CHAPTER 1: MATHEMATICS IN OUR WORLD >Nature provides examples of many kind of pattern, including

symmetries, trees, and other structures with a fractal

LESSON 1: Mathematics in our world dimension, spirals, Voronoi, and chaos.
>Explaining Nature through Mathematics FRACTAL
● Mathematics is full of symbols, and notations.
● Repeated independently
● Galileo Galilei, in the essay, “The Assayer” (1623), and commonly seen in nature such
posited philosophy (in nature) as contextually written. as trees, rivers, shells, leaves,
● However, it would be quite difficult to understand its mountains, clouds, and more.
concept if we do not first learn its language and grasp the (umuulit pero iba iba)
symbols in which it is written in mathematical language. ● A Fractal is a detailed
(magreremain lang na symbol kung dimo aaralin meaning pattern that looks similar at any
niya) scale and repeats itself over time.
● Mathematics seeks to discover and explain abstract ● A fractal’s pattern gets
patters or regularities of all kinds. Virtual patterns in more complex as one looks it at larger scales. Ex:
nature find explanations in chaos, theory, fractals, Ferns
logarithmic, spirals, topology, and other mathematical
patterns.
SPIRAL PATTERN
● during the ancient times, Mathematics has been widely ● commonly seen in
used to describe earth and universe. Ex: the Greeks were living things. This patter
passionate in having numbers and had explored the focuses on a center point and a
power of mathematical formulas in explaining the natural chain of circular shape that
process such as acceleration of objects and many more. revolve around it. Ex: shell of
(binibigyan nila meaning yung mga bagay/symbols para nautilus and horn of sheep.
lang mapaliwanag yung universe)
> Fluorography
- tradition of assigning meaning to flowers. Ex: roses LOGARITHMIC SPIRAL
symbolize love, beauty and passion while sampaguita
epitomizes purity and simplicity of beauty. ● is a special type of
- While the beautiful colors, texture, fragrance and pattern that gets smaller as it
appearance of their petals perhaps attribute to how goes. There patterns are mostly
people create figurative symbolisms of these flowers, seen in nature such as
the arrangement of its petals may likewise create
galaxies, hurricanes, and
fascinating mystery which can actually be explained
seashells. (opposite ng spiral
using Fibonacci sequence.
because it gets smaller as it
> Photosynthesis goes.)
- leaves primarily function in the food production
process among plants. Their size, structure, and form
vary based on how much food they process.
VORONOI PATTERN
- leaves from low-ground have wider surface compared ● exhibits shapes that
to those in highlands because they need to gather
appear to fit together. It is a
more sunlight underneath the canopy of tree branches
with smaller leaves which could easily receive direct pattern in which every point
sunlight from above them. (structure depends on their within the given region is closer
habitat) to a seed.
- Similar to animals, they have different skin patterns to ● Voronoi patterns are
match their surroundings to avoid predators. mostly seen on honeycombs,
- According to research, animals have distinctive foam bubbles, skin of a giraffe,
patterns. Kemp (2017) like human fingerprint, the cells in a lead, head of
mammals have distinctive patterns. Ex: cheetahs garlic, and corn on the cob.
have distinctively clear dark black, circular or oval
spots on its yellowish orange coat. On the other hand, CHAOS
leopards have smaller irregular shaped spots that
group together in circles known as rosettes. ● pattern that lacks
predictability. Chaos pattern is
formed when a small change
makes the system/pattern
behave completely different.
● Ex: current of the
ocean, branches of tree,
cloud patterns, face of the tiger. The head becomes
specialized with a mouth and sense organs
(cephalization), and the body becomes bilaterally
symmetric. (difference sa iba, unpredictable siya. Hindi
smaller to bigger or bigger to smaller. Hindi rin spiral or
whatsoever. Di talaga malalaman next pattern.)
LESSON 3: Symmetries in our Surroundings Mathematical language may be characterized into three
terms: it is precise, concise, and powerful.
● One of the artistic or aesthetic concepts of patterns is 1. Precise - mathematical language is a detailed
symmetry, that exhibits specific kind of balance, repetition, and accurate expression.
and harmony. 2. Concise - mathematical language provides clear
● Symmetrical pattern has three main types: translation, information in a few words; brief but comprehensive.
rotation, and reflection. 3. Powerful - mathematical language expresses
complex thoughts with a comparative event.
REFLECTION SYMMETRY ● There are basic operations in mathematics, excluding
exponentiation. Each of these operations has a
● This kind of symmetry exists if the shape/figure divides corresponding English translation as shown in Table
into two, on which one is a reflection of the other. This is 1.1.
known as bilateral, line, or mirror symmetry. ● Table 1.1: Mathematical Operations and Their Word
Expressions
ROTATIONAL SYMMETRY
● known as radial symmetry, the image is rotated (around a ADDITION SUBTRACTI MULTIPLIC DIVISION (/,
central point) so that it appears two or more times. How (+) ON ( - ) ATION (x) and)
many times it appears is called the order.
● - To rotate an object means to turn it around. Every Plus Minus Times Half
rotation has a center and an angle. Ex: A dartboard has a Going up Subtract Twice Quotient
rotational symmetry of order 10. Added to Fewer Thrice Split
Going up by Different Factor Divided by
TRANSLATIONAL SYMMETRY
The sum of Multiplied by Ratio
● to translate and object means to move it without rotating
Together Product Over
or reflecting it. Every translation has a direction and a The total of All over
distance. Tessellation is the best example of translational More than
symmetry. Increased by
Bigger by
TESSELLATION
● is a repeating pattern that completely covers a plane with Mathematical Expressions Versus Mathematical Sentences
no gaps or overlaps. ● Defining mathematical expression is similar to the
● There are three types of tessellations: translational, meaning of English sentences.
rotational, and glide reflection symmetry. ● Mathematical Phrase is the correct arrangement of
● This type of symmetry patterns is usually repeating. A mathematical symbols used to represent mathematical
tessellation that is made up entirely of congruent regular object but not a complete thought. This contains numbers,
polygons, all meeting vertex to vertex, is called a regular variables, and operations to show the value of something.
tessellation. ● While, the mathematical analogue of an English noun;
● There are only three shapes which are used to form which has a correct arrangement of mathematical
regular tessellation, equilateral triangles, squares, symbols used to represent a mathematical object of
and hexagons. interest is an Expression. Expression does not state a
● Tessellations can be seen in several of life of Art, complete thought in particular, and it does not make
architecture, hobbies, and many other areas regularly in sense to ask if an expression is true or false.
the surroundings. ● A mathematical statement is the analogue of an
English sentence. It is a correct arrangement of
CHAPTER 2: MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND mathematical symbols that states a complete thought. It is
SYMBOL also called mathematical sentence that shows two
expressions equal to each other. It makes sense to ask
LESSON 1 Mathematical Phrase and Sentences, about the truth of a sentence as shown below:
Expressions and Sentences Table 1.2: Mathematical Expression
● Mathematics is the only language that is used and VERBAL PHRASE MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION
understood by any nation.
● "In order to understand the universe, you must Seven plus six 7+6
know the language in which it is written and that
language is mathematics."-Galileo Galilei The sum of two and (2 + 3) - 1
● Several problems in people's lives can be expressed in three subtracted by one
words and can be translated into mathematical symbols
before they can be solved. Table 1.3: Mathematical Equation
● Teachers play a vital role in creating the opportunities
VERBAL PHRASE MATHEMATICAL EQUATION
for students' development of mathematical proficiency.
Enhancing students' mathematical vocabularies is very
Seven plus six equals 7 + 6 = 13
important on their ability to comprehend worded
thirteen
problems.
Characteristics of Mathematical Language
The sum of two and (2 + 3) – 1 = x
● The language of mathematics is the structure used by
three subtracted by one
mathematicians to communicate mathematically.
LESSON 2: Translation of Mathematical The ratio of seven and a 7/x
Statement Into an Equation number
● mathematical expression - is a phrase which
contains numbers, variables, and operations to show
the value of something
In translating phrases/sentences into an algebraic
● mathematical equation - the statement that shows
expression/equation, a single word can make a difference.
two expressions equal to each other. Thus, every word in the statement should be translated
● Algebraic expressions are combinations of variables, correctly.
numbers, and at least one arithmetic operation. Also,
Algebraic expressions consist of at least one arithmetic
LESSON 3: Common Symbol and Error
operation. ● After learning the proper way of translation of
● Translate verbal phrase into mathematical expression mathematics expression to English sentence, focus now
using the following tables. on other symbols or notations that are commonly used
to create a rule to obtain a solution.
Table 2.1: Translate Addition Phrases
● Table 3.1: Symbols for Mathematics Language
ENGLISH TRANSLATION BASIC MATH EXPRESSION
SYMBOL SYMBOL MEANING
NAME
The sum of two and 2 + (-10)
negative ten
⁼ equals sign equality
Three more than twice six 2(6) + 3
≠ not equal sign inequality
Table 2.2: Translate Subtraction Phrase
ENGLISH TRANSLATION BASIC MATH EXPRESSION approximately approximation
≈
equal
The difference of six and 6 - 24
twenty-four strict inequality greater than
>
Nine less than three 3-9
< strict inequality Less than
Table 2.3: Translate Multiplication Phrase
ENGLISH TRANSLATION BASIC MATH EXPRESSION ≥ inequality greater than or
equal to
The product of twenty and 20 ∙ 4
four ≤ inequality Less than or
equal to
Eight times the sixty-five 8(65)
() parentheses calculate
Table 2.4: Translate Division Phrase expression
inside first
ENGLISH TRANSLATION BASIC MATH EXPRESSION

[] brackets calculate
Ninety divided by ten 90 ÷ 10 expression
inside first
The ratio of seven and two 7/2

/ Division slash division

Translate verbal sentences into algebraic equation as shown in
Table 2.5. horizontal line division/fraction
Table 2.5: Translate Verbal Sentences to Algebraic -
Equation
ab power exponent
ENGLISH TRANSLATION ALGEBRAIC EQUATION

a˄b caret exponent

The sum of two and a 2+x
number
√a square root √a ∙ √a = a
The sum of twice and a 2x + 3
number of three
3√a Cube root 3√a ∙ 3√a ∙ = a
The product of twenty and a 20 • w
number w ˄ caret/ and
circumflex
Eight times the one-half of
variable s 8 ½S & ampersand and

Ninety divided by twice a 90 ÷ 2x plus or

number +
 ● According to Price, Rath, and William Leschensky
reversed caret or
˅ (1992), Logic is the study of formal reasoning based
upon statements or propositions.
Vertical line or ● Logic is commonly used in theoretical and analytical
| activities, particularly in the discuss of Philosophy,
computer sciences, mathematics, and semantics.
¬ not not-negation INDUCTIVE REASONING
● Inductive reasoning is a type of reasoning in which the
~ tilde negation conclusion is derived by examining specific examples.
● Inductive reasoning moves the reverse way; it proceeds
from individual observations to a more general
↔ equivalent If and only if conclusion. (Specific example tapos igegeneralize mo)
● Induction has no strict form.
For all ● Inductive reasoning occurs when investigating from a
∀ specific case to a general statement and the
conclusion is never guaranteed. (di lagi tama)
ꓱ There exist ● Examples:
Ex1:
There does not What is the next number in the sequence 6, 13, 20,
∄ 27,... (next is 34 because added 7 each term) or
exist
(nagssubtract ka ng second term then first term)
therefore (maraming chinika si sir dito like pwede mo siya
∴ irelate sa days other perspective tawag don. After ng
● There are conventions to follow in writing algebraic 31, babalik ka sa 1 ganon so next mo is 3 edi ganto
expressions. The common errors to avoid are listed in nyan siya 6, 13, 20, 27, 3 - magiging 3 na next kase
Table 3.2. wala naman 34 sa month ganon)
Table3.2: Common Errors in Translation of Statements Into Ex2:
Mathematical ,Equations/Expressions 1. Every quiz has been easy. Therefore, the
test will be easy.
Expression Incorrect Correct Specific example: every quiz has been easy
General conclusion: Therefore, the test will
Twice y Y2 the variable is 2y be easy.
written before the 2. The teacher used powerpoint in the last few
constant classes. Therefore, the teacher will use
powerpoint tomorrow.
Three more than 3 > y This is read y+3 Specific: The teacher used powerpoint in the
y correctly as ‘three last few classes.
is more than y’ or General conclusion: Therefore, the teacher
‘three is greater will use powerpoint tomorrow.
than y’ 3. Every fall there have been hurricanes in the
tropics. Therefore there will be hurricanes in
m less than 12 < m This is 12 - m the tropics this coming fall.
twelve read correctly as Specific: Every fall there have been
‘twelve is less hurricanes in the tropics.
than m’ General: Therefore there will be hurricanes
in the tropics this coming fall. (anong basis
Eight less than a 8 – y Subtraction y-8 nila? Because of their experiences.)
number are not LOGICAL CONNECTIVES
commutative ● A declarative sentence that is either true or false, but
not both simultaneously is known as statement.
Five divided by a x / 5 Division is Division is not ● A compound statement may be formed by combining
number not commutative commutative two or more statements.
● Connectives such as and, or, not, and if… then, can be
used in forming compound statements.

CHAPTER 3: PROBLEM SOLVING AND CONNECTIVE SYMBOL TYPE OF

REASONING STATEMENT
REASONING
● The drawing of inferences or conclusions from known or and conjunction
assumed facts is called “reasoning." (pag naglagay ka
^
inference sa assumptions mo, then you are reasoning
or disjunction
out.) ˅
● Every time one solves a problem, one must first
understand the question, collect all important not negation
information, then analyze the problem, ie. compare ¬
different problems or perhaps use pictures and formulas
to solve the problem. (if you can’t comprehend, you
won’t be able to solve the problem)
 SYMBOLS ● The classic example of deductive reasoning are as
● To simplify work with logic, symbols are used. follows:
● Statements are represented with letters, such as p, q, or All men are mortal. (major premise)
r, while several symbols for connectives are shown Socrates is a man. (minor premise)
below: Therefore, Socrates is mortal. (conclusion)
In Mathematics, symbols are used to represent or SYLLOGISM
simplify statements with Connective ● The basics form of a deductive argument.
NEGATIONS ● A syllogism is a three-step argument consisting of a
● A negation is a statement that is a refusal or denial of major premise which is usually a general statement; a
some other statement. Example: minor premise, which is related but more specific
a. Statement: The number 9 is odd. statement; and a conclusion, which has to be drawn
Negation: The number 9 is not odd. (it from the premises.
became a false statement. It means pede VALIDITY
maging false statement pag sa negations.) ● When a conclusion follows logically from the major and
b. Statement: The product of 2 negative minor premises, then the argument is said to be
numbers is not positive. valid.(masasabing valid kasi based sa major and minor
Negation: The product of 2 negative premises yung conclusion mo)
numbers is positive. (true statement to. By ● Another example of deductive reasoning.
removing the “not” nagging true statement?) MAJOR PREMISE: The catalog states that all
CONJUNCTION entering freshmen must take a mathematics
● The truth values the conjunction p and q (p^q). placement test.
MINOR PREMISE: You are an entering freshman…
● The connective “and” implies “both” CONCLUSION: You will have to take a mathematics
DISJUNCTION placement test.
● The truth values the disjunction p and q (p v q).
● The connective “or” implies “either”.
CONDITIONAL STATEMENT THE DIFFERENCE:
● A conditional statement is a compound statement that
uses the connective if…then. P → Q is read as “p Inductive reasoning uses Deductive reasoning uses
implies q” or “if p then q”. The statement p is the patterns to arrive at a facts, rules, definitions or
antecedent, while q is the consequent. conclusion (conjecture) properties to arrive at a
BICONDITIONAL STATEMENT conclusion.
● A Biconditional statement is a combination of
conditional statement and its converse. Inductive Reasoning - Think Deductive reasoning think of
of it like a “We start with it like a “We start with
P ↔ Q is read as “p if and only if q” “ p iff q” .
●
specifics and move to generalities and move to
The statement P is the hypothesis, while q is the
generalities.” specifics.”
conclusion.
● Examples:
Preposition:
I: The teacher likes Charles GOODLUCK SA QUIZ AND EXAM!!- A. <33
g: Charles does good work
a: Charles gets an A
BICONDITIONAL STATEMENT:
symbol Compound sentence

Ivg The teacher likes Charles or Charles does

good work.

g^a Charles does good work and gets an A.

I→a If the teachers like Charles, then he gets an A.

g ↔ a Charles does good work if and only if he gets

an A.
Hypothesis: Charles does good work.
Conclusion: he gets an A.
Connective: If and only if
**always separate the connective**

DEDUCTIVE REASONING
● Deductive reasoning is a type of logic in which one goes
from a general statement to a specific instance.
(kabaligtaran ng inductive reasoning)