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LEARNING MODULE
Course Code: GE 114
Course Title: MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
Date Developed: JUNE 15, 2020 Date Revised:
Document No: ZCSPC – LM2020 Issued by: ZCSPC – CAHSS
Prepared by:
ROMEL T. BUHAT JENETTE R. CABALBAG
JOCELYN P. REMOTO
Reviewed by:
RONEL A. BALUNTANG
Recommending Approval:
JOCELYN P. REMOTO
Approved by:
CARLOS C. LOLO, Ph.D.
Vice President for Academic Affairs
INTRODUCTION
Welcome to Zamboanga City State Polytechnic College, the premier
higher education institution in Zamboanga Peninsula, one of the
Centers of Development in Teacher Education Institutions in the
country and an ISO accredited institution as recognized by the
Commission on Higher Education. It is our pride and honor, that you choose
ZCSPC as your school of choice.
This module has been prepared to guide you in your learning journey with
the use of the Guided and Self-directed learning activities prescribed to finish
your course. Each module includes reading materials that have been chosen to
help you understand the ideas and concepts introduced by the module.
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STUDY GUIDE
This is a self-study module particularly designed to help you study
with little or no intervention from your teacher. Please follow very
carefully the instructions on how to use this module so you can fully benefit from
it.
• Read the Table of Contents so that you will have a good grasp of the
entire course. Having an overview of what you are about to study will help
you see the interrelationships of the concepts or knowledge that you are
about to learn.
• Every lesson or unit begins with the learning objectives. The objectives are
the target skills or knowledge that you must be able to gain or perform
after studying the entire lesson/unit.
• Take the post test, activity or practice exercise given at the end of the
lesson or unit. Do this only when you have thoroughly read the entire
lesson or unit. When answering every activity, test or exercise, please
answer them honestly without looking at the answer key. They answer key
is given to you for you to check your own progress and monitor your own
understanding of the lesson. The knowledge you will gain depends on how
much effort and honesty you put into your work.
• Please pay attention to the Study Schedule on page iv. This will guide you
and make sure that you don’t lag behind. Lagging behind will result to
cramming and eventually affects your understanding of the lesson.
• Know what it takes to pass the course. Please refer to the Evaluation and
Grading System on page v.
• If you encounter difficult words which are not found in the Glossary page of
this module, take some time to locate the meaning of these words in a
dictionary. You will fully understand your lesson if you exert extra effort in
understanding it. There is no room for laziness and complacency. College
students are expected to be independent learners.
• If there is anything in the lesson which you need clarifications on, do not
hesitate to contact your instructor or professor at the appropriate time.
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• Lastly, you are the learner; hence, you do the module on your own. Your
family members and friends at home will support you but the activities
must be done by you. As ZCSPCeans you must always be guided by our
core values, Love of God and Country; Social Responsibility;
Commitment/Dedication to the Service; and Accountability
STUDY SCHEDULE
Week Topic Activities
Week 1 Orientation and Module
September 5 – 9, 2022 Distribution
Module 1 The Nature of Mathematics
(Week 2 – 3) Lesson I: Mathematics in Nature Read
September 12 - 23, 2022 Lesson II: Numbers and Patters Interview
Garden Walk
Submission of Module: Journal Writing
(September 23, 2022) Solve, Think - Quest
Body Measurement
Module 2 Mathematics as a Language
(Week 4 – 7) Lesson I: The Language of Read
September 26, 2022 – Mathematics Solve
October 21, 2022 Lesson II: Elementary Logic, Translate mathematical
Connectives, Variables, symbol to mathematical
Submission of Module 2 Quantifiers and Negations statement and vice versa
(October 21, 2022)
Mapping Diagram
Module 3 Problems, Reasons and Solutions in Mathematics
(Week 8) Lesson I: Inductive Reasoning Read
October 24 – 28, 2022 Lesson II: Deductive Reasoning Self – check
Draw
Submission of Module 3 Solve, Compute, Calculate
(October 28, 2022)
Week 9 MIDTERM EXAMINATION
October 31 – Nov 4, 2022
Module 4 Statistics and Data
(Week 10 – 13) Lesson I: Classification and Read
November 07,2022 – Organization of Data Classify
December 02, 2022 Lesson II: Measures of Central Survey
Tendency Solve, Compute, Calculate
Submission of Module 4
(December 02, 2022) Lesson III: Measures of Variability
Module 5 Data Management Tools
(Week 14 – 17) Lesson I: Normal Distribution Read
December 05 -23, 2022 Lesson II: Linear Correlation Survey
January 2– 6, 2022 Analysis Solve, Compute, Calculate
Lesson III: Simple Linear Draw
Submission of Module 5
(January 06, 2022)
Regression Analysis
Week 18 FINAL EXAMINATION
January 9 – 13, 2022
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EVALUATION
1. Read all course readings and answer the module assessment, activities,
analysis, abstraction, application and reflection questions.
2. Submit five module assessment, midterm and finals
3. Submit the final project (Portfolio)
4. Do the Mid Term and Finals
GRADING SYSTEM
v|Page
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction……………………………………………………………………….. ii
Study Guide………………………………………………………………………. iii
Study Schedule………………………………………………………………….. iv
Evaluation and Grading System …………………………………………….. v
Module 1: The Nature of Mathematics………………………………………………. 1
Lesson I: Mathematic in Nature………………………………………………………… 1
Lesson II: Numbers and Patterns……………………………………………………….. 14
Module 2: Mathematics as a Language……………………………………………… 19
Lesson I: The Language of Mathematics………………………………………………. 19
Lesson II: Elementary Logic, Connectives, Variables, Quantifiers and Negations… 35
Module 3: Problems, Reasons and Solutions in Mathematics………………….. 43
Lesson I: Inductive Reasoning…………………………………………………………... 44
Lesson II: Deductive Reasoning………………………………………………………… 49
Module 4: Statistics and Data…………………………………………………………. 56
Lesson I: Classification and Organization of Data…………………………………….. 56
Lesson II: Measures of Central Tendency……………………………………………… 59
Lesson III: Measures of Variability………………………………………………………. 79
Module 5: Data Management Tools…………………………………………………... 92
Lesson I: Normal Distribution……………………………………………………………. 93
Lesson II: Linear Correlation Analysis………………………………………………….. 113
Lesson III: Simple Linear Regression Analysis……………………………………….. 128
Key Terms………………………………………………………………………… 142
References……………………………………………………………………….. 143
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MODULE 1
THE NATURE OF MATHEMATICS
LESSON I
MATHEMATICS IN NATURE
INTRODUCTION
Nothing can beat the beauty of nature. God created nature with a
purpose. It is there for people to appreciate, admire and discover a lot of
things. One need not acquire technical skills in mathematics to recognize the
presence of mathematics in nature and to notice the beauty of mathematical
patterns in our natural world.
In nature, we can find Mathematics. Finding mathematics in nature
may seem less obvious at a first glance. But if one takes the time to study
one’s surroundings, Mathematics reveals hidden patterns that help individuals
to understand nature around us. And, if one takes time to examine nature,
then one can describe its beauty mathematically. It would be through
Mathematics that we would discover secrets of nature’s patterns.
.
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ACTIVITY 1: INTERVIEW
Friend 1:
Friend 2:
Friend 3:
Sunflower(burpee.com-in stock)
Friend 1:
Friend 2:
Friend 3:
Honeycomb(calculate.org.au)
Friend 1:
Friend 2:
Tiger(laketobias.com)
Friend 3:
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Friend 1:
Friend 2:
Friend 3:
Snail(greenarea.me)
Friend 1:
Friend 2:
Snowflakes(taps.org)
Friend 3:
ANALYSIS
Sunflower
Honeycomb
Tiger Stripes
Snail Shell
Snowflakes
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ABSTRACTION
Snowflakes
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Honeycomb
Bees are considered to be
excellent mathematicians. People
have long wondered how bees,
despite their very small size, are able
to produce honeycombs, the
structure and shape of which is a
marvel of nature’s design. Humans
on the other hand, would generally
need the use of a ruler and a
The Geometry and Algebra of Honeycomb
calculate.org.au
compass to accomplish the same
feat. The honeycombs’ formation
enables the bees’ colony to maximize their storage of honey using the
smallest of amount of wax. The bees instinctively choose the hexagonal
shape because of the compactness of its structure and this shape and
formations are more optimal in making use of the available space. Marcus
Terentius Varro, one of Rome’s greatest scholars, proposed that a
construction made out of hexagon is more compact. The bees, indeed, are
able to find the best solution to store their honey, making them excellent
mathematicians.
Cheetah Zebra
livescience.com zlivescience.com
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The Sunflower
If you look closer at the
sunflower, you will notice a
mathematical marvel in its
definite pattern of spirals
extending outside from the
center, or its clockwise and
counterclockwise arc. This is
another presentation of nature
working to optimize available
spaces; a hidden
mathematical rule of shaping
life’s pattern in nature.
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/612208143077845767/
Maximizing the sunflower
seeds’ access to light and needed nutrients is the main reason why they
occupy the flower head in such arrangement (Aufmann et.al, 2018)
Flower Petals
Flowers are things of beauty and they convey messages. Their vibrant colors
and fragrant odors make them very appealing as gifts or decorations. Flowers
are also considered beautiful mathematics. They display figures adorned with
numbers of petals. Looking at the flowers above, you will note that each
species had different numbers of petals. Flowers like the white calla lily with
only one petal, euphorbia with two petals, trillium with three petals,
columbine with five petals, bloodroot with eight petals, blacked eyed susan
with thirteen petals, shasta daisy with 21 petals and the common daisies
with thirty-four petals. These numbers are all Fibonacci numbers.
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APPLICATION (Journal Writing)
Rubric:
The student is unable to elicit the ideas and concepts from the
readings. (1pt)
The student can elicit the ideas and concepts from the readings. (2pts)
The student can elicit the ideas and concepts from the readings
correctly and accurately. (3pts)
The student not only elicits the correct ideas from the readings but also
shows evidence of internalizing it. (4pts)
The student elicits the correct ideas from the readings, shows evidence
of internalizing it and consistently contributes additional thoughts of
application of mathematics in nature. (5pts)
Direction: Limit your composition inside the box to a maximum of 100 words.
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ACTIVITY 2: Garden Walk
From the activity, one can say that “the beauty of math is embedded in
nature” (Mihai Andrei, 2019). Leaves, branches and petals can grow in spiral
form and shapes. Plant leaves and petals of flowers have always fascinated
by mankind. And mathematicians, in particular, have been fascinated with the
patterns of these creations of nature. Fibonacci numbers are seen in petals of
flowers, growth of trees, growth of stems, and fruits. This means that
everywhere in nature you can find this series.
Term (Fn) 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34
Term
Number (n) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
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What is the 10th term?
Each number in the Fibonacci sequence is the sum of the two number
before it. To get the 7th term which is 13, the fifth term and the sixth term are
added. So, 5 + 8 = 13.
One may use the Binet’s Formula in finding the nth term of a Fibonacci
Sequence. And, it may take you an hour to find the 24th term of the Fibonacci
Sequence.
Binet’s Formula
𝑛 𝑛
1 + √5 1 − √5
( 2 ) −( 2 )
𝐹𝑛 =
√5
where n= nth term
Example:
Find the 24th term:
1 + √5 24 1 − √5 24
( 2 ) −( 2 )
𝐹24 =
√5
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(1.618)24 − (−0.618)24
𝐹24 =
√5
103629.741 − 0.00000963
𝐹24 =
2.2360679774997
103629.74099037
𝐹24 =
2.2360679774997
𝐹24 = 46368
Find the following terms of the Fibonacci Sequence using the calculator
following the Binet’s Formula.
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ANALYSIS
1. What can you say about your ratio and the other people’s ratios that
you got?
2. How close are the different body measurements to the Golden Ratio?
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ABSTRACTION
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APPLICATION
The golden ratio is about 1.618, and represented by the Greek letter
phi (∅ 𝑜𝑟𝜑).
Binet’s Formula
𝑛 𝑛
1 + √5
( 2 ) − (1 −2√5)
𝐹𝑛 =
√5
where n= nth term
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MODULE 1
THE NATURE OF MATHEMATICS
LESSON II
NUMBERS AND PATTERNS
INTRODUCTION
A sequence is a list of finite or infinite numbers in a special order
which form a pattern. Take for example the Fibonacci sequence, it
is considered as an infinite sequence. Infinite sequence follows a specific
mathematical pattern with no end. A finite sequence has a definite number of
terms in a specific order/pattern. Number patterns are generally a pattern that
establishes a rule and a common relationship between all numbers.
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A pattern may have list of numbers that are useful to predict what came
before or what might come after a set of a numbers. This set of numbers
follows certain rules and with the numbers arranged in a particular order. This
arrangement of numbers is called a sequence. Each number in a sequence is
called term.
To get the succeeding terms in a sequence, one may add a constant
number. There are also terms in other sequences that are increasing because
the number to be added is increasing. On the other hand, there are number
patterns whose terms are decreasing, because the number to be added is
decreasing in an expected way.
Example 1:
Generating the next term in a pattern, Examples
the number to be added is
Repeating 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, …
Increasing 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, …
Decreasing 80, 70, 61, 53, 46, …
Example 2:
Pattern Rule Proof
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Add 1 1+1= 2+1=3+1=4+1=5
70, 55, 40, 25, 10 Subtract 15 70-15=55-15=40-15=25-15=10
Write the next number in the sequence. Then, write what the
pattern is for that sequence
1. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11,
2. 4, 14, 24, 34, 44, 54,
3. 52, 43, 34, 25, 16, 7,
4. 4, 4, 5, 6, 6, 7, ,
5. 2, 13, 8, 19, 14, 25, ,
6. 1, 6, 11, 16, 21, 26,
5 5 5 5 5 5
1. Add 8 46, , , ,
2. Subtract 14 , , 73, ,
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ABSTRACTION
APPLICATION
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MODULE 1 – ASSESSMENT
2. Find the next term in the sequence: 9, 17, 25, 33, 41, .
8. Find the next two terms in the sequence: 7, 2,10, 3, 13, 4, 16, 5, 19, 6,
, .
9. How will you describe the number pattern: 24, 23, 27, 26, 30, 29,…?
10. Consider Fib(3) = 2. What do you notice about every third Fibonacci
number, i.e. Fib(6), Fib(9), Fib(12),…?
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II. Write a Poem on Mathematics and Nature
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