Kawayang Tinik (Bambusa bambos (L.

) Voss) Plywood

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements in Practical Research II

Gutierrez, Christine Marione S.

Himpil, Hannah C.

Ms. Laizel Marlee D. Diroy

Research Adviser

April 25, 2022

 Acknowledgements

The researchers would like to take this opportunity to express their deepest

gratitude to the people who extended their help and share their knowledge to fulfill this

study.

First, and foremost, praises and thanks to God, the Almighty, for His showers of

blessings, His guidance and wisdom that is mostly needed for the accomplishment of this

study.

The researchers would like to express their deep and sincere gratitude to their

research adviser, Mrs. Laizel Marlee D. Diroy, for giving them the opportunity to do

research and providing invaluable guidance and never-ending encouragement throughout

this research.

To Mrs. Maria Ligaya S. Gutierrez, and Mrs. Cheryll V. Viado, for their guidance

and support.

Mr. Christian S. Gutierrez, for his professional assistance throughout the conduct

of the study.

The researchers’ parents for their security, guidance, moral, and financial support

that they gave to the researchers.

The researchers would like to express their gratefulness to Ma'am Cristy Lao,

their previous research consultant, for always guiding and explaining their previous

research, particularly during the pandemic.

 The researchers would like to express their gratitude to BPI and UST-Herbarium

for their assistance with plant authentication.

Thank you to UPLB's Mr. Ralph Lauren Alomia and Ms. Rhea Yanos for their

advice and suggestions on another research problem.

The researchers as well wanted to express their gratitude to the DOST-FPRDI

management, particularly Sir Alberto Pareja for his help with the laboratory tests.

The researchers’ friends and classmates, for their encouragement and love that

cheers the researchers whenever they’re about to give up.

This humble piece is dedicated to those who provided us with knowledge and

played a significant role in the study's success.

Christine Marione S. Gutierrez

Hannah C. Himpil
 Abstract

Wood processing is an important activity of the forestry sector of the Philippines.

Wood products such as plywood and veneer are commonly exported to other countries.
The local supply of wood and wood-based product could not meet the annual average
consumption due to the growing local and export demands. To situate the market
demands with the current situation, as well as to assists the country in constructing “green
building”, the researchers used Kawayang tinik (Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss), one of the
most commonly available local bamboo species in Naic and Maragondon, Cavite to
produce bamboo plywood. Moreover, bamboo plywood can boost revenue to local wood
industry. This study investigated the physical and mechanical properties of Kawayang
tinik (Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss) plywood, which was produced by cleaning and
splitting bamboo poles, planning bamboo slats, and drying of bamboo waste and slats,
and then assembling the three (3) bamboo plywood (bamboo slats, bamboo waste and
bamboo slats, and bamboo waste – bamboo slats). The three bamboo samples show
varying value to each physical and mechanical results. Based on the results, the three
bamboo plywood (bamboo slats, bamboo waste and bamboo slats, and bamboo waste –
bamboo slats, bamboo waste) is significantly different in terms of modulus of rupture,
tensile strength, internal bond, thickness swelling, and water absorption.
 Table of Content

Contents Page

Title Page i

Acknowledgement iii

Abstract iv

Table of Content vi

List of Tables vii

List of Photographs viii

Chapter 1: Introduction 1

A. Background of the Study 5

B. Review of Related Literature and Studies 15

C. Statement of the Problem 17

D. Hypothesis of the Study 20

E. Significance of the Study 22

F. Scope and Limitations 22

G. Definition of Terms 24

Chapter 2: Materials and Methods 25

A. Materials 27

B. General Procedure 30

C. Flow Chart 31

Chapter 3: Results and Discussions 36

Chapter 4: Conclusion and Recommendation 39

Bibliography 43
Appendices 44

Appendix A: Logbook 52

Appendix B: Gantt Chart 54

Appendix C: Computation 58

Appendix D: Budgetary 59

Appendix E: Receipts 84

Appendix F: Photographs 98

Appendix G: Biographical Sketch 102

 List of Tables

Contents Page

Table 1. Average Physical and Mechanical Properties of Bamboo 32

Slats

Table 2. Average Physical and Mechanical Properties of Bamboo 33

Waste and Slats

Table 3. Average Physical and Mechanical Properties of Bamboo 33

Waste – Bamboo Slats – Bamboo Waste

Table 4. Average Physical and Mechanical Properties of Three (3) 34

Bamboo Plywood

Table 5. Summary of One-Way Analysis of Variance 35

Table 6. Data Summary of One-Way Analysis Results 55

Table 7. Data Summary of One-Way Analysis Results 55

 List of Photographs

Contents Page

Photograph 1. Consultation with our Consultant 85

Photograph 2. Consultation with our Research Adviser 85

Photograph 3. Consultation with UPLB 86

Photograph 4. Plant Authentication and Identification 89

Photograph 5. Materials 91

Photograph 6. Collection of Bamboo 92

Photograph 7. Cleaning the Bamboo 93

Photograph 8. Splitting Bamboo Poles 94

Photograph 9. Planning Bamboo Slats 94

Photograph 10. Drying of Bamboo Waste and Slats 95

Photograph 11. Assembling Plywood 96

Photograph 12. Smoothening the Surface of Bamboo Plywood 97

Photograph 13. Mechanical and Physical Test of Bamboo Plywood 98

Kawayang Tinik (Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss) Plywood

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements in Practical Research II

Gutierrez, Christine Marione S.

Himpil, Hannah C.

Ms. Laizel Marlee D. Diroy

Research Adviser

April 25, 2022

 Gutierrez, Himpil 1

Chapter 1:

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

The concept of “green building” has grown in popularity over the last decade

and the general public is becoming more aware of the alternative’s potential

environmental benefits in comparison to traditional construction.

Green building is focused on lowering a building’s energy consumption such

as better insulation, more energy-efficient appliances, and HVAC systems (heating,

ventilation, and air conditioning), as well as reducing negative human health

consequences like controlled ventilation and humidity to reduce mold growth.

Choosing building materials that exhibit positive environmental attributes is

one of the considerations in constructing green buildings.

Wood has many positive characteristics, including low embodied energy, low

carbon impact, and sustainability. These attributes of wood made it suitable for green

building. As green building becomes popular, the demand for wood increases.
 Gutierrez, Himpil 2

For residential and commercial projects (condominiums, hotels, resorts,

houses, restaurant, and coffee shops, construction companies, and real estate

developers use wood products for the structure, outer walls, interiors, doors, window

frames, and roof decks.

Plywood is a type of wood-based panel that is widely used around the world.

Plywood, which is made from wood veneers by bonding process, is a widely

engineered wood product available in residential construction areas, such as floors (Li

et al. 2020).1 Veneer and plywood are two products that are commonly exported

between the Philippines and other nations. Trading of products has become nearly

free-flowing from one country to another as reported by the Philippine Forestry

Statistics in 2011.2

The Philippines requires 6 million cubic meters of wood annually based on the

average consumption of wood from 2006-2014 (FMB 2015) and this demand for

wood is projected to increase in the next few years. Out of this national demand for

1
Wanzhao Li et al., “Understanding the Interaction between Bonding Strength and Strain
Distribution of Plywood,” International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 98 (April 1, 2020):
102506, [Link]
2
2011 Philippine Forestry Statistics (Quezon City: Forest Management Bureau, Department of
Environment and Natural Resources, 2011),
[Link]
 Gutierrez, Himpil 3

wood, only 25% comes from local sources while 75% are imported (Tamayo et al.

2019).3

To situate market demands with the current situation, Director Lourdes

Wagan, director of the Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Forest

Management Bureau, during the kickoff of the bamboo planting activity held at the

Batasang Pambansa in celebration of the World Bamboo Day, cited the need to raise

awareness on the importance of planting and investing on bamboo as it is considered

as the “green gold” of our forest and hopefully in the future, we will be entering into

engineered bamboo (2020). 4

Bamboo is a renewable raw material that is universally accepted for building

construction. It plays a fundamental roles in industrial and domestic economics in

many developing countries. Compared with some commercial wood species, bamboo

exhibits equal or better physical and mechanical properties, which offer good

potential for processing it into composites (bamboo-based panels) as a wood

substitute. The bamboo-based industries have developed into a multimillion-dollar

3
Nonito Tamayo et al., “Wood Summit: The Role of Philippine Wood Industry in Nation
Building,” [Link], January 29, 2019, [Link]
summit-the-role-of-philippine-wood-industry-in-nation-building.
4
“DENR Supports World Bamboo Day 2020,” [Link], September 16, 2020,
[Link]
bamboo-day-2020.
 Gutierrez, Himpil 4

industry with their variety of products enjoying very high demand domestically as

well as internationally (Abdulkareem and Adeniyi 2017).5

Kawayang tinik (Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss) is one of the most commonly

available local bamboo species used in engineered-bamboo production in the

Philippines. It is a densely tufted, sympodial type of bamboo with spiny basal

branches and a culm height that ranges from 10 to 25 m high, 8 to 15 cm in diameter,

and ranges from 6 to 10 cm.

Bamboos are now in high demand as raw material sources of furniture,

handicraft, and a variety of other products due to dwindling wood supplies. Because

of this, bamboos are over cut by improper harvesting methods, causing serious

genetic erosion due to continued pressure. As a result, conservation of bamboo is

critical.

In order to attain the goal of Department of Environmental and Natural

Resources to enter the engineered bamboo industry and to address the conservation

problem of bamboo, researchers aim to produce bamboo plywood made of Kawayang

tinik (Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss) bamboo slats and bamboo waste.

5
Sulyman Abdulkareem and Adewale Adeniyi, “PRODUCTION OF PARTICLE BOARDS
USING POLYSTYRENE AND BAMBOO WASTES,” Nigerian Journal of Technology 36 (June
30, 2017): 788–93, [Link]
 Gutierrez, Himpil 5

Furthermore, it adheres to Israel and Bunao's recommendation in their paper,

Value Chain Analysis of the Wood Processing Industry in the Philippines, that the

government establish a large base or source of endemic Philippine raw materials used

in the furniture industry.6

B. Review of Related Literature and Studies

Bamboo products are produced throughout the Philippines, from north to

south. Bamboos have an important role in our environment, economy, and culture.

Since our predecessors, bamboos have played a key role. Bamboos have been widely

employed in various societies for a variety of purposes, including construction,

furniture and handicraft production, food and cooking (Adornado and Dano 2016).7

Amatosa Jr and Loretero suggested that further research must be given better

attention to single-layer Medium Density Particle board panels from the bamboo

waste as potential substitute to be used as hardwood materials, especially in the

production, design, and construction usage.8

6
Danilo C Israel and David Feliks M Bunao, “Value Chain Analysis of the Wood Processing
Industry in the Philippines,” The Research Information Staff, Philippine Institute for
Development Studies, February 2017, 38.
7
Henry Adornado and Atonino Dano, Canopy International, vol. 42 (Ecosystems Research and
Development Bureau of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, 2016).
8
Teodoro Amatosa Jr and Michael Loretero, “Bamboo Waste-Based Bio-Composite Substance:
An Application for Low-Cost Construction Materials,” SPECTA Journal of Technology 4 (April
29, 2020): 41–48, [Link]
 Gutierrez, Himpil 6

The results of Valarelli et al. indicated that the bamboo wastes are a

technically feasible alternative for use in particleboard production. The mechanical

results of used bamboo waste with wood waste (planer and chips) bonded castor oil-

based adhesive are far superior. (Valarelli et al. 2014).9

Malanit, Barbu, and Fruhwald conducted a study to determine the physical

and mechanical properties of oriented strand lumber made from the Asian bamboo

Dendrocalamus asper Backer, the results showed that oriented strand lumber made

from bamboo strands exhibits superior strength properties compared to the

commercial products made from wood for the building sector. The reason type has a

significant effect on board properties. Moreover, all properties of the board improve

generally with increasing resin content.10

In Bangladesh, Biswas, Bose, and Hossain assessed the suitability of planer

waste and chips of B. balcooa and B. vulgaris for the development of a urea

formaldehyde-bonded particleboard. The results showed that boards made from

9
Ivaldo De Domenico Valarelli et al., “Physical and Mechanical Properties of Particleboard
Bamboo Waste Bonded with Urea Formaldehyde and Castor Oil Based Adhesive,” Matéria (Rio
de Janeiro) 19 (March 2014): 01–06, [Link]
10
Pannipa Malanit, Marius C. Barbu, and Arno Frühwald, “Physical and Mechanical Properties
of Oriented Strand Lumber Made from an Asian Bamboo (Dendrocalamus Asper Backer),”
European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 69, no. 1 (February 1, 2011): 27–36,
[Link]
 Gutierrez, Himpil 7

hammer milled chips are superior to those made from planer wastes. B. vulgaris

produces better particleboard than B. balcooa due to its superior gluability. Both

species produce particleboards meeting international standards. Bamboo particleboard

made from either planer waste or chips is dimensionally less stable. It was found out

that surface smoothness is a factor that affects the finishing, gluing, and overlaying

characteristics of particleboard. The board made from planer waste had a greater gap-

filling ability and produced smooth-surfaced boards. On the other hand, boards made

from chips had rough surfaces with a few pits on the surface which can be improved

by the development of three-layered particleboard, where fine chips could be placed

on the surface (upper and inner) with coarse chips in the middle. The product could

be used for interior applications, like furniture components, wall panels, etc., but not

recommended for places under frequent humidity changes.11

Based on the material property data obtained from the study “Production,

Environmental Impact and Mechanical Properties of Glubam,” glubam compared

with other glue laminated bamboo products, the mechanical properties of glubam are

reasonable and among others with better performance than average. As a further

matter, the production of glubam sheets can be based on existing production facilities

for producing plybamboo sheets for concrete formwork. They also found that glubam

is a carbon negative material with more embodied carbon dioxide than timber.

11
Daisy Biswas, Samar Kanti Bose, and M. Mozaffar Hossain, “Physical and Mechanical
Properties of Urea Formaldehyde-Bonded Particleboard Made from Bamboo Waste,”
International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 31, no. 2 (March 1, 2011): 84–87,
[Link]
 Gutierrez, Himpil 8

However, the production process consumes higher energy than the production of

constructional timber materials (Xiao, Yang, and Shan 2013).12

Xiao, Yang, and Shan considered press molding as an alternative way to

develop a simple and sustainable approach of corrugated bamboo particleboards

fabrication. The bending properties initially increase and then decrease with press

temperature from 150℃ to 200℃. Besides, the corrugated bamboo particleboards

with paralleled grain orientation exhibits much better performance due to load

capacity enhancement of a continuous plane. The corrugated bamboo particleboards

exhibit a higher value in thickness swelling with increased density.13

Alam et al., compared the properties of single layer particleboards

manufactured from branch and the waste of Bambusa vulgaris with Urea-

Formaldehyde resin wherein the bamboo culm waste exhibited greater density,

modulus of elasticity, and modulus of rupture than bamboo branch particleboard but a

mixture of culm waste and branch at same content showed greater density, modulus

of elasticity, and modulus or rupture between three types of particleboards. So, the

12
Y. Xiao, R. Z. Yang, and B. Shan, “Production, Environmental Impact and Mechanical
Properties of Glubam,” Construction and Building Materials 44 (July 1, 2013): 765–73,
[Link]
13
Feng Yang et al., “Selected Properties of Corrugated Particleboards Made from Bamboo Waste
(Phyllostachys Edulis) Laminated with Medium-Density Fiberboard Panels,” BioResources 9, no.
1 (January 6, 2014): 1085–96.
 Gutierrez, Himpil 9

particleboard with higher strength and dimensionally stable can be produced from the

bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris) wastes particleboard.14

Correspondingly, Othman Nurhazwani et al. concluded that bamboo veneer

waste enhances the quality of particleboards, especially in terms of mechanical

strength (MOR and MOE). Thus, bamboo veneer waste can decrease the dependence

of the particleboard industry on rubberwood.15

As determined by Sukmawan, Takagi, and Nakagaito, steam explosion

method is effective to improve the mechanical properties of the bamboo fiber. The

cross-ply (0/90) s steam exploded bamboo processed using dispersion-type

biodegradable poly lactic acid laminates have potential as a substitute of glass fiber-

reinforced composites to be applied as a skin material in sandwich structures.

Consequently, the hydrophilic character of bamboo fibers is increased, improving

their compatibility with a dispersion type biodegradable resin. The tensile strength of

alkali-treated bamboo fiber was found to be comparable to that of typical strong

natural fibers like hemp and flax fibers. The composites have a strength comparable

to typical glass fiber-reinforced plastics laminate and a specific strength three times

that of mild steel. The cross-ply (0/90) s steam exploded bamboo processed using

14
D. Alam et al., “Properties of Particleboard Manufactured from Commonly Used Bamboo
(Bambusa Vulgaris) Wastes in Bangladesh,” Advances in Research 4 (January 10, 2015): 203–11,
[Link]

Othman Nurhazwani et al., “Hybrid Particleboard Made from Bamboo (Dendrocalamus Asper)
15

Veneer Waste and Rubberwood (Hevea Brasilienses),” BioResources 11, no. 1 (2016): 306–23.
 Gutierrez, Himpil 10

dispersion-type biodegradable poly lactic acid laminate was also discovered to have

the same cracking property as standard cross-ply laminates made of carbon or glass

fibers.16

Bamboo faces and oil palm trunk core were manufactured using melamine

urea formaldehyde with the resin content of 250 g/m2 (solid basis) were used to

manufacture lightweight sandwich panels. Results showed that most board properties

were influenced by bamboo face density. Nodes of bamboo had no significant effect

on any board properties examined. Comparing the properties to commercial wood-

based products, this panel could be used as wall/floor applications (Srivaro 2016).17

Abdulkareem, and Adeniyi produced a particleboard from blending particles

of bamboo (G. magna) with synthetic resins in a room temperature process. They

implemented the use of room temperature process without recourse to hot-press unit

operation to efficiently utilize waste materials for the industrial manufacture of

particleboards thus reducing the amount of wastes and eliminating the pollution

occasioned by the burning residues. The study showed that the superior bonding

16
Romi Sukmawan, Hitoshi Takagi, and Antonio Norio Nakagaito, “Strength Evaluation of
Cross-Ply Green Composite Laminates Reinforced by Bamboo Fiber,” Composites Part B:
Engineering 84 (January 1, 2016): 9–16, [Link]
17
Suthon Srivaro, “Utilization of Bamboo as Lightweight Sandwich Panels,” Materials Science
22, no. 1 (January 21, 2016): 60–64, [Link]
 Gutierrez, Himpil 11

ability of the synthesized resinous Polystyrene over conventional industrial adhesives

resulted in lightweight material of superior mechanical strength.18

Song et al. manufactured adhesive-free boards developed from the xylanase–

laccase-modified bamboo particles. The physical–mechanical properties of self-

bonded boards were noticeably affected by the enzyme pretreatment conditions, such

as the enzyme concentration, reaction pH, and reaction time. The optimized flexural

strength, flexural modulus, internal bonding, and thickness swelling met the highest

requirements in Chinese national standard for particleboard GB/T 4897 (2015). The

physical–mechanical properties of proposed boards were superior to those of reported

self-bonded bamboo boards with only a laccase pretreatment.19

According to Misganew, and Peddinti, the solid or lowland bamboo

(Oxytenanthera Abyssinica) and hollow or highland bamboo (Yushania Alpina) chips

particleboard can substitute eucalyptus particle board and particleboard

manufacturing companies can use bamboo plants. The bending strength of the

bamboo particleboard is greater than of eucalyptus particleboard. In addition, this

18
Sulyman Abdulkareem and Adewale Adeniyi, “PRODUCTION OF PARTICLE BOARDS
USING POLYSTYRENE AND BAMBOO WASTES,” Nigerian Journal of Technology 36 (June
30, 2017): 788–93, [Link]
19
Wei Song et al., “Effect of Xylanase–Laccase Synergistic Pretreatment on Physical–
Mechanical Properties of Environment-Friendly Self-Bonded Bamboo Particleboards,” Journal of
Polymers and the Environment 26, no. 10 (October 1, 2018): 4019–33,
[Link]
 Gutierrez, Himpil 12

bamboo particleboard has better smooth surface finish than the eucalyptus

particleboard.

Zhang et al. stated that mould-presed Phyllostachys pubescens bamboo (MPB)

has a low wall thickness swelling, and the cross-sectional width dimensions swelling

and high internal bonding strength. Its dimensional stability, solid bending strength,

bending modulus, compression strength, and shear strength met the standard

specifications.20

Srichan, and Raongjant found out that the physical and mechanical properties

of particleboards made with bamboo shoot sheath residues passed Japanese Industrial

Standards. The particleboard passed the density, moisture content, and internal

bonding values whereas boards did not pass the Japanese Industrial Standards on

thickness swelling, modulus of elasticity, and modulus of rupture except the board at

800 kg/m3 of density passed the modulus of rupture criterion. Although the Japanese

Industrial Standards did not assign any criteria for water absorption value, the

particleboards showed high water absorption values because there was no addition of

paraffin wax into the mixture. The particleboard also has better heat resistance than

conventional wall materials although it is poorer than commercial insulation products.

The results also indicated that the bamboo shoot sheaths, being a type of agricultural

20
Wenfu Zhang et al., “Physico-Mechanical and Joint Performance of Bamboo Veneer Products
Manufactured by Mould Pressing,” BioResources 14 (March 26, 2019): 3823–32,
[Link]
 Gutierrez, Himpil 13

residues, can be produced as particleboard, and are also appropriate for being an

indoor heat insulation material.21

Bamboo-wood composites made from bamboo and wood wastes showed that

wood chips have higher water absorption swelling rate than residues (Chung and

Wang 2019).22

Wu et al. developed laminated bamboo lumber using bamboo residues which

is feasible to be used as plywood in construction due to its high bonding strength. The

study showed that the laminated structure design is an important factor affecting

laminated bamboo lumber performance.23

Lopes et al. proved that improving composite material of vegetable

polyurethane resin reinforced by bamboo fibers can possibly replace the commercial

oriented strand board.

21
Surat Srichan and Werasak Raongjant, “Characteristics of Particleboard Manufactured from
Bamboo Shoot Sheaths,” E3S Web of Conferences 187 (January 1, 2020): 03011,
[Link]
22
Min Jay Chung and Sheng Yang Wang, “Physical and Mechanical Properties of Composites
Made from Bamboo and Woody Wastes in Taiwan,” Journal of Wood Science 65, no. 1 (October
23, 2019): 57, [Link]
23
Jianfei Wu et al., “Development of Laminated Bamboo Lumber with High Bond Strength for
Structural Uses by O2 Plasma,” Construction and Building Materials 269 (February 1, 2021):
121269, [Link]
 Gutierrez, Himpil 14

To integrate the utilization of industrial solid waste and bamboo material,

Zhou et al. proposed a novel bamboo plywood and thin-walled steel-tube dual-

confined stone dust concrete composite column. The encasing of low-strength stone

dust concrete changes the failure mode of the composite column and the deformation

mode of the section and improves the mechanical performance of the composite

column. In conclusion, the material performance utilization of the composite column

is the best when the bamboo plywood and the concrete content ratio are the same.

However, the strength of the concrete is not the main factor in the improvement in the

bearing capacity, so the use of stone dust concrete achieves the design goal of

composite columns.24

On the report of Sulastiningsih et al., the mechanical properties of D. asper

GLBL (glue laminated bamboo lumber) were corresponding to wood strength class I,

while GLBL (glue laminated bamboo lumber) made of D. giganteus, D. latiflorus,

and G. levis had equivalent strength to wood strength class II. The findings in this

study affirmed that GLBL (glue laminated bamboo lumber) made of four bamboo

species are promising materials for furniture and building components.25

24
Jing Zhou et al., “Compressive Behaviour of Stone Dust Concrete Composite Columns
Confined with Bamboo Plywood and Thin-Walled Steel-Tube Systems,” Journal of Building
Engineering 38 (June 1, 2021): 102164, [Link]
25
IM Sulastiningsih et al., “PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF GLUED
LAMINATED BAMBOO LUMBER,” Journal of Tropical Forest Science 33, no. 3 (July 2021):
290–97.
 Gutierrez, Himpil 15

The study of Yang et al., indicated that vacuum heat treatment and bamboo

veneers had positive and negative effects on the properties of bamboo stick board

without veneers. The bamboo stick board with veneers with vacuum heat-treated

bamboo sticks may have the potential to be used in specific applications, such as

decking and fencing. However, the bamboo stick board with veneers has sufficient

mechanical performance, but the water absorption and thickness swelling are still so

high as to be limited for outdoor applications (2022).26

As explained by Yuan et al., the introduction of these two types of

manufacturing processes of the crack-free flattened bamboo board demonstrates their

applications in producing the different types of flattened bamboo board. Crack-free

flattened bamboo board can be fabricated by using high-pressure saturated steam

followed by a flattening process. The improved density and crystallinity degree had a

positive impact on the nano-mechanical properties of the bamboo cell wall. The

modulus of elasticity and hardness of the control had been increased from 17.3 GPa

and 0.49 GPa to 21.2 GPa (non-notched flattened bamboo boards).27

26
Yu-Hsuan Yang et al., “Characteristic Properties of a Bamboo-Based Board Combined with
Bamboo Veneers and Vacuum Heat-Treated Round Bamboo Sticks,” Polymers 14, no. 3 (January
2022): 560, [Link]
27
Tiancheng Yuan et al., “Comparison of the Fabrication Process and Macro and Micro
Properties of Two Types of Crack-Free, Flatten Bamboo Board - ScienceDirect,” January 24,
2022, [Link]
 Gutierrez, Himpil 16

C. Statement of the Problem

The main objective of this study is to produce plywood using bamboo slats

and bamboo waste that will be tested through mechanical and physical tests.

1. What are the physical and mechanical properties of bamboo plywood made

from bamboo slats in terms of:

a. Modulus of Rupture

b. Tensile Strength

c. Internal Bond

d. Thickness Swelling

e. Water Absorption

2. What are the physical and mechanical properties of bamboo plywood

made from bamboo waste and bamboo slats in terms of:

a. Modulus of Rupture

b. Tensile Strength

c. Internal Bond

d. Thickness Swelling

e. Water Absorption

3. What are physical and mechanical properties of bamboo plywood made

from bamboo waste – bamboo slats – bamboo waste in terms of:

a. Modulus of Rupture

b. Tensile Strength

c. Internal Bond

d. Thickness Swelling
 Gutierrez, Himpil 17

e. Water Absorption

4. Is there a significant difference between the three (3) bamboo plywood

(bamboo slats, bamboo waste and bamboo slats, and bamboo waste –

bamboo slats – bamboo waste) in terms of:

a. Modulus of Rupture

b. Tensile Strength

c. Internal Bond

d. Thickness Swelling

e. Water Absorption

D. Hypothesis of the Study

Null Hypothesis

1. There is no physical and mechanical properties of bamboo plywood made

from bamboo slats in terms of:

a. Modulus of Rupture

b. Tensile Strength

c. Internal Bond

d. Thickness Swelling

e. Water Absorption

2. There is no physical and mechanical properties of bamboo plywood made

from bamboo waste and bamboo slats in terms of:

a. Modulus of Rupture

b. Tensile Strength
 Gutierrez, Himpil 18

c. Internal Bond

d. Thickness Swelling

e. Water Absorption

3. There is no physical and mechanical properties of bamboo plywood made

from bamboo waste – bamboo slats – bamboo waste in terms of:

a. Modulus of Rupture

b. Tensile Strength

c. Internal Bond

d. Thickness Swelling

e. Water Absorption

4. There is no significant difference between the three (3) bamboo plywood

(bamboo slats, bamboo waste and bamboo slats, and bamboo waste –

bamboo slats – bamboo waste) in terms of:

a. Modulus of Rupture

b. Tensile Strength

c. Internal Bond

d. Thickness Swelling

e. Water Absorption

Alternative Hypothesis

1. There is a physical and mechanical properties of bamboo plywood made

from bamboo slats in terms of:

a. Modulus of Rupture

b. Tensile Strength
 Gutierrez, Himpil 19

c. Internal Bond

d. Thickness Swelling

e. Water Absorption

2. There is a physical and mechanical properties of bamboo plywood made

from bamboo waste and bamboo slats in terms of:

a. Modulus of Rupture

b. Tensile Strength

c. Internal Bond

d. Thickness Swelling

e. Water Absorption

3. There is a physical and mechanical properties of bamboo plywood made

from bamboo waste – bamboo slats – bamboo waste in terms of:

a. Modulus of Rupture

b. Tensile Strength

c. Internal Bond

d. Thickness Swelling

e. Water Absorption

4. There is a significant difference between the (3) bamboo plywood

(bamboo slats, bamboo waste and bamboo slats, and bamboo waste –

bamboo slats – bamboo waste) in terms of:

a. Modulus of Rupture

b. Tensile Strength

c. Internal Bond
 Gutierrez, Himpil 20

d. Thickness Swelling

e. Water Absorption

E. Significance of the Study

Wood processing is an important downstream activity of the forestry sector of

the Philippines because it adds economic value to log, diversifies the products that

can produced from it and increases the incomes and employment of the involved

communities. Despite its many economic contributions, however, the wood

processing industry has been on the decline for many years now.

In 2020, the local supply of wood and wood-based products could not meet

the 6 million cubic meter annual average consumption of the Philippines. The

growing local and export demand is due to the increased use of wood for construction

(buildings, houses, bridges, and wharves), paper packaging, and printing furniture,

cabinet making, and carvings.

Lagunda cited that bamboo is one of the Philippines’ most economically

important non-timber forest products. Among the applications of bamboo, she said,

are in the construction of houses and some infrastructure, while its fiber ca n be used

by other industries like paper, charcoal, and textile or clothes. That’s why she said,
 Gutierrez, Himpil 21

“the country can tap bamboo as a major resource to replace the reduced supply in the

Philippines given the restrictions in cutting timber.”28

Using Kawayang tinik (Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss) which is abundantly

present in Maragondon and Naic, Cavite as plywood can replace the growing demand

for timber products and it will boost revenue to local wood industry.

The use of Kawayang tinik (Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss) plywood also

supports Executive Order 879 of 2010 that directs the use of bamboo for at least

twenty-five (25%) percent of the desk and other furniture requirements of public

elementary and secondary schools and prioritize the use of bamboo for furniture,

fixtures, and other construction requirements of government facilities.

Aside from job creation, the use of Kawayang tinik (Bambusa bambos (L.)

Voss) plywood assists the country in constructing “green building” which is more

sustainable and environmentally friendly.

The study also demonstrate supports to the Philippine Bamboo Industry

Development Council’s (PBIDC) two programs, which include product development

and processing of lesser-used bamboo species and the development of more

engineered bamboo products.

28
Bruce Rodriquez, “PH Pushed to Be Key Player in $17-B Intl Bamboo Industry | ABS-CBN
News,” [Link], September 27, 2021, [Link]
pushed-to-be-key-player-in-17-b-intl-bamboo-industry.
 Gutierrez, Himpil 22

For environmental impact, Kawayang tinik (Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss)

plywood will reduce the waste generated by bamboo processing. The bamboo plant to

be used in the manufacturing can still control soil erosion effectively since after

cutting the plant will not die out and requires no replanting making it a source for

sustainable crop. Additionally, it still contributes to the improvement of air quality as

it produces thirty-five (35%) percent more oxygen than trees.29

F. Scope and Limitations

The main goal of this study is to produce bamboo plywood and bamboo

plywood with bamboo waste with the use of Kawayang tinik (Bambusa bambos (L.)

Voss). It also focused on determining the mechanical and physical properties of

bamboo plywood and bamboo plywood with bamboo waste with the use of

Kawayang tinik (Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss). in terms of modulus of rupture, tensile

strength, internal bond, thickness swelling, and water absorption. The bamboo culms

were collected only from Callejon St., Muzon, Naic, Cavite. the bamboo waste was

collected at Bronson Bahay Kubo Maker in Caputatan, San Miguel, Maragondon. The

process of cleaning, splitting and planning of bamboo was done at Muzon, Naic,

Cavite. The drying of bamboo waste and slats, and the production of bamboo

plywood was done in Amaya VI, Tanza, Cavite.

29
Marita Moaje, “DENR Bats for Sustainable Bamboo Industry in PH,” [Link], September
18, 2020, [Link]
 Gutierrez, Himpil 23

G. Definitions of Terms

1. Adhesive-a substance capable of holding materials together by surface

attachment.

2. Compression strength- ability of a certain material to withstand loads that

reduces the size of the material.

3. Density- degree of compactness of a substance.

4. Internal bond- measures the tensile strength of the material when applying a

force perpendicular to the face.

5. JIS standard- Japanese Industrial Standards, a collection of national standards

stipulating the criteria for products, including types/scales,

quality/performance, and safety

6. Modulus of elasticity- flexural or bending modulus, measures the wood’s

deflection.

7. Modulus of rupture- also referred to as bending strength, a measure of a wood

specimen’s overall strength before rupture.

8. Moisture content- how much water is in the product, determined by weight

loss upon drying.

9. Plywood- a panel consisting of an assembly of veneer sheets bonded together

with the direction of the grain in alternate piles generally at right angles.

10. Shear strength- ability to resist forces that causes the material’s internal

structure to slide against itself.

11. Tensile strength- ability of a material to resist a force that tends to pull it apart.
 Gutierrez, Himpil 24

12. Thickness swelling- measure of the dimensional stability of wood composite

panel materials.

13. Veneer- a thin sheet of wood, plies, sawed or rotary cut from a log or a flitch.

14. Water absorption- determine the amount of water absorbed by a material.

15. Wood composite materials- created by binding strands, particles, fibers,

veneers, or boards of wood together with adhesives.

16. Wood processing- an engineering discipline comprising the production of

forest products, such as pulp and paper, and construction materials.

17. MPa – megapascal, used to describe the pressure ranges and ratings of

hydraulic systems.
 Gutierrez, Himpil 25

Chapter 2

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The bamboo plywood was made at Amaya VI, Tanza, Cavite. The test for

physical and mechanical properties was conducted at Forest Product Research and

Development Institute (DOST-FPRDI)) at Forestry Products Laboratory, University

of the Philippines, Los Baños, Laguna. The materials were obtained from near

hardware and construction supply shops.

A. Materials

• Bamboo culm – raw material for the study

 Gutierrez, Himpil 26

• Glue – used to glue the piles together and glue the bamboo waste to

the slats

• Sandpaper – used to smoothen the rough spots of the plywood

• Axe – used to cut the bamboo poles

 Gutierrez, Himpil 27

• Knife – used to remove and shave the green outer layer of the bamboo

• Hacksaw – used to cut the plywood into 300 mm x 300 mm x 16 mm

panels
 Gutierrez, Himpil 28

B. General Procedure

1. Plant Authentication and Identification

Plant authentication of Kawayang tinik (Bambusa bambos (L.)

Voss) was conducted by the University of Santo Tomas Herbarium in

España, Manila.

2. Source of Bamboo

The bamboo culms were collected from Callejon St., Muzon, Naic,

Cavite. Bamboo waste was collected from Caputatan, San Miguel,

Maragondon, Cavite.

3. Cleaning the Bamboo

The green outer layer of the bamboo was removed and shaved

individually.

4. Splitting Bamboo Poles

The bamboo poles were cut into one meter and converted into

strips.

5. Planning Bamboo Slats

The bamboo strips were smoothened and flattened.

6. Drying of Bamboo Waste and Slats

The bamboo waste and slats were sun-dried.

7. Assembling Plywood

a. Bamboo slats
 Gutierrez, Himpil 29

One pile of bamboo slats was placed horizontally. Another

pile of bamboo slats was arranged vertically and laid above it.

Stikwel was used to stack the piles together.

b. Bamboo waste and bamboo slats

Bamboo waste was placed between two piles of bamboo

slats.

c. Bamboo waste – bamboo slats – bamboo waste

Bamboo waste was glued on both sides of the pile of

bamboo slats.

Concrete hollow blocks were used to compressed bamboo

plywood into the desired thickness.

8. Smoothening the Surface of the Bamboo Plywood

The plywood was cut into 300 mm x 300 mm x 16 mm panels.

Sandpaper was used to smoothen the rough surface of the bamboo

plywood.

9. Mechanical and Physical Test of Bamboo Plywood

The tests for modulus of rupture, tensile strength, internal bond,

thickness swelling, and water absorption of bamboo plywood was

conducted at DOST-FPRDI, University of the Philippines, Los Baños,

Laguna.

10. Statistical Analysis

One-way ANOVA was used to determine if there is a significant

difference between the (3) bamboo plywood (bamboo slats, bamboo

 Gutierrez, Himpil 30

waste and bamboo slats, and bamboo waste – bamboo slats – bamboo

waste).

𝑀𝑆𝑇
𝐹=
𝑀𝑆𝐸

𝑇𝑖2 𝐺2
∑𝑘𝑖=1 ( )−
𝑛𝑖 𝑛
𝑀𝑆𝑇 =
𝑘−1

𝑇𝑖2
∑𝑘𝑖=1 ∑𝑛𝑗=1
𝑖
𝑌𝑖𝑗2 − ∑𝑘𝑖=1 ( )
𝑛𝑖
𝑀𝑆𝐸 =
𝑛−𝑘

where:

F = variance ratio for the overall test

MST = mean square due to treatments/groups (between

groups)

MSE = mean square due to error (within groups,

residual mean square)

Yij = observation

G = grand total of all observations

ni = number in group i

n = total number of observations

 Gutierrez, Himpil 31

C. Flow Chart

Identifying the Research Problem

Plant Authentication

Gathering of Materials

Plywood Construction

Mechanical and Physical Testing of Plywood

Gathering and Analyzing of Data

Interpretation of Data

Conclusion and Recommendations

 Gutierrez, Himpil 32

Chapter 3

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The following data was the results gathered from the experimentation

conducted in the production of Kawayang tinik (Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss) plywood

using bamboo slats and bamboo waste. The bamboo plywood was tested through

mechanical and physical tests such as:

a. Modulus of Rupture

b. Tensile Strength

c. Internal Bond

d. Thickness Swelling

e. Water Absorption

Table 1. Average Physical and Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Slats

Specimen Modulus of Tensile Internal Thickness Water

Rupture (MOR), Strength, Bond, Swelling, Absorption,

MPa MPa kg/m3 % %

Bamboo slats 24.86 14.15 0.62 1.51 35.03

(Sample 1)

Table 1 shows that bamboo slats have a modulus of rupture of 24.86 MPa.

The tensile strength of bamboo slats is 14.15 MPa and internal bond of 0.62 kg/m3. In

terms of thickness swelling and water absorption bamboo slats have a value of 1.51%

and 35.03%.
 Gutierrez, Himpil 33

Table 2. Average Physical and Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Waste and Bamboo Slats

Specimen Modulus of Tensile Internal Thickness Water

Rupture Strength, Bond, Swelling, Absorption,

(MOR), MPa MPa kg/m3 % %

Bamboo waste 3.37 16.56 0.63 7.72 69.00

and bamboo slats

(Sample 2)

Table 2 illustrates the modulus of rupture of bamboo waste and bamboo slats

is 3.37 MPa. The tensile strength is measured at 16.56 MPa. The bamboo waste and

bamboo slats have a value of internal bonding is 0.63 kg/m3. The result of thickness

swelling and water absorption of bamboo waste and bamboo slats is 7.72% and 69%.

Table 3. Average Physical and Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Waste – Bamboo Slats –

Bamboo Waste

Specimen Modulus of Tensile Internal Thickness Water

Rupture Strength, Bond, Swelling, Absorption

(MOR), MPa MPa kg/m3 % ,%

Bamboo waste – 2.53 20.55 0.29 6.26 86.38

bamboo slats –

bamboo waste

(Sample 3)
 Gutierrez, Himpil 34

Table 3 shows that the bamboo waste – bamboo slats – bamboo waste has a

modulus rupture of 2.53 MPa. The value of tensile strength is 20.55 MPa. The results

show that bamboo waste – bamboo slats- bamboo waste has an average internal bond

value of 0.29 kg/m3. Data shows that there is thickness swelling of 6.26 % and water

absorption is found to be 86.38% in the sample.

Table 4. Average Physical and Mechanical Properties of Three (3) Bamboo Plywood

Specimen Modulus of Tensile Internal Thickness Water

Rupture Strength, Bond, Swelling, Absorption,

(MOR), MPa MPa kg/m3 % %

Bamboo slats 24.8 14.15 0.62 1.51 35.03

(Sample 1)

Bamboo waste and 3.37 16.56 0.63 7.72 69.00

bamboo slats

(Sample 2)

Bamboo waste – 2.53 20.55 0.29 6.26 86.38

bamboo slats –

bamboo waste

(Sample 3)

Table 4 presents that bamboo slats have a substantially higher modulus of

rupture than bamboo waste and bamboo slats, and bamboo waste – bamboo slats –

bamboo waste. The bamboo waste – bamboo slats – bamboo waste exhibits the

highest value of tensile strength. On the other hand, the bamboo slats show the lowest
 Gutierrez, Himpil 35

average of tensile strength and water absorption. The bamboo waste – bamboo slats –

bamboo waste has a larger gap and a lowest internal bond than the other two while

the other two samples have relatively close value with each other. Moreover, the

bamboo slats display the lowest value in thickness swelling, water absorption. The

bamboo waste and bamboo slats show the highest value of thickness swelling

compared to the other two samples.

Table 5. Summary of One-Way Analysis of Variance

Sum of Squares Degree of Mean Square F-ratio Critical

Source (SS) Freedom (df) (MS) Value

Between 7,771.53 4 1,942.88 11.25 3.48

Treatments

Within 1,726.72 10 172.67

Treatments

Total 9,498.25 14

Table 5 illustrates that there is a significant difference between the three (3)

bamboo plywood (bamboo slats, bamboo waste and bamboo slats, and bamboo waste

– bamboo slats, bamboo waste) in terms of modulus of rupture, thickness swelling,

water absorption, tensile strength, and internal bond as assessed by one-way analysis

of variance (ANOVA) with an F-ratio of 11. 25. It is evident that 11.25 is more than

the critical value of 3.48 at 0.05 level of significance which means it rejects the null

hypothesis that there is no significant difference between the (3) bamboo plywood
 Gutierrez, Himpil 36

(bamboo slats, bamboo waste and bamboo slats, and bamboo waste – bamboo slats –

bamboo waste).
 Gutierrez, Himpil 37

Chapter 4

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Wood processing is an important activity of the forestry sector of the

Philippines. Our country used a large amount of supply of wood for construction,

paper packaging, printing furniture, cabinet making, and carvings locally and

internationally. Processed wood such as plywood and veneer are a widely engineered

wood product in demand for residential and commercial use. Veneer and plywood are

commonly exported to other nations.

As more advocate for the construction of “green building”, demand for wood

products increases and the development of non-timber forest products such as wood

engineered bamboo products is significant.

The researchers used Kawayang tinik (Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss), one of the

most commonly available local bamboo species in the Philippines to developed

engineered- bamboo products. The researchers produced bamboo plywood made of

bamboo slats and bamboo waste which will be advantageous in areas such as

Maragondon and Naic, Cavite where bamboo is plentiful and widely used. Moreover,

bamboo plywood can boost revenue to local wood industry.

Based on the results, the three samples: bamboo plywood made from bamboo

slats, bamboo plywood made from bamboo waste and bamboo slats and bamboo

plywood made from bamboo waste – bamboo slats – bamboo waste have physical
 Gutierrez, Himpil 38

and mechanical properties. The three samples show varying value to each physical

and mechanical results. It is proven that the three (3) bamboo plywood (bamboo slats,

bamboo waste and bamboo slats, and bamboo waste – bamboo slats, bamboo waste)

is significantly different in terms of modulus of rupture, tensile strength, internal

bond, thickness swelling, and water absorption.

In a study conducted by Yang et al., findings observed were quite similar, the

plywood showed a sufficient mechanical performance, but the water absorption and

thickness swelling are still so high.30

It also proves the points of Chung and Wang that the analysis of water

absorption of rate of composite was positively related to the content of bamboo

residues in the board, and the thickness swelling has a negative correlation with

bamboo content.31

It also supports the study of Wu et al. whereas the structure design is an

important factor affecting the bamboo plywood’s performance.32

Correspondingly, the conclusion of Othman Nurhazwani et al., also proves to

be true that bamboo veneer waste enhances the quality of particleboards however in

30
Yu-Hsuan Yang et al., “Characteristic Properties of a Bamboo-Based Board Combined with
Bamboo Veneers and Vacuum Heat-Treated Round Bamboo Sticks.”
31
Min Jay Chung and Sheng Yang Wang, “Physical and Mechanical Properties of Composites
Made from Bamboo and Woody Wastes in Taiwan.”
32
Wu et al., “Development of Laminated Bamboo Lumber with High Bond Strength for
Structural Uses by O2 Plasma.”
 Gutierrez, Himpil 39

this study it only applies in terms of tensile strength instead of modulus of rupture and

modulus of elasticity.33

Moreover, in the study of Alam et al., concludes that the plywood with higher

strength can be produced from the bamboo waste plywood.34

For student researchers who want to continue and enhance the bamboo

plywood made of Kawayang tinik (Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss) bamboo slats and

bamboo waste, the researchers recommend the following:

1. Include the leaves in the production of bamboo plywood

2. Conduct the production of bamboo plywood at a laboratory

3. Test and analyze the bamboo plywood in accordance with the standard

testing for plywood

4. Test the bamboo in terms of nail pull through test, moisture content,

screw withdrawal, relative density, flexural test, hardness, static

bending, compression test, shear test, screw holding, heat resistance,

and abrasion test

5. Sun-dried the bamboo waste and bamboo slats longer

6. Heat resistance properties for bamboo plywood

7. Use of other species of bamboo

33
Nurhazwani et al., “Hybrid Particleboard Made from Bamboo (Dendrocalamus Asper) Veneer
Waste and Rubberwood (Hevea Brasilienses).”
34
Alam et al., “Properties of Particleboard Manufactured from Commonly Used Bamboo
(Bambusa Vulgaris) Wastes in Bangladesh.”
 Gutierrez, Himpil 40

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