Complex Variables - I: Introduction to Functions

Unit - III: COMPLEX VARIABLES - I
Complex Variables - I:
Introduction: We have studied the concepts of complex numbers, conjugate of the
complex numbers, addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of the complex
number. The modulus of the complex number, complex number in polar form and
some basic conceptions in complex numbers. In the present chapter we discuss the
complex variables, function of complex variables, continuous of a complex variable,
differentiation of a function of a complex variable, analytic function of a complex
variable. Cauchy’s Riemann equations (CR equations) in Cartesian form and polar
form. Some consequences of Cauchy - Riemann equations. Construction of an
analytic functions. Transformation, conformal transformation and discuss of the
2
transformations w = ez , w = z 2 and w = z + az , (z 6= 0). Bilinear transformation.
Dr. Vijaya kumar, RIT, Bengalur - 560 054

Engineering Mathematics - III[EC31] December 21, 2021 1 / 49
Continued on Complex Variables - I ...
Introduction:
Complex number: A number which containing both real part and imaginary part
is called as a complex number. The complex number is denoted by z and it is of the
form z = a + ib, where a and b are real numbers, a is called as a real part of z i.e
a = Re(z) and b is called as a imaginary part of z i.e b = Im(z).
Conjugate of a complex number: The conjugate of the complex number z is
denoted by z̄ and it is given by if z = a + ib, then the conjugate of z is z̄ = a − ib and
if z = a − ib, then the conjugate of z is z̄ = a + ib.
Modulus of a complex number: If z = a + ib be the complex number √ then the
modulus of a complex number z is denoted by |z| and it is given by |z| = a2 + b2 .
Complex variable in cartesian form: If z = x + iy is a complex variable in
cartesian form, where x and y are real variables. Here x is the real part of the
complex variable z i.e. x = Re(z) and y is the imaginary part of the complex variable
z i.e. y = Im(z).
Complex variable in polar form: We know that, the relation between cartesian
form and polar form x = rcos(θ) and y = rsin(θ), then z = rcos(θ) + irsin(θ),
z=p r(cos(θ) + isin(θ)) or z = reiθ is the complex number in polar form, where
r = x2 + y 2 and θ = tan−1 ( xy ).

Note - 01: eiθ = cos(θ) + isin(θ)

Note - 02: e−iθ = cos(θ) − isin(θ)
iθ −iθ iθ −iθ
Note - 03: sin(θ) = e −e 2
and cos(θ) = e +e 2
Note - 04: sin(iθ) = isinh(θ) and cos(iθ) = cosh(θ)
Note - 05: De - Moivre’s theorem (cos(θ) + isin(θ))n = cos(nθ) + isin(nθ)
Note - 06: In a complex plane x−axis is the real axis and y−axis is the imaginary
axis.
Note - 07: If z = x + iy, then |z| = r represents a circle with centre origin and
radius r in the complex plane. If |z| = 1 represents a circle with centre origin and
radius 1 in the complex plane.
Function of a complex variable: consider a set of complex variables S. If to each
complex variable z in S there corresponds a unique complex variable w according to
some rule, then w is called a function of a complex variable z and it is denoted by
w = f (z), w = g(z), etc. Also, z is called a complex variable, then w is called the
image point or the image of z under the function w = f (z).
If we write w = f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) or w = f (z) = u + iv is a function of a
complex variable z = x + iy in cartesian form, where u = u(x, y) is the real part of
the function of a complex variable w = f (z), u = Re(w) or u = Re(f (z)) and
v = v(x, y) is the imaginary part of the function of a complex variable w = f (z),
v = Im(w) or v = Im(f (z)).
If we write w = f (z) = u(r, θ) + iv(r, θ) or w = f (z) = u + iv is a function of a

complex variable z − reiθ in polar form, where u = u(r, θ) is the real part of the
function of a complex variable w = f (z), u = Re(w) or u = Re(f (z)) and v = v(r, θ)
is the imaginary part of the function of a complex variable w = f (z), v = Im(w) or
v = Im(f (z)).
Examples:
2
Example - 1: If w = f (z) = zz̄ , z 6= 0, then
In cartesian form: Let z = x + iy, z̄ = x − iy and w = f (z) = u + iv, then the
given function becomes
(x + iy)2
u(x, y) + iv(x, y) =
(x − iy)
(x + iy)2 X(x + iy)
u(x, y) + iv(x, y) =
(x − iy)X(x + iy)
(x + iy)3
u(x, y) + iv(x, y) =
(x)2 − (iy)2
x3 + 3x2 (iy) + 3x(iy)2 + (iy)3
u(x, y) + iv(x, y) =
x2 + y 2

x3 + i(3x2 y) − 3xy 2 − iy 3
u(x, y) + iv(x, y) =
x2 + y 2
(x − 3xy 2 ) + i(3x2 y − y 3 )
3
u(x, y) + iv(x, y) =
x2 + y 2
(x − 3xy 2 )
3
3x2 y − y 3
u(x, y) + iv(x, y) = 2 2
+i 2
x +y x + y2
Now, comparing the real and imaginary parts, we get
x3 − 3xy 2 3x2 y − y 3
u = u(x, y) = 2 2
, v = v(x, y) =
x +y x2 + y 2
In polar form: Let z = reiθ , z̄ = re−iθ and w = f (z) = u + iv, then the given
function becomes
(reiθ )2
u(r, θ) + iv(r, θ) =
(re−iθ )
r2 ei2θ
u(r, θ) + iv(r, θ) =
re−iθ
u(r, θ) + iv(r, θ) = rei3θ
u(r, θ) + iv(r, θ) = r(cos(3θ) + isin(3θ))
u(r, θ) + iv(r, θ) = rcos(3θ) + irsin(3θ)

Now, comparing the real and imaginary parts, we get
u = u(r, θ) = rcos(3θ), v = v(r, θ) = rrsin(3θ)
Example - 2: If w = f (z) = z 2 , then
In cartesian form: Let z = x + iy and w = f (z) = u + iv, then the given function
become
u + iv = (x + iy)2 = (x)2 + (iy)2 + 2(x)(iy)

u + iv = x2 − y 2 + 2ixy
Now, comparing the real and imaginary parts on both sides we get
u = u(x, y) = x2 − y 2 , v = v(x, y) = 2xy
In polar form: Let z = reiθ and w = f (z) = u + iv, then the given function becomes
u(r, θ) + iv(r, θ) = (z)2 = (reiθ )2
u(r, θ) + iv(r, θ) = r2 ei2θ
u(r, θ) + iv(r, θ) = r2 (cos(2θ) + isin(2θ))
u(r, θ) + iv(r, θ) = r2 cos(2θ) + ir2 sin(2θ)

u = u(r, θ) = r2 cos(2θ), v = v(r, θ) = r2 sin(2θ)
Example - 3: If w = f (z) = log z, z 6= 0 then

In cartesian form: If we take z = x + iy and w = f (z) = u + iv, then it is not
possible to separate the real and imaginary parts in cartesian form.
In polar form: Let z = reiθ and w = f (z) = u + iv, then the given function becomes
u(r, θ) + iv(r, θ) = log z = log(reiθ )

u(r, θ) + iv(r, θ) = log r + log eiθ
u(r, θ) + iv(r, θ) = log r + iθ log e
u(r, θ) + iv(r, θ) = log r + iθ
u = u(r, θ) = log r, v = v(r, θ) = θ

Continued Unit - III on Complex Variables - I ...
Limit of the function of a complex variable :- A function of a complex variable
w = f (z) is said to tend to limit k as z approaches a point z0 , if for every real , we
can find a positive real δ such that |f (z) − k| < for |z − z0 | < δ, then
k = limz→z0 f (z)
Continuity or Continuous of a function of a complex variable : A function

of a complex variable w = f (z) is said to be continuous at a point z0 if
limz→z0 f (z) = f (z0 )
Differentiability or Differentiation of the function of a complex variable: A

function of a complex variable w = f (z) is said to be a differentiable at a point z if
f (z + δz) − f (z)
limδz→0
δz
the limit exists and is unique, then the derivative of the function of a complex
variable w = f (z) is denoted by dw
dz
or f 0 (z), therefore,
dw f (z + δz) − f (z)
= f 0 (z) = limδz→0
dz δz
Continued Unit - III on Complex Variables - I ...
Analytic function of a complex variable: A function of a complex variable
w = f (z) is said to be an analytic function at a point z if it is differentiable at a
point z and its neighborhoods of z. Analytic function is also called as a regular
function or Holomorphic function.
Cauchy - Riemann equation in cartesian form: The necessary conditions for
the function of a complex variable f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) is analytic at a point
z = x + iy, if there exists four first order continuous partial derivatives ∂u , ∂u , ∂v
∂x ∂y ∂x
∂v ∂u ∂v ∂v ∂u
and ∂y and satisfy the equations ∂x = ∂y and ∂x = − ∂y .
proof: Let f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) is analytic at a point z = x + iy, we have by
definition of an analytic function
f (z + δz) − f (z)
f 0 (z) = lim (1)
δz→0 δz
∴ f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y), f (z + δz) = u(x + δx, y + δy) + iv(x + δx, y + δy),
z = x + iy and δz = δx + iδy.
Substituting all these in equation (1) and simplify
[u(x + δx, y + δy) + iv(x + δx, y + δy)] − [u(x, y) + iv(x, y)]
f 0 (z) = lim
δz→0 δz
separate the real and imaginary parts in RHS
Continued on Cauchy - Riemann Equations in cartesian form ...
u(x + δx, y + δy) − u(x, y) v(x + δx, y + δy) − v(x, y)

f 0 (z) = lim + i lim (2)
δz→0 δz δz→0 δz
Case - 1: Substitute δy = 0 and δz = δx, δz → 0 → δx → 0 then equation (2)
becomes
u(x + δx, y) − u(x, y) v(x + δx, y) − v(x, y)
f 0 (z) = lim + i lim
δx→0 δx δx→0 δx
we have, by definition of partial differentiation
∂u ∂v
f 0 (z) = +i (3)
∂x ∂x
Case - 2: Substitute δx = 0 and δz = iδy, δz → 0 → iδy → 0 or δy → 0 then
equation (2) becomes
u(x, y + δy) − u(x, y) v(x, y + δy) − v(x, y)
f 0 (z) = lim + i lim
δy→0 iδy δy→0 iδy
1 u(x, y + δy) − u(x, y) v(x, y + δy) − v(x, y)
f 0 (z) = ( ) lim + lim
i δy→0 δy δy→0 δy
Again, by definition of partial differentiation

1 ∂u ∂v
f 0 (z) = ( ) +
i ∂y ∂y
∂u ∂v
f 0 (z) = −i + (4)
∂y ∂y
From the equations (3) and (4)
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
+i = −i +
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
Comparing the real and imaginary parts on both sides
∂u ∂v ∂v ∂u
= , =−
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
Therefore, ∂u
∂x
∂v
= ∂y ∂v
and ∂x = − ∂u
∂y
are called the Cauchy - Riemann equations (CR
equations) in cartesian form

Alternative Method: Consider the function of a complex variable

∂z
f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) is an analytic function at a point z = x + iy and ∂x
= 1,
∂z
∂y
= i,
f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) (5)
Differentiate equation (5) partially w.r.t xon both sides
∂z ∂u ∂v
f 0 (z) = +i
∂x ∂x ∂x
∂u ∂v
f 0 (z)(1) =
+i
∂x ∂x
∂u ∂v
f 0 (z) = +i (6)
∂x ∂x
Again, differentiate equation (5) partially w.r.t y on both sides
∂z ∂u ∂v
f 0 (z) = +i
∂y ∂y ∂y
∂u ∂v
f 0 (z)(i) = +i
∂y ∂y

1
Dividing throughout by i and i
= −i
!" #
0 1 ∂u ∂v
f (z) = +i
i ∂y ∂y
!
0 1 ∂u ∂v
f (z) = +
i ∂y ∂y
∂u ∂v
f 0 (z) = −i + (7)
∂y ∂y
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
+i = −i +
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
∂u ∂v ∂v ∂u
= , =−
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
Therefore, ∂u
∂x
∂v
= ∂y ∂v
and ∂x = − ∂u
∂y
are called the Cauchy - Riemann equations (CR
equations) in cartesian form
Continued on Cauchy - Riemann Equations in polar form ...
Cauchy - Riemann equation in polar form: The necessary conditions for the
function of a complex variable f (z) = u(r, θ) + iv(r, θ) is analytic at a point z = reiθ ,
if there exists four first order continuous partial derivatives ∂u , ∂u , ∂v and ∂v
∂r ∂θ ∂r ∂θ
and
∂u 1 ∂v ∂v 1 ∂u
satisfy the equations ∂r = r ∂θ and ∂r = − r ∂θ .
proof: Consider the function of a complex variable f (z) = u(r, θ) + iv(r, θ) is
analytic at a point z = reiθ and ∂z ∂r
= eiθ , ∂z
∂θ
= ireiθ ,
f (z) = u(r, θ) + iv(r, θ) (8)
Differentiate equation (8) partially w.r.t r on both sides

∂z ∂u ∂v
f 0 (z) = +i
∂r ∂r ∂r
∂u ∂v
f 0 (z)(eiθ ) = +i
∂r ∂r
Dividing throughout by eiθ
!" #
0 1 ∂u ∂v
f (z) = +i
eiθ ∂r ∂r

" #
0 −iθ ∂u ∂v
f (z) = e +i (9)
∂r ∂r
Again, differentiate equation (8) partially w.r.t θ on both sides
∂z ∂u ∂v
f 0 (z) = +i
∂θ ∂θ ∂θ
∂u ∂v
f 0 (z)(ireiθ ) = +i
∂θ ∂θ
Dividing throughout by ireiθ
!" #
1 ∂u ∂v
f 0 (z) = +i
ireiθ ∂θ ∂θ
" #
0 e−iθ 1 ∂u ∂v
f (z) = +
r i ∂θ ∂θ
e−iθ ∂u ∂v
f 0 (z) = [−i + ] (10)
r ∂θ ∂θ

" # " #
−iθ ∂u ∂v e−iθ ∂u ∂v
e +i = −i +
∂r ∂r r ∂θ ∂θ
∂u ∂v −i ∂u 1 ∂v
+i = +
∂r ∂r r ∂θ r ∂θ
∂u 1 ∂v ∂v 1 ∂u
= , =−
∂r r ∂θ ∂x r ∂θ
Therefore, ∂u
∂r
= r1 ∂v
∂θ
∂v
and ∂x = − r1 ∂u
∂θ
are called the Cauchy - Riemann equations
(CR equations) in polar form

Problems continued on Cauchy - Riemann Equations ...
Problem - 01: If f (z) = u + iv is analytic function, then show that
!
∂2 ∂2
+ |f (z)|2 = 4|f 0 (z)|2 .
∂x2 ∂y 2
√
Solution: consider the analytic function f (z) = u + iv, then |f (z)| = u2 + v 2 →
|f (z)|2 = u2 + v 2 , let φ = |f (z)|2
φ = u2 + v 2 (11)
Differentiate equation (1) partially w.r.t x on both sides twice, we get
∂φ ∂u ∂v
= 2u + 2v
∂x ∂x ∂x
" #
∂φ ∂u ∂v
=2 u +v
∂x ∂x ∂x
Again, differentiate partially w.r.t x on both sides
" #
∂2φ ∂2u ∂u ∂u ∂2v ∂v ∂v
= 2 u + + v +
∂x2 ∂x2 ∂x ∂x ∂x2 ∂x ∂x

" !2 !2 #
∂2φ ∂2u ∂u ∂2v ∂v
2
=2 u 2 + +v 2 + (12)
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x
Similarly,
" !2 !2 #
∂2φ ∂2u ∂u ∂2v ∂v
2
=2 u 2 + +v 2 + (13)
∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y
Adding equations (2) and (3)
! ! !2 !2 !2 !2
∂2φ ∂2φ ∂2u ∂2u ∂2v ∂2v ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
+ = 2[u + +v + + + + + ]
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
Since f (z) = u + iv is analytic, we have by CR equations ∂u

∂x
∂v
= ∂y ∂v
and ∂x = − ∂u
∂y
and
also, we know that u and v are harmonic functions which satisfies Laplace equation
! " !2 !2 !2 !2 #
∂2 ∂2 ∂u ∂v ∂v ∂u
+ φ = 2 u(0) + v(0) + + + − +
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x

! " !2 !2 !2 !2 #
∂2 ∂2 2 ∂u ∂v ∂v ∂u
+ |f (z)| = 2 + + +
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x
! !2 " !2 #
∂2 ∂2 2 ∂u ∂v
+ |f (z)| = 2 2 +2
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂x ∂x
! " !2 !2 #
∂2 ∂2 2 ∂u ∂v
+ |f (z)| = 4 + (14)
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂x ∂x
Again we know that,
∂u ∂v
f 0 (z) = +i
∂x ∂x
then v
u ∂u 2
u ! !2
0 ∂v
|f (z)| = t +
∂x ∂x
squaring on both sides
!2
0 2 ∂u 2 ∂v
|f (z)| = ) +( (15)
∂x ∂x
Substituting equation (5) in equation (4), we get
!
∂2 ∂2
+ |f (z)|2 = 4|f 0 (z)|2
∂x2 ∂y 2
Hence it is proved
Problem - 02: If f (z) = u + iv is analytic function, then show that
!2 !2
∂|f (z)| ∂|f (z)|
+ = |f 0 (z)|2 .
∂x ∂y
√
Solution: consider the analytic function f (z) = u + iv, then |f (z)| = u2 + v 2 →
φ2 = u2 + v 2 , let φ = |f (z)|
φ2 = u2 + v 2
Differentiate partially w.r.t x on both sides
∂φ ∂u ∂v
2φ = 2u + 2v
∂x ∂x ∂x
∂φ ∂u ∂v
φ =u +v (16)
∂x ∂x ∂x
Similarly, we can get

∂φ ∂u ∂v
φ =u +v (17)
∂y ∂y ∂y
Squaring and adding equations (6) and (7)
" !2 !2 # !2 !2
∂φ ∂φ ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
φ2 + = u +v + u +v
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
" !2 !2 # !2 !2 ! ! !2
2 ∂φ ∂φ 2 ∂u 2 ∂v ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
φ + =u +v +2uv +u2 +v 2
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
Since f (z) = u + iv is analytic function and hence by CR equations ∂u∂x

= ∂v
∂y
and
∂v ∂u
∂x
= − ∂y
using these equations in above equation and simplify, we get
" !2 !2 # !2 !2 ! ! !2
2 ∂φ ∂φ 2 ∂u 2 ∂v ∂u ∂v ∂v ∂u
φ + =u +v +2uv +u2 +v 2
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x

" !2 !2 # " !2 !2 # " !2 !2 #

2 ∂φ ∂φ 2 ∂u ∂v 2 ∂u ∂v
φ + =u + +v +
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x
" !2 !2 # !" !2 !2 #
∂φ ∂φ ∂u ∂v
φ2 + = u2 + v 2 +
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂x
!2 !2 !2 !2
∂φ ∂φ ∂u ∂v
+ = + (18)
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂x
Again we know that,
∂u ∂v
f 0 (z) = +i
∂x ∂x
then v
u ∂u 2
u ! !2
0 ∂v
|f (z)| = t +
∂x ∂x
squaring on both sides
!2 !2
∂u ∂v
|f 0 (z)|2 = + (19)
∂x ∂x
Substituting equation (9) in equation (8), we get

!2 !2
∂|f (z)| ∂|f (z)|
+ = |f 0 (z)|2
∂x ∂y
Hence it is proved

Problems continued on construction of analytic function, Harmonic
conjugates ...
Working procedure to construction of analytic function and to fin

Harmonic conjugates:
In case of cartesian form:
Step - 01: Suppose the real part u of the analytic function f (z) = u + iv is given
then let the imaginary part v be the harmonic conjugate of the real part u and
differentiate u partially w.r.t x and y find the partial derivatives ∂u , ∂u
∂x ∂y
Step - 02: We know that, by total differential
∂v ∂v
dv = dx + dy
∂x ∂y
make use the CR equations
∂u ∂u
dv = − dx + dy
∂y ∂x
Step - 03: Substitute the partial derivative and integrating we get v the harmonic
conjugate of the real part u.
Step - 04: Substitute u and v in f (z) = u + iv and simplify in terms of z, we get the
analytic function f (z).

conjugates ...
Step - 05: Suppose the imaginary part v of the analytic function f (z) = u + iv is
given then let the real part u be the harmonic conjugate of the imaginary part v and
∂v ∂v
differentiate v partially w.r.t x and y find the partial derivatives ∂x , ∂y
Step - 06: We know that, by total differential
∂u ∂u
du = dx + dy
∂x ∂y
make use the CR equations
∂v ∂v
dv = dx − dy
∂y ∂x
Step - 07: Substitute the partial derivative and integrating we get u the harmonic
conjugate of the imaginary part v.
Step - 08: Substitute u and v in f (z) = u + iv and simplify in terms of z, we get the
analytic function f (z).
In case of polar form: Applying the same procedure in case of polar form
Note - 1: By Milne - Thomson Method in the case of the cartesian form replace x
by z and y by 0 i.e. substitute x = z and y = 0.
Note - 2: By Milne - Thomson Method in the case of the polar form replace r by z
and θ by 0 i.e. substitute r = z and θ = 0.
conjugates ...
Problem - 01: Verify the u = 21 log(x2 + y 2 ) is a harmonic function. Find its

harmonic conjugate and the analytic function for which u is thep real part.
Solution: Given that, the real part u = 12 log(x2 + y 2 ) = log x2 + y 2 , but
p
r = x2 + y 2
∴ u = log r Now, differentiate u partially w.r.t. r and θ twice, we get ∂u
∂r
= r1 ,
∂2u −1 ∂u ∂2u
∂r 2
= r2 , ∂θ = 0 and ∂θ2 = 0
We have by Laplace equation in polar form
∂2u 1 ∂u 1 ∂2u
+ + =0
∂r2 r ∂r r2 ∂θ2
Substituting all partial derivatives
−1 1 1 1 −1 1
+ ( ) + 2 (0) = 2 + 2 = 0
r2 r r r r r
Therefore u satisfies the Laplace equation and hence it is a harmonic function.

conjugates ...
To find the harmonic conjugate: Let v = v(r, θ) be the harmonic conjugate and
by total differential
∂v ∂v
dv = dr + dθ
∂r ∂θ
by CR equation in polar form
−1 ∂u ∂u
dv = ( )dr + (r )dθ
r ∂θ ∂r
∂u ∂u
substitute ∂r
and ∂θ
−1 1
dv = (0)dr + (r )dθ
r r
dv = dθ
integrating on both sides
v =θ+c
Hence, the harmonic conjugate of the given function u is v = θ + c
To find the analytic function f (z) = u + iv:
The analytic function f (z) = u + iv, f (z) = log r + i(θ + c), f (z) = log r + iθ log e + ic,
f (z) = log r + log eiθ + ic, f (z) = log(reiθ ) + ic, but z = reiθ + ic, f (z) = log z + c
Therefore, the analytic function is f (z) = log z + c
conjugates ...
Problem - 02: Find the analytic function f (z) = u + iv, given that
v = (r − r1 ) sin θ, r 6= 0 .
Solution: Given the imaginary part v = (r − r1 ) sin θ Now, differentiate v partially
w.r.t. r and θ twice, we get ∂v
∂r
= (1 + r12 ) sin θ and ∂v
∂θ
= (r − r1 ) cos θ
We know that,
∂u ∂v
f 0 (z) = e−iθ [ +i ]
∂r ∂r
by CR equations
1 ∂v ∂v
f 0 (z) = e−iθ [ +i ]
r ∂θ ∂r
∂v ∂v
substitute ∂r
and ∂θ
1 1 1
f 0 (z) = e−iθ [ ((r − ) cos θ) + i((1 + 2 ) sin θ)]
r r r

conjugates ...
by Milne - Thomson method, substitute r = z and θ = 0

1 1 1
f 0 (z) = e−i0 [ ((z − ) cos 0) + i((1 + 2 ) sin 0)]
z z z
1
f 0 (z) = 1 −
z2
integrating w.r.t.z on both sides
Z
1
f (z) = (1 − )dz + c
z2
1
f (z) = z + + c
z
1
Hence f (z) = z + z
+ c is the analytic function for the given imaginary part v.

Continued on conformal Transformations ...
Introduction:
Transformation: If y = f (x) be any function of the real variable x then for every
value of x there corresponds a value of y. The set points (x, y) traces the curve c in
the cartesian plane. In the present topic, we deals with the method of geometrical
representation of the complex function w = f (z) in the complex plane.
Consider a function of a complex variable w = f (z), substituting z = x + iy and
w = f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y). We obtained the complex quantities z = z(x, y) and
w = w(u, v) are represents the two separate planes, they are called as z - plane and w
- plane respectively. A point (x, y) in the z - plane transformed (or mapped) on to
the point (u, v) in the w - plane. If the set of points (x, y) traces the curve c in the z
- plane and the set of points (u, v) traces the curve c0 in the w - plane. Then the
curve c in the z - plane is transformed or mapped onto the curve c0 in the w -plane
under the transformation w = f (z). The points (x, y) in the z -plane are the image of
the points (u, v) in the w - plane.

Definition of conformal transformation: A transformation w = f (z) is said to

be conformal transformation if it preserves the angle between two curves both in
magnitudes and sense.
Figure 1: Conformal transformation
Definition of Isogonal transformation: A transformation w = f (z) is said to be

an isogonal transformation if it preserves the angle between two curves only in
magnitudes.

Theorem: If w = f (z) is an analytic function of z then the sufficient condition for

the function w = f (z) is conformal transformation if dw dz
= f 0 (z) 6= 0 for all z.
Examples:
Example - 01: Find the points where the transformation w = sin(πz) fails to be
conformal.
Solution: Given that w = f (z) = sin(πz) ∴ dw dz
= f 0 (z) = π cos(πz) = 0 for all
1 3 5
z = 2 , 2 , 2 , .... Therefore the given function w = f (z) = sin(πz) is fails to be
conformal at the points z = 21 , 32 , 52 , ....
Example - 02: Find the points where the transformation w = z 5 − 5z fails to be
conformal.
Solution: Given that w = f (z) = w = z 5 − 5z ∴ dw dz
= f 0 (z) = 5z 4 − 5 = 0 for all
z = ±1 and z = ±i. Therefore the given function w = f (z) = z 5 − 5z is fails to be
conformal at the points z = ±1 and z = ±i .

Problems continued on conformal Transformations ...
Problem - 01: Discuss the transformation w = ez .

Solution: Given the transformation w = ez
w = f (z) = ez (20)
dw
= f 0 (z) = ez 6= 0, f orallz
dz
Therefore, the given transformation w = f (z) = ez is conformal transformation for
all z.
Substitute z = x + iy and w = f (z) = u + iv in equation (1)
u + iv = ex+iy
u + iv = ex eiy
u + iv = ex [cos y + i sin y]
Comparing the real and imaginary parts, we get u = ex cos y and v = ex sin y

Now, eliminating y from u and v, squaring and adding u and v
u2 + v 2 = (ex cos y)2 + (ex sin y)2
u2 + v 2 = e2x cos2 y + e2x sin2 y
u2 + v 2 = e2x (21)
eliminating x from u and v, dividing v by u
v ex sin y
= x
u e cos y
v sin y
=
u cos y
v
= tan y (22)
u
Case - 01: Let us consider x = k1 , where k1 is the constant and x = k1 represents
the straight line parallel to the y - axis in the z - plane. Substitute x = k1 in
equation (2)
u2 + v 2 = e2k1
u2 + v 2 = (ek1 )2
u + v 2 = a2 , a = ek1
2
This represents the circle with centre origin and radius a = ek1 in the w - plane.
Hence all the straight lines parallel to the y - axis in the z - plane are transformed on
Engineering Mathematics - III[EC31]
k1 December 21, 2021 34 / 49
Case - 02: Let us consider y = k2 , where k2 is the constant and y = k2 represents

the straight line parallel to the x - axis in the z - plane. Substitute y = k2 in
equation (3)
v
= tan(k2 )
u
v
= m, m = tan(k2 )
u
v = mu
This represents the equation of straight line passing through centre having slope
m = tan(k2 ) in the w - plane. Hence all the straight lines parallel to the x - axis in
the z - plane are transformed on to the straight line passing through the centre
having the slope m = tan(k2 ) in the w - plane.

Figure 2: Conformal transformation for the w = ez
Conclusion: We can observed that all the straight lines parallel to the y - axis in
the z -plane are mapped onto the circles with centre at the origin and radius a = ek1
in the w - plane. Similarly, all the straight lines parallel to the x - axis in the z -
plane are mapped on to the straight lines passing through the origin having slope
m = tan(k2 ) in the w - plane.

Problem - 02: Discuss the transformation w = z 2 .

Solution: Given the transformation w = z 2
w = f (z) = z 2 (23)
dw
= f 0 (z) = 2z 6= 0, f orallz
dz
Therefore, the given transformation w = f (z) = z 2 is conformal transformation for
all z, except z = 0.
Substitute z = x + iy and w = f (z) = u + iv in equation (4)
u + iv = (x + iy)2
u + iv = x2 + (iy)2 + 2(x)(iy)
u + iv = x2 − y 2 + 2ixy
Comparing the real and imaginary parts, we get u = x2 − y 2 and v = 2xy
u = x2 − y 2 , v = 2xy (24)

Case - 01: Let us consider x = k1 , where k1 is the constant and x = k1 represents
the straight line parallel to the y - axis in the z - plane. Substitute x = k1 in
equation (5)
u = k12 − y 2 , v = 2k1 y
v
v = 2k1 y, y = 2k1
and substitute v in u, we get
v 2
u = k12 − ( )
2k1
v2
u = k12 −
4k12
v2
= k12 − u
4k12
v 2 = 4k12 (k12 − u)
v 2 = −4k12 (u − k12 )
This represents a parabola symmetrical about the real axis (u - axis) with vertex at
(k12 , 0) and focus at the origin in the w - plane. Also, we can observed that the
straight line x = −k1 in the z - plane is transformed on to the same parabola in the
w - plane.
Case - 02: Let us consider y = k2 , where k2 is the constant and y = k2 represents

the straight line parallel to the x - axis in the z - plane. Substitute y = k2 in
equation (5)
u = x2 − k22 , v = 2xk2
v
v = 2xk2 , x = 2k2
and substitute v in u, we get
v 2
u=( ) − k22
2k2
v2
u= − k22
4k22
v2
= u + k22
4k22
v 2 = 4k22 (u + k22 )
This is also represents a parabola symmetrical about the real axis (u - axis) with
vertex at (−k22 , 0) and focus at the origin in the w - plane. Also, we can observed
that the straight line y = −k2 in the z - plane is transformed on to the same parabola
in the w - plane.

Figure 3: Conformal transformation for the w = z 2
Conclusion: We can observed that all the straight lines parallel to the y - axis in
the z -plane are mapped onto the parabola symmetrical about the real axis (u - axis)
with vertex at (k12 , 0) and focus at the origin in the w - plane. Similarly, all the
straight lines parallel to the x - axis in the z - plane are mapped on to theparabola
symmetrical about the real axis (u - axis) with vertex at (−k22 , 0) and focus at the
origin in the w - plane.

Case - 03: Let us consider a circle centre at the origin and radius r in the z - plane.
The equation of the circle centre at the origin and radius r is |z| = r → z = reiθ .
Substitute w = Reiφ and z = reiθ in equation (1)
Reiφ = (reiθ )2
Reiφ = r2 ei2θ
comparing on both sides R = r2 and φ = 2θ.
This is also represents a circle centre at the origin and radius R = r2 , φ = 2θ in the w
- plane.

Figure 4: Conformal transformation for the w = z 2
Conclusion: We can observed that the circle centre at the origin and radius r with
angle θ in the z - plane is transformed on to a circle centre at the origin and radius
R = r2 with angle φ = 2θ in the w - plane.

1 a2
Problem - 03: Discuss the transformation w = z + z
OR w = z + z
, z 6= 0 .
Solution: Given the transformation w = z + z1
1
w = f (z) = z + (25)
z
dw 1
= f 0 (z) = 1 − 2 6= 0, f orallz
dz z
Therefore, the given transformation w = f (z) = z + z1 is conformal transformation
for all z, except z = ±1.
Substitute z = reiθ and w = f (z) = u + iv in equation (1)
1
u + iv = reiθ +
reiθ
e−iθ
u + iv = reiθ +
r
1
u + iv = r(cos θ + i sin θ) + (cos θ − i sin θ)
r
1 1
u + iv = (r + ) cos θ + i(r − ) sin θ
r r
Comparing the real and imaginary parts, we get

u = (r − r1 ) cos θ and v = (r − r1 ) sin θ
Now, eliminating r and θ from u and v, first eliminate θ
u
r+ 1
= cos θ and r−v 1 = sin θ Squaring and adding, we get
r r
u v
( 1 )2 + ( 1 )2 = cos2 θ + sin2 θ
r+ r
r− r
u2 v2
1 2 + =1 (26)
(r + r ) (r − r1 )2
u 1 v 1
Again, eliminate r from u and v cos θ
=r+ r
and sin θ
=r− r
Squaring and
subtracting, we get
u 2 v 2 1 1
( ) −( ) = (r + )2 − (r − )2
cos θ sin θ r r
u2 v2 1 1
− = r2 + 2 + 2 − r2 − 2 + 2
cos2 θ sin2 θ r r

u2 v2
− =4
cos2 θ sin2 θ
u2 v2
2
− =1 (27)
(2 cos θ) (2 sin θ)2
We know that, the equation of the circle centre at the origin and radius r in the
complex plane is of the form |z| = r, → z = reiθ and Amp(z) = θ = tan−1 ( xy ) or
tan θ = xy
Case - 01: Let us consider |z| = r, if k = k, where k is the constant and |z| = k
represents the equation of the circle centre at the origin and radius r = k in the z -
plane. Substitute r = k in equation (2)
u2 v2
1 2 + =1
(k + k ) (k − k1 )2
u2 v2
2
+ 2 =1
A B

√
This represents an ellipse with foci at (± A2 − B 2 , 0) = (±2k, 0), where A = k + k1
and B = k − k1 . Hence the circle centre at the origin and radius r = k in the z - plane
is transformed on to an ellipse with foci at (±2k, 0) in the w - plane.
Case - 02: Let us consider θ = k, where k is the constant, θ = tan−1 ( xy ) or
tan θ = xy , xy = m, y = mx, m = tan θ and θ = k represents the straight line passing
through origin having the slope m = tan k in the z - plane. Substitute θ = k in
equation (3)
u2 v2
− =1
(2 cos k)2 (2 sin k)2
u2 v2
2
− 2 =1
A B
√
This represents a hyperbola with foci at (± A2 + B 2 , 0) = (±2k, 0), where
A = 2 cos k and B = 2 sin k. Hence the straight line passing through the origin
having slope m = tan k in the z - plane is transformed on to a hyperbola with foci at
(±2k, 0) in the w - plane.

1
Figure 5: Conformal transformation for the w = z + z
Conclusion: We can observed that the circle centre at the origin and radius r = k
in the z - plane is transformed on to an ellipse with foci at (±2k, 0) in the w - plane.
Similarly, the straight line passing through the origin having slope m = tan k in the z
- plane is transformed on to a hyperbola with foci at (±2k, 0) in the w - plane.

Continued on Bi linear Transformations ...
Definition: A transformation of the form w = az+b cz+d

, ad − bc 6= 0 is called a bilinear
transformation. where a, b, c and d are real or complex constants.
dw (cz + d)(a) − (az + b)(c)

=
dz (cz + d)2
dw acz + ad − acz − bc
=
dz (cz + d)2
dw ad − bc
= 6= 0, if ad − bc 6= 0
dz (cz + d)2
Therefore, the bi linear transformation w = az+b
cz+d
is conformal transformation if
ad − bc 6= 0.
Note - 01:
Cross ratio: The cross ratio of a four set of points (w1 , w2 , w3 , w4 ) is given by
(w4 − w1 )(w2 − w3 )
(w4 − w3 )(w2 − w1 )

Continued on Bi linear Transformations ...
Note - 02:
Invariant points OR Fixed points: If a point z mapped onto itself, i.e. w = z
under the bi-linear transformation then the point is said to be an invariant point or
fixed point of the bi-linear transformation.
Properties of the bi-linear transformation:
Property - 01: A bi-linear transformation transforms circles to circles.
Property - 02: There exists a bi-linear transformation that maps three given
distinct points z1 , z2 , z3 on to three given distinct points w1 , w2 , w3 respectively.
Property - 03: bi-linear transformation preserve (do not alter) the cross ratio of
four points.


Complex Variables - I: Introduction to Functions

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Complex Variables - I: Introduction to Functions

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Unit - III: COMPLEX VARIABLES - I

Dr. Vijaya kumar, RIT, Bengalur - 560 054

Dr. Vijaya kumar, RIT, Bengalur - 560 054

Note - 01: eiθ = cos(θ) + isin(θ)

If we write w = f (z) = u(r, θ) + iv(r, θ) or w = f (z) = u + iv is a function of a

Dr. Vijaya kumar, RIT, Bengalur - 560 054

u(r, θ) + iv(r, θ) = rcos(3θ) + irsin(3θ)

u + iv = (x + iy)2 = (x)2 + (iy)2 + 2(x)(iy)

u(r, θ) + iv(r, θ) = r2 cos(2θ) + ir2 sin(2θ)

u = u(r, θ) = r2 cos(2θ), v = v(r, θ) = r2 sin(2θ)

Example - 3: If w = f (z) = log z, z 6= 0 then

u(r, θ) + iv(r, θ) = log z = log(reiθ )

u = u(r, θ) = log r, v = v(r, θ) = θ

Dr. Vijaya kumar, RIT, Bengalur - 560 054

Continuity or Continuous of a function of a complex variable : A function

limz→z0 f (z) = f (z0 )

Differentiability or Differentiation of the function of a complex variable: A

u(x + δx, y + δy) − u(x, y) v(x + δx, y + δy) − v(x, y)

Again, by definition of partial differentiation

Dr. Vijaya kumar, RIT, Bengalur - 560 054

Alternative Method: Consider the function of a complex variable

Dr. Vijaya kumar, RIT, Bengalur - 560 054

f (z) = u(r, θ) + iv(r, θ) (8)

Differentiate equation (8) partially w.r.t r on both sides

Dr. Vijaya kumar, RIT, Bengalur - 560 054

From the equations (9) and (10)

Dr. Vijaya kumar, RIT, Bengalur - 560 054

Dr. Vijaya kumar, RIT, Bengalur - 560 054

Since f (z) = u + iv is analytic, we have by CR equations ∂u

Dr. Vijaya kumar, RIT, Bengalur - 560 054

Similarly, we can get

Since f (z) = u + iv is analytic function and hence by CR equations ∂u∂x

Dr. Vijaya kumar, RIT, Bengalur - 560 054

" !2 !2 # " !2 !2 # " !2 !2 #

Substituting equation (9) in equation (8), we get

Dr. Vijaya kumar, RIT, Bengalur - 560 054

Working procedure to construction of analytic function and to fin

Dr. Vijaya kumar, RIT, Bengalur - 560 054

Problem - 01: Verify the u = 21 log(x2 + y 2 ) is a harmonic function. Find its

Dr. Vijaya kumar, RIT, Bengalur - 560 054

Dr. Vijaya kumar, RIT, Bengalur - 560 054

by Milne - Thomson method, substitute r = z and θ = 0

Dr. Vijaya kumar, RIT, Bengalur - 560 054

Dr. Vijaya kumar, RIT, Bengalur - 560 054

Definition of conformal transformation: A transformation w = f (z) is said to

Figure 1: Conformal transformation

Definition of Isogonal transformation: A transformation w = f (z) is said to be

Dr. Vijaya kumar, RIT, Bengalur - 560 054

Theorem: If w = f (z) is an analytic function of z then the sufficient condition for

Dr. Vijaya kumar, RIT, Bengalur - 560 054

Problem - 01: Discuss the transformation w = ez .

Dr. Vijaya kumar, RIT, Bengalur - 560 054

Case - 02: Let us consider y = k2 , where k2 is the constant and y = k2 represents

Dr. Vijaya kumar, RIT, Bengalur - 560 054

Figure 2: Conformal transformation for the w = ez

Dr. Vijaya kumar, RIT, Bengalur - 560 054

Problem - 02: Discuss the transformation w = z 2 .

Dr. Vijaya kumar, RIT, Bengalur - 560 054

Case - 02: Let us consider y = k2 , where k2 is the constant and y = k2 represents

Dr. Vijaya kumar, RIT, Bengalur - 560 054

Figure 3: Conformal transformation for the w = z 2

Dr. Vijaya kumar, RIT, Bengalur - 560 054

Dr. Vijaya kumar, RIT, Bengalur - 560 054