M4 CONSTRUCTION OF BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS: as surface dressing material required

• bitumen of grade 80/100 to 180/200 • tar and cutback may be used • aggregate –
should be clean, strong and durable construction procedure 1.preparation of existing
surface – clean and level existing layer and prime coat bitumen is applied 2. application of
binder – bitumen binder is applied using mechanical sprayer or by manual pouring 3.
application of stone chipping – stone chipping is spread over the surface uniformly as per
the quantity required 4. rolling – surface is rolled with tandem roller from edge to center
with overlapping 5. finishing and opening to traffic – surface is checked for cross profile
and opened to traffic after 24 hour as bituminous concrete materials required • bitumen
of grade 30/40, 60/70 or 80/100 • aggregate construction procedure 1. preparation of
existing surface – clean and level existing layer and prime coat bitumen is applied 2.
application of binder – bitumen binder is applied using mechanical sprayer or by manual
pouring 3. application of premix – stone chipping is premixed with bitumen as hot mix
and placed over the surface using mechanical paver. care should be taken to maintain
proper camber 4. rolling – surface is rolled with tandem roller from edge to center with
overlapping 5. finishing and opening to traffic – surface is checked for cross profile and
opened to traffic after 24hour as penetration macadam materials required • bitumen of
high viscosity or • tar of grade rt4 or rt5 • aggregate construction procedure 1.
preparation of existing surface – clean and level existing level and prime coat bitumen is
applied 2. spreading coarse aggregate – coarse aggregate is spread over the surface using
mechanical method or by hand uniformly. give proper edge protection to avoid spilling of
aggregate away from profile. use template cut to provide required camber. 3. rolling –
surface is rolled with until compacted and interlocked from edge to centre with
overlapping 4. application of binder – bitumen binder is applied using mechanical sprayer
or by manual pouring 5. spreading of key aggregate – key aggregate are spread over the
bitumen uniformly 6. seal coat is applied over the key aggregate layer 7. finishing and
opening to traffic – surface is checked for cross profile and unevenness index and opened
to traffic after 24 hours as bituminous macadam materials required • bitumen of grade
30/40, 60/70 or 80/100 • tar of grade rt4 • cutback or emulsion • aggregate construction
procedure 1. preparation of existing surface – clean and level existing layer and prime
coat bitumen is applied 2. premix preparation – aggregate is premixed with bitumen as
hot mix 3. placing premix – premix is placed and spread using rakes. camber profile is
maintained properly 4. rolling – surface is rolled with until compacted and interlocked
from edge to center with overlapping 5. finishing and opening to traffic – surface is
checked for cross profile and unevenness index and opened to traffic after 24 hours
subgrade soil it is an integral part of the road pavement structure as it provides the
support to the pavement from beneath. the subgrade soil and its properties are
important in the design of pavement structure. the main function of the subgrade is to
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give adequate support to the pavement and for this the subgrade should possess
sufficient stability under climate and loading conditions. the formation of waves,
corrugations, rutting and shoving in black top pavement and the phenomena of pumping,
blowing and consequent cracking of cement concrete pavements are generally attributed
due to poor subgrade conditions cbr test • to evaluate the strength based on cbr values
instrument required • cbr mould with base plate and collar • surcharge weight • loading
machine • plunger procedure 1. soil sample is filled in the mould at required omc using
4.7kg rammer giving 56 compaction for each layer 2. place the mould on the testing
machine 3. place the surcharge over the soil and the plunger is made in contact with the
soil 4. apply the load and record the load for different penetration 5.plot a graph between
load and penetration bituminous materials bituminous binders used in pavement
construction works include both bitumen and tar. bitumen is a petroleum product
obtained by the distillation of petroleum crude whereas road tar is obtained by
destructive distillation of coal or wood. both bitumen and tar have similar appearance,
black in colour though they have different characteristics. both these materials can be
used for pavement works requirements of bitumen • the viscosity of the bitumen at the
time of mixing and compaction should be adequate. this is achieved by heating the
bitumen and aggregate prior to mixing or by use of cutbacks or emulsions of suitable
grade. • the bituminous material should not be highly temperature susceptible. during
the hottest weather of the region the bituminous mix should not become too soft or
unstable. during cold weather the mix should not become too hard and brittle, causing
cracking of surface. the material should be durable. flexible pavement pavement with low
flexural strength. pavement is flexible example: bituminous road. flexible pavement
consist of 4 components: soil subgrade, sub base, base and surface layer load transfer is
from grain to grain in flexible pavement. top layer is the strongest so as to resist high
pressure, wear and tear. design of flexible pavement is based on empirical equations and
design charts rigid pavement high flexural rigidity. example: concrete road •load transfer
is by slab action. consist of soil subgrade, base and surface layer. design of rigid pavement
is based on elastic theory design factors of pavement • design wheel load the thickness of
pavement increases with increase in wheel load it includes wheel load, multiple wheel
load, contact pressure, load repetition and speed • subgrade soil soil with low stability
requires thick pavement stress strain behaviour of soil also influence the design • climatic
factors rainfall and moisture content affects the pavement design changes in temperature
also affect the design • pavement component material stress distribution of layer
depends on material used durability of pavement is affected by material properties
environmental factors the height of embankment, depth of cutting and depth of water
table also influence design of pavements

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