(vflii) COMBINATION OF SENTENCES

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:t{';'f itrx;'i.i iti't';
one of the following different
Simplesentencesmaybecombinedintoasinglesimplesentencein
ways :
;. i;,i :;:+iii5; l,i f !i;l'3ie'i3.;!r'
(a) He ran away. He had seen the Principal coming'
Seeing (or having seen) the Principal coming'
he ran away'
(b) He finished his duty' He took the bus home'
Having finished his duty, he took the bus home'
(c) She was filled with fear' She kept quiet'
Being filled with fear, she kept quiet'
(d)Thepoliceranafterthestranger.Thepolicecaughthim.
Running after the stranger, the police caught him'
i :'u' :i'i?ri jr i i{t:
futrft' flr;,l lfi,fi',:1": ';. I',''. '

$)- Present ParticiPle

Uil Past ParticiPle
Having been taken
Giil Perfect ParticiPle

combine ench the foltowing sentenaes into

"f
one Simple sentence by using Pwrticiples :
1. While reading the book, I found what I
1" I was reading the book. I found what I was looking for.
was looking for.
2. walking in the garden one day,Tina saw
2. Tina was walking in the garden one duy. a beautiful flower.
She saw a beautiful flower'
3. Running at top sPeed, he won the race.
3. He ran at top speed. FIe won the race.
4. Hurrying away with much haste, cinderella
4. Cinderella hurried. away with much haste' dropped one of her glass s1iPPers'
she dropped one of her glass slippers"
on the Princess- He
5. Taking pity on the princess, the monster
5. The monster took Pity let her go.
let her go.
6. Having finished our work, w€ went for a
6. We finished our work. We went for a walk walk in the Park.
in the Park.
7. Havi.g submitted my rePort, I have
7. I have submitted my report. I have nothing nothing more to state'
more to state.
8. seeing the goat tied to the tree, the tiger
E. The tiger saw the goat tied to the tree' The attacked it.
tiger attacked it.
g. The gardener shouted at the boy. This 9. Shouting at the boy, the gardener Prevented
him from breaki.g the flowers'
prev;ted hirn from breaking the flowers'
10. seeing the futility of war, they laid down
10. They saw the futility of war. They laid their arms.
down their arms.
IICSE seff-study in Ens. Languase -9 & 10]
te2l
 i1:',;d. $',{.?; dFl,''*'if:f #$fr,i;:ig:.+;*t'S 1,*1.,.:,!.,,, ,.\i.y,.+f.i j.:i.:} i.i i ..+ .. u ,i .i" Ji, "; i:31.1 g ntgi:Ls i".u
j'* { .'- $ 'dt-;,i; :=;- { ,,
'
(a) The owner gave the orders. They
He gave the orphans education. He stopped the work.
opened a factory for thern.
The owner having given the orders,
Besides giving the orphans education, they stopped the work.
he opened a factory for them.
(b) The game was over. The girls left for
(b) I warned him not to disturb the patient.
hofne.
He still did so.
The game being over, the girls left for
In spite of my warnlngr he disturbed home.
the patient.
(c) The tide was favourable. The ship set
(c) I did not succeed. I had made every
sail.
effort.
The tide being favourable, the ship set
With all my efforts, I did not succeed.
sail.
(d) The clown amuses us. He shows us
(d) The duy dawned. The people visited
funny tricks.
the Yamuna.
The clown amuses us by showi^g us
funny tricks. The duy having dawned, the people
visited the Yamuna.
(e) She failed in her efforts. She heard the
news. She started crying.
(e) The rt.eather \A,as frne. We enjoyed the
H,alk.
On hearing the news of her failure, she
started crying. The lveather being f,ine, we enjoyed the
rn,a1k.
rffi''"
nm
Assignment
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.:. n -i ,:-', {.d. lJ,:,.,r,.

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,'.;."-:r.r',, ..' '
r"' i,i'rs'r.
-\j,
,:

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; i:,r strt: -:

1. He got great honour. He saved the life of 1. The bank was open. I withdrew the
this child. necessary amount.
2. It rained hard. The roads were flooded. 2. The sun rose. The fog disappeared.
3. Sheeba amuses me very much. She tells me
funny jokes. 3. It was a busy duy. I could not go to the
theatre.
4. He is free from diabetes. At least he appears
to be so. 4. The hunter fired his gun. The bullet went
5. The jrry gave its verdict. The court listened high. The tiger sprang upon him.
silently. 5. It was extrernely hot. We could not do any
6. His mother died. He heard the news. He work.
fainted. 6. The ship sank. The crew were drowned"
7. You helped me. Otherwise, I would not 7 . The teacher was out of
'the
room. There
have passed. was a lot of noise.
8. His son died all of a sudden. He got a rude 8. The feast began. We were then all very
shock. FIe never fully recovered.
huPPy.
9. I reached Delhi. I went to see my grand-
mother. 9. Rain was scanty this year. There was a poor
croP"
10. He gave me an umbrella. He had
exchanged a book with me. 10. The tiger roared. The boy started trembling.

f CSE 1...,:.i lir.rrii:, !;: i::rr':; i.;,:i:.,,,.:it;::- I & 10] Ie3]

 I

(ix) GoMBINATION'QF SENTENcES INTo A stNetE coMpLEx

sENTENcE

To combine simple sewtewces into a single (c) sachin is a very reliable batsman. This
Complex Sentertee ""
is known to all.
Simple sentences may be combined into a It is known to all thatSachin is a very
Complex Sentence in the followirg different Tnnys : reliable batsman.
(i) By usi.g a Noun Clause (d) He speaks fast. othennrise, he is a good
(ii) By using an Adjectival Clause teacher.
(iii) By using an Adverbial Clause, Except that he speaks fast, he is a good
teacher.
Gt By using a Noun Clause : (e) His friend was run over by a scooter.
(a) How he witl solve this riddte. This is He went to see him.
not known to me. Hearing that his friend was run over by
How he will .solve this riddle is not a scooter, he went to see him.
known to me. (fl Hitler was going to invade England. The
(b) He will not attend the party. He told rurnour was not baseless.
this to his friends. The rumour that Hitler was going to
invade England was not baseless.
He told his friends that he would not
attend the parry. k) Lata is innocent. This is my belief.
My belief is that Lata is innocent.

=" Covmbirce each set ,f

Simple sentences into n
10. He has a strong desire to become a scholar.
This is a fact. o,:::
."-co lex serctence contain fr u?t clwwse ". i 11. I need no man's favour. I frankly told this-_
T: God is truth. All religions teach this.
2. Coming events cast their shadows before. 12. A despised enemy may turn' out a
dangerous rival. This has often happened.
3. He is going somewhere. I do,'not know. His 13. He is going to Canada. He declared this to
best friends do not know. be his determination.
, 4. He is innocent. That was the,,rv,erdict of the 74. He may be at home. I do not know.
juty. . r !,. ;,, t,,, 1.5. is spread by rats. It is now commonly ,
5. Perhaps better luck is in store,,'for. Lls. we ' _Plusrre
believed. r
:

hope so. ,,
I :,:..
..

6. The rose is the sweetest of flowers. This is

sure. 1. All religions teach that God is truth.
7. Tagore was our greatest poet. It is generaily 2. The belief that coming events cast their
agreed.
8. It is not in man's po direct his own - ' 3.Nbither his best friends nor I know that he
"
steps'. 'The teacher bs this in the is going somewhere. ,,
classroom. 4- The verdict of the jrry was that he is
9. Your friend has succeeded very well. This innocent.
was the news to us. It gave us much ."*;'$; we hope that better luck is perhaps in store
pleasure. for us.

Self-Study !n Eng. Language -9 & 10I [e5]

 coh,I$nunmoN

Cambine eacfu set CIf

C* wsgs*urud sefitenee
C*wfnowations :
fined
also) :
1. You must arrive in time' You must be
.]..,|:
otherwise.
(a) He is an artist and a singer' 2. Do not be a miser. Do not be a sPendthrift'
3. she did not come to school. She
did not
(b)HeisanartistaSwellasasinger.
send in an aPPlication for leave'
(c) He is both an artist and a singer' 4. work hard. You will fail otherwise.
(d) He is not only an artist but also a singer' 5. Will you have tea? WiIt you have coffee?
Do your work ProPerly' Leave my
senrice'
..i i:::5i:r: r,i 6.
Assignmen!*1.,. , 7. He is mistaken. His brother is mistaken'
8. She must weeP' She will die'
9. you must make haste. You will miss the
train.
l0.Takeexerciseregularly.Youwillloseyour
1,. He is rich. He is magnanimous'
our
2. We love our parents' We honour Coniunctions ftherefore,

parents.
3.Youshouldread.thisPoem.Youshould (a) Sonu Tnas found guilty. He TDas fined and
learn this Poem' iailed for a Year '
he
4.Welostourticket.Welostourluggage. sonu was found guilty, therefore,
5. She gave us food to eat. She Save us
money' was fined and iailed for a Year'
6. He is hard. working' He is sincere' (b) At the sight of a lion all animals run fl1y)oy,

town'
7. God made the country. God made the
8. The thief was accused' He
was also
convicted.
g.Heloveshiswife.SheresPectshim.
10. She was praised' She was rewarded' , gchool'
:. ti ':' 'r il i:'=iAa"',.;*.::a'+,+-*r.:iiri+Ji-.;i,r:i!ai.:)l!a.I:4:tt::|.
,,1,l :.' i,, i';.:, ..:,t .,1 .::r1:i I , .: ,i.r ..'ii iiin'ri1|:1!z

neith|r""' nor' otherwise' or) i

(either....... oT,
(a) Come in' Go ot'tt'
in or 8o out' or' Come in CoYwbdwe ewe*s set ofn tts
sg by .is
:Xlr#t:" ir a

(b) Do not be a borrower. Do not be a lender' an umbrella.

be' 1.. It is raining outside' I will take
Neither a borrower nor a lender
2. He cannot see' It is very dark'
(c)Takemedicine,Youwillsetbetter.
wiII not 3. He was obstinate' He was punished'
Take medicine, otherwise you
get better.
4. Her only son is dead. She is crying bitterly'
teel
rl
 SECTION
The Art of Composition Writing
with
Question I of the language paPer deals
Composition writing which is usually considered
to be the toughest part of the language PaPet,
according to leedbick by students who have
already ipp*ured for the I.c.s.E. examinations
over the y-"irr. It is, therefore, of vital importance
to read tlris section carefully to understand what
exactly is required and exPected by lhe examiners
to be able to achieve maximum marks.
The language paper deals with fizte distinct
Srpes of ComPositions
:
,,
(a) Descriptive
(c) Argtrmentative
(e) Ffleture CoxmPmsitiom
The length of the composition to be written is
approximat6ly 350 to 400 words. The above topics
*iir also test your ability to describe, narrate,
argue or visuairre. You are also free to treat the
topic chosen in any way You like'
Remesmber ; You are aiming to achieve 25
E *ry impmrtaffit xxmarxas from this question,
so keep
in mind the following points when you are seated
in the examination hall and when you Put Pen to
PaPer.
DQ:$
Selecti*S a ToPic :
1. Read. all topics carefully and attempt the
one you are most comfortable with.
2. You must have some background
, knowled.ge about the topic you have
chosen
selected.
3. Some topics usually have more than one
part to attend. Make sure that each part is
attempted taking into consideration that
markJ are distributed and awarded for
each Part seParatelY'
Ex : You are in the market when suddenly
someone taps you on the shoulder from
ICSE $etr-study in Ens. LansuaEe -9 & 10]
-A
behind. F{e clairns to be your friend but
you d o not recognize him. Give a brief
d escription of the conversation that
took
place, how you managed to convince him
door and
inat he haC btocked an the uzrong
what was the final outcome'
Now this question has three parts to attend
to:
(a) what conYersation took place between
both of you ?
(b) How were ),ou able to convince him
that you were not the Person he
thought you rrere ?
(c) How was the ccnfusion finallY
resolved. ? Did ),ou become friends with
him or ,Cid )'ou just Part waYS with
him apolog:::rng for his mistake ?
If you learne out even one of the three
parts, you are bound to iose marks you
could have achieved due to a careless
mistake.
4. Even iI you feel you have understood the
topic ,you have chosen, read -it .once again
to make sure that You will be able to
attempt the topic successfully and come
up with the required 350-400 words. To
write 200 wordi and then find yourself
running out of ideas will
be a disaster as
you will not be able to comPlete your PaPer
within the sPecified time'
5. This selection is to be made within the 15
minutes that you have been allotted to read
the question paPer. This saves your
valuable writing ti '
Iv{aking a 'SkeEetcxt' the topie you have
:
1. write 'ROUGH WORK" on the first Page
of the answer script and make a rough
outline of the ideas generating in your
mind. You can do this in two possible ways:
S ktakimg a wheeB m$ thoughts"
S By lis all the ideas Ystx have
mf"
[1e]
 I\heel of thoughts
is a strong possibility that the
There
examiner may be a woman/may belong
to that political party or may be s6 years
old or above.
4. Avoid using lengthy yaragraphs. Keep
your paragraphs short depending on your
subject matter (about g to 10 lines). Each
paragraph should deal with one idea at
a
'-:
time. If one idea tends to become too
lengthy, break it up into , two or more
t !
- ,' ,r1
,.1 ,:.

1. List your ideas in random order as they paragraphs. The paragraph should end in
come into your mind without numberino such a way that the next paragraph can
them begin with a sentence thit is"togically
2. Number them in the sequence you want connected with the final sentence Lr th;
your composition to develop in. previous paragraph.
3. Each idea should deal with one or more
5. as?dwriti ng and ptrffi$ffix*tm€iffis* :
Handr.r,riting creates the first impression
than one paragraph.
on the examiner. It also herps hi; /her t;
These listed points rnrill serve as a guide
to judge, in the first instanc€, -'what kind
your composition and you will not be of
student you might be.
wasting time sitting and pondering over be well and correctly
what to write next. between each word sho
4. At all times you must keep yourself in a uniform manner. Avoid crossing out
focussed on the subject of th; topic. To and overwriting. This makes your
deviate from the topic means losing vital presentation messy and untidy. rf any
marks. crossing out is necessary, a single stroke
the pen over the word will be Jufticient. "t
DON'TS 5. Graurnsar and spe Short simple
Composition writing tests your ability to sentences are better ensure less of
fluent in the language and arso the skiil be in
spelling and grammatical mistakes. This
organizi^g and presenting a written piece also helps you in expressing yourself better
of work, and also gains you marks.
so care must be taken to avoid the foilowing
:
',-,'!rl.; i'
\ ,.:,r.. , , ] :,
7 ' Quotati*ms : Quotations should be used to
Do not use high soundi^g words. Keep bring style into your writing but you must
vour language simple. The examiner will be careful to be sur( that you quotation
be able to understand your point of view fits into the appropriate pla^ce. The
better. T is is important bec-ause there is quotation should also suit in" subject
e\-erv possibility that you will use these matter.
-,'',-ords
in the wrong places, thus destroying 8. eE is:,*n ; Revising the written
work is as
,,-r-rLlr Sentence rmportant as writing it. Go through the
construction.
whole composition
*'rite anythi.g negative about your
l,--, nct
for mistakes, which _very carefully rSoking
iar=rlrS or teachers. This may create l; bad
ui" s*eaming to be
corrected.
rrnF',:€sslcn about you in the mind
of the
e\.arrirrrrr, as the examiner will undou_
----
I
- - \- ir T

bted^-, b= a parent and /or a teacher

ILNOTEJ
---- - - - - - - - - - - 1
,

A good essay of 400 words would be best written

1-rr-.
.L^l^-:t--- -"- are used for the introduction of the subject if 100 words
develop the subject logically and 100 words , 2oo words to
Do rrrt e'uF-ress strong
opinions against for the conclusion.
\','orierl, pcjli,cai parties or aged pEople. n;#:, ; i# ;,l,iJll
, of the subject, use the 2oo words by giving importance J'il31;
' strong points first and then the weak points.
to the

---E-- ----------J
IICSE seff-study !n Eng. Language -g g':ii$f
 Incoruect Coruect
121. As r," ir r"t,* h;ffi_l A, l* i, fffi
122' She neither washed her hands nor feet. i She washed neither her
hands nor feet.
123. Scarcely had he left then it began to rain. i Scarcely had he left
before it began to rain.
124. He did not break it nor lose it. : He did not break it or lose it.
125' Be careful that he should not deceive you. j Be careful lest he should deceive
you.
126. Neither she sings nor dances. j she neither sings nor dances.
1,27. Untrl he does not say so, I will not know. I Ur,Ut he says
so, I will not know.
128' I do not know that he will pass.
i I ao not know whether he will pass.
' 1'29. Though he is poor, but he is honest.
i rnough he is poor, yet he is honest.
130. I know nothing else than this. I know nothing else but this.
131' Unless he does not work hard, he cannot j Urrl"r, he works hard,
he cannot pass.
Pass. ;

132' He is both a teacher as well as a trader. u" is

i both a teacher and a trader.
133' supposing if Bose comes here, what will supposing
i Bose co es here, what will you
you say to him?
i ,ry io him ?

Incorrect
734. wanted a nurse for a baby over thirty
wanted a nurse over thirty years for a baby.
years.
135. wanted a stool for a lady with three legs.
wanted a stool with three legs for a lady.
736. r saw many dead soldiers riding across
Riding across the battlefield, I saw many
the battlefield
dead soldiers.
737. The horse belongs to the washerman with
The horse r\rith the short bushy tail belongs
the short bushy tail.
to the washerrnarl.

(D MISC
-,s

Cor ect
, 138, Do not find fault in hi;;;. Do not find fault with his work.
' 739. He makes fool of you. He makes a fool of you.
, 1 40. He is a man of word.
He is man of his word.
747. Good night ! How are you ? Good evening! How are you?
'l'42. I shall inform
this to the police. I shall inform the police of this.
1'43. our house comprises of five rooms. Our house comprises five rooms.

[1 14]
[ICSE seff-study in Ens. Lansuase -9 & 10J

)
 after every line of the address, finishi^g off Dear Mohit (if you,qP,the elder brpth€r), etc-
the last line with a full stop or you can leave Close friends .' , :

it without any punctuation marks. But cfire Dear Trevor, My dear Trevor, My dearest Trevor.
must be taken that if you are not using punctuation Acquaintawces i
marks in the address, then you must not use Dear Mr Maugham, Dear IvIr Dias, Dear
punctuation marks in the subscription also e.8, Mrs Chatterjee, Dear Ms GuPta.
(White addressing acquaintances,' we always
write the surname of the person.) i

Laxmi Niwas, Laxmi Niwas Opening Sentence

56, Civil lines, 56 Civil Lines The letter is written :
Lucknow-226003 Lucknow 226003 1. In response to a letter received by You ,
Yours faithfully, Yours faithfully 2. To inform the Person about something,
Steven Lee. Steven Lee 3. To just keep in touch or connected, i

It is always advisable to use the block form 4. To advise a friend /brother/sister on a

certain problem,
while writing the address instead of the
j

indented form, as given above. 5. To express bereavement,

ry :t r .-':"
f.gl ii : i::lr ll

7. To sympathize with a friend,

The date is written below the address after 8. To apologise,
lesaing one line. There are many ways of 9. To congratulate.
writing the date and it is a well-noted fact that
students often get confused. So only one safe Giwen belout fr,re so?t&e examples *f *pen'{wg

way is suggested here. You are advised to serctences :

repeatedly practise this way of writi^g the date : 1. I am sorry I could not write to you earlier
Laxmi Niwas as I was PreParing for my exams .o........... .

56, Civil Lines

2. I am glad to have received your letter at
Iast and am delighted to learn that
Lucknow 226003
8th March,2007
3. I was delighted to go through the contents
You must note the followi.g :
h

of your letter and

1. 8 followecl by th, the th must be written on
the line"
2. March is written in full. Do not use
abbreviations like Mar. or APt. or Sept"
3. March is followed by a comma. The year is
w,ritten in fuIl. Do not write 07 instead of
2007.
3,
In informal letters the salutation depends on
the relationship or closeness with the Person
to rr-hom ),ou are writing the letter. Study the
:.-rllcrr-ing and you wiltr get a fairly good idea
hcrt- to salute whom :
r-rl
FtTrniltt nte tfibers and close relatiT)es :
f, ear Dacdr,-, Dear Murnmy, Dear sister
r,;- r r:.a, Dear brother Mohit Or Dear Aparna,
4. Received your letter and was very huPPy
to learn that
5. Thank you very much for your lovely gift
6. I was shocked to learn of the sad demise
of o...............
7. I was extrgmely sad to hear of ................
8. I must sincerely apologise for ................
9. I heard incidentallY that You were
10. My heartfelt congratulations on your
success in the examination ............o...... .
Do yrot use outdated operui?tg sentewces like ,'
L. Hope this letter finds 'you in the best of
health as I am the sa4ile here.

ICSE $e$f-$tu#y ir.r ffir"rg" 1eregrnagm -9 & 10] ffi

 2. Hope this letter"frnfls you 7. I know you are busy but do write to me
health sornefimes.
- :l hon, are you ? I am fine 8 " Now remember, stav connected"
::. -iame for you. 9 " My best wishes are always with you.
10. Do let me know if I can be of any further
help.
] . r-s the most important part of the letter as
: ,xea-l"s with the subject matter of what the
;--esfron demands. Keep in mind these points This part of the letter is also important as it
: ie rvriting the body of the letter : requires you to be courteous and, once agai.n,
depends on your relationship with the person
R.ead the question once again and plan
you are writing to.
rr-rut what you are going to write in the
body, Look at the followi^g table to understand this:
: T-he body of the letter must be divided into
paragraphs. Remember, a letter without Your / daughter / nie ce /
af f ectionate son
p aragraphs becomes directionless and nephesr- i sister, etc.
brother /
b,oring to the reader. Yours affectionately
r \\'hile writing formal letters, stick to the Your lovirrg son / daugh ter / niece/ nephew /
point without beating about the bush. broth er / sister, etc,
Rememberr 1lou are writing to a Person
Yours lovingly
holding an important position in a place
of public dealing and he does not have Yours truly
time for pleasantries. Clsse friends :
+ Be courteous even in letters of comPlaints. Yours sincerely
Remember, you are complaining to him to Yours lovingly
get a mistake rectified and not to annoy
Your loving friend
him unnecessarily, because he may not be
personally at fault. Acquaintances :
5. Be sincere and realistic in your writi^g. Yours faithfully
Yours sincerely
,*={:Bil,*:$t-i t,rc ffirt ffi :

NOTE
The last sentence of the letter is bringing your
. 'Yours' does not have an apostrophe before the 's' and it
subject matter to a conclusion so it must sum
1
is always used with 'affectionately, lovingly,truly.
up what you want to say in a precise manner. 2. The leave-taking must be on the left hand side of the letter at
You may convey love to family members and the bottom.
good wishes to friends and acquaintances. 3. Only the first letter of the subscription begins with a capital
letter and is followed by all small letters. Note how it has been
'"'*i r-,t,",,J^.s15'*'"{1;"t l"'i *'-e"}i;.1r= ;gf A,: I #,ir t: :fcl]*S 'u,|: "j' given above.
" ..-f'fl ,*
4. Always place a comma at the end of the subscription i.e. if you
have punctuated the address in the beginning of the letter.
1. Do give my regards to Aunty and Uncle
and love to all at home. : : t,,'-'
; 'L;.:

2. Looki^g forward to hearing from you The signature or name of the writer comes
soon. below the subscription as given under:
3. I am really excited and looking forward Informal letters : Only first name is used.
to your visit. e.g. Akanksha.
1. Do write back soon. Forma1 letters : Full name is used with
5. Keep in touch, as you are very dear to me. designation if required.
6. I'll end here norw with lots of love to yott. e.g. Akanksha Khanna.
-ltrCSE
5jr,ii':,.;],ir.r,j:r i.i i.:-u-r.-: ,.-i;:.r.jij.:j,iJ* 19 & 10] [2e]
 (vI) PREP ITIONS AND.T}IEIR USES

A preposition is a word placed before a Noun ' tfsed when we refer to a point of
(or Pronoun) to show the relation in which one
person or thing stands to another person or thing.
Iustin will return before 1_0th
(Before a fixed time)
It is usually placed before the word it controls,
the most common bei^g the words showing time,
space, position and direction relationship.
Denotes at the end of a period of
in the past.
She returned after n month. (When
month was over)
Prepositions are used with reference to tirne
and reference to space. With reference to time, they
He gaae the book back after I remi
him. (In the past)
may denote a point of time or a period of time.
Denotes at the end of a period of
A point of time will tell you a particular time as g in the future.
o'clock 8 p.m., etc. whereas a period of time as g
years, 8 months, etc.
She will return in a year. (After the
is over)
ili,
t
'i,ii ij.' i;.r,! ioi-:,i'i t,S. $-'i;,t$g;

, ',i, ir. i..:i

,r i Used for a point of time.
The function will be held at 7 o'clock
sharp.
You were called at 7 a.m. Why are you
late?
They lrft fo, the city at sunset.
Used for a period of time in
something happens.
The function took place in the eaening.
You u)ere called in the morning.
This place ceased to exist in 1972.
i " ri used with particular dates and days.
She died on Sunday.
The shtp reached the harbour on the 1,0th
,f Moy, 1965.
, 1'r'itilil;i., i:*,,:=..:iir. . I utill be busy^from tomorrow onwards,
r
' i Also denotes at the end of a period of
time.
Denotes not later than.
We will leaae this place by 6 o'clock.
after 6 o'clock)
Means up to a certain period.
We will be staying in Delhi tiil
Monday. (Not after next Monday)
which
, used for a point of time.
She has not been in touch since
Monday. (Point of time)
For Used for a period of time.
The boy has been ill for tuto days. (p
of time)
: Used for a point of time, but can
preceded by verb in any tense.
With Referemee To Space

lustin utill return in a uteek. (At the end 1_. At, Im :

of the week)
I utill leaae in a month. (At the end of At used with the names of small to
- and villages.
the month)
Denotes anytime before the expiry of
Ei:: , used with the names of big cities, sta
a period. and countries.
lustin will return within a uteek. (Could
He ,liaes, at Meerpur in Maharashtra.
return in three days or six days, I liae,at faheerpur in Bihar.
anytime before the end of seven days.) The Prime Mini.ster liaes in Delhi in Indi
, , r'i,'t,

781
IGSE 's*if-Study in Eng" LanguaEe -9 &,':l [m5
 enotes rest or position inside Means, hy the side of ,or ,outside of.,
He sat beside me to discuss the probrem.
TrTt);ni,oitirg in the room.(At
She Tt)as in the
rest)
His speaking ill about me is beside the
hsll. (At rest)
Denotes motion towards the inside point.
of
something. Means, 'in addition to,
He cfrme into the room. ( Motion from Besides Mira, alt of you are also inaited.
outside to inside) Besides being rich, she is arso
famotrc.
I walked into the hall. (From outside the
hall to inside the hall)
Means, ' in a higher position,
i 'qll . .

Death is hanging abozte rny head. (Over)

used when we refer to something at I utas surprised to see my name abooe his.
rest.
Means, ' a lower rever than the other.,
We Tt)ere made to sit on the
floor. (At rest) He is much belout me in rank,
The serl)ant snt on the carpet (At
rest)
,: Generally denotes motion. I liae in the flat belout his.
The cat sprang upon the table. (Shows Means, 'From one side to the opposite.,
motion) I liae across the street. (On the opposite
,%/6zr,qag, zVaz rZe frer. (,frows -ydea1)
nnotion) The boy ran across the road. (From one
side to the other)
Refers to position or place. He laid the load across his shoulders.
(On both sides of )
The police ran after the thieaes.
Denotes 'in the direction of ,
Also refers to position or place.
They moaed towards the setting
Ife stood behind the door.
sun.
she ran toutards the police station
used after verbs in the passive voice
to denote the agent or the doer.
fo, help.
Indicates a piercing action and
boy u)as saaed by the,stranger.
Tl,r, also the happening of something.
5he wns searchedby the police.
Denotes the instrument with which
The sutord ran through him.
(Pierci^g action)
the action was carried out.
The deal fell through. (The deal
The serpent u)as kilted with a stick. failed)
He cut the log with nn nNe.
The deal came through.
(Succeeded in making the aeh)
Between is used for two persons or
Refers to a surrounding position.
things"
shnre this biscuit behneen the two girls.
He looked nround himself qnd
shanker and Raai fought beiween then batted.
themSelUeS, ., i.\.r' ,., ,
,-, iri, . ' The path around the statue Tt)as
a **iUsed with'rriore, i,ffio persons or
concrete.
. .*:, j .;...
things. .

The four the packet of Indicates a position above something

biscuits fl . i
i ,or sornebody.
There is sqidtv.to be,,fuanpuF, euen among
thieaes. sentence,
g,&: 101
[7e]
 Indicates a position below somebody 11. The boys are confident ".i- " a huge victory.
or something. 72" The police sleut s are capable ,. .':. . .. .

I put my suitcase under the table. tracking him dornrn. . t

; . "
ili {*.8 r:,'i ,-.i. Indicates opposition of some kind. 13. I saw the monkey charge {:":.'..r: . . the house.
The car slammed against the tree. 74" we have lived : this house ..i.:u. six years
He leaned against the wall. now.
She did it against her wishes. 15. Let us divide the ey ..:.,..... ourselves.
I went against him because he was 76. Our path was stre . i :,'. ".:. difficulties.
selfish. 77. Neelam is extremely popular ,"'.i:"1,':.','the
: "r, . r . ,j , , _ Through any part of the length sfudents. ,

of or from one end to the other 18. A su,ord is hanging ."i.-;:... his head.
end. 79 . Soldiers stood . . . . :. :.":''[rirn.
I took a walk along the broken path. 20 " Rishi congratulated us .. .. ..;. .' our success.
The trees Tnere planted all along the
roadside.
1. to 2. with
PHTTASE PREPOSITIONS 4. from 5. at, in
7 . since 8. about / for
10. with 11. of
13. into 11. in , for
According to In comparison with in spite of 16. with 77. among
In regard to along with on behalf of 1,9. around 20. on
With a view to in compliance with in the event of
With reference to in accordance with in view of
With an eye to away from in place of
on account of
by reason of
for the sake of 7. He has no taste . nnusic.
in course of 2" We were amazed ..i. * his insoierlce. *

in lieu of 3. He is confined .:.'.rr . ... bed. "

4. The purse was ftrll .. . .",,';'n... n... money.

o Insert suitable prepositio,ns tt
1. Does this book belong ...: ... you?
2. I saw him felling a big tree .,..... j. an axe.
3. These people are always quarrelling . ,:.::. .
themselves.
4. Himani borrowed a pen ...,.,"r... me.
5. I met him ....,.!.... Alipur ..".Lrv.r,.. Kolkata.
6. She studied .:{,"ror.. midnight.
5. I do nct agree ....':,"..""""...". )rour proposal.
6. We stepped . . . . .. .i-;,.... the temple.
7 " The dog was . .'-.,y,'i. his heels.
B. They are confident .....".:.... winnirg the
match.
':
.' 9 . She feil ..... .. ..... .. G the roof,
. 11. He is averse ....;:,."n""... study"
72. FIe was cured ..... r . . . . the disease.
13. Do not interfere c.,.... me ........... this matter.
74. We'II come ...e.....:...." 6 o'clock.
15. The old lady is overcpme .,... .', . . grief. "

7 . I have been waiting here ...:'.,.:.. 6 o'clock. 76. Aiway-s "get . " .,-;i;:.".: "Sunrise.
8. Nobody cares .:-i:',..i... a weak, old man. 77. Don't laugh .....;.'..:.."." others.
1 B. Agra is famous ,... . . . . the Tuj"
9 .
Shobha burst . .r.\.',}\t' tears. +r.

10. Mohan was charged ...,-".,r.:. the murder of 79" She will return .i'...."..";.;.:. a week.
Rajan. 20. I was invited ........."*i"...u dinner.

[ICSE setf-studv irt Enq. tamua;ame -g & 101