changing

particles
randomly.
hit

movement mixed

gases liquids

diffusion

Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration.
The fact that all particles in the blue dye particles are constantly moving make the process of diffusion happen.
When the blue dye crystal dissolved in water, there is higher concentration of dye particles at the bottom of the beaker
compared with other areas of water in the beaker.
Thus, the constantly moving blue dye particles spreads from the bottom of the beaker to other areas of water
in the beaker and eventually throughout the water.

Because of the process of diffution, the ammonia gas from the ammonia solution in the cotton wool on the left and
the hydrogen chloride gas from hydrochloric acid in the cotton wool on the right spread in the glasstube.
When ammonia gas and hydrogen chloride gas meet in the galsstube, they react and form solid ammonium chloride.
The chemical equation of reaction is NH3 + HCl = NH4Cl.
Because ammonia has a smaller relative molecular mass than that of hydrogen chloride, ammonia gas diffuses faster
than hydrogen chloride gas.
Thus, the ammonium chloride solid forms in the position closer to hydrochloric acid end of the glass tube.

Chlorine diffuses most slowly in air since it has the greatest relative molecular mass.

The smaller the relative molecular mass of a gas molecule, the faster it diffuses.
 solvent 溶剂

solute 溶质
solution 溶液
aqueous 水状的, 含水的

saturated 饱和的

white blue

blue pink

Hydrated means that the solid crystals contain water of crystallisation.

Water of crystallisation means that water molecules are present inside crystals.

0.25 dm3 0.15 dm3

0.05 dm3 0.025 dm3

500 cm3 = 0.5 dm3 5 / 0.5 = 10 g/dm3

400 cm3 = 0.4 dm3 15 / 0.4 = 37.5 g/dm3

40 cm3 = 0.04 dm3 2 / 0.04 = 50 g/dm3

25 cm3 = 0.025 dm3 0.5 / 0.025 = 20 g/dm3

mol