposition, Optional/free transposition,
- E.g:
English: “What does the average 15-year-old do in her free time?’’ (Pham, 2014)
Vietnamese: ‘‘Một cô bé 15 tuổi bình thường sẽ làm gì trong thời gian rảnh rỗi?’’ (“bình
thường” – Adjective: giữ nguyên adjective) Vietnamese: ‘‘Một cô bé 15 tuổi thường sẽ làm
gì trong thời gian rảnh rỗi?’’ (“thường” – sử dụng Transposition để chuyển đổi từ loại thành
adverb)
Equivalence procedure
- Definition: According to Vinay and Darbelnet, the EQUIVALENCE method occurs when
the two source and target languages (e.g. English and Vietnamese) use different structural
means (syntagmatic*) or styles to describe the same situation
Use: different syntagmatic or styles to describe translate proverbs, idioms, collocations of
nouns and/or adjectives
- Types of Equivalence: Denotative, Connotative, Text-normative, Pragmatic, Formal
- E.g:
(English) - Some plastics are designed to biodegrade when their useful life is over.
(Vietnamese) - Một số lọai nhựa được thiết kế để phân hủy sinh học khi hết hạn sử dụng
Adaptation procedure
- Definition: Vinay and Darbelnet (1958). “Adaptation is a procedure which can be used
whenever the context referred to in the original text does not exist in the culture of the target
text, thereby necessitating some form of recreation”.
- Modes of adaptation: Transcription of the original, Omission
- Use: Adaptation is used when the limit to translation has been reached, i.e. when a simple
translation would not work or it would produce a result that is shocking in the receptor
language and culture. Adaptations are equivalents, and can be seen more clearly in the
translations of TV shows or movies, where conversations or cultural references must be
adapted for foreign audiences
- E.g: That guy is as poor as a church mouse. → Hắn ta nghèo rớt mồng tơi.