URINALISIS

Muh.Akhzan,2022
Group 1,ICP Biology Education
Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Universitas Negeri Makassar
Email : muhakhsan501@gmail.com

Abstrak

Residual fluid excreted by the kidneys which will then be removed from the body through the process
of urination. Urinary excretion is needed to get rid of residual molecules in the blood that are filtered by the
kidneys and to maintain body fluid homeostasis. In the field of health urine undergoes a series of tests called
urinalysis, this test includes color, odor, pH, etc. It aims to detect any health problems.

Keyword : urin,urinalisis

1. Preliminary Reviewing from the formulation of the

1.1. Background
Humans have so many processes that
work on their bodies every day. Every
object that is consumed will definitely be
removed from the body if the element is in
excess, this is called the excretory system.
One example of the result of the excretion
process is urine. Urine is a residual fluid
excreted by the kidneys which will then be
removed from the body through the
process of urination. Urinary excretion is
needed to get rid of residual molecules in
the blood that are filtered by the kidneys
and to maintain homeostasis of body
fluids.
In the urine contains many compounds
which in the medical field are used to
perform tests or tests on urine or referred
to as urinalysis. Urinalysis is a test on
urine which includes physical, chemical
and microscopic tests. The purpose of
urinalysis is to find out information in the
form of health problems in a person.
In this activity, it is intended to provide
understanding and training on how to test
urine and to find out what the
characteristics of healthy urine are..
1.2. Formulation of the problem
The main focus of this research is to
find out the physical form of urine and the
differences in each color shown in the
urine, and to find out whether the urine
contains glucose and protein.
1.3. Objective
problem described, the purpose of this
study is to determine the physical form of
urine and to determine the content of
glucose and protein in urine.
.
2. Literature Review
The urinary system includes the
kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
Kidneys are organs where the process of
urine formation occurs. In the kidney,
there are millions of nephrons that filter
the blood. The ureters are a pair of
muscular tubes that carry urine from the
kidneys to the bladder. The bladder is an
organ that only stores urine. The urethra is
the terminal part of the urinary system
outside the bladder and acts as a conduit
for removing urine from the bladder
(Skutschas & Stein, 2015). Residual fluid
excreted by the kidneys which will then be
removed from the body through the
process of urination. Urinary excretion is
needed to remove residual molecules in the
blood that are filtered by the kidneys and
to maintain body fluid homeostasis.
Urine consists of water with
dissolved materials in the form of
metabolic waste (such as urea), dissolved
salts, and organic matter. Urine-forming
fluids and materials come from the blood
or interstitial fluid. The composition of
urine changes during the reabsorption
process when molecules important to the
body, such as glucose, are reabsorbed into
the body via carrier molecules. The
remaining fluid contains high levels of
urea and various excess or potentially toxic
compounds that will be flushed out of the
body. Diabetes is a disease that can be
detected through urine. The urine of a
person with diabetes will contain sugar
that would not be found in the urine of a
healthy person (Widyastuti et al., 2018).
Measurement of blood sugar levels
in patients diabetes mellitus is generally
treated with blood sampling by piercing
patient's finger or arm. Diabetics It is
recommended to measure the sugar
content of three to four times a day. Prick
your finger or arm when blood sugar level
testing is very uncomfortable and often
results in infection because the patient
diabetes does not produce insulin. Insulin
plays an important role in absorbing and
processing sugar in the body's cells to
produce energy. Lack of energy in the
wound or damaged cells can inhibit
healing and even lead to infection. The
magnitude of the side effects indicates that
monitoring blood sugar levels by drawing
blood not effective. Therefore, a method is
needed alternative blood sugar
measurement is non-invasive (non-
destructive) with use other body fluids.
Body fluids such as saliva and potential
urine to be used as a sample for measuring
levels sugar. Urine is very easy to collect
and contains information about
metabolism body. The content of glucose
in urine has higher correlation with blood
sugar levelsie 0.99. While the saliva
correlation ranges from 0.57− 0.87.
Measurement of blood sugar levels
through urine has been carried out by
several previous researchers. Sugar content
is determined based on changes in urine
color after reacting with solution benedict
using the RGB sensor (Red Green Blue) as
a sensor. Sugar level obtained by
comparing changes in color with hue value
(original color) (Fridayanti & Muldarisnur,
2018).
A healthy individual will have a
daily protein excretion of about 100
mg/day, a fraction of plasma protein
content. Normal glomeruli are only
permeable into proteins with a molecular
weight of less than 68,000 Da. After
filtering, the protein is almost completely
reabsorbed in the proximal tubule.
Proteinuria, therefore, can be increased or
abnormal filtration results ordecreased
reabsorption. Proteinuria, defined as an
increase in protein in the urine, can be
classified as transient or persistent.
Temporary causes include strenuous
physical exercise, pregnancy, exposure to
extreme cold, relative concentration due to
increased water reabsorption,
psychological stress, fever, or other acute
illness. Persistent Proteinuria can be
categorized as glomerular, tubular, or
overflow. Glomerular proteinuria is
nonselective, and Albumin is the
predominant urine protein. tubular pro-
theinuria occurs with tubular injury,
resulting in an inability to to reabsorb the
glomerular filtrate; low molecular weight
protein dominates albumin in this type
proteinuria. Overflow proteinuria occurs
when the amount of low molecular weight
protein in the plasma is excessive tubular
reabsorption capacity, as seen in
hemoglobinuria, multiple myeloma, and
myoglobinuria. Protein remains the single
most useful test on a dipstick for detecting
intrinsic kidney and urinary tract disease.
Proteinuria is often associated with urinary
sediment abnormalities, which further aids
the diagnosis. The reagent strip test is a
quick and inexpensive screening procedure
for proteinuria; however, there are some
important limitations. Sensitivity ranges
from 6 to 30 mg/dL protein; so slight
increases in urinary protein may be
missed, including microalbuminuria (Fan
& Bai, 2020).
Apart from humans, urinalysis can
also be used on animals.Urinalysis is one
of the most useful diagnostic tools for
monitoring animal health because it is fast,
inexpensive, and readily available in
routine practice. It is not only an important
component in the diagnosis of urogenital
 diseases, but is also a major tool in the
diagnosis of kidney, liver and metabolic
diseases. In livestock clinical practice,
urine is often collected by spontaneous
emptying, even if the most suitable
collection method for bacterial
examination, to avoid contamination and
obtain urine specimens quickly, is bladder
catheterization (Herman et al., 2019).
3. Research Methods
3.1. Time and Place
This research was carried out at the
Zoological Laboratory of FMIPA UNM
and the time of implementation was
Tuesday, April 26, 2022
3.2. Tools and Material
For this study, two types of activities
were carried out, namely physical urine
analysis and urine chemical analysis. For
physical analysis activities, the tools and
materials used are different urine samples.
For the second activity, the tools used were
test tubes, beakers, measuring cups,
syringes and syringes, dropper drops,
reaction tube racks, tripod and gauze,
spirit, and tapon tubes, then the tools used
were different urine samples.
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Results
Analisis Fisik
Analisis Kimia
- Glukosa
- Protein
3.3. Work Steps
This research has two activities,
namely physical analysis and chemical
analysis of urine. The first activity is quite
easy, namely observing the physical color
of the urine and measuring the pH of the
urine and determining whether the urine
sample is normal or not. For the second
activity, there is a division of activities,
namely glucose testing and protein testing.
For the glucose test, the working steps are;
(1) Prepare two test tubes, then add 5
drops of urine for each test tube, (2) After
that add 5 ml of Benedict's solution each,
then place the test tube in the warm water.
boil for 5 minutes, (3) Then observe the
changes that occur in the solution in the
test tube. For the protein test, the steps are:
(1) Put 5 ml of urine into a centrifuge tube,
then spin it for 15 minutes, (2) Put 3 ml of
urine and test the pH with litmus paper. If
the pH is alkaline, add 10% acetic acid
solution until the urine becomes acidic, (4)
After becoming acidic, add 3 ml of 20%
sulfoslicic acid solution, (5) If there is
protein, a cloudy precipitate will appear on
the restriction of the two liquids
 4.2. Pembahasan
5. Conclusion
Urine is one of the results of the
process of excretion that occurs in
humans. Urine contains various types of
compounds. Therefore, urine is one of the
test samples that are often carried out in
laboratories in hospitals that aim to
determine the health condition of the
patient. The method in urine testing is
referred to as urinalysis. Urinalysis
includes physical tests in the form of
color, odor, clarity of urine, chemical tests
in the form of glucose content in urine
and protein content in urine.
6. Bibliography
Fan, S., & Bai, S. (2020). Urinalysis. In
Contemporary Practice in Clinical
Chemistry. INC.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-
815499-1.00038-7
Fridayanti, N., & Muldarisnur, M.
(2018). Rancang Bangun Alat Ukur
Kadar Gula Darah pada Urin
dengan Metode Evanescent.
Positron, 8(2), 1.
https://doi.org/10.26418/positron.v8
i2.26993
Herman, N., Bourgès-Abella, N., Braun,
J. P., Ancel, C., Schelcher, F., &
Trumel, C. (2019). Urinalysis and
determination of the urine protein-
to-creatinine ratio reference interval
in healthy cows. Journal of
Veterinary Internal Medicine,
33(2), 999–1008.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15452
Skutschas, P., & Stein, K. (2015).
Journal of (Vol. 5, Issue January,
pp. 334–347).
Widyastuti, R., Tunjung, E., &
Purwaningsih, nur vita. (2018).
Modul praktikum urinalisis dan
cairan tubuh. Lab. Patologi Klinik
Prodi DIII Teknologi Laboratorium
Medis Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan
UMSurabaya, 38–38.